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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Health benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Painting and art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printmaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printmaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Printmaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyrotechnics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrotechnics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Pyrotechnics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrotechnics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Political aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Symbolic value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gum arabic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%BA_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="صمغ عربي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صمغ عربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qummiarabik" title="Qummiarabik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qummiarabik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="آغ ساققیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغ ساققیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Гуміарабік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гуміарабік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гума арабика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гума арабика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gom_arabek" title="Gom arabek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gom arabek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_ar%C3%A0biga" title="Goma aràbiga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Goma aràbiga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A1_guma" title="Arabská guma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabská guma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummi_arabikum" title="Gummi arabikum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gummi arabikum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummi_arabicum" title="Gummi arabicum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gummi arabicum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummiaraabik" title="Kummiaraabik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kummiaraabik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B9" title="Αραβικό κόμμι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβικό κόμμι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_ar%C3%A1biga" title="Goma arábiga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Goma arábiga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_gumo" title="Araba gumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba gumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiako_goma" title="Arabiako goma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiako goma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%BA_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صمغ عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صمغ عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomme_arabique" title="Gomme arabique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gomme arabique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_ar%C3%A1biga" title="Goma arábiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Goma arábiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B3" title="બાવળ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાવળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EA%B2%80" title="아라비아검 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아라비아검" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A5%D5%AA" title="Արաբական խեժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբական խեժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9F" title="कूमट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कूमट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapska_guma" title="Arapska guma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapska guma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gom_arab" title="Gom arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gom arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomma_arabica" title="Gomma arabica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gomma arabica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99" title="גומי ערבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גומי ערבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Гуммиарабик – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гуммиарабик" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumiarabikas" title="Gumiarabikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gumiarabikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumiar%C3%A1bikum" title="Gumiarábikum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gumiarábikum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getah_Arab" title="Getah Arab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Getah Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_gom" title="Arabische gom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabische gom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A0" title="アラビアガム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビアガム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummi_arabicum" title="Gummi arabicum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gummi arabicum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_arabica" title="Goma arabica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Goma arabica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqoqiyo" title="Aqoqiyo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aqoqiyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guma_arabska" title="Guma arabska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Guma arabska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma-ar%C3%A1bica" title="Goma-arábica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Goma-arábica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum%C4%83_arabic%C4%83" title="Gumă arabică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gumă arabică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Гуммиарабик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуммиарабик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gum arabic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumiarabika" title="Gumiarabika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gumiarabika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumirabika" title="Gumirabika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gumirabika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabikumi" title="Arabikumi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabikumi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummi_arabicum" title="Gummi arabicum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gummi arabicum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அரபிப் பிசின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரபிப் பிசின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_zamk%C4%B1" title="Arap zamkı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arap zamkı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Гуміарабік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуміарабік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81" title="عقاقیہ – Urdu" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natural gum obtained from Acacia trees</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the chewable resin known as Arabic gum, see <a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic (plant resin)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gummi_arabicum_pieces_and_powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gummi_arabicum_pieces_and_powder.jpg/220px-Gummi_arabicum_pieces_and_powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gummi_arabicum_pieces_and_powder.jpg/330px-Gummi_arabicum_pieces_and_powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gummi_arabicum_pieces_and_powder.jpg/440px-Gummi_arabicum_pieces_and_powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5536" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>Acacia gum, pieces and powder</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acacia_senegal_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Acacia_senegal_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-004.jpg/220px-Acacia_senegal_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Acacia_senegal_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-004.jpg/330px-Acacia_senegal_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Acacia_senegal_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Senegalia_senegal" title="Senegalia senegal"><i>Acacia senegal</i></a>, pictured in the medicinal handbook <span class="nowrap"><i>Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen</i> (1887)</span> <span class="nowrap">by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Eugen_K%C3%B6hler" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Eugen Köhler">Franz Eugen Köhler</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gum arabic</b> (<b>gum acacia</b>, <b>gum sudani</b>, <b>Senegal gum</b> and by other names<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Tree_gum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree gum">tree gum</a> exuded by two species of <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_sensu_lato" title="Acacia sensu lato">Acacia sensu lato</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Senegalia_senegal" title="Senegalia senegal">Senegalia senegal</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vachellia_seyal" title="Vachellia seyal">Vachellia seyal</a>.</i> However, the term "gum arabic" does not actually indicate a particular botanical source.<sup id="cite_ref-Mortensen-2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortensen-2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gum is harvested commercially from wild trees, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (about 70% of the global supply) and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. The name "gum Arabic" (<i>al-samgh al-'arabi</i>) was used in the Middle East at least as early as the 9th century. Gum arabic first found its way to Europe via Arabic ports, and retained its name of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gum arabic is a complex <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, predominantly polymers of <a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">arabinose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> in water, edible, and used primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a> and soft-drink industry as a <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(chemistry)" title="Stabilizer (chemistry)">stabilizer</a>, with <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> E414 (I414 in the US). Gum arabic is a key ingredient in traditional <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> and is used in <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, and various industrial applications, including <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> control in <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industries</a>, though less expensive materials compete with it for many of these roles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gum arabic was defined by the 31st Codex Committee for Food Additives, held at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> from 19 to 23 March 1999, as the dried exudate from the trunks and branches of <i>Acacia senegal</i> or <i>Vachellia (Acacia) seyal</i> in the family <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leguminosae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminosae">Leguminosae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Muller-2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller-2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> A 2017 safety re-evaluation by the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources of the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) said that although the above definition holds true for most internationally traded samples, the term "gum arabic" does not indicate a particular botanical source; in a few cases, so‐called "gum arabic" may not even have been collected from <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> (in the broad sense) species, instead coming from e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Combretum" title="Combretum">Combretum</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Albizia" title="Albizia">Albizia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mortensen-2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortensen-2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_benefits">Health benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Health benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gum arabic is a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fibers</a> and in addition to its widespread use in food and pharmaceutical industries as a safe <a href="/wiki/Thickening_agent" title="Thickening agent">thickener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsifier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stabiliser_(food)" title="Stabiliser (food)">stabilizer</a>, it also possesses a broad range of health benefits that have been evidently proved through several <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed-2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gum arabic is not degraded in the stomach, but <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermented</a> in the large intestine into a number of short chain <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>. It is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">prebiotic</a> that enhances the growth and proliferation of the beneficial intestinal <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbiota</a> and therefore its intake is associated with many useful health effects.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These health benefits include:<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed-2018_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Improved absorption of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Anti-diabetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity</a> (gum arabic lowers the <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> and body fat percentage)</li> <li>Lipid lowering potential (gum arabic decreases total <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">Antioxidant</a> activities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune function</a> <i>via</i> modulating the release of some <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory mediators</a></li> <li>Prebiotic improving the intestinal barrier function, preventing <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colon cancer</a>, and alleviating symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel diseases</a></li> <li>In rats, a protective effect on the intestine against the adverse actions of the <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAID</a> drug <a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">meloxicam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gum_Arabic_exuding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gum_Arabic_exuding.jpg/220px-Gum_Arabic_exuding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gum_Arabic_exuding.jpg/330px-Gum_Arabic_exuding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gum_Arabic_exuding.jpg/440px-Gum_Arabic_exuding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption>Gum arabic exuding from <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Gum arabic's <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a> gives it the properties of a <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">glue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binder</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Edible" title="Edible">edible</a> by humans. Other substances have replaced it where <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> is not an issue, as the proportions of the various chemicals in gum arabic vary widely and make it unpredictable. It remains an important ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drink</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">syrup</a> and "hard" gummy candies such as <a href="/wiki/Gumdrop" title="Gumdrop">gumdrops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshmallow" title="Marshmallow">marshmallows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%26M%27s" title="M&M's">M&M's</a> chocolate candies. For <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a>, it is the traditional <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolor</a> <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a> and in photography for <a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">gum printing</a>, and it is used as a binder in <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrotechnic">pyrotechnic</a> compositions. <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">Pharmaceutical drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> also use the gum as a <a href="/wiki/Excipient#Binders" title="Excipient">binder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifier</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suspending_agent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suspending agent (page does not exist)">suspending agent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>-increasing agent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wine makers have used gum arabic as a <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Fining_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fining agent">fining agent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is an important ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Shoe_polish" title="Shoe polish">shoe polish</a>, and can be used in making homemade <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> cones. It is also used as a lickable <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a>, for example on <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_gum" title="Postage stamp gum">postage stamps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Envelopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Envelopes">envelopes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigarette papers">cigarette papers</a>. Lithographic printers employ it to keep the non-image areas of the plate receptive to water.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This treatment also helps to stop <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> plates in the interval between processing of the plate and its use on a <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gum arabic is used in the food industry as a <a href="/wiki/Stabiliser_(food)" title="Stabiliser (food)">stabiliser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsifying agent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thickening_agent" title="Thickening agent">thickening agent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Icing_(food)" title="Icing (food)">icing</a>, fillings, soft candy, <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to bind the <a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">sweeteners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavorings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A solution of sugar and gum arabic in water, <a href="/wiki/Gomme_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomme syrup">gomme syrup</a>, is sometimes used in cocktails to prevent the sugar from crystallising and provide a smooth texture. </p><p>Gum arabic is a complex <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary fibre">dietary fibre</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> for human consumption. An indication of harmless <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a> occurs in some people taking large doses of <span class="nowrap">30 g (1 oz)</span> or more per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Mortensen-2017_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortensen-2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not degraded in the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">intestine</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermented</a> in the colon under the influence of microorganisms; it is a <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)#Exogenous" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">prebiotic</a> (as distinct from a <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">probiotic</a>). No regulatory or <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> has been reached about its <a href="/wiki/Caloric_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Caloric value">caloric value</a>; an upper limit of 2 kcal/g (8.4 kJ/g) was set for rats, but this is not valid for humans. The US <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> initially set a value of 4 kcal/g (17 kJ/g) for food labelling, but in Europe no value was assigned for soluble <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fibre</a>. A 1998 review concluded that "based on present scientific knowledge, only an arbitrary value can be used for regulatory purposes".<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips-1998_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-1998-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> sent a letter of no objection in response to an application to reduce the rated caloric value of gum arabic to 1.7 kcal/g (7.1 kJ/g).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting_and_art">Painting and art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Painting and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gum-arabic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gum-arabic.png/220px-Gum-arabic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gum-arabic.png/330px-Gum-arabic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gum-arabic.png/440px-Gum-arabic.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Powdered gum arabic for artists, one part of which is dissolved in four parts distilled water to make a liquid suitable for adding to pigments</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gouache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gouache.jpg/220px-Gouache.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gouache.jpg/330px-Gouache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gouache.jpg/440px-Gouache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>A selection of <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouaches</a>, some containing gum arabic</figcaption></figure> <p>Gum arabic is used as a binder for <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolor painting</a> because it dissolves easily in water. <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a> of any color is suspended within the acacia gum in varying amounts, resulting in watercolor paint. Water acts as a vehicle or a <a href="/wiki/Diluent" title="Diluent">diluent</a> to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. When all moisture evaporates, the acacia gum typically does not bind the pigment to the paper surface, but is totally absorbed by deeper layers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraaijpoel-2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraaijpoel-2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If little water is used, after evaporation, the acacia gum functions as a true binder in a paint film, increasing luminosity and helping prevent the colors from lightening. Gum arabic allows more subtle control over washes, because it facilitates the dispersion of the pigment particles. In addition, acacia gum slows evaporation of water, giving slightly longer working time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The addition of a little gum arabic to watercolor pigment and water allows for easier lifting of pigment from paper, thus can be a useful tool when lifting out color when painting in watercolor.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraaijpoel-2007_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraaijpoel-2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gum arabic has a long history as additives to <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glazes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic glazes">ceramic glazes</a>. It acts as a binder, helping the glaze adhere to the clay before it is fired, thereby minimising damage by handling during the manufacture of the piece. As a secondary effect, it also acts as a <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">deflocculant</a>, increasing the fluidity of the glaze mixture, but also making it more likely to sediment out into a hard cake if not used for a while.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The gum is normally made up into a solution in hot water (typically 10–25 g/L; ¼ to ½ oz per pint), and then added to the glaze solution after any ball milling in concentrations from 0.02% to 3.0% of gum arabic to the dry weight of the glaze.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On firing, the gum burns out at a low temperature, leaving no residues in the glaze. More recently, particularly in commercial manufacturing, gum arabic is often replaced by more refined and consistent alternatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulose" title="Carboxymethyl cellulose">carboxymethyl cellulose</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> process of <a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">gum bichromate photography</a> uses gum arabic mixed with <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_dichromate" title="Ammonium dichromate">ammonium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">potassium dichromate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> to create a coloured photographic <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> that becomes relatively insoluble in water upon exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet light</a>. In the final print, the acacia gum permanently binds the pigments onto the paper.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printmaking">Printmaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Printmaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gum arabic is also used to protect and <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etch</a> an image in <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithographic processes</a>, both from traditional stones and aluminum plates. In lithography, gum by itself may be used to etch very light tones, such as those made with a number-five crayon. <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">Phosphoric</a>, nitric, or tannic acid is added in varying concentrations to the acacia gum to etch the darker tones up to dark <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">blacks</a>. The etching process creates a gum adsorb layer within the matrix that attracts water, ensuring that the oil-based ink does not stick to those areas. Gum is also essential to what is sometimes called paper lithography, printing from an image created by a laser printer or photocopier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pyrotechnics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gum arabic is also used as a water-soluble binder in <a href="/wiki/Firework" class="mw-redirect" title="Firework">fireworks</a> composition.<sup id="cite_ref-Azzaoui-2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azzaoui-2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arabinogalactan" title="Arabinogalactan">Arabinogalactan</a> is a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides. It is a major component of many plant gums, including gum arabic. <a href="/wiki/8,5%27-Diferulic_acid" title="8,5'-Diferulic acid">8-5' Noncyclic diferulic acid</a> has been identified as covalently linked to carbohydrate moieties of the arabinogalactan-protein fraction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acacia_senegal_Taub68.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Acacia_senegal_Taub68.png/220px-Acacia_senegal_Taub68.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Acacia_senegal_Taub68.png/330px-Acacia_senegal_Taub68.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Acacia_senegal_Taub68.png/440px-Acacia_senegal_Taub68.png 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia senegal">Acacia senegal</a></i> from Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert's Leguminosae, in Engelmann (ed.): Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. III, 3., 1891</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acacia_seyal_Taub66.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Acacia_seyal_Taub66.png/220px-Acacia_seyal_Taub66.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Acacia_seyal_Taub66.png/330px-Acacia_seyal_Taub66.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Acacia_seyal_Taub66.png/440px-Acacia_seyal_Taub66.png 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_seyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia seyal">Vachellia seyal</a></i> from Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert's Leguminosae, in Engelmann (ed.): Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. III, 3., 1891</figcaption></figure> <p>While gum arabic has been harvested in <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> since antiquity, sub-Saharan acacia gum has a long history as a prized export. The gum exported came from the band of acacia trees that once covered much of the Sahel region, the southern littoral of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a> that runs from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Today, the main populations of gum-producing <i>Acacia</i> species are found in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Acacia</i> is tapped for gum by stripping bits off the bark, from which gum then exudes. Traditionally harvested by seminomadic desert pastoralists in the course of their <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> cycle, acacia gum remains a main export of several African nations, including Mauritania, Niger, Chad, and Sudan. Total world gum arabic exports were estimated in 2019 at 160,000 tonnes, having recovered from 1987 to 1989 and <a href="/wiki/2004_locust_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 locust outbreak">2003–2005 crises</a> caused by the destruction of trees by the <a href="/wiki/Desert_locust" title="Desert locust">desert locust</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_aspects">Political aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1445, Prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a> set up a trading post on <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a> Island (off the coast of modern Mauritania), which acquired acacia gum and <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> for Portugal. With the merger of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1580, the Spaniards became the dominant influence along the coast. In 1638, however, they were replaced by the Dutch, who were the first to begin exploiting the acacia gum trade. Produced by the acacia trees of <a href="/wiki/Trarza" class="mw-redirect" title="Trarza">Trarza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brakna" class="mw-redirect" title="Brakna">Brakna</a>, this acacia gum was considered superior to that previously obtained in <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>. By 1678, the French had driven out the Dutch and established a permanent settlement at Saint Louis at the mouth of the Senegal River.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gum Arabic came to play an essential role in textile printing and therefore in pre-industrial economies of France, Great Britain and other European countries. Throughout the 18th century, their competition over the commodity was so fierce, that some have referred to it as the gum wars.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Dalen-2020_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Dalen-2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GommeBakel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/GommeBakel.jpg/220px-GommeBakel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/GommeBakel.jpg/330px-GommeBakel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/GommeBakel.jpg/440px-GommeBakel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>West African tribes meet to trade gum arabic at <a href="/wiki/Bakel,_Senegal" title="Bakel, Senegal">Bakel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a>, 1890 (illustration from "<i>Côte occidentale d'Afrique du Colonel Frey</i>", pl. en reg. p. 100)</figcaption></figure> <p>For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, gum arabic was the major export from French and British trading colonies in modern Senegal and Mauritania. West Africa had become the sole supplier of world acacia gum by the 18th century, and its export at the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis</a> doubled in the decade of 1830 alone. A threat to bypass Saint-Louis and taxes by sending gum to the British traders at <a href="/wiki/Portendick" title="Portendick">Portendick</a>, eventually brought the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Trarza" title="Emirate of Trarza">Emirate of Trarza</a> into direct conflict with the French. In the 1820s, the French launched the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Trarzan_War_of_1825" title="Franco-Trarzan War of 1825">Franco-Trarzan War of 1825</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The new emir, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al_Habib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad al Habib (page does not exist)">Muhammad al Habib</a>, had signed an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo Kingdom</a>, directly to the south of the river. In return for an end to raids in Waalo territory, the emir took the heiress of Waalo as a bride. The prospect that Trarza might inherit control of both banks of the Senegal struck at the security of French traders, and the French responded by sending a large expeditionary force that crushed Muhammad's army. The war incited the French to expand to the north of the Senegal River for the first time, heralding French direct involvement in the interior of West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Africa continued to export gum arabic in large quantities—from the Sahel areas of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> (modern Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger) and <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> (modern Chad) as well as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">British-administered Sudan</a>, until these nations gained their <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">independence</a> in 1959–61. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1950s, the global supply of gum arabic has been dominated by Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-AlJazeera-2023_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera-2023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 2020s, about 70% of the global supply has been sourced from Sudan,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with approximately 5 million Sudanese people (more than 10 percent of a country's population) being directly or indirectly dependent on gum arabic for their livelihoods.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After market reforms in 2019, official figures showed that Sudan's exports of gum arabic were at about 60,000 tonnes in 2022, but exact numbers are difficult to ascertain because some production is in regions that are hard to access.<sup id="cite_ref-AlJazeera-2023_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera-2023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the reforms, the production of gum arabic was heavily dominated by the Sudanese government and in some periods there were attempts of using its importance to the global market as a leverage against other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-AlJazeera-2023_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera-2023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerstenzang-2007_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerstenzang-2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/2023_Sudan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Sudan conflict">2023 Sudan conflict</a>, the export of gum arabic has been interrupted, causing a crash in its price in Sudan because of a reduced ability to export the product, whereas international companies that rely on it are attempting to diversify the supply chain of gum arabic and find alternative ingredients that can be used as a replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-AlJazeera-2023_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera-2023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gum arabic slows the rate of absorption of some drugs, including <a href="/wiki/Amoxicillin" title="Amoxicillin">amoxicillin</a>, from the gut.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolic_value">Symbolic value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Symbolic value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the works of English playwright <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, Dutch poet <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Cats" title="Jacob Cats">Jacob Cats</a> and other European poets of the 13th to 17th centuries, gum arabic represented the "noble Orient". In the Sahel, it is a symbol of the purity of youth.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Dalen-2020_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Dalen-2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic (plant resin)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also known as <b>acacia gum</b>, <b>acacia</b>, <b>Arabic gum</b>, and <b>Indian gum</b><sup id="cite_ref-Mortensen-2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortensen-2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mortensen-2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mortensen-2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mortensen-2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mortensen-2017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mortensen-2017_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMortensenAguilarCrebelliDi_Domenico2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, et al. 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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228042150/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:471439-1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acacia+senegal+%28gum+arabic%29&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A471439-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGum+arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun2020" class="citation web cs1">Braun, Bart (23 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mareonline.nl/en/science/tears-of-gold-how-gum-arabic-conquered-the-world/">"Tears of gold: how gum arabic conquered the world"</a>. <i>Mare Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mare+Online&rft.atitle=Tears+of+gold%3A+how+gum+arabic+conquered+the+world&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mareonline.nl%2Fen%2Fscience%2Ftears-of-gold-how-gum-arabic-conquered-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGum+arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller-2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muller-2004_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullerOkoro2004" class="citation web cs1">Muller D, Okoro C (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311072759/http://ngara.org/Production%20and%20MArketing%20of%20Gum%20Arabic_english_french.pdf">"Production and marketing of gum arabic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+and+marketing+of+gum+arabic&rft.place=Nairobi%2C+Kenya&rft.pub=Network+for+Natural+Gums+and+Resins+in+Africa+%28NGARA%29&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Okoro%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngara.org%2FProduction%2520and%2520MArketing%2520of%2520Gum%2520Arabic_english_french.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGum+arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed-2018-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed-2018_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed-2018_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2018" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed AA (January 2018). 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single oral dose of amoxicillin in healthy Sudanese volunteers"</a>. <i>The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 577–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkh372">10.1093/jac/dkh372</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15269196">15269196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Effect+of+gum+arabic+on+the+absorption+of+a+single+oral+dose+of+amoxicillin+in+healthy+Sudanese+volunteers&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=577-8&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkh372&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15269196&rft.aulast=Eltayeb&rft.aufirst=IB&rft.au=Awad%2C+AI&rft.au=Elderbi%2C+MA&rft.au=Shadad%2C+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjac%252Fdkh372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGum+arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gum_arabic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gum_arabic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161214153251/http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/acacia-senegal-gum-arabic">Kew Species Profile: <i>Acacia senegal</i> (gum arabic)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2007/06/20/11224050/gum-arabic-sudans-miracle-commodity">Story on gum arabic, its production, and use in industry</a> from <a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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