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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Free speech" redirects here. For the Eddie Harris album, see <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_(album)" title="Free Speech (album)">Free Speech (album)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Freedom of speech (disambiguation)">Freedom of speech (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Freedom of expression (disambiguation)">Freedom of expression (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, or legal sanction. The <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">right</a> to freedom of expression has been recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human right</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Many countries have <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> that protects free speech. Terms like free speech, freedom of speech, and freedom of expression are used interchangeably in political discourse. However, in a legal sense, the freedom of expression includes any activity of seeking, receiving, and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR_(27758131387).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR_%2827758131387%29.jpg/220px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR_%2827758131387%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR_%2827758131387%29.jpg/330px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR_%2827758131387%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR_%2827758131387%29.jpg/440px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR_%2827758131387%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6054" data-file-height="4800"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (1948)—Article 19 states that, "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orator_at_Speakers_Corner,_London,_with_crowd,_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Orator_at_Speakers_Corner%2C_London%2C_with_crowd%2C_1974.jpg/220px-Orator_at_Speakers_Corner%2C_London%2C_with_crowd%2C_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Orator_at_Speakers_Corner%2C_London%2C_with_crowd%2C_1974.jpg/330px-Orator_at_Speakers_Corner%2C_London%2C_with_crowd%2C_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Orator_at_Speakers_Corner%2C_London%2C_with_crowd%2C_1974.jpg/440px-Orator_at_Speakers_Corner%2C_London%2C_with_crowd%2C_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="423"></a><figcaption>Orator at <a href="/wiki/Speakers%27_Corner" title="Speakers' Corner">Speakers' Corner</a> in London, 1974</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> Article 19 of the UDHR states that "everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference" and "everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice". The version of Article 19 in the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">ICCPR</a> later amends this by stating that the exercise of these rights carries "special duties and responsibilities" and may "therefore be subject to certain restrictions" when necessary "[f]or respect of the rights or reputation of others" or "[f]or the protection of <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> or public order (ordre public), or of public health or <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morals</a>".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Freedom of speech and expression, therefore, may not be recognized as being absolute, and common limitations or boundaries to freedom of speech relate to <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slander" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander">slander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">incitement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">fighting words</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright violation">copyright violation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade secrets">trade secrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">food labeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-disclosure agreements">non-disclosure agreements</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">right to be forgotten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">public security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">blasphemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a>. Justifications for such include the <a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">harm principle</a>, proposed by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> in <a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a>, which suggests that "the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others".<a href="#cite_note-van_Mill-3">[3]</a> The idea of the "offense principle" is also used to justify speech limitations, describing the restriction on forms of expression deemed offensive to society, considering factors such as extent, duration, motives of the speaker, and ease with which it could be avoided.<a href="#cite_note-van_Mill-3">[3]</a> With the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital age">digital age</a>, application of freedom of speech becomes more controversial as new means of communication and restrictions arise, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Shield_Project" title="Golden Shield Project">Golden Shield Project</a>, an initiative by Chinese government's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Public Security</a> that filters potentially unfavourable data from foreign countries. <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> routinely and automatically eliminates what it perceives as hate speech, even if such words are used ironically or poetically with no intent to insult others. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> measures the right to opinion and expression for countries around the world, using a survey of in-country human rights experts.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_origins">1 Historical origins</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Relationship_to_other_rights">1.1 Relationship to other rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#As_a_negative_right">1.2 As a negative right</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Democracy_in_relation_to_social_interaction">2 Democracy in relation to social interaction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Limitations">3 Limitations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Content_viewed_as_harmful_and_offensive">3.1 Content viewed as harmful and offensive</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Time,_place_and_manner">3.2 Time, place and manner</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_Internet_and_information_society">3.3 The Internet and information society</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Freedom_of_information">3.4 Freedom of information</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Internet_censorship">3.5 Internet censorship</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Relationship_with_disinformation">4 Relationship with disinformation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#History_of_dissent_and_truth">5 History of dissent and truth</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Offences">5.1 Offences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Historical_origins">Historical origins</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Freedom of speech and expression has a long history that predates modern <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">international human rights instruments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardiantimeline-6">[6]</a> It is thought that the ancient <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democratic principle</a> of free speech may have emerged in the late 6th or early 5th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Freedom of speech was vindicated by <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardiantimeline-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a> claimed freedom of speech as "an ancient custom of Parliament" in the 1590s, and it was affirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Protestation_of_1621" title="Protestation of 1621">Protestation of 1621</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Restating what is written in the English <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Right,_1689" title="Declaration of Right, 1689">Declaration of Right, 1689</a>, England's <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> legally established the constitutional right of freedom of speech in Parliament, which is still in effect.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> This so-called <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary privilege in the United Kingdom">parliamentary privilege</a> includes no possible <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> claims meaning Parliamentarians are free to speak up in the House without fear of legal action.<a href="#cite_note-Procedure-11">[11]</a> This protection extends to written proceedings: for example, written and oral questions, motions and amendments tabled to bills and motions.<a href="#cite_note-Procedure-11">[11]</a> One of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> acts was introduced in Sweden in 1766 (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_Freedom_of_the_Press_Act" title="Swedish Freedom of the Press Act">Swedish Freedom of the Press Act</a>), mainly due to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> member of parliament and <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Ostrobothnian</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Anders_Chydenius" title="Anders Chydenius">Anders Chydenius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In a report published in 1776, he wrote:<a href="#cite_note-luoma-16">[16]</a><blockquote>No evidence should be needed that a certain freedom of writing and printing is one of the strongest bulwarks of a free organization of the state, as, without it, the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">estates</a> would not have sufficient information for the drafting of good laws, and those dispensing justice would not be monitored, nor would the subjects know the requirements of the law, the limits of the rights of government, and their responsibilities. Education and ethical conduct would be crushed; coarseness in thought, speech, and manners would prevail, and dimness would darken the entire sky of our freedom in a few years.</blockquote>Under the leadership of Anders Chydenius, the <a href="/wiki/Caps_(party)" title="Caps (party)">Caps</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Swedish Riksdag</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a> on December 2, 1766, passed the adoption of a freedom of the press regulation that stopped censorship and introduced the principle of public access to official records in Sweden. Excluded were defamation of the king's majesty and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Swedish Church</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>, adopted during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right.<a href="#cite_note-guardiantimeline-6">[6]</a> Adopted in 1791, freedom of speech is a feature of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The French Declaration provides for freedom of expression in Article 11, which states that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></blockquote> Article 19 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, adopted in 1948, states that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></blockquote> Today, freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognised in international and regional <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights law">human rights law</a>. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, Article 10 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, Article 13 of the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a> and Article 9 of the <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20">[20]</a> Based on <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s arguments, freedom of speech is understood as a multi-faceted right that includes not only the right to express, or disseminate, information and ideas but three further distinct aspects: <ol><li>the right to seek information and ideas;</li> <li>the right to receive information and ideas;</li> <li>the right to impart information and ideas</li></ol> International, regional and national standards also recognise that freedom of speech, as the freedom of expression, includes any medium, whether orally, in writing, in print, through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> or art forms. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right includes the content and the means of expression.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_other_rights">Relationship to other rights</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship to other rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The right to freedom of speech and expression is closely related to other rights. It may be limited when conflicting with other rights (see <a href="#Limitations">limitations on freedom of speech</a>).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20">[20]</a> The right to freedom of expression is also related to the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a> and court proceeding which may limit access to the search for information, or determine the opportunity and means in which freedom of expression is manifested within court proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-Limitstotolerance-21">[21]</a> As a general principle freedom of expression may not limit the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a>, as well as the honor and reputation of others. However, greater latitude is given when criticism of public figures is involved.<a href="#cite_note-Limitstotolerance-21">[21]</a> The right to freedom of expression is particularly important for <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">media</a>, which play a special role as the bearer of the general right to freedom of expression for all.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20">[20]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> does not necessarily enable freedom of speech. <a href="/wiki/Judith_Lichtenberg" title="Judith Lichtenberg">Judith Lichtenberg</a> has outlined conditions in which freedom of the press may constrain freedom of speech. For example, if all the people who control the various mediums of publication suppress information or stifle the diversity of voices inherent in freedom of speech. This limitation was famously summarised as "Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Lichtenberg argues that <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> is simply a form of <a href="/wiki/Property_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Property right">property right</a> summed up by the principle "no money, no voice".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_negative_right">As a negative right</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As a negative right" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Freedom of speech is usually seen as a <a href="/wiki/Negative_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative right">negative right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This means that the government is legally obliged to take no action against the speaker based on the speaker's views, but that no one is obliged to help any speakers publish their views, and no one is required to listen to, agree with, or acknowledge the speaker or the speaker's views. These concepts correspond to earlier traditions of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> rights.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Democracy_in_relation_to_social_interaction">Democracy in relation to social interaction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Democracy in relation to social interaction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Speech_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Free_Speech_Wall.jpg/220px-Free_Speech_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Free_Speech_Wall.jpg/220px-Free_Speech_Wall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Free_Speech_Wall.jpg/330px-Free_Speech_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Free_Speech_Wall.jpg/440px-Free_Speech_Wall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Permanent Free Speech Wall in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> Freedom of speech is understood to be fundamental in a democracy. The norms on limiting freedom of expression mean that public debate may not be completely suppressed even in times of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-Limitstotolerance-21">[21]</a> One of the most notable proponents of the link between freedom of speech and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> is <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Meiklejohn" title="Alexander Meiklejohn">Alexander Meiklejohn</a>. He has argued that the concept of democracy is that of self-government by the people. For such a system to work, an informed electorate is necessary. In order to be appropriately knowledgeable, there must be no constraints on the free flow of information and ideas. According to Meiklejohn, democracy will not be true to its essential ideal if those in power can manipulate the electorate by withholding information and stifling criticism. Meiklejohn acknowledges that the desire to manipulate opinion can stem from the motive of seeking to benefit society. However, he argues, choosing manipulation negates, in its means, the democratic ideal.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Barendt" title="Eric Barendt">Eric Barendt</a> has called this defence of free speech on the grounds of democracy "probably the most attractive and certainly the most fashionable free speech theory in modern Western democracies".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_I._Emerson" title="Thomas I. Emerson">Thomas I. Emerson</a> expanded on this defence when he argued that freedom of speech helps to provide a balance between stability and <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">change</a>. Freedom of speech acts as a "safety valve" to let off steam when people might otherwise be bent on <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>. He argues that "The principle of open discussion is a method of achieving a more adaptable and at the same time more stable community, of maintaining the precarious balance between healthy cleavage and necessary consensus". Emerson furthermore maintains that "Opposition serves a vital social function in offsetting or ameliorating (the) normal process of bureaucratic decay".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Research undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Governance_Indicators" title="Worldwide Governance Indicators">Worldwide Governance Indicators</a> project at the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, indicates that freedom of speech, and the process of accountability that follows it, have a significant impact on the quality of <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> of a country. "Voice and Accountability" within a country, defined as "the extent to which a country's <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a> are able to participate in selecting their <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, as well as freedom of expression, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">free media</a>" is one of the six dimensions of governance that the Worldwide Governance Indicators measure for more than 200 countries.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Against this backdrop it is important that development agencies create grounds for effective support for a free press in developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Richard Moon has developed the argument that the value of freedom of speech and freedom of expression lies with social interactions. Moon writes that "by communicating an individual forms relationships and associations with others – family, friends, co-workers, church congregation, and countrymen. By entering into discussion with others an individual participates in the development of knowledge and in the direction of the community".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limitations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For specific country examples, see <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech by country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_crimes" title="Speech crimes">Criminal speech</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holocaust_Denial_Laws_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Holocaust_Denial_Laws_2023.png/220px-Holocaust_Denial_Laws_2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Holocaust_Denial_Laws_2023.png/220px-Holocaust_Denial_Laws_2023.png" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Holocaust_Denial_Laws_2023.png/330px-Holocaust_Denial_Laws_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Holocaust_Denial_Laws_2023.png/440px-Holocaust_Denial_Laws_2023.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Laws of holocaust denial 2022<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> Freedom of speech is not regarded as absolute by some, with most legal systems generally setting limits on the freedom of speech, particularly when freedom of speech conflicts with other rights and protections, such as in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">libel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">slander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">fighting words</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_broadcasting_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of broadcasting in the United States">limitations to freedom of speech</a> may occur through legal sanction, and others may occur through social disapprobation.<a href="#cite_note-leeds1-33">[33]</a> In Saudi Arabia, journalists are forbidden to write with disrespect or disapproval of the royal family, religion, or the government. Journalists are also not given any legal protection for their writing in Saudi Arabia. Journalist Jamal Khashoggi was a critic of the Saudi Arabian government. He was killed in 2018 by Saudi Arabian officials for his writing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_viewed_as_harmful_and_offensive">Content viewed as harmful and offensive</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Content viewed as harmful and offensive" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some views are illegal to express because they are perceived by some to be harmful to others. This category often includes speech that is both false and potentially dangerous, such as <a href="/wiki/Shouting_fire_in_a_crowded_theater" title="Shouting fire in a crowded theater">falsely shouting "Fire!" in a theatre and causing a panic</a>. Justifications for limitations to freedom of speech often reference the "<a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">harm principle</a>" or the "offence principle". In <a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859), <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> argued that "...there ought to exist the fullest liberty of professing and discussing, as a matter of ethical conviction, any doctrine, however immoral it may be considered".<a href="#cite_note-leeds1-33">[33]</a> Mill argues that the fullest liberty of expression is required to push arguments to their logical limits, rather than the limits of social embarrassment.<a href="#cite_note-Mill_1859_1-5-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mill_1859_2-19-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ten_Cate_2010-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wragg_2015-37">[37]</a> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Feinberg" title="Joel Feinberg">Joel Feinberg</a> introduced what is known as the "offence principle". Feinberg wrote, "It is always a good reason in support of a proposed criminal prohibition that it would probably be an effective way of preventing serious offence (as opposed to injury or harm) to persons other than the actor, and that it is probably a necessary means to that end".<a href="#cite_note-ref1-38">[38]</a> Hence Feinberg argues that the harm principle sets the bar too high and that some forms of expression can be legitimately prohibited by law because they are very offensive. Nevertheless, as offending someone is less serious than harming someone, the penalties imposed should be higher for causing harm.<a href="#cite_note-ref1-38">[38]</a> In contrast, Mill does not support legal penalties unless they are based on the harm principle.<a href="#cite_note-leeds1-33">[33]</a> Because the degree to which people may take offence varies, or may be the result of unjustified prejudice, Feinberg suggests that several factors need to be taken into account when applying the offence principle, including: the extent, duration and social value of the speech, the ease with which it can be avoided, the motives of the speaker, the number of people offended, the intensity of the offence, and the general interest of the community at large.<a href="#cite_note-leeds1-33">[33]</a> Jasper Doomen argued that harm should be defined from the point of view of the individual citizen, not limiting harm to physical harm since nonphysical harm may also be involved; Feinberg's distinction between harm and offence is criticized as largely trivial.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Harcourt" title="Bernard Harcourt">Bernard Harcourt</a> wrote of the collapse of the harm principle: "Today the debate is characterized by a cacophony of competing harm arguments without any way to resolve them. There is no longer an argument within the structure of the debate to resolve the competing claims of harm. The original harm principle was never equipped to determine the relative importance of harms".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Interpretations of both the harm and offense limitations to freedom of speech are culturally and politically relative. For instance, in Russia, the harm and offense principles have been used to justify the <a href="/wiki/Russian_LGBT_propaganda_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian LGBT propaganda law">Russian LGBT propaganda law</a> restricting speech (and action) concerning <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> issues. Many European countries outlaw speech that might be interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial#Laws_against_Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>. These include Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland and Romania.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a> is also illegal in some countries. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg/350px-Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg/350px-Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg.png" data-width="350" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg/525px-Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg/700px-Apostasy_laws_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Restriction of apostasy by country (2020)<a href="#cite_note-locapo-42">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> has been instrumentalized to restrict freedom of speech in some countries.<a href="#cite_note-j971-43">[43]</a> In some countries, <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> is a crime. For example, in Austria, defaming <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the prophet of Islam, is not protected as free speech.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In contrast, in France, blasphemy and disparagement of Muhammad are protected under free speech law. Certain public institutions may also enact policies restricting the freedom of speech, for example, <a href="/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">speech codes</a> at <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state-operated schools</a>. In the U.S., the standing landmark opinion on political speech is <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio" title="Brandenburg v. Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a> (1969),<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> expressly overruling <a href="/wiki/Whitney_v._California" title="Whitney v. California">Whitney v. California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In Brandenburg, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> referred to the right even to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[Our] decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not allow a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing <a href="/wiki/Imminent_lawless_action" title="Imminent lawless action">imminent lawless action</a> and is likely to incite or cause such action.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></blockquote> The opinion in Brandenburg discarded the previous test of "clear and present danger" and made the right to freedom of (political) speech protections in the United States almost absolute.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007124-51">[51]</a> Hate speech is also protected by the First Amendment in the United States, as decided in <a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a>, (1992) in which the Supreme Court ruled that hate speech is permissible, except in the case of imminent violence.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> See the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Extending_protections" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> for more detailed information on this decision and its historical background. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time,_place_and_manner">Time, place and manner</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Time, place and manner" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time,_place_and_manner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time, place and manner">Time, place and manner</a></div> Limitations based on time, place, and manner apply to all speech, regardless of the view expressed.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> They are generally restrictions that are intended to balance other rights or a legitimate <a href="/wiki/Significant_government_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant government interest">government interest</a>. For example, a time, place, and manner restriction might prohibit a noisy <a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">political demonstration</a> at a politician's home during the middle of the night, as that impinges upon the rights of the politician's neighbors to <a href="/wiki/Quiet_enjoyment" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet enjoyment">quiet enjoyment</a> of their own homes. An otherwise identical activity might be permitted if it happened at a different time (e.g., during the day), at a different place (e.g., at a government building or in another <a href="/wiki/Public_forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Public forum">public forum</a>), or in a different manner (e.g., a <a href="/wiki/Silent_protest" title="Silent protest">silent protest</a>). Funeral Protests are a complex issue in the United States. It is a right to Americans to be able to hold a peaceful protest against various policies they deem unreasonable. It is a question of whether or not it is appropriate through the time, place and manner outlook to protest funeral proceedings. Because of recent flare ups of this occurring, legislation has been put to action to limit this. Now, funeral protests are governed and prohibited by law on a state-to-state basis inside the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Internet_and_information_society">The Internet and information society</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Internet and information society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_09-F9_protest_art,_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/220px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/220px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/330px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/440px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Flag" title="Free Speech Flag">Free Speech Flag</a> was created during the <a href="/wiki/AACS_encryption_key_controversy" title="AACS encryption key controversy">AACS encryption key controversy</a> as "a symbol to show support for personal freedoms".<a href="#cite_note-2007-05-01_Badmouth-54">[54]</a></figcaption></figure> Jo Glanville, editor of the <a href="/wiki/Index_on_Censorship" title="Index on Censorship">Index on Censorship</a>, states that "the Internet has been a revolution for <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> as much as for free speech".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> International, national and regional standards recognise that freedom of speech, as one form of freedom of expression, applies to any medium, including the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a> (CDA) of 1996 was the first major attempt by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to regulate <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornographic</a> material on the Internet. In 1997, in the landmark <a href="/wiki/Cyberlaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberlaw">cyberlaw</a> case of <a href="/wiki/Reno_v._ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="Reno v. ACLU">Reno v. ACLU</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> partially overturned the law.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Stewart_R._Dalzell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart R. Dalzell">Stewart R. Dalzell</a>, one of the three federal judges who in June 1996 declared parts of the CDA unconstitutional, in his opinion stated the following:<a href="#cite_note-rowland-57">[57]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Internet is a far more speech-enhancing medium than <a href="/wiki/Print_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Print media">print</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Village_green" title="Village green">village green</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mails</a>. Because it would necessarily affect the Internet itself, the CDA would necessarily reduce the speech available for adults on the medium. This is a constitutionally intolerable result. Some of the dialogue on the Internet surely tests the limits of conventional discourse. Speech on the Internet can be unfiltered, unpolished, and unconventional, even emotionally charged, sexually explicit, and vulgar – in a word, "indecent" in many communities. But we should expect such speech to occur in a medium in which citizens from all walks of life have a voice. We should also protect the autonomy that such a medium confers to ordinary people as well as media magnates.[...] My analysis does not deprive the Government of all means of protecting children from the dangers of Internet communication. The Government can continue to protect children from pornography on the Internet through vigorous enforcement of existing laws criminalising obscenity and <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>. [...] As we learned at the hearing, there is also a compelling need for public educations about the benefits and dangers of this new medium, and the Government can fill that role as well. In my view, our action today should only mean that Government's permissible supervision of Internet contents stops at the traditional line of unprotected speech. [...] The absence of governmental regulation of Internet content has unquestionably produced a kind of chaos, but as one of the plaintiff's experts put it with such resonance at the hearing: "What achieved success was the very chaos that the Internet is. The strength of the Internet is chaos." Just as the strength of the Internet is chaos, so that strength of our liberty depends upon the chaos and cacophony of the unfettered speech the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> protects.<a href="#cite_note-rowland-57">[57]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> (WSIS) Declaration of Principles adopted in 2003 makes specific reference to the importance of the right to freedom of expression for the "<a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information Society</a>" in stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We reaffirm, as an essential foundation of the Information society, and as outlined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; that this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Communication is a fundamental social process, a basic human need and the foundation of all social organisation. It is central to the <a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information Society</a>. Everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the Information Society offers.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></blockquote> According to Bernt Hugenholtz and Lucie Guibault, the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> is under pressure from the "<a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of information" as information with previously little or no economic value has acquired independent economic value in the information age. This includes factual data, <a href="/wiki/Personal_data" title="Personal data">personal data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic information">genetic information</a> and pure <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a>. The commodification of information is taking place through <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> law, <a href="/wiki/Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contract law</a>, as well as broadcasting and telecommunications law.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_information">Freedom of information</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Freedom of information" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></div> Freedom of information is an extension of freedom of speech where the medium of expression is the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Freedom of information may also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a> in the context of the Internet and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>. As with the right to freedom of expression, the right to privacy is a recognised <a href="/wiki/Human_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Human right">human right</a> and freedom of information acts as an extension to this right.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-60">[60]</a> Freedom of information may also concern <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> in an information technology context, i.e., the ability to access <a href="/wiki/Web_content" title="Web content">Web content</a>, without censorship or restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Freedom of information is also explicitly protected by acts such as the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act of Ontario, in Canada. The Access to Information Act gives Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and any person or corporation present in Canada a right to access records of government institutions that are subject to the Act.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_censorship">Internet censorship</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Internet censorship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship by country">Internet censorship by country</a></div>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">freedom of information</a> has emerged in response to state sponsored censorship, monitoring and surveillance of the internet. Internet censorship includes the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_Freedom_Consortium" title="Global Internet Freedom Consortium">Global Internet Freedom Consortium</a> claims to remove blocks to the "free flow of information" for what they term "closed societies".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without Borders">Reporters without Borders</a> (RWB) "internet enemy list" the following states engage in pervasive internet censorship: Mainland China, Cuba, Iran, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-RWBEnemies-65">[65]</a> A widely publicized example of internet censorship is the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a>" (in reference both to its role as a <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firewall (networking)">network firewall</a> and the ancient <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>). The system blocks content by preventing <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> from being routed through and consists of standard firewall and <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy servers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateways</a>. The system also selectively engages in <a href="/wiki/DNS_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS poisoning">DNS poisoning</a> when particular sites are requested. The government does not appear to be systematically examining Internet content, as this appears to be technically impractical.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China</a> is conducted under a wide variety of laws and administrative regulations, including more than sixty regulations directed at the Internet. Censorship systems are vigorously implemented by provincial branches of state-owned <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a>, business companies, and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>'s government had been intensifying the scrutiny of social media accounts, under which they were detaining several activists, critics and even normal social media users over few critical tweets. A law professor, Awad Al-Qarni became a victim of Saudi's <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">internet censorship</a> and was facing death sentence. Saudi-controlled media portrayed him as a dangerous preacher due to his <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> posts, but dissidents considered him as an important intellectual who maintained strong social media influence.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Relationship_with_disinformation">Relationship with disinformation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relationship with disinformation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></div> Some legal scholars (such as <a href="/wiki/Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu">Tim Wu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>) have argued that the traditional issues of free speech—that "the main threat to free speech" is the censorship of "suppressive states", and that "ill-informed or malevolent speech" can and should be overcome by "more and better speech" rather than censorship—assumes scarcity of information. This scarcity prevailed during the 20th century, but with the arrival of the internet, information became plentiful, "but the attention of listeners" scarce. Furthermore, in the words of Wu, this "cheap speech" made possible by the internet " ... may be used to attack, harass, and silence as much as it is used to illuminate or debate".<a href="#cite_note-wu-1st-2017-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yaffa-NYer-7-9-2020-71">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF) has argued that "censorship cannot be the only answer to disinformation online" and that tech companies "have a history of overcorrecting and censoring accurate, useful speech—or, even worse, reinforcing misinformation with their policies."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> According to Wu, in the 21st century, the danger is not "suppressive states" that target "speakers directly", but that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...targets listeners or it undermines speakers indirectly. More precisely, emerging techniques of speech control depend on (1) a range of new punishments, like unleashing "troll armies" to abuse the press and other critics, and (2) "flooding" tactics (sometimes called "reverse censorship") that distort or drown out disfavored speech through the creation and dissemination of fake news, the payment of fake commentators, and the deployment of propaganda robots.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> As journalist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pomerantsev" title="Peter Pomerantsev">Peter Pomerantsev</a> writes, these techniques employ "information ... in weaponized terms, as a tool to confuse, blackmail, demoralize, subvert and paralyze."<a href="#cite_note-wu-1st-2017-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="History_of_dissent_and_truth">History of dissent and truth</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History of dissent and truth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Dissent</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Freedom_of_speech" title="Talk:Freedom of speech">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate. (February 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg/150px-Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1170"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 234px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg/150px-Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="234" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg/225px-Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg/300px-Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Title page of <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a>, or List of Prohibited Books (Venice, 1564)</figcaption></figure> Before the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, a written work, once created, could only be physically multiplied by highly laborious and error-prone manual copying. No elaborate system of censorship and control over <a href="/wiki/Scribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes">scribes</a> existed, who until the 14th century were restricted to religious institutions, and their works rarely caused wider controversy. In response to the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, and the theological <a href="/wiki/Heresies" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresies">heresies</a> it allowed to spread, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> moved to impose censorship.<a href="#cite_note-de_Sola_Pool_1983_14-75">[75]</a> Printing allowed for multiple exact copies of a work, leading to a more rapid and widespread circulation of ideas and information (see <a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">print culture</a>).<a href="#cite_note-MacQueen_2007_34-76">[76]</a> The origins of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a> in most European countries lie in efforts by the Roman Catholic Church and governments to regulate and control the output of printers.<a href="#cite_note-MacQueen_2007_34-76">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henric_van_Cuyck_Panegyricae_orationes_septem_1596.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Henric_van_Cuyck_Panegyricae_orationes_septem_1596.jpg/150px-Henric_van_Cuyck_Panegyricae_orationes_septem_1596.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="294"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Henric_van_Cuyck_Panegyricae_orationes_septem_1596.jpg/150px-Henric_van_Cuyck_Panegyricae_orationes_septem_1596.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Henric_van_Cuyck_Panegyricae_orationes_septem_1596.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In Panegyricae orationes septem (1596), Henric van Cuyck, a Dutch Bishop, defended the need for <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> and argued that <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>'s printing press had resulted in a world infected by "pernicious lies"—so van Cuyck singled out the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, and the writings of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Calvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Calvin">Jean Calvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus of Rotterdam">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1501, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> issued a Bill against the unlicensed printing of books. In 1559, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Index_Expurgatorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Index Expurgatorius">Index Expurgatorius</a>, or List of Prohibited Books.<a href="#cite_note-de_Sola_Pool_1983_14-75">[75]</a> The Index Expurgatorius is the most famous and long-lasting example of "bad books" catalogues issued by the Roman Catholic Church, which presumed to be in authority over private thoughts and opinions, and suppressed views that went against its doctrines. The Index Expurgatorius was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a>, but enforced by local government authorities, and went through 300 editions. Amongst others, it banned or <a href="/wiki/Censored" class="mw-redirect" title="Censored">censored</a> books written by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> While governments and church encouraged printing in many ways because it allowed for the dissemination of <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bibles</a> and government information, works of dissent and criticism could also circulate rapidly. Consequently, governments established controls over printers across Europe, requiring them to have official licenses to trade and produce books.<a href="#cite_note-MacQueen_2007_34-76">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg/150px-Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="561"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg/150px-Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg/225px-Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg/300px-Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>First page of <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s 1644 edition of <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a>, in which he argued forcefully against the <a href="/wiki/Licensing_Order_of_1643" title="Licensing Order of 1643">Licensing Order of 1643</a></figcaption></figure> The notion that the expression of dissent or subversive views should be tolerated, not censured or punished by law, developed alongside the rise of <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a>, published in 1644, was <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s response to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England's</a> re-introduction of government licensing of printers, hence <a href="/wiki/Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Publishers">publishers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders_2003_66-79">[79]</a> Church authorities had previously ensured that Milton's <a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_divorce_tracts" title="Milton's divorce tracts">essay on the right to divorce</a> was refused a license for publication. In Areopagitica, published without a license,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Milton made an impassioned plea for freedom of expression and toleration of falsehood,<a href="#cite_note-Sanders_2003_66-79">[79]</a> stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders_2003_66-79">[79]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacobus_de_Voragine_Legenda_aurea_sanctorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jacobus_de_Voragine_Legenda_aurea_sanctorum.jpg/150px-Jacobus_de_Voragine_Legenda_aurea_sanctorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="499"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jacobus_de_Voragine_Legenda_aurea_sanctorum.jpg/150px-Jacobus_de_Voragine_Legenda_aurea_sanctorum.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jacobus_de_Voragine_Legenda_aurea_sanctorum.jpg/225px-Jacobus_de_Voragine_Legenda_aurea_sanctorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jacobus_de_Voragine_Legenda_aurea_sanctorum.jpg/300px-Jacobus_de_Voragine_Legenda_aurea_sanctorum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>This 1688 edition of <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a> (1260) was censored according to the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Expurgatorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Index Librorum Expurgatorum">Index Librorum Expurgatorum</a> of 1707, which listed the specific passages of books already in circulation that required censorship.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> Milton's defense of freedom of expression was grounded in a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> worldview. He thought that the English people had the mission to work out the truth of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, which would lead to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a> of all people. Nevertheless, Milton also articulated the main strands of future discussions about freedom of expression. By defining the scope of freedom of expression and "harmful" speech, Milton argued against the principle of pre-censorship and in favor of tolerance for a wide range of views.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders_2003_66-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press#United_Kingdom" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a> ceased being regulated in England in 1695 when the Licensing Order of 1643 was allowed to expire after the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> shortly after the Glorious Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The emergence of publications like the <a href="/wiki/Tatler_(1709)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatler (1709)">Tatler</a> (1709) and the <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_(1711)" title="The Spectator (1711)">Spectator</a> (1711) are credited for creating a 'bourgeois public sphere' in England that allowed for a free exchange of ideas and information. More governments attempted to centralize control as the "menace" of printing spread.<a href="#cite_note-de_Sola_Pool_1983_15-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="French crown">French crown</a> repressed printing and the printer <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Dolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Dolet">Etienne Dolet</a> was burned at the stake in 1546. In 1557 the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a> thought to stem the flow of seditious and heretical books by chartering the <a href="/wiki/Stationers%27_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Stationers' Company">Stationers' Company</a>. The right to print was limited to the members of that guild. Thirty years later, the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a> was chartered to curtail the "greate enormities and abuses" of "dyvers contentyous and disorderlye persons professinge the arte or mystere of pryntinge or selling of books". The right to print was restricted to two universities and the 21 existing printers in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">city of London</a>, which had 53 <a href="/wiki/Printing_presses" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing presses">printing presses</a>. As the British crown took control of type founding in 1637, printers fled to the Netherlands. Confrontation with authority made printers radical and rebellious, with 800 authors, printers, and book dealers being incarcerated in the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a> in Paris before it was <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">stormed in 1789</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de_Sola_Pool_1983_15-85">[85]</a> A succession of English thinkers was at the forefront of early discussion on a right to freedom of expression, among them <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> (1608–74) and <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1632–1704). Locke established the <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a> as the unit of value and the bearer of rights to <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to liberty">liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">property</a> and the pursuit of happiness. However, Locke's ideas evolved primarily around the concept of the right to seek salvation for one's soul. He was thus primarily concerned with theological matters. Locke neither supported a universal toleration of peoples nor freedom of speech; according to his ideas, some groups, such as atheists, should not be allowed.<a href="#cite_note-jonathanisrael-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_(38562767202).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg/150px-George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg/150px-George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg/225px-George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg/300px-George_Orwell_statue_-_BBC_London_%2838562767202%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Orwell" title="Statue of George Orwell">George Orwell statue</a> at the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. A defence of free speech in an open society, the wall behind the statue is inscribed with the words "If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear", words from <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s proposed preface to <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> (1945).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> By the second half of the 17th century philosophers on the European continent like <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a> developed ideas encompassing a more universal aspect freedom of speech and toleration than the early English philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-jonathanisrael-86">[86]</a> By the 18th century the idea of freedom of speech was being discussed by thinkers all over the Western world, especially by French <a href="/wiki/Philosophes" title="Philosophes">philosophes</a> like <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Claude Adrien Helvétius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The idea began to be incorporated in political theory both in theory as well as practice; the first state edict in history proclaiming complete freedom of speech was the one issued 4 December 1770 in <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a> during the regency of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Struensee" title="Johann Friedrich Struensee">Johann Friedrich Struensee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> However Struensee himself imposed some minor limitations to this edict on 7 October 1771, and it was even further limited after the fall of Struensee with legislation introduced in 1773, although censorship was not reintroduced.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (1806–1873) argued that without human freedom, there could be no progress in science, law, or politics, which according to Mill, required free discussion of opinion. Mill's <a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a>, published in 1859, became a classic defence of the right to freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders_2003_66-79">[79]</a> Mill argued that <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> drives out falsity, therefore the free expression of ideas, true or false, should not be feared. Truth is not stable or fixed but evolves with time. Mill argued that much of what we once considered true has turned out false. Therefore, views should not be prohibited for their apparent falsity. Mill also argued that free discussion is necessary to prevent the "deep slumber of a decided opinion". Discussion would drive the march of truth, and by considering false views, the basis of true views could be re-affirmed.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Furthermore, Mill argued that an opinion only carries intrinsic value to the owner of that opinion, thus silencing the expression of that opinion is an injustice to a basic human right. It is generally held that for Mill, the only instance in which speech can be justifiably suppressed is to prevent harm from a clear and direct threat.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Neither economic or moral implications nor the speaker's own well-being would justify suppression of speech.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> However Mill in On Liberty suggests the speech of pimps — instigating clients and sex workers to have sex — should be restricted. This suggests he may be willing to restrict some speech that, while not harming others, undermines their decisional autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In her 1906 biography of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Beatrice_Hall" title="Evelyn Beatrice Hall">Evelyn Beatrice Hall</a> coined the following sentence to illustrate Voltaire's beliefs: "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it".<a href="#cite_note-paulboller-95">[95]</a> Hall's quote is frequently cited to describe the principle of freedom of speech.<a href="#cite_note-paulboller-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> stated, "If you believe in freedom of speech, you believe in freedom of speech for views you don't like. Dictators such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>, were in favor of freedom of speech for views they liked only. If you're in favor of freedom of speech, that means you're in favor of freedom of speech precisely for views you despise".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Bollinger" title="Lee Bollinger">Lee Bollinger</a> argues that "the free speech principle involves a special act of carving out one area of social interaction for extraordinary self-restraint, the purpose of which is to develop and demonstrate a social capacity to control feelings evoked by a host of social encounters". Bollinger argues that <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerance</a> is a desirable value, if not essential. However, critics argue that society should be concerned by those who directly deny or advocate, for example, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> (see limitations above).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> As chairman of the London-based <a href="/wiki/PEN_International" title="PEN International">PEN International</a>, a club which defends freedom of expression and a free press, English author <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> met with Stalin in 1934 and was hopeful of reform in the Soviet Union. However, during their meeting in Moscow, Wells said, "the free expression of opinion—even of opposition opinion, I do not know if you are prepared yet for that much freedom here".<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_chatterley%27s_lover_1959_US_unexpurgated_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lady_chatterley%27s_lover_1959_US_unexpurgated_edition.jpg/170px-Lady_chatterley%27s_lover_1959_US_unexpurgated_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lady_chatterley%27s_lover_1959_US_unexpurgated_edition.jpg/170px-Lady_chatterley%27s_lover_1959_US_unexpurgated_edition.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lady_chatterley%27s_lover_1959_US_unexpurgated_edition.jpg/255px-Lady_chatterley%27s_lover_1959_US_unexpurgated_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lady_chatterley%27s_lover_1959_US_unexpurgated_edition.jpg/340px-Lady_chatterley%27s_lover_1959_US_unexpurgated_edition.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An "unexpurgated" edition of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover" title="Lady Chatterley's Lover">Lady Chatterley's Lover</a> (1959)</figcaption></figure> The 1928 novel <a href="/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover" title="Lady Chatterley's Lover">Lady Chatterley's Lover</a> by <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a> was banned for <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> in several countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, and India. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, it was the subject of landmark court rulings that saw the ban for obscenity overturned. <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Sandbrook" title="Dominic Sandbrook">Dominic Sandbrook</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a> in the UK wrote, "Now that public obscenity has become commonplace, it is hard to recapture the atmosphere of a society that saw fit to ban books such as Lady Chatterley's Lover because it was likely to 'deprave and corrupt' its readers".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Kaplan_(journalist)" title="Fred Kaplan (journalist)">Fred Kaplan</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> stated the overturning of the obscenity laws "set off an explosion of free speech" in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The 1960s also saw the <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a>, a massive long-lasting student protest on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, during the 1964–65 academic year.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In contrast to Anglophone nations, France was a haven for literary freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Beat_censors-102">[102]</a> The innate French regard for the mind meant that France was disinclined to punish literary figures for their writing, and prosecutions were rare.<a href="#cite_note-Beat_censors-102">[102]</a> While it was prohibited everywhere else, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> was published in Paris in 1922. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>'s 1934 novel <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer_(novel)" title="Tropic of Cancer (novel)">Tropic of Cancer</a> (banned in the U.S. until 1963) and Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover were published in France decades before they were available in the respective authors' home countries.<a href="#cite_note-Beat_censors-102">[102]</a> In 1964 comedian <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Bruce" title="Lenny Bruce">Lenny Bruce</a> was arrested in the U.S. due to complaints again about his use of various obscenities. A three-judge panel presided over his widely publicized six-month trial. He was found guilty of obscenity in November 1964. He was sentenced on 21 December 1964, to four months in a <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> He was set free on <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeals</a> process and died before the appeal was decided. On 23 December 2003, thirty-seven years after Bruce's death, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">New York Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a> granted him a posthumous <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> for his obscenity conviction.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In the United States, the right to freedom of expression has been interpreted to include the right to take and publish photographs of strangers in public areas without their permission or knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> This is not the case worldwide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offences">Offences</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Offences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lese-majeste_(January_2023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg/400px-Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg/400px-Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg/600px-Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg/800px-Lese-majeste_%28January_2023%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map of countries which have lèse-majesté laws as of January 2023</figcaption></figure> In some countries, people are not allowed to talk about certain things such as <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a> which is an offence against the dignity of a reigning sovereign or against a state. Doing so constitutes an offence. For example, Saudi Arabia is responsible for executing journalist <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> in 2018. As he entered the Saudi embassy in Turkey, a team of Saudi assassins killed him.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Another Saudi writer, <a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Raif Badawi</a>, was arrested in 2012 and lashed.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> On 4 March 2022, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> signed into law a bill introducing <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">prison sentences of up to 15 years</a> for spreading "fake news" about Russia's military operation in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> As of December 2022, more than 4,000 Russians were prosecuted under "fake news" laws.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Constitution">1993 Russian Constitution</a> expressly prohibits <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">censorship</a> in Article 29 of Chapter 2, Rights and Liberties of Man and Citizen.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bans_on_Nazi_symbols" title="Bans on Nazi symbols">Bans on Nazi symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a" title="Strafgesetzbuch section 86a">Strafgesetzbuch section 86a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbotsgesetz_1947" title="Verbotsgesetz 1947">Verbotsgesetz 1947</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bans_on_communist_symbols" title="Bans on communist symbols">Bans on communist symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_engagement" title="Civic engagement">Civic engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_silence" title="Election silence">Election silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everybody_Draw_Mohammed_Day" title="Everybody Draw Mohammed Day">Everybody Draw Mohammed Day</a></li> <li>Forced or <a href="/wiki/Compelled_speech" title="Compelled speech">compelled speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_fights" title="Free speech fights">Free speech fights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Network_Initiative" title="Global Network Initiative">Global Network Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFEX_(organization)" title="IFEX (organization)">IFEX (organization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_number" title="Illegal number">Illegal number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_Charlie" title="Je suis Charlie">Je suis Charlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">Legality of Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_fictional_pornography_depicting_minors" title="Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors">Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_child_pornography" title="Simulated child pornography">Simulated child pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_for_loyalties_theory" title="Market for loyalties theory">Market for loyalties theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Platform" title="No Platform">No Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_court_principle" title="Open court principle">Open court principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox of tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrhesia" title="Parrhesia">Parrhesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_Is_Not_a_Crime" title="Photography Is Not a Crime">Photography Is Not a Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_journalists" title="Safety of journalists">Safety of journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_speech" title="Symbolic speech">Symbolic speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimless_crime" title="Victimless crime">Victimless crime</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002225638/https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Funiversal-declaration-human-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705115024/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm">"Article 19"</a>. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by UN General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force 23 March 1976. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm">the original</a> on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights&rft.atitle=Article+19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Flaw%2Fccpr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Mill-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Mill_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Mill_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Mill2016" class="citation book cs1">van Mill, David (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/freedom-speech/">"Freedom of Speech"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 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HarperCollins. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-296606-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-296606-3"><bdi>978-0-06-296606-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215023854/https://books.google.com/books?id=2mmnDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dare+to+Speak%3A+Defending+Free+Speech+for+All&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft.isbn=978-0-06-296606-3&rft.aulast=Nossel&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2mmnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTourkochoriti2021" class="citation book cs1">Tourkochoriti, Ioanna (2021). Freedom of Expression: The Revolutionary Roots of American and French Legal Thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Expression%3A+The+Revolutionary+Roots+of+American+and+French+Legal+Thought&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Tourkochoriti&rft.aufirst=Ioanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlin2002" class="citation book cs1">Marlin, Randal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp38Ot2g7LEC&q=%22free+speech%22+democracy&pg=PA226">Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion</a>. Broadview Press. pp. 226–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1551113760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1551113760"><bdi>978-1551113760</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815224338/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp38Ot2g7LEC&q=%22free+speech%22+democracy&pg=PA226">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+the+Ethics+of+Persuasion&rft.pages=226-27&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1551113760&rft.aulast=Marlin&rft.aufirst=Randal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZp38Ot2g7LEC%26q%3D%2522free%2Bspeech%2522%2Bdemocracy%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlin2002" class="citation book cs1">Marlin, Randal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp38Ot2g7LEC&q=%22free+speech%22+democracy&pg=PA226">Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion</a>. Broadview Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1551113760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1551113760"><bdi>978-1551113760</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815224338/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp38Ot2g7LEC&q=%22free+speech%22+democracy&pg=PA226">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+the+Ethics+of+Persuasion&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1551113760&rft.aulast=Marlin&rft.aufirst=Randal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZp38Ot2g7LEC%26q%3D%2522free%2Bspeech%2522%2Bdemocracy%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlin2002" class="citation book cs1">Marlin, Randal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp38Ot2g7LEC&q=%22free+speech%22+democracy&pg=PA226">Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion</a>. Broadview Press. pp. 228–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1551113760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1551113760"><bdi>978-1551113760</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815224338/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp38Ot2g7LEC&q=%22free+speech%22+democracy&pg=PA226">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+the+Ethics+of+Persuasion&rft.pages=228-29&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1551113760&rft.aulast=Marlin&rft.aufirst=Randal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZp38Ot2g7LEC%26q%3D%2522free%2Bspeech%2522%2Bdemocracy%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408193105/http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi2007/pdf/booklet_decade_of_measuring_governance.pdf">"A Decade of Measuring the Quality of Governance"</a> (PDF). World Bank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi2007/pdf/booklet_decade_of_measuring_governance.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Decade+of+Measuring+the+Quality+of+Governance&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.worldbank.org%2Fgovernance%2Fwgi2007%2Fpdf%2Fbooklet_decade_of_measuring_governance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatschke2014" class="citation web cs1">Matschke, Alexander (25 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/alexander-matschke-promoting-free-media-task-development-policy">"Freedom of expression promotes democracy"</a>. D+C Development and Cooperation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183201/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/alexander-matschke-promoting-free-media-task-development-policy">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%2BC+Development+and+Cooperation&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+expression+promotes+democracy&rft.date=2014-12-25&rft.aulast=Matschke&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Falexander-matschke-promoting-free-media-task-development-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlin2002" class="citation book cs1">Marlin, Randal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp38Ot2g7LEC&q=%22free+speech%22+democracy&pg=PA226">Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion</a>. Broadview Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1551113760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1551113760"><bdi>978-1551113760</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815224338/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp38Ot2g7LEC&q=%22free+speech%22+democracy&pg=PA226">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+the+Ethics+of+Persuasion&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1551113760&rft.aulast=Marlin&rft.aufirst=Randal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZp38Ot2g7LEC%26q%3D%2522free%2Bspeech%2522%2Bdemocracy%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/1.703285">Church members enter Canada, aiming to picket bus victim's funeral</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215023900/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/church-members-enter-canada-aiming-to-picket-bus-victim-s-funeral-1.703285">Archived</a> 15 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CBC News, 8 August 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-leeds1-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leeds1_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leeds1_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leeds1_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leeds1_33-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freedom-speech/">"Freedom of Speech"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 17 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323204702/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freedom-speech/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+Speech&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ffreedom-speech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mill_1859_1-5-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Mill_1859_1-5_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1859" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/130/1.html">"Introductory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/130/">On Liberty</a> (4th ed.). London: Longman, Roberts & Green (published 1869). para. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114084235/https://www.bartleby.com/130/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2016. <q>Society can and does execute its own mandates ... it practises a social tyranny more formidable than many kinds of political oppression, since, though not usually upheld by such extreme penalties, it leaves fewer means of escape, penetrating much more deeply into the details of life, and enslaving the soul itself. Protection, therefore, against the tyranny of the magistrate is not enough...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introductory&rft.btitle=On+Liberty&rft.place=London&rft.pages=para.+5&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Roberts+%26+Green&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F130%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mill_1859_2-19-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Mill_1859_2-19_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1859" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/130/2.html">"Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/130/">On Liberty</a> (4th ed.). London: Longman, Roberts & Green (published 1869). para. 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114084235/https://www.bartleby.com/130/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2016. <q>In respect to all persons but those whose pecuniary circumstances make them independent of the good will of other people, opinion, on this subject, is as efficacious as law; men might as well be imprisoned, as excluded from the means of earning their bread.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+the+Liberty+of+Thought+and+Discussion&rft.btitle=On+Liberty&rft.place=London&rft.pages=para.+19&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Roberts+%26+Green&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F130%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ten_Cate_2010-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Ten_Cate_2010_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTen_Cate2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ten Cate, Irene M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjlh/vol22/iss1/2">"Speech, Truth, and Freedom: An Examination of John Stuart Mill's and Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes's Free Speech Defenses"</a>. Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities. 22 (1). Article 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924083057/http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjlh/vol22/iss1/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016. <q>[A] central argument for freedom of speech in On Liberty is that in order to maximize the benefits a society can gain ... it must permanently commit to restraining dominant groups from their natural inclination to demand conformity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Journal+of+Law+%26+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=Speech%2C+Truth%2C+and+Freedom%3A+An+Examination+of+John+Stuart+Mill%27s+and+Justice+Oliver+Wendell+Holmes%27s+Free+Speech+Defenses&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Article+2&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ten+Cate&rft.aufirst=Irene+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fyjlh%2Fvol22%2Fiss1%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wragg_2015-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Wragg_2015_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wragg, Paul (2015). "Free Speech Rights at Work: Resolving the Differences between Practice and Liberal Principle". Industrial Law Journal. 44 (1). Oxford University Press: 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Findlaw%2Fdwu031">10.1093/indlaw/dwu031</a>. <q>Comparison may be made between Mill's 'tyrannical majority' and the employer who dismisses an employee for expression that it dislikes on moral grounds. The protection of employer action in these circumstances evokes Mill's concern about state tolerance of coercive means to ensure conformity with orthodox moral viewpoints and so nullify unorthodox ones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Free+Speech+Rights+at+Work%3A+Resolving+the+Differences+between+Practice+and+Liberal+Principle&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Findlaw%2Fdwu031&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarcourt" class="citation book cs1">Harcourt. 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Retrieved 13 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy+of+Law&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.au=Kenneth+Einar+Himma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fl%2Flaw-phil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/10/16/Italian-Parliament-introduces-holocaust-denial-legislation/32801381924558/">"Italian Parliament introduces holocaust denial legislation"</a>. UPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200315155137/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/10/16/Italian-Parliament-introduces-holocaust-denial-legislation/32801381924558/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Italian+Parliament+introduces+holocaust+denial+legislation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FWorld-News%2F2013%2F10%2F16%2FItalian-Parliament-introduces-holocaust-denial-legislation%2F32801381924558%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-locapo-42"><a href="#cite_ref-locapo_42-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/apostasy.pdf">Laws Criminalizing Apostasy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011180050/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/apostasy.pdf">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Library of Congress (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-j971-43"><a href="#cite_ref-j971_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallShea2011" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Paul; Shea, Nina (1 December 2011). Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy Codes are Choking Freedom Worldwide. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199812264.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199812264.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981226-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981226-4"><bdi>978-0-19-981226-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silenced%3A+How+Apostasy+and+Blasphemy+Codes+are+Choking+Freedom+Worldwide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199812264.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-981226-4&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Shea%2C+Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase_Winter2018" class="citation news cs1">Chase Winter (26 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/calling-prophet-muhammad-a-pedophile-does-not-fall-within-freedom-of-speech-european-court/a-46050749">"Calling Prophet Muhammad a pedophile does not fall within freedom of speech: European court"</a>. Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027013748/https://www.dw.com/en/calling-prophet-muhammad-a-pedophile-does-not-fall-within-freedom-of-speech-european-court/a-46050749">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018. <q>An Austrian woman's conviction for calling the Prophet Muhammad a pedophile did not violate her freedom of speech, the European Court of Human Rights ruled Thursday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Calling+Prophet+Muhammad+a+pedophile+does+not+fall+within+freedom+of+speech%3A+European+court&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.au=Chase+Winter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcalling-prophet-muhammad-a-pedophile-does-not-fall-within-freedom-of-speech-european-court%2Fa-46050749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucia_I._Suarez_Sang2018" class="citation news cs1">Lucia I. Suarez Sang (26 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/defaming-muhammad-does-not-fall-under-purview-of-free-speech-european-court-rules.amp">"Defaming Muhammad does not fall under purview of free speech, European court rules"</a>. Fox News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026184305/https://www.foxnews.com/world/defaming-muhammad-does-not-fall-under-purview-of-free-speech-european-court-rules.amp">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018. <q>The freedom of speech does not extend to include defaming the prophet of Islam, the European Court of Human rights ruled Thursday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Defaming+Muhammad+does+not+fall+under+purview+of+free+speech%2C+European+court+rules&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.au=Lucia+I.+Suarez+Sang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fdefaming-muhammad-does-not-fall-under-purview-of-free-speech-european-court-rules.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojan_Pancevski2018" class="citation news cs1">Bojan Pancevski (26 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/europe-court-upholds-ruling-against-women-who-insulted-islam-1540580231">"Europe Court Upholds Ruling Against Woman Who Insulted Islam"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026214605/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/europe-court-upholds-ruling-against-women-who-insulted-islam-1540580231">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018. <q>Europe's highest human rights court ruled on Friday that disparagement of religious doctrines such as insulting the Prophet Muhammad isn't protected by freedom of expression and can be prosecuted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Europe+Court+Upholds+Ruling+Against+Woman+Who+Insulted+Islam&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.au=Bojan+Pancevski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Famp%2Farticles%2Feurope-court-upholds-ruling-against-women-who-insulted-islam-1540580231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio" title="Brandenburg v. Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_395" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 395">395</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/395/444/">444</a> (1969) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasper1999" class="citation book cs1">Jasper, Margaret C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITpDAQAAIAAJ">The Law of Speech and the First Amendment</a>. Oceana Publications. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-379-11335-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-379-11335-8"><bdi>978-0-379-11335-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Speech+and+the+First+Amendment&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oceana+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-379-11335-8&rft.aulast=Jasper&rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITpDAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Brandenburg, at 447 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Brandenburg, at 450–01 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007124-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007124_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013001833/http://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/initiatives_awards/students_in_action/debate_hate.html">"ABA Division for Public Education: Students: Debating the "Mighty Constitutional Opposites": Hate Speech Debate"</a>. www.americanbar.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/initiatives_awards/students_in_action/debate_hate.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanbar.org&rft.atitle=ABA+Division+for+Public+Education%3A+Students%3A+Debating+the+%22Mighty+Constitutional+Opposites%22%3A+Hate+Speech+Debate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fgroups%2Fpublic_education%2Finitiatives_awards%2Fstudents_in_action%2Fdebate_hate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuel2020" class="citation book cs1">Emanuel, Steven L. (25 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8XhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153">Emanuel Crunchtime for Constitutional Law</a>. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. pp. 153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5438-0727-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5438-0727-1"><bdi>978-1-5438-0727-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215023903/https://books.google.com/books?id=h8XhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emanuel+Crunchtime+for+Constitutional+Law&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Law+%26+Business&rft.date=2020-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-5438-0727-1&rft.aulast=Emanuel&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8XhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2007-05-01_Badmouth-54"><a href="#cite_ref-2007-05-01_Badmouth_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcotte2007" class="citation web cs1">Marcotte, John (1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://badmouth.net/free-speech-flag/">"free speech flag"</a>. Badmouth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504012547/http://www.badmouth.net/free-speech-flag/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Badmouth&rft.atitle=free+speech+flag&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft.aulast=Marcotte&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbadmouth.net%2Ffree-speech-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlanville2008" class="citation news cs1">Glanville, Jo (17 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/nov/17/censorship-internet">"The big business of net censorship"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128195629/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/nov/17/censorship-internet">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+big+business+of+net+censorship&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.aulast=Glanville&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fnov%2F17%2Fcensorship-internet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Godwin" title="Mike Godwin">Godwin, Mike</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Cyber_Rights:_Defending_Free_Speech_in_the_Digital_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber Rights: Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age">Cyber Rights: Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age</a>. MIT Press. pp. 349–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-57168-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-57168-4"><bdi>0-262-57168-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyber+Rights%3A+Defending+Free+Speech+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pages=349-52&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-262-57168-4&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rowland-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rowland_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowland_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland2005" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Diane (2005). Information Technology Law. Routledge-Cavendish. pp. 463–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859417560" title="Special:BookSources/978-1859417560"><bdi>978-1859417560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Technology+Law&rft.pages=463-65&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1859417560&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlangMurray2005" class="citation book cs1">Klang, Mathias; Murray, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USksfqPjwhUC&q=%22digital+rights%22+human+rights">Human Rights in the Digital Age</a>. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904385-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904385-31-8"><bdi>978-1-904385-31-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815224339/https://books.google.com/books?id=USksfqPjwhUC&q=%22digital+rights%22+human+rights">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904385-31-8&rft.aulast=Klang&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft.au=Murray%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSksfqPjwhUC%26q%3D%2522digital%2Brights%2522%2Bhuman%2Brights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuibaultHugenholtz2006" class="citation book cs1">Guibault, Lucy; Hugenholtz, Bernt (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KJmNGglq0nwC&q=public+domain">The future of the public domain: identifying the commons in information law</a>. Kluwer Law International. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041124357" title="Special:BookSources/9789041124357"><bdi>9789041124357</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215023909/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJmNGglq0nwC&dq=public+domain&as_brr=3">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+future+of+the+public+domain%3A+identifying+the+commons+in+information+law&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789041124357&rft.aulast=Guibault&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=Hugenholtz%2C+Bernt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKJmNGglq0nwC%26q%3Dpublic%2Bdomain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-60"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeMillerHongSandberg2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Clarke, Ian; Miller, Scott G.; Hong, Theodore W.; Sandberg, Oskar; Wiley, Brandon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freenetproject.org/papers/freenet-ieee.pdf">"Protecting Free Expression Online with Freenet"</a> (PDF). 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Louvain: Philippus Zangrius, 1596"</a>. Ecclesiastical Censorship, "Heresy and Error": The Ecclesiastical Censorship of Books, 1400–1800. Bridwell Library. 17 December 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smu.edu/bridwell_tools/specialcollections/Heresy&Error/Heresy.06.htm">the original</a> on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecclesiastical+Censorship%2C+%22Heresy+and+Error%22%3A+The+Ecclesiastical+Censorship+of+Books%2C+1400%E2%80%931800&rft.atitle=6.+Henric+van+Cuyck%2C+Bishop+of+Roermond+%281546%E2%80%931609%29.+Panegyricae+orationes+septem.+Louvain%3A+Philippus+Zangrius%2C+1596.&rft.date=2000-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmu.edu%2Fbridwell_tools%2Fspecialcollections%2FHeresy%26Error%2FHeresy.06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo2010" class="citation book cs1">Castillo, Anastasia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CqaAGfL-IQIC&q=Giordano+Bruno+censorship">Banned Books: Censorship in Eighteenth-Century England</a>. GRIN Verlag. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-71688-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-71688-3"><bdi>978-3-640-71688-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815224341/https://books.google.com/books?id=CqaAGfL-IQIC&q=Giordano+Bruno+censorship">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banned+Books%3A+Censorship+in+Eighteenth-Century+England&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-640-71688-3&rft.aulast=Castillo&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCqaAGfL-IQIC%26q%3DGiordano%2BBruno%2Bcensorship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_2003_66-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_2003_66_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_2003_66_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_2003_66_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_2003_66_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_2003_66_79-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2003" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Karen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnpliIUyO60C&q=Areopagitica+freedom+of+speech+britain">Ethics & Journalism</a>. Sage. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6967-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6967-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-6967-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215023854/https://books.google.com/books?id=bnpliIUyO60C&dq=Areopagitica+freedom+of+speech+britain&as_brr=3">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+%26+Journalism&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6967-9&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnpliIUyO60C%26q%3DAreopagitica%2Bfreedom%2Bof%2Bspeech%2Bbritain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905104556/http://smu.edu/bridwell_tools/specialcollections/Heresy%26Error/Heresy.13.htm">"13. John Milton (1608–1674). Areopagitica; A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing, to the Parlament of England. London: [s.n.], 1644"</a>. Early Censorship in England, "Heresy and Error": The Ecclesiastical Censorship of Books, 1400–1800. Bridwell Library. 17 December 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smu.edu/bridwell_tools/specialcollections/Heresy&Error/Heresy.13.htm">the original</a> on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Censorship+in+England%2C+%22Heresy+and+Error%22%3A+The+Ecclesiastical+Censorship+of+Books%2C+1400%E2%80%931800&rft.atitle=13.+John+Milton+%281608%E2%80%931674%29.+Areopagitica%3B+A+Speech+of+Mr.+John+Milton+for+the+Liberty+of+Unlicenc%27d+Printing%2C+to+the+Parlament+of+England.+London%3A+%5Bs.n.%5D%2C+1644&rft.date=2000-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmu.edu%2Fbridwell_tools%2Fspecialcollections%2FHeresy%26Error%2FHeresy.13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120908031633/http://smu.edu/bridwell_tools/specialcollections/Heresy%26Error/Heresy.Expurgations.htm">"The index of expurgations"</a>. "Heresy and Error": The Ecclesiastical Censorship of Books, 1400–1800. Bridwell Library. 17 December 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smu.edu/bridwell_tools/specialcollections/Heresy&Error/Heresy.Expurgations.htm">the original</a> on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Heresy+and+Error%22%3A+The+Ecclesiastical+Censorship+of+Books%2C+1400%E2%80%931800&rft.atitle=The+index+of+expurgations&rft.date=2000-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmu.edu%2Fbridwell_tools%2Fspecialcollections%2FHeresy%26Error%2FHeresy.Expurgations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120908032716/http://smu.edu/bridwell_tools/specialcollections/Heresy%26Error/Heresy.52.htm">"52. Jacobus de Voragine (c. 1230–1298). Legenda aurea sanctorum. Madrid: Juan Garcia, 1688"</a>. The Index of Expurgations, "Heresy and Error": The Ecclesiastical Censorship of Books, 1400–1800. Bridwell Library. 17 December 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smu.edu/bridwell_tools/specialcollections/Heresy&Error/Heresy.52.htm">the original</a> on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Index+of+Expurgations%2C+%22Heresy+and+Error%22%3A+The+Ecclesiastical+Censorship+of+Books%2C+1400%E2%80%931800&rft.atitle=52.+Jacobus+de+Voragine+%28c.+1230%E2%80%931298%29.+Legenda+aurea+sanctorum.+Madrid%3A+Juan+Garcia%2C+1688&rft.date=2000-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmu.edu%2Fbridwell_tools%2Fspecialcollections%2FHeresy%26Error%2FHeresy.52.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner,_Gordon2011" class="citation news cs1">Rayner, Gordon (7 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007183949/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/gordon-rayner/8812486/Leveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html">"Leveson Inquiry: British press freedom is a model for the world, editor tells inquiry"</a>. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/gordon-rayner/8812486/Leveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2018. <q>Mr Rusbridger said: "When people talk about licensing journalists or newspapers the instinct should be to refer them to history. Read about how licensing of the press in Britain was abolished in 1695.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Leveson+Inquiry%3A+British+press+freedom+is+a+model+for+the+world%2C+editor+tells+inquiry&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft.au=Rayner%2C+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fjournalists%2Fgordon-rayner%2F8812486%2FLeveson-Inquiry-British-press-freedom-is-a-model-for-the-world-editor-tells-inquiry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson,_Fraser2012" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Fraser (24 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2012/11/david-blunkett-comes-out-against-press-regulation/">"David Blunkert warns MPs against regulating the Press"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019013011/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2012/11/david-blunkett-comes-out-against-press-regulation/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018. <q>Jeremy Paxman famously said he went into journalism after hearing that the relationship between a journalist and a politician was akin to that of a dog and a lamppost. Several MPs now want to replace this with a principle whereby MPs define the parameters under which the press operates – and "work together". It is a hideous idea that must be resisted. The last time this happened was under the Licensing Order of 1643, which was allowed to expire in 1695 after the introduction of the 1688 Bill of Rights shortly after the Glorious Revolution. As I wrote in my Daily Telegraph column yesterday, it's amazing that so many Tory MPs should want to turn the clock back 300 years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Blunkert+warns+MPs+against+regulating+the+Press&rft.pub=The+Spectator&rft.date=2012-11-24&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.spectator.co.uk%2F2012%2F11%2Fdavid-blunkett-comes-out-against-press-regulation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Sola_Pool_1983_15-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Sola_Pool_1983_15_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Sola_Pool_1983_15_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Sola_Pool1983" class="citation book cs1">de Sola Pool, Ithiel (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/technologiesoffr00ithi/page/15">Technologies of freedom</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/technologiesoffr00ithi/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-87233-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-87233-2"><bdi>978-0-674-87233-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technologies+of+freedom&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-674-87233-2&rft.aulast=de+Sola+Pool&rft.aufirst=Ithiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftechnologiesoffr00ithi%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jonathanisrael-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jonathanisrael_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jonathanisrael_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Israel2002" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Israel (2002). Radical Enlightenment. Oxford University Press. pp. 265–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Enlightenment&rft.pages=265-67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Jonathan+Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings2017" class="citation web cs1">Jennings, Martin (7 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/aboutthebbc/entries/41a0eedb-c435-479d-aa63-a89ad81daf01">"Orwell statue unveiled"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214164828/https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/aboutthebbc/entries/41a0eedb-c435-479d-aa63-a89ad81daf01">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Orwell+statue+unveiled&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Faboutthebbc%2Fentries%2F41a0eedb-c435-479d-aa63-a89ad81daf01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Israel2006" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Israel (2006). Enlightenment Contested. Oxford University Press. pp. 155ff, 781ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enlightenment+Contested&rft.pages=155ff%2C+781ff&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Jonathan+Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Israel2010" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Israel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionmindra00isra">A Revolution of the Mind</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionmindra00isra/page/n93">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691142005" title="Special:BookSources/9780691142005"><bdi>9780691142005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Revolution+of+the+Mind&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780691142005&rft.au=Jonathan+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionmindra00isra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Arnold_Barton1986" class="citation book cs1">H. Arnold Barton (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scandinaviainrev0000bart">Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era – 1760–1815</a>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scandinaviainrev0000bart/page/90">90–91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816613922" title="Special:BookSources/9780816613922"><bdi>9780816613922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+in+the+Revolutionary+Era+%E2%80%93+1760%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780816613922&rft.au=H.+Arnold+Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscandinaviainrev0000bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2003" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Karen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnpliIUyO60C&q=Areopagitica+freedom+of+speech+britain">Ethics & Journalism</a>. Sage. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6967-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6967-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-6967-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215023909/https://books.google.com/books?id=bnpliIUyO60C&dq=Areopagitica+freedom+of+speech+britain&as_brr=3">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+%26+Journalism&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6967-9&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnpliIUyO60C%26q%3DAreopagitica%2Bfreedom%2Bof%2Bspeech%2Bbritain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen-Almagor2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (6 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0031819117000213">"J.S. Mill's Boundaries of Freedom of Expression: A Critique"</a>. Philosophy. 92 (4): 565–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0031819117000213">10.1017/s0031819117000213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8191">0031-8191</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149097425">149097425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=J.S.+Mill%27s+Boundaries+of+Freedom+of+Expression%3A+A+Critique&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=565-596&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149097425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-8191&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0031819117000213&rft.aulast=Cohen-Almagor&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0031819117000213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarburton2009" class="citation book cs1">Warburton, Nigel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ0uf50ZtzsC">Free Speech: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford. pp. 24–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923235-2"><bdi>978-0-19-923235-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815224342/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ0uf50ZtzsC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Speech%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=24-29&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923235-2&rft.aulast=Warburton&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJ0uf50ZtzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunick2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tunick, Mark (22 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953820822000280">"John Stuart Mill's Passage on Pimps and the Limits on Free Speech"</a>. Utilitas. 34 (4): 392–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953820822000280">10.1017/S0953820822000280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0953-8208">0953-8208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251760265">251760265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utilitas&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill%27s+Passage+on+Pimps+and+the+Limits+on+Free+Speech&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=392-408&rft.date=2022-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251760265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0953-8208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0953820822000280&rft.aulast=Tunick&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0953820822000280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulboller-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paulboller_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulboller_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollerGeorge,_John1989" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Paul F. Jr.; George, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theyneversaiditb00boll/page/124">They Never Said It: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theyneversaiditb00boll/page/124">124–26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505541-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505541-1"><bdi>0-19-505541-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Never+Said+It%3A+A+Book+of+Fake+Quotes%2C+Misquotes%2C+and+Misleading+Attributions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=124-26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-505541-1&rft.aulast=Boller&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.+Jr.&rft.au=George%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheyneversaiditb00boll%2Fpage%2F124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Mark Achbar and Peter Wintonick (1992). <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent:_Noam_Chomsky_and_the_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media">Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+Consent%3A+Noam+Chomsky+and+the+Media&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollinger1986" class="citation book cs1">Bollinger, Lee C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tolerantsocietyf00boll">The Tolerant Society: Freedom of Speech and Extremist Speech in America</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195040007" title="Special:BookSources/0195040007"><bdi>0195040007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tolerant+Society%3A+Freedom+of+Speech+and+Extremist+Speech+in+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0195040007&rft.aulast=Bollinger&rft.aufirst=Lee+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftolerantsocietyf00boll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Freedom of Speech in Russia: Politics and Media from Gorbachev to Putin. Taylor & Francis, 25. 2016. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Speech+in+Russia%3A+Politics+and+Media+from+Gorbachev+to+Putin&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis%2C+25&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandbrook,_Dominic2010" class="citation news cs1">Sandbrook, Dominic (16 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8066784/Lady-Chatterley-trial-50-years-on.-The-filthy-book-that-set-us-free-and-fettered-us-forever.html">"Lady Chatterley trial - 50 years on. The filthy book that set us free and fettered us forever"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8066784/Lady-Chatterley-trial-50-years-on.-The-filthy-book-that-set-us-free-and-fettered-us-forever.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2018. <q>Though few then could have realised it, a tiny but unmistakeable line runs from the novel Lawrence wrote in the late 1920s to an international pornography industry today worth more than £26 billion a year. Now that public obscenity has become commonplace, it is hard to recapture the atmosphere of a society that saw fit to ban books such as Lady Chatterley's Lover because it was likely to "deprave and corrupt" its readers. Although only half a century separates us from Harold Macmillan's Britain, the world of 1960 can easily seem like ancient history. In a Britain when men still wore heavy grey suits, working women were still relatively rare and the Empire was still, just, a going concern, D H Lawrence's book was merely one of many banned because of its threat to public morality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Lady+Chatterley+trial+-+50+years+on.+The+filthy+book+that+set+us+free+and+fettered+us+forever&rft.date=2010-10-16&rft.au=Sandbrook%2C+Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F8066784%2FLady-Chatterley-trial-50-years-on.-The-filthy-book-that-set-us-free-and-fettered-us-forever.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan,_Fred2009" class="citation news cs1">Kaplan, Fred (20 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/opinion/21kaplan.html">"The Day Obscenity Became Art"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160904/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/opinion/21kaplan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018. <q>TODAY is the 50th anniversary of the court ruling that overturned America's obscenity laws, setting off an explosion of free speech — and also, in retrospect, splashing cold water on the idea, much discussed during Sonia Sotomayor's Supreme Court confirmation hearings, that judges are "umpires" rather than agents of social change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Day+Obscenity+Became+Art&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F07%2F21%2Fopinion%2F21kaplan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="0" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsm.berkeley.edu/">"Berkeley FSM | Free Speech Movement 50th Anniversary"</a>. fsm.berkeley.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808121625/http://fsm.berkeley.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fsm.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Berkeley+FSM+%7C+Free+Speech+Movement+50th+Anniversary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsm.berkeley.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beat_censors-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beat_censors_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beat_censors_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beat_censors_102-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/25GtYStZ3wsmZHBt6BCP51p/dirty-books-and-literary-freedom-the-lady-chatterley-publisher-who-beat-the-censors">"Dirty books and literary freedom: The Lady Chatterley publisher who beat the censors"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117185434/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/25GtYStZ3wsmZHBt6BCP51p/dirty-books-and-literary-freedom-the-lady-chatterley-publisher-who-beat-the-censors">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dirty+books+and+literary+freedom%3A+The+Lady+Chatterley+publisher+who+beat+the+censors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Farticles%2F25GtYStZ3wsmZHBt6BCP51p%2Fdirty-books-and-literary-freedom-the-lady-chatterley-publisher-who-beat-the-censors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/22/archives/lenny-bruce-gets-4-months-in-jail.html">"Lenny Bruce Gets 4 Months In Jail"</a>. The New York Times. 22 December 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125205123/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/22/archives/lenny-bruce-gets-4-months-in-jail.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lenny+Bruce+Gets+4+Months+In+Jail&rft.date=1964-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F12%2F22%2Farchives%2Flenny-bruce-gets-4-months-in-jail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Minnis, Glenn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lenny-bruce-pardoned/">"Lenny Bruce Pardoned"</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>/<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, 23 December 2003. Retrieved 8 September 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenworthy2012" class="citation web cs1">Kenworthy, Bill (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newseuminstitute.org/first-amendment-center/topics/freedom-of-the-press/photography-first-amendment/">"Photography & First Amendment"</a>. Newseum Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702231811/http://www.newseuminstitute.org/first-amendment-center/topics/freedom-of-the-press/photography-first-amendment">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newseum+Institute&rft.atitle=Photography+%26+First+Amendment&rft.date=2012-04&rft.aulast=Kenworthy&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newseuminstitute.org%2Ffirst-amendment-center%2Ftopics%2Ffreedom-of-the-press%2Fphotography-first-amendment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/issues/free-speech/photographers-rights">"Photographers' Rights"</a>. aclu.org. American Civil Liberties Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509173438/https://www.aclu.org/issues/free-speech/photographers-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018. <q>Taking photographs and video of things that are plainly visible in public spaces is a constitutional right—and that includes transportation facilities, the outside of federal buildings, and police and other government officials carrying out their duties. Unfortunately, law enforcement officers have been known to ask people to stop taking photographs of public places. Those who fail to comply have sometimes been harassed, detained, and arrested. Other people have ended up in FBI databases for taking innocuous photographs of public places.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aclu.org&rft.atitle=Photographers%27+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fissues%2Ffree-speech%2Fphotographers-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/jamal-khashoggi-what-the-arab-world-needs-most-is-free-expression/2018/10/17/adfc8c44-d21d-11e8-8c22-fa2ef74bd6d6_story.html">"Opinion | Jamal Khashoggi: What the Arab world needs most is free expression"</a>. The Washington Post. 17 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020001008/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/jamal-khashoggi-what-the-arab-world-needs-most-is-free-expression/2018/10/17/adfc8c44-d21d-11e8-8c22-fa2ef74bd6d6_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+Jamal+Khashoggi%3A+What+the+Arab+world+needs+most+is+free+expression&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fglobal-opinions%2Fjamal-khashoggi-what-the-arab-world-needs-most-is-free-expression%2F2018%2F10%2F17%2Fadfc8c44-d21d-11e8-8c22-fa2ef74bd6d6_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/17/raif-badawi-saudi-blogger-lashes-prison-ensaf-haidar">"The first 50 lashes: A Saudi activist's wife endures her husband's brutal sentence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. 17 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230083031/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/17/raif-badawi-saudi-blogger-lashes-prison-ensaf-haidar">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=The+first+50+lashes%3A+A+Saudi+activist%27s+wife+endures+her+husband%27s+brutal+sentence&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fmay%2F17%2Fraif-badawi-saudi-blogger-lashes-prison-ensaf-haidar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/02/15/russia-jails-anti-war-journalist-6-years-for-fake-news-a80230">"Russia Jails Anti-War Journalist 6 Years for 'Fake News'"</a>. The Moscow Times. 15 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Jails+Anti-War+Journalist+6+Years+for+%27Fake+News%27&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F15%2Frussia-jails-anti-war-journalist-6-years-for-fake-news-a80230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2022" class="citation news cs1">Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/1205/In-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison">"In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison"</a>. CSMonitor.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CSMonitor.com&rft.atitle=In+Russia%2C+critiquing+the+Ukraine+war+could+land+you+in+prison&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FEurope%2F2022%2F1205%2FIn-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b59f4.html">"Constitution of the Russian Federation"</a>. National Legislative Bodies / National Authorities. 25 December 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.date=1993-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3ae6b59f4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/top-russian-journalist-defiant-in-face-of-fake-news-investigation-/6497836.html">"Top Russian Journalist Defiant in Face of Fake News Investigation"</a>. VOA News. 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=Top+Russian+Journalist+Defiant+in+Face+of+Fake+News+Investigation&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Ftop-russian-journalist-defiant-in-face-of-fake-news-investigation-%2F6497836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2000" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Michael Kent (2000). <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech,_%22The_People%27s_Darling_Privilege%22" title="Free Speech, "The People's Darling Privilege"">Free Speech, "The People's Darling Privilege": Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822325292" title="Special:BookSources/0822325292"><bdi>0822325292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Speech%2C+%22The+People%27s+Darling+Privilege%22%3A+Struggles+for+Freedom+of+Expression+in+American+History&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0822325292&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Michael+Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoomen2014" class="citation book cs1">Doomen, Jasper (2014). Freedom and Equality in a Liberal Democratic State. Bruylant. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782802746232" title="Special:BookSources/9782802746232"><bdi>9782802746232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+and+Equality+in+a+Liberal+Democratic+State&rft.pub=Bruylant&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9782802746232&rft.aulast=Doomen&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Godwin" title="Mike Godwin">Godwin, Mike</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Cyber_Rights" title="Cyber Rights">Cyber Rights: Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age</a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262571684" title="Special:BookSources/0262571684"><bdi>0262571684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyber+Rights%3A+Defending+Free+Speech+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0262571684&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_M._Grossman" title="Wendy M. Grossman">Grossman, Wendy M.</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/Net.wars" title="Net.wars">Net.wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814731031" title="Special:BookSources/0814731031"><bdi>0814731031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Net.wars&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0814731031&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Wendy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKors2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Charles_Kors" title="Alan Charles Kors">Kors, Alan Charles</a> (2008). "Freedom of Speech". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 182–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n112">10.4135/9781412965811.n112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+Speech&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=182-85&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n112&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Kors&rft.aufirst=Alan+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lewis" title="Anthony Lewis">Lewis, Anthony</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Freedom_for_the_Thought_That_We_Hate" title="Freedom for the Thought That We Hate">Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465039173" title="Special:BookSources/9780465039173"><bdi>9780465039173</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494134545">494134545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+for+the+Thought+That+We+Hate%3A+A+Biography+of+the+First+Amendment&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F494134545&rft.isbn=9780465039173&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kembrew_McLeod" title="Kembrew McLeod">McLeod, Kembrew</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Expression_(McLeod_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Expression (McLeod book)">Freedom of Expression: Resistance and Repression in the Age of Intellectual Property</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> (foreword). University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816650316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816650316"><bdi>978-0816650316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Expression%3A+Resistance+and+Repression+in+the+Age+of+Intellectual+Property&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0816650316&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Kembrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2005" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Samuel P. (2005). <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_First_Amendment" title="Beyond the First Amendment">Beyond the First Amendment: The Politics of Free Speech and Pluralism</a>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801881730" title="Special:BookSources/0801881730"><bdi>0801881730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+First+Amendment%3A+The+Politics+of+Free+Speech+and+Pluralism&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0801881730&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemeraro2009" class="citation book cs1">Semeraro, Pietro (2009). <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27esercizio_di_un_diritto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'esercizio di un diritto (page does not exist)">L'esercizio di un diritto</a>. Giuffre Milano.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27esercizio+di+un+diritto&rft.pub=Giuffre+Milano&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Semeraro&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, Caroline (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12629">"Freedom of expression and the palladium of British liberties, 1650–2000: A review essay"</a>. History Compass. 18 (11). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12629">10.1111/hic3.12629</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0542">1478-0542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+expression+and+the+palladium+of+British+liberties%2C+1650%E2%80%932000%3A+A+review+essay&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhic3.12629&rft.issn=1478-0542&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcompass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fhic3.12629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+speech" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Minorities, Free Speech and the Internet. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2023.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricmont" title="Jean Bricmont">Jean Bricmont</a> (2014), La république des censeurs, L'Herne, 176p.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_speech&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Freedom of speech at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freedom_of_speech" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Freedom of speech">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Freedom_of_speech" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Freedom of speech">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Free_speech" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Free speech">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freedom_of_speech" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Freedom of speech">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freedom_of_speech" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Freedom of speech">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Freedom_of_speech" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Freedom of speech">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freedom-speech/">"Freedom of Speech"</a> entry by Jeffrey Howard in the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.article19.org">Article19.org</a> – global campaign for free expression</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freespeechdebate.com">Free Speech Debate</a> – a research project of the Dahrendorf Programme for the Study of Freedom at St Antony's College in the University of Oxford</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexoncensorship.org">Index on Censorship</a> – an international organisation that promotes and defends the right to freedom of expression</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://akademie.dw.de/navigator">Media Freedom Navigator: Media Freedom Indices at a Glance</a>, Deutsche Welle Akademie</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oas.org/OASpage/humanrights.htm">Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression</a>, Organization of American States</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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data-file-height="288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/21px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/32px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/42px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" 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<div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vryheid_van_spraak" title="Vryheid van spraak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vryheid van spraak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="حرية التعبير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرية التعبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibert%C3%A1_d%27espresi%C3%B3n" title="Llibertá d'espresión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llibertá d'espresión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%C3%B1anduka_s%C3%A3so" title="Ñeñanduka sãso – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñeñanduka sãso" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6z_azadl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Söz azadlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Söz azadlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A4%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="سؤز اؤزگورلوگو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سؤز اؤزگورلوگو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuma_h%C9%94r%C9%94nya" title="Kuma hɔrɔnya – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kuma hɔrɔnya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="বাকস্বাধীনতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাকস্বাধীনতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2n-l%C5%ABn_%C3%AA_ch%C5%AB-i%C3%BB" title="Giân-lūn ê chū-iû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giân-lūn ê chū-iû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D2%AF%D2%99_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Һүҙ азатлығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һүҙ азатлығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Свабода слова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свабода слова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Свобода на словото – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свобода на словото" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_govora" title="Sloboda govora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sloboda govora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibertat_d%27expressi%C3%B3" title="Llibertat d'expressió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibertat d'expressió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%C4%95" title="Сăмах ирĕклĕхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăмах ирĕклĕхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svoboda_projevu" title="Svoboda projevu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svoboda projevu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytringsfrihed" title="Ytringsfrihed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ytringsfrihed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinungsfreiheit" title="Meinungsfreiheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meinungsfreiheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5navabadus" title="Sõnavabadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõnavabadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ελευθερία του λόγου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελευθερία του λόγου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertad_de_expresi%C3%B3n" title="Libertad de expresión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libertad de expresión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parollibereco" title="Parollibereco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parollibereco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adierazpen-askatasun" title="Adierazpen-askatasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adierazpen-askatasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آزادی بیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزادی بیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talufr%C3%A6lsi" title="Talufrælsi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Talufrælsi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_d%27expression" title="Liberté d'expression – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liberté d'expression" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberdade_de_expresi%C3%B3n" title="Liberdade de expresión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liberdade de expresión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="گۊتنرهایی – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="گۊتنرهایی" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%A8n-lun_Chh%E1%B9%B3-y%C3%B9" title="Ngièn-lun Chhṳ-yù – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngièn-lun Chhṳ-yù" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EB%A1%A0%EC%9D%98_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0" title="언론의 자유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언론의 자유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin_Fa%C9%97ar_Albarkacin_Baki" title="Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խոսքի ազատություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոսքի ազատություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_govora" title="Sloboda govora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sloboda govora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebebasan_berbicara" title="Kebebasan berbicara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebebasan berbicara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lfrelsi" title="Málfrelsi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málfrelsi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A0_di_parola" title="Libertà di parola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libertà di parola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%99" title="חופש הביטוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חופש הביטוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სიტყვის თავისუფლება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიტყვის თავისუფლება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Сөз бостандығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сөз бостандығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhuru_wa_kujieleza" title="Uhuru wa kujieleza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhuru wa kujieleza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadiya_derbirin%C3%AA" title="Azadiya derbirinê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Azadiya derbirinê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ເສລີພາບໃນການເວົ້າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເສລີພາບໃນການເວົ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas_exprimendi" title="Libertas exprimendi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Libertas exprimendi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81rda_br%C4%ABv%C4%ABba" title="Vārda brīvība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vārda brīvība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenungsfr%C3%A4iheet" title="Meenungsfräiheet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Meenungsfräiheet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3l%C3%A1sszabads%C3%A1g" title="Szólásszabadság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szólásszabadság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Слобода на говорот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слобода на говорот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="അഭിപ്രായസ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഭിപ്രായസ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अभिव्यक्तिस्वातंत्र्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अभिव्यक्तिस्वातंत्र्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="حرية التعبير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرية التعبير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebebasan_bersuara" title="Kebebasan bersuara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebebasan bersuara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhibardade_de_spresson" title="Lhibardade de spresson – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhibardade de spresson" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="လွတ်လပ်စွာဟောပြောခွင့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လွတ်လပ်စွာဟောပြောခွင့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijheid_van_meningsuiting" title="Vrijheid van meningsuiting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrijheid van meningsuiting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E3%81%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="言論の自由 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="言論の自由" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytringsfrihet" title="Ytringsfrihet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ytringsfrihet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytringsfridom" title="Ytringsfridom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ytringsfridom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertat_d%27expression" title="Libertat d'expression – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libertat d'expression" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ବାକ୍ ସ୍ୱାଧିନତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାକ୍ ସ୍ୱାଧିନତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBz_erkinligi" title="Soʻz erkinligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻz erkinligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਬੋਲਣ ਦੀ ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਲਣ ਦੀ ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آزادی گفتار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آزادی گفتار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="د وينا ازادي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د وينا ازادي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolno%C5%9B%C4%87_s%C5%82owa" title="Wolność słowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolność słowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberdade_de_express%C3%A3o" title="Liberdade de expressão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liberdade de expressão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertatea_de_exprimare" title="Libertatea de exprimare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Libertatea de exprimare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Свобода слова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свобода слова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D2%A5%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Көҥүл тыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көҥүл тыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertade_de_espressione" title="Libertade de espressione – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Libertade de espressione" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liria_e_shprehjes" title="Liria e shprehjes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Liria e shprehjes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbirtati_di_parrata" title="Libbirtati di parrata – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Libbirtati di parrata" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Freedom of speech" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="اظهار جي آزادي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اظهار جي آزادي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_slova" title="Sloboda slova – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sloboda slova" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svoboda_govora" title="Svoboda govora – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svoboda govora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئازادیی دەربڕین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئازادیی دەربڕین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Слобода говора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слобода говора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_govora" title="Sloboda govora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sloboda govora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sananvapaus" title="Sananvapaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sananvapaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrandefrihet" title="Yttrandefrihet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yttrandefrihet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayaan_sa_pananalita" title="Kalayaan sa pananalita – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalayaan sa pananalita" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கருத்து வெளிப்பாட்டுச் சுதந்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருத்து வெளிப்பாட்டுச் சுதந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94" title="เสรีภาพในการพูด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสรีภาพในการพูด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Озодии афкор ва сухан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Озодии афкор ва сухан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0fade_%C3%B6zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC" title="İfade özgürlüğü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İfade özgürlüğü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Свобода слова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свобода слова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آزادی گفتار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزادی گفتار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_do_ng%C3%B4n_lu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Tự do ngôn luận – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tự do ngôn luận" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="言論自由 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="言論自由" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98" title="פרייהייט פון ווארט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פרייהייט פון ווארט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="言論自由 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="言論自由" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrie%27eid_van_me%C3%AAnigsuuting" title="Vrie'eid van meênigsuuting – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Vrie'eid van meênigsuuting" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="言論自由 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="言論自由" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%BB%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 23:03 (UTC).</li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-bjql8","wgBackendResponseTime":379,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.504","walltime":"1.803","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8475,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":417731,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7730,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":486795,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1399.891 1 -total"," 42.58% 596.095 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.72% 206.117 46 Template:Cite_book"," 14.01% 196.185 32 Template:Cite_web"," 12.26% 171.691 1 Template:Liberalism_sidebar"," 12.00% 167.926 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.15% 86.026 23 Template:Cite_news"," 5.42% 75.828 1 Template:Sfn"," 4.86% 68.071 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 4.75% 66.475 1 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