CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "help.medium.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8eaeb2b36c848819',cH: '5G4Jd4lMmSBBEifOPhHyGUCd2M5BR8hdijiduwB40FI-1733010189-1.2.1.1-OmKJjDkCyMW_wVA3ccwBdOxYL.kIinJMpeUKFaL12eGceuxTr9_77krtHhyCNu5U',cUPMDTk: "\/hc\/en-us?source=post_page-----aacb59be0b70--------------------------------&__cf_chl_tk=u.bnlmY_GVVuSLwZN.XoRhZAsVjmEDIMYaP4v7k2eLs-1733010189-1.0.1.1-6XWeEMMoHX5VYDcoXV5OB1vKLBe03mycXY4GK.8D_9Y",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1733010189',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/hc\/en-us?source=post_page-----aacb59be0b70--------------------------------&__cf_chl_f_tk=u.bnlmY_GVVuSLwZN.XoRhZAsVjmEDIMYaP4v7k2eLs-1733010189-1.0.1.1-6XWeEMMoHX5VYDcoXV5OB1vKLBe03mycXY4GK.8D_9Y",md: "P8gdcK1GpEuQcxP5Kczcju9O50p.gf6fR1Kf6UFdxAw-1733010189-1.2.1.1-eRSqodQwhbzibHCGOFX6wUvV10p145zojhC3iVuAdwQR9LqxJ6LGUyV9kTGsDIPpmDUCZWfHvte6TrqEHhYZQWL_vY83G2UTTquFS0ZzBg_..vPS2ETWvsayHXBsGvF9AeuICw06.jIgCRHRJu.v2YOAeuUqnBtfbVntugzSsiqPE8Cf1iDpmrV0IIwuGtraqfjVTJlBSoUDeV.EXN2GnBhB2kW.qGjBYNzZzeXNpOS3rgg3LBwpI9wl8KTJ3c_ZLwS3wMjGg_pzMvIykoQ7fYqTVwCHgs4BIES0GIPw3k3HBKfwCT8Y5RzPnpD3JijaRa.zaDPmRuBwr9IoA.9n4TSahl3M8n5Mr2theJ3VnyGI1mNWBejqp6q6d9dN0XlC0s7L.z6NYekOpEaqsrYX5fzwb5DyjSG_yVPbb.npWPwTezTfSsiZ7QgyfLth2xKZkre8IHTddZkSatv58E7Ya3bsb85xbbWsdYsBm5N4YUsSfztrlR8ssMNnwWtviAL2Lci.DKYKlEfad7kf7dKkStAioxRCruHyrsTQImB4yhJUxvFB4cFrDZ9T4f.Nt9L5FitXqf0GstwRcZGVpbJb9WvTxlf8kFQieLFjn52lVBQlt9gZiecCqwv9GcHVUDZ4Fb_ArfI6vRyHWuaH0Oou33LQ5O5xqq7UT5ZI1nxd_kqVjti2jPoYT8TMP9d8jKMWbLOppcsozu730FOk4vLi1QfSXiE_rxo8RxSQoJ_ckadNp9mnZ1etwa8VH6NT3UDZq3xnQTQanqubJVovGklTCAFbujxWamq_QljxFzQwdS16pAHt13UlTgp5Kja3KNTa3NQMfXDXzUiqPQZGnEoFgOfHHTxSWETqr_Tm1LjuB5NIImF0YG1sw.zL7KeEkusinKclTR7wQL6Ifsd0SQgbqD2x9E6B5kY8wreqiMWvr3sEClUqJQ0hWFrDUn71IVRzcwdRGbciDuSxYquxuEUNGX7CblnDdItjDyUyfvL6P2VRsksSP3TnYTEGRtS3KGW.2wY59BQNSYkJvs9qnLGUIMzZtsIXpnoWJiu49Q5y.GVVXVS5CQ5s7nMfZbWjMu00GikCtSDeIc0Vb0peY.3MCnlmI0Q02prU3wPFEjxdfmQVuA0XRkncNfryMb4sywksAIhSAUq0tlfqNzyHXIr3A.0RVxY4yacpIUQNctCBiZwMTAcABkfdbrLFTP6fUZL8FEPjxlTI2ye9xcqOcECWFauEYB3WzzJlJurWOu0nf_TeqCTYzNIWLLbsZoKYccAx2Jcmza6SuZLXGDACmj6W5bJhvJoTQRqQKRvOdTg4nZ_DpVM0l8sBE_QLBoijI8t3TUFsJ_A8RWCBaUlfEKvApXp6FcCifI_GjSsl9YzKczxCv6JjrOPMWiQm_7iT7jWGcs3wCtRa6ZuXy7EHNMEMAl2hi5jd5XzdI18EkqrWPuaOyfNgjleAs3lsfUx8U660yP4kPmsb9h.TL_f.RpjbmpGhrprA232ESELKErGpbb6ug8XfqxQoRQQfs8vC18tV_8hLRXH8elR1bnudqvEdvbeUj5fCRSQJ4LioArGoRxB5sSC5OZNT_y2cqQ4ok6M1KKx_svoa1uVC_4mWK2sdm2lVWlLJ1JbRl.Frjzxvk4FugxlJ1jGjzKBrTI6Q0BPrt2noVupEVN9QQWyJ3p12N62vz3z79cV_SXDFQnxVJJ2EDXSmZ8GQU9vo0DDkULpIN6yMhXrG9VXL8U5UcrRAAE9vsw9Yy5ziukiJFcA1GCJlM4X9MMJWi_dVJNwAuttLnXNdwnnTvaijrzvp598sygDrU4Odez.mLxpUriF33mAADYQHs_hiQW1keX6ZwM2VRYwEqQWyuYQD802bVVz.lAVs.oiioj2txD6dISCgwVQw86Rgm6n38EkFIoFpf_ri1JiUvypFux26CQj0cVpbUCi_DZrhAQMj98E3nsKq9MkGDQ0vFdSr5l9DPHjfvHrnBlMeNkAUHDjiv5h39ZIalcu7WdbyacvoD2Cr_Vd9sG6_Q0MoisdipBRRrrsvCB4zgQFJxgfFd24yjhKlHeQZAR1tKoUvnHVhlXxomc67zopdVTw0Aa_CZsM9DadOHsHC_wuCziC0EbaKGOdxLT.R0SQSJlK03vnFYnqxnZaM7VOSe2ubqUz99aakInr1JBbKjGvTxd3ICY.NMi7Bz2H.pq_kgcdFHcRQPC6PNa_TgUO6G6yFIT22oUEh_mDpDN5Nscuo5adcoHJoTfDOVUOfF2gk88BRJnT0.OV9lHnM7U2DAsyJzYAX5FkqJVAfYSb45Ee1EaHnkzD84DrbgDLLSufV4.0Iyxk8BtvFhsdfk4V7hGIpuGApCszQW9uIXAAHeWOtPvPEXK8assRJXeQo6X6hN3i_TitaWbUc2hObJSMJi0StZsr_GWdDzB._HHPpEhzMzyrpwFvvatvHDt1re0Hc9CPX6kFSZZkbHFWCsWuYRp..fmGUzYVL99dB7U7HPB1F_BRHGan9jQUw4H6Pjo.pHWxpm8BuoIDNyMtgRKx5lvdsjiMTKJb8rW8AppoasFghPP72Z4.OCVB1X85ZMJUmuh.6EXWbOzyUymr8pH4E7ZSknCkaqVnoou8AACIUAzzYO_Po24P5xOnzwHSOUmamYoQjl316fCGV.08W0HzXPbyW8HZqNMSbYGK.VONu2nNBqKk1rQ_QAk32xb853z857aI6.VyRLBOal65YsaqF4AYSAiifH1QVJIWACotJxFS5H7cYA7jTtw8xeHaJXDmPEIjssuVBr3ZT_WbKc8h1W85c_JJmRGkLyAr.8IpQwUF317Ox1uXUoHekhVJpUgRQxpRmThwjzn7f2XGoje3uM90i5QDFgqMdAaTbJS5I.rmkVzVU_t9THD89ZAp7Tq6gCwFwkLPNetWIM9kKIU_NCUF5j9f_y8YGxHwMvAQf8ydusAJSPZmXTl2TjYOCkKb4tB_YVts2tNKoBrGSARwkQJiIJa5mk0uaORdNw3kNSjwUcYbjpw6SlmITTDEcp9GxV8tb8kQMoDN.T7YbmzbXkjyeSRboecbuZouRKuoydvII48LYCEs9WfloGrRTAQ",mdrd: "CxFPNI6_eJ6Qko7sNttHeQG6H2y7d2MTx5DjCB9QoFM-1733010189-1.2.1.1-frpyOBot94QipC0aIeT5O1on7PR2rbiEVz2Z1rzMhASuWqa3adP8KKb8uKmBMcwaHyPicJufvhsuJjR1cJSIaaBWq9Y4HulBer5Dmy6Y5VAJ6LbRKKJSBDa7lOdzCGooXB6qMh7JfMWWZ1DPhuiXg.H7DlmyqNJ_0LxuemdVB3uphZLX86fgb3oTouoyy.hDRe4GvD3nbZqoXU.uIeT.Te.MO6gsmUIY8fWo63YE5GtId5LZ2FlXDDsCBU7dTamfR4Gs8SAqOrXm2o00YA52GQjHSFgT6ekYRM_h2ybFKn6mhgU91VCtpkNhCVdkaX.EnlZS_1.4vyBS7niGioc344bF.WTFTvQKyB3E0RZ35EsIQ3bLB91skP2SYFnUI5PDozI1nF9oQfY6FFqGyqtxjHwSfp_FKvbX6iV65DcBNdwhyDKaTplTiCeP2e0J8Tj7HPsrLI.zhYApCNZQ2ZLh3xzuLg5UV8F8TBefY2v2_nASD3yK5OY0BN3nO6QI_UtZtMebpYcfMgl6NHzlbUQl1uRLMdFPsBBnTd3Ls7UU5km8P_WdoMnzaVwkHuUvr4TJRrHzR9yJ1npYg1IzViyz1qNQjYGQij117m0oLxxfsGDw7rDfKTMbWy5.OrK7BOANWygkUb7xC2X5B0oolr6l35Nb3m61vcUViZAc7o2OnWUdr2VLnvUsm_ZqRKPdRhNKbnWCzQmrbfBHUPNkB5fBJ5i5v3bkP0uQZ7753U1AiagQj0z13k4QrF2Bdf66n74kTu.WQ4rTQUewxuDPXhHFwj2NJOD4SfyYtx8tJ4rQLyH_ZENpyKFLr1DuRgz3UjXgdk98WlcKBLztQh6ilXidr.9uRgQJH2xsg7arYPoDluXnTGIAy0Qd1bmz7FhPch8IAaGM3B6ELwAOXJqp.5HOeaSKUVOu7ehtQzNmbZ4HumiCNPjZzVCEZvDW.qgP1qOvR3rAi2j0C32i1CSv5hT0Ai.Ye5_2I7rvvHj8.ynbrXeLkO2d5PRpy4O_E8IukjdeSTqmMC95QYg6y08ZkEcwzJ4gnfRZJEzs5vmJhGK94jcYeD2J1wbtm1ubNJGxxx4buj3EveMQV6Zy81u1aoRUc4eBrNAZHc5IIl8xL2z4ySmPrHBwgzdDhsRlsM3J1aizhQ38GMF10h3diowUPYSJKEj6GVVey8qxKmM5AwNaYnKxbJUG4XDFfOjuQVHeRa.Sm49jPX4QFvF_.Xm5FD.Zm7vaZ4c10avPdzqMvhd5nryY19c9lz7SP7KqzXG.xrwSVTTziGtoTx.FZgLwL52.GP11_GJg1jFtHFEDwuHfADnwicBo2sDogbQVM_f57IwZMr9_HmJGOMQ9DBsZ3_9CmcIo9bvebyt4_8OgTJJvr1Hb71ltFtDtb3mE9GxUtjvefoxFHvyVqwxkl5PykaX9056pSvfysp0pAp1Y33QXTPwafqnGXx0jsI1qxxs0oIk9mpJDUDbrksnGDLUte3hA4iVwXKnIJ5srdsJ99cjC7XzHwMXO7iu4HSRmJxvSOiXYMxeLohNNijOoua7m4pyEm5yMXGv.qqxVcUUv88bMXEpTyQB9uKIamTIKYwcl5yrWYL45Zz0d2eaKdJv3nwj6bYIunNrIVXzVncnhVOrRjVVVk6I94Y1hUJzZXno1m3JiRkTbT0jwcYNoTxrwY44xyTU0zICkzhnzn.k9s8fYxKQlKoBgmBPw.s1NVDSVrUKm1onY8l.BNO5G70R2vyP3UBWsN43vEydOt.iIby5QDPYjZ3k8VHBvS.Ab7V_5lZ7QxTshMhiSuFe_0S.LDDXeZpqrsD6kYhKEEv_bbVbo2SDpIQBaSSw7AoMJG0x5KCJKKXPOsSFTVysYhAOPLeGp9vktJxYs4sDyu8UJsd8E1gU9UKAdgGWaGEUzoZsA9HIN0Ptum30kDROwUgcY5eApDTmPULkXCO3ztgSwn9fCoi1JwTxJsR7hXXt.Ukt8pVs6"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8eaeb2b36c848819';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/hc\/en-us?source=post_page-----aacb59be0b70--------------------------------&__cf_chl_rt_tk=u.bnlmY_GVVuSLwZN.XoRhZAsVjmEDIMYaP4v7k2eLs-1733010189-1.0.1.1-6XWeEMMoHX5VYDcoXV5OB1vKLBe03mycXY4GK.8D_9Y" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>