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Annibal Barca — Wikipèdia
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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Contèxte_istoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contèxte_istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Contèxte istoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contèxte_istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ascension</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ascension-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Ascension</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ascension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jovença" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jovença"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Jovença</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jovença-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comandant_en_cap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comandant_en_cap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Comandant en cap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comandant_en_cap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segonda_Guèrra_Punica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segonda_Guèrra_Punica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Segonda Guèrra Punica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Segonda_Guèrra_Punica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Segonda Guèrra Punica</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Segonda_Guèrra_Punica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparatius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparatius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Preparatius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparatius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cap_a_Itàlia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cap_a_Itàlia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cap a Itàlia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cap_a_Itàlia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traversada_dels_Alps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traversada_dels_Alps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Traversada dels Alps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traversada_dels_Alps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batalha_de_la_Trebbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batalha_de_la_Trebbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Batalha de la Trebbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batalha_de_la_Trebbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batalha_del_lac_Trasimèn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batalha_del_lac_Trasimèn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Batalha del lac Trasimèn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batalha_del_lac_Trasimèn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canne_e_sas_consequéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canne_e_sas_consequéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Canne e sas consequéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canne_e_sas_consequéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-«_Delicis_de_Capoá_»" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#«_Delicis_de_Capoá_»"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>« Delicis de Capoá »</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-«_Delicis_de_Capoá_»-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reviral_de_situacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reviral_de_situacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Reviral de situacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reviral_de_situacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batalha_de_Zama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batalha_de_Zama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Batalha de Zama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batalha_de_Zama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aprèp_Zama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aprèp_Zama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aprèp Zama</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aprèp_Zama-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Aprèp Zama</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aprèp_Zama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carrièra_politica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carrièra_politica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Carrièra politica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carrièra_politica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exili_en_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exili_en_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Exili en Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exili_en_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-«_Sobeiran_»_ellenistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#«_Sobeiran_»_ellenistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>« Sobeiran » ellenistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-«_Sobeiran_»_ellenistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inumacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inumacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Inumacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inumacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eretatge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eretatge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eretatge</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eretatge-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Eretatge</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eretatge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilan_paradoxal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilan_paradoxal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bilan paradoxal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilan_paradoxal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monde_antic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monde_antic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Monde antic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monde_antic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monde_modèrne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monde_modèrne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Monde modèrne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monde_modèrne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria_militara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria_militara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Istòria militara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istòria_militara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fondacion_de_Barcelona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fondacion_de_Barcelona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Fondacion de Barcelona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fondacion_de_Barcelona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divèrs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divèrs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Divèrs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divèrs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vejatz_tanben" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vejatz_tanben"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vejatz tanben</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vejatz_tanben-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Vejatz tanben</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vejatz_tanben-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_conèxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_conèxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Articles conèxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_conèxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligams_extèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligams_extèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ligams extèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligams_extèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Annibal Barca</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 111 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%8A%92%E1%89%A3%E1%88%8D" title="ሃኒባል - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃኒባል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Barca" title="Aníbal Barca - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aníbal Barca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" title="حنبعل - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حنبعل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="هانيبال - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هانيبال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%ADbal" title="Aníbal - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aníbal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Һаннибал - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һаннибал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ганібал - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ганібал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ганібал Барка - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ганібал Барка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханибал Барка - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ханибал Барка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="হ্যানিবল - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যানিবল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧན་ཉི་པ། - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧན་ཉི་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Barca" title="Hannibal Barca - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hannibal Barca" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanibal" title="Hanibal - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hanibal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hann%C3%ADbal_Barca" title="Hanníbal Barca - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hanníbal Barca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="ھانیباڵ - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھانیباڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ганнибал - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ганнибал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αννίβας - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αννίβας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanibal_Barka" title="Hanibal Barka - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hanibal Barka" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%ADbal" title="Aníbal - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aníbal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanibal" title="Hanibal - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanibal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="هانیبال - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هانیبال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Barca" title="Hannibal Barca - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hannibal Barca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannabal" title="Hannabal - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hannabal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C3%ADbal" title="Haníbal - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Haníbal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="חניבעל - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חניבעל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="हान्निबल - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हान्निबल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanibal" title="Hanibal - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hanibal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannib%C3%A1l_(hadvez%C3%A9r)" title="Hannibál (hadvezér) - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hannibál (hadvezér)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Հաննիբալ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաննիբալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale" title="Annibale - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Annibale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB" title="ハンニバル - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンニバル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჰანიბალი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰანიბალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4anniba%C9%9Bl_Berqa" title="Ḥannibaɛl Berqa - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ḥannibaɛl Berqa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ганнибал - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ганнибал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹ್ಯಾನಿಬಲ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹ್ಯಾನಿಬಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EB%8B%88%EB%B0%9C" title="한니발 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한니발" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ганнибал - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ганнибал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Barkas" title="Hannibal Barkas - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hannibal Barkas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibal" title="Nibal - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nibal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanibalas" title="Hanibalas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hanibalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanib%C4%81ls_Barka" title="Hanibāls Barka - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hanibāls Barka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ганибал - mordovià moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ганибал" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mordovià moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Barca" title="Hannibal Barca - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hannibal Barca" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ханибал Барка - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ханибал Барка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" title="ഹാനിബാൾ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാനിബാൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ханнибал - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ханнибал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="हॅनिबल - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॅनिबल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anible" title="Anible - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anible" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Barkas" title="Hannibal Barkas - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hannibal Barkas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="ह्यान्निबल - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्यान्निबल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Barkas" title="Hannibal Barkas - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hannibal Barkas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" title="حنی بعل - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حنی بعل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%ADbal" title="Aníbal - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aníbal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ганнибал - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ганнибал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="हान्निबल - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हान्निबल" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibbali_(cumannanti)" title="Annibbali (cumannanti) - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Annibbali (cumannanti)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanibal" title="Hanibal - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hanibal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4annaba%C9%9Bl" title="Ḥannabaɛl - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ḥannabaɛl" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Barkas" title="Hannibal Barkas - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hannibal Barkas" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" title="حنی بعل - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="حنی بعل" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanibal" title="Hanibal - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hanibal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanibali" title="Hanibali - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hanibali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ханибал - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ханибал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹன்னிபால் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹன்னிபால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Ҳонибол - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳонибол" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="แฮนนิบัล - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฮนนิบัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ганнібал - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ганнібал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84" title="حنی بعل - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حنی بعل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannibal" title="Gannibal - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gannibal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%94" title="汉尼拔 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉尼拔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჰანიბალი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰანიბალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%94" title="汉尼拔 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉尼拔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hannibal" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%94" title="漢尼拔 - 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><div class="noprint" style="width: 100%; background-color: #f5f5f5; margin-bottom: 1em; position:relative;"> <table style="background-color: #f5f5f5" cellspacing="5" class="dablink"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 25px; vertical-align: top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="talha="><img alt="talha=" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/22px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/33px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/44px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </td> <td style="font-style: italic;font-size: 12px;"><i>Pels articles omonims, vejatz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annibal (la pagina existís pas)">Annibal</a>.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg/220px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg/330px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg/440px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="4150" /></a><figcaption>Estatua d'Anníbal Barca (<a href="/wiki/Lovre" title="Lovre">musèu del Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="París">París</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Annibal Barca</b> (en <a href="/wiki/Fenician" title="Fenician">fenician</a> 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋 <i>Ḥannībaʿl</i> significa « qu'a la favor de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baal (la pagina existís pas)">Baal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> » e <i>barqa</i>, « tròn<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> »), plan sovent nomenat <b>Annibal</b>, nascut en <a href="/wiki/-247" class="mw-redirect" title="-247">247 AbC</a> a <a href="/wiki/Cartage" title="Cartage">Cartage</a> (al nòrd-èst de la <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> actuala en <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>) e mòrt per suicidi en <a href="/wiki/-183" class="mw-redirect" title="-183">183 AbC</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en <a href="/wiki/Bitinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitinia">Bitinia</a> (près de la <a href="/wiki/Bursa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> actuala en <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>), foguèt un general e òme politic cartaginés, sovent considerat coma un dels mai grands tacticians militars de l’istòria. </p><p>Visquèt dins un periòde de tension dins lo <a href="/wiki/Bacin_Mediterran%C3%A8u" title="Bacin Mediterranèu">Bacin Mediterranèu</a>, alara que <a href="/wiki/Republica_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica romana">Roma</a> començava d'impausar sa poténcia en <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterran%C3%A8a" title="Mar Mediterranèa">Mediterranèa</a> occidentala: aprèp la presa de <a href="/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Sicília">Sicília</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Sardenha" title="Sardenha">Sardenha</a>, consequéncia de la <a href="/wiki/Primi%C3%A8ra_Gu%C3%A8rra_Punica" title="Primièra Guèrra Punica">Primièra Guèrra Punica</a>, los Romans envièron de tropas en <a href="/wiki/Illiria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiria">Illiria</a> e contunhavan la colonizacion de l'Itàlia del Nòrd. Elevat, segon la tradicion istoriografica latina, dins l'òdi de Roma, èra, segon sos enemics, a l’origina de la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Punica" title="Segonda Guèrra Punica">Segonda Guèrra Punica</a> que los Ancians nomenavan « guèrra d’Annibal ». </p><p>A la fin de l’an <a href="/wiki/-218" class="mw-redirect" title="-218">218</a>, daissèt <a href="/wiki/Isp%C3%A0nia" title="Ispània">Ispània</a> amb son armada e traversèt los <a href="/wiki/Piren%C3%A8us" title="Pirenèus">Pirenèus</a>, puèi los <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> per anar al nòrd d’<a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a>. Pasmens, capitèt pas a prene <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a>. Segon qualques istorians, Annibal possedava pas alara lo material necessari a l’ataca e al sètge de la vila<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Per John Francis Lazenby, seriá pas lo manca d’equipaments, mas aquel de l'avitalhament e son ambicion politica qu'empachèron Annibal d’atacar la ciutat<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mas, capitèt a mantenir una armada en Itàlia pendent mai d’una decenni pasmens sens arribar a impausar sas condicions als Romans. Una contra ataca d'aqueles darrièrs l'obliguèt a tornar cap a Cartage ont foguèt fin finala desfach a la <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Zama" title="Batalha de Zama">batalha de Zama</a>, en <a href="/wiki/-202" class="mw-redirect" title="-202">202 AbC</a>. </p><p>L’istorian militar Theodore Ayrault Dodge li donèt l'escai de « paire de l'estrategia<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> » a causa que son mai grand enemic, Roma, adoptèt enseguida qualques elements de sa tactica militara dins son pròpra arsenal estrategic. Aquel eretage li balhèt una reputacion fòrta dins lo monde contemporanèu ont èra considerat coma un grand estratègi par de militars coma <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> e lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wellesley,_1%C3%A8r_Duc_de_Wellington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1èr Duc de Wellington (la pagina existís pas)">duc de Wellington</a>. Sa vida serviguèt mai tard de sinòpsis a fòça films e documentaris. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contèxte_istoric"><span id="Cont.C3.A8xte_istoric"></span>Contèxte istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Contèxte istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Contèxte istoric"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Primi%C3%A8ra_Gu%C3%A8rra_Punica" title="Primièra Guèrra Punica">Primièra Guèrra Punica</a>.</div> <p>Al mitan del sègle III, la vila de <a href="/wiki/Cartage" title="Cartage">Cartage</a>, ont nasquèt Annibal, èra fòrça impregnada de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%B2ca_ellenistica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epòca ellenistica (la pagina existís pas)">cultura ellenistica</a> eissida dels rèstas de l’<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri" title="Empèri">empèri</a> d’<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_lo_Grand" title="Alexandre lo Grand">Alexandre lo Grand</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Cartage ocupava alara una plaça preponderanta dins los escambis comercials del <a href="/wiki/Bacin_Mediterran%C3%A8u" title="Bacin Mediterranèu">Bacin Mediterranèu</a> e possedissiá d'establiments en <a href="/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Sicília">Sicília</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Sardenha" title="Sardenha">Sardenha</a>, sus las còstas d’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ispania (la pagina existís pas)">Ispania</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Africa_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Africa del Nòrd">Africa del Nòrd</a>. Aviá d’une tanben una importanta flòta de guèrra qu'assegurava la securitat de las rotas maritimas utilizada per sos marcants: cap a Alexandria al sud de Mediterranèa, cap a Espanha a l’oèst, ont se trapavan las minas d’argent capablas a pagar lo tribut exigit per Roma aprèp la Primièra Guèrra Punica. </p><p>L’autra poténcia mediterranèa d'aquela epòca es <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">Roma</a>, amb que Cartage dintrèt en conflicte pendent una vintena d’ans pendent de la Primièra Guèrra Punica (« punic »<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> es un adjectiu derivat de « fenician »<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> utilizat per designar los Cartagineses<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), primièra guèrra d’importància que Roma foguèt victoriosa. Aquel afrontament entre la Republica romana e Cartage foguèt provocat per un conflicte segondari a <a href="/wiki/Siracusa" title="Siracusa">Siracusa</a>. I aguèt tres fasas sus de terrens d’operacions terrèstres e maritims: en Sicíla (<a href="/wiki/-264" class="mw-redirect" title="-264">264</a>-<a href="/wiki/-256" class="mw-redirect" title="-256">256</a>), en Africa (<a href="/wiki/-256" class="mw-redirect" title="-256">256</a>-<a href="/wiki/-250" class="mw-redirect" title="-250">250</a>) e encara en Sicíla (<a href="/wiki/-250" class="mw-redirect" title="-250">250</a>-<a href="/wiki/-241" class="mw-redirect" title="-241">241</a>). Venguèt alara celèbre dins aquela darrièra fasa e subretout aprèp la guèrra, <a href="/wiki/Amilcar_Barca" title="Amilcar Barca">Amilcar Barca</a>, paire d’Annibal, que dirigissiá la guèrra contra Roma dempuèi <a href="/wiki/-247" class="mw-redirect" title="-247">247</a>. Aprèp una desfacha navala a las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illas_Egadas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illas Egadas (la pagina existís pas)">illas Egadas</a> al nòrd-oèst de Sicília, deguèt, a la prima de 241, signar un tractar amb lo <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2nsol_(Roma)" title="Cònsol (Roma)">cònsol</a> roman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caius_Lutatius_Catulus_(c%C3%B2nsol_en_-242)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caius Lutatius Catulus (cònsol en -242) (la pagina existís pas)">Caius Lutatius Catulus</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquel accòrdi impausava a Cartage de quitar Sicília<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mas li permetava de conservar sa flòta. </p><p>Aprèp de la Primièra Guèrra Punica, malgrat las precaucions presas per Amilcar Barca, Cartage se trobèt en dificultat per dispersar sas tropas de <a href="/wiki/Mercenari" title="Mercenari">mercenaris</a> que pauc aprèp faguèron lo sètge la vila<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquel episòdi es conegut coma la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu%C3%A8rra_dels_Mercenaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guèrra dels Mercenaris (la pagina existís pas)">Guèrra dels Mercenaris</a>. Amilcar capitèt a reprimir aquela revòlta dins lo sang al frau de la Rèssa<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en <a href="/wiki/-237" class="mw-redirect" title="-237">237</a>. Roma, sens cap mas d’oposicion, prenguèt Sardenha qu'aparteniá als Cartagineses<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Per compensar aquela pèrda, Amilcar passèt en Ispània ont prenguèt un vaste territòri al sud-èst del país. Pendent una desena d’ans, Amilcar capitava la conquèsta del sud d’Ispània, assistit de son gendre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asdrubal_lo_B%C3%A8l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asdrubal lo Bèl (la pagina existís pas)">Hasdrubal</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquela conquèsta restabliguèt la situacion financièra de Cartage mercé a l’expleitacion de las minas d’<a href="/wiki/Argent" class="mw-redirect" title="Argent">argent</a> e d’<a href="/wiki/Estam" class="mw-redirect" title="Estam">estam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ascension">Ascension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Ascension" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ascension"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jovença"><span id="Joven.C3.A7a"></span>Jovença</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Jovença" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Jovença"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_06_Hannibal_whilst_even_yet_a_child_swears_eternal_hatred_to_the_Romans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_06_Hannibal_whilst_even_yet_a_child_swears_eternal_hatred_to_the_Romans.jpg/220px-Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_06_Hannibal_whilst_even_yet_a_child_swears_eternal_hatred_to_the_Romans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_06_Hannibal_whilst_even_yet_a_child_swears_eternal_hatred_to_the_Romans.jpg/330px-Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_06_Hannibal_whilst_even_yet_a_child_swears_eternal_hatred_to_the_Romans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_06_Hannibal_whilst_even_yet_a_child_swears_eternal_hatred_to_the_Romans.jpg/440px-Comic_History_of_Rome_Table_06_Hannibal_whilst_even_yet_a_child_swears_eternal_hatred_to_the_Romans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="1775" /></a><figcaption>Caricatura del jurament que fa Annibal a son paire que demorarà per jamai un enemic de Roma.</figcaption></figure> <p>Annibal Barca es lo filh aïnat del general <a href="/wiki/Amilcar_Barca" title="Amilcar Barca">Amilcar Barca</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. « Barca » es pas un nom de familha mas es pasmens portat per son filh<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Los istorians designan la familha d'Amilcar jol nom de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barcidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barcidas (la pagina existís pas)">Barcidas</a> per evitar la confusion amb d’autras familhas cartaginesas que los meteisses noms (Annibal, Asdrubal, Amilcar, Magon, etc.) son sovent portats. </p><p>Existís pauc de fonts sus de l’educacion d’Annibal. Se sap qu'aprenguèt d’un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preceptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preceptor (la pagina existís pas)">preceptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Esparta" title="Esparta">espart</a>, nomenat Sosilos, las <a href="/wiki/Literatura_gr%C3%A8ga_antica" title="Literatura grèga antica">letras grègas</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, l’istòria d’<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_lo_Grand" title="Alexandre lo Grand">Alexandre lo Grand</a> e l’art de la guèrra. Aqueriguèt atal aquel biais de rasonament e d’accion e que se basa sus l’<a href="/wiki/Intellig%C3%A9ncia" title="Intelligéncia">intelligéncia</a> e la rusa. </p><p>Aprèp aver agrandit son territòri, Amilcar enriquiguèt sa familha e, dins meteissa ocasion, Cartage<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Totjorn dins aquela tòca, Amilcar, utilizant la ciutat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gad%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadés (la pagina existís pas)">Gadés</a> (Ispània) prèp de l'<a href="/wiki/Estrech_de_Gibartar" title="Estrech de Gibartar">estrech de Gibartar</a>, comencèt de sometre las tribús <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica">ibèras</a>. Cartage, al moment, èra dins un tal estat d’apauriment que sa marina èra incapabla de transportar son armada en <a href="/wiki/Isp%C3%A0nia" title="Ispània">Ispània</a>. Amilcar foguèt doncas obligat de la far caminar cap a las <a href="/wiki/Colomnas_d%27Ercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Colomnas d'Ercules">colomnas d'Ercules</a> puèi de la far traversar per barca l'estrech, entre <a href="/wiki/Marr%C3%B2c" title="Marròc">Marròc</a> e <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a>. L’istorian roman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Livi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Livi (la pagina existís pas)">Titus Livi</a> declarèt que quand Annibal anèt veire son paire e lo supliquèt de l’autorizar a l’acompanhar, aquel acceptèt<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sos condicion qu’Annibal jura, que longtemps que viuriá, jamai serà un amic de Roma<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. D’autres istorians rapòrtan qu’Annibal declarèt a son paire: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="citation">«Juri que dempuèi que l’edat me lo permetrà [...] j’emplegarà lo fuòc e lo fèrre per trencar lo destin de Roma<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.»</span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Son aprendissatge de la practica de l’accion militara intervenguèt lèu sul terren jos l’egida de son paire puèi de son sògre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asdrubal_lo_B%C3%A8l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asdrubal lo Bèl (la pagina existís pas)">Asdrubal lo Bèl</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que succediguèt a Amilcar tuat sul camp de batalha contra los rebèls espanhòls<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en <a href="/wiki/-229" class="mw-redirect" title="-229">229</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> o en <a href="/wiki/-230" class="mw-redirect" title="-230">230</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e lo nomenèt al cap de la cavalariá<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins aquel domeni, Annibal mòstra lèu son endurança e sa mestresa<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, savent tanben se far apreciar e admirar pels soldats<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Asdrubal menèt una politica de consolidacion dels interèsses iberics de Cartage<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Atal, maridèt Annibal a una princessa ibèra<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prénommada Imilce, amb que auriá agut un filh<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, aquela aliança demòra considerada coma probabla e es pas atestada de totes<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Asdrubal signèt en <a href="/wiki/-226" class="mw-redirect" title="-226">226</a> un <a href="/wiki/Tractat_(drech)" title="Tractat (drech)">tractat</a> amb Roma partegèt la Peninsula Iberica en doas zonas d’influéncia<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L’<a href="/wiki/%C3%88bre" title="Èbre">Èbre</a> ne constituava la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fronti%C3%A8ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frontièra (la pagina existís pas)">frontièra</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Cartage devent pas s’espandre al delà d'aquel flum dins la mesura que Roma tanplan s’espandriá pas al sud del cors d’aiga<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="/wiki/-221" class="mw-redirect" title="-221">221</a>, Asdrubal fondèt la novèla capitala, <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_(Espanha)" title="Cartagena (Espanha)">Cartagena</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> située en <a href="/wiki/Region_de_M%C3%BArcia" title="Region de Múrcia">Múrcia</a>. Mas, un pauc mai tard, un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esclavage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esclavage (la pagina existís pas)">esclau</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0llia" title="Gàllia">gaulés</a>, acusant Asdrubal d’aver assassinat son mèstre<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, l’assassinèt a son torn en <a href="/wiki/-221" class="mw-redirect" title="-221">221</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comandant_en_cap">Comandant en cap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Comandant en cap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Comandant en cap"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Annibal foguèt alara causit per l’armada cartaginesa per succedir a Asdrubal coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comandant_en_cap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comandant en cap (la pagina existís pas)">comandant en cap</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Foguèt enseguida confirmat dins aquela foncion pel govern<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> malgrat l’opposicion d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Annon_lo_Grand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annon lo Grand (la pagina existís pas)">Annon</a> (ric aristocrata cartaginés)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aguèt alara sonque 25 ans<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Livi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Livi (la pagina existís pas)">Titus Livi</a> donèt a aquela epòca aquela descripcion del jove gneral cartaginés: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="citation">«Annibal, dempuèi sa dintrda en Espanha, atrasiá sus el totes los uèlhs. « Es Amilcar dins sa jovensa que nos es rendut », s’escridèron los vièlhs soldats. « Meteissa energia sus la cara, meteis fuòc dins l'agach: vaquí sa mina, vaquí sos traches »<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.»</span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Aprèp aver assumit lo comandament, Annibal passèt dos ans a consolidar las possessions ispanicas e a acabar la conquèsta dels territòris al sud de l’Èbre<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, Roma, redobtant la poténcia totjorn mai granda d’Annibal en Ispània, concluguèt una aliànça amb la vila de <a href="/wiki/Sagunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagunt">Sagunt</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, alara qu'èra situada a une distància considerabla al sud de l’Èbre dins la zona reconeguda a l’influéncia cartaginesa<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, e declarèt la ciutat jos son <a href="/wiki/Protectorat" title="Protectorat">protectorat</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L’argumentari roman se fonda sul tractat de <a href="/wiki/-241" class="mw-redirect" title="-241">241</a> qu'enibiguèt a Cartage de s’atacar a un aliat de Roma alara qu’Annibal metiá en abans lo tractat signat per Asdrubal que li reconeissiá la <a href="/wiki/Sobeiranetat" title="Sobeiranetat">sobeiranetat</a> cartagenesa al sud de l’Èbre. Annibal encerclèt Sagunt<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e menava lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A8tge_de_Sagunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sètge de Sagunt (la pagina existís pas)">sètge de la vila</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que tombèt en <a href="/wiki/-219" class="mw-redirect" title="-219">219</a>, benlèu al mes de novembre<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, aprèp uèit meses<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roma reagís a çò que considerèt coma una violacion del tractat e reclamèt justícia prèp lo govèrn cartagines<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A causa de la granda popularitat d’Annibal e del risc de pèrda del prestigi cartaginés en Ispània, lo govèrn oligarquic de Cartage ne reneguèt pas aquela accion e la guèrra que lo general aviá pensat, la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Punica" title="Segonda Guèrra Punica">Segonda Guèrra Punica</a>, foguèt declarada a la fin de l’an<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Segonda_Guèrra_Punica"><span id="Segonda_Gu.C3.A8rra_Punica"></span>Segonda Guèrra Punica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Segonda Guèrra Punica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Segonda Guèrra Punica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Punica" title="Segonda Guèrra Punica">Segonda Guèrra Punica</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparatius">Preparatius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Preparatius" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Preparatius"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aprèp que los Cartagineses aguèsse encerclat<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e destruït<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sagunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagunt">Sagunt</a>, los Romans decidiguron de contratacar sus dos fronts en Africa del Nòrd e en Ispània, a partir de <a href="/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Sicília">Sicília</a> que deu lor servir de basa operacionala. Mas, Annibal metèt en plaça una estrategia pel mens inatenduda: volguèt portar la guèrra cap al còr d’<a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a> amb una marcha rapida per Ispània e sud de <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0llia" title="Gàllia">Gàllia</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Savent que sa flòta es fòrça inferiora a aquela dels Romans, los ataquèt pas pel mar: causiguèt una rota terrèstra fòrça mai longa mas mai interessanta perque li permetèt de recrutar en camin nombre de <a href="/wiki/Mercenari" title="Mercenari">mercenaris</a> o de s’aliar als pòbles <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ltas" title="Cèltas">cèltas</a> volent se batre amb los Romans<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Abans son despart, joguèt abilament amb sas efectius e envièt en Africa del Nòrd de contingents d’<a href="/wiki/Ib%C3%A8rs" title="Ibèrs">Ibèrs</a> alara que de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libians (la pagina existís pas)">Libians</a> venguèron assegurar la securitat de las possessions de Cartage en Ispània<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Fins a la fin du prima <a href="/wiki/-218" class="mw-redirect" title="-218">218</a>, periòde que quitèt <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_(Espanha)" title="Cartagena (Espanha)">Cartagena</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Annibal elaborèr una granda armada e envièt de representants negociar son passatge mejans los <a href="/wiki/Piren%C3%A8us" title="Pirenèus">Pirenèus</a> e nosar d'aliànças lo long de son camin. Segon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Livi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Livi (la pagina existís pas)">Titus Livi</a>, Annibal traversèt l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%88bre" title="Èbre">Èbre</a> amb <span class="nowrap">90 000 fantassins</span> e <span class="nowrap">12 000 cavalièrs</span><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Daissèt un destacament de <span class="nowrap">10 000 fantassins</span> e <span class="nowrap">1 000 cavalièrs</span> per defendre Ispània<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e mai <span class="nowrap">11 000 Ibèrs</span> que volavan pasquitar lor territòri<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dispausèt doncas de <span class="nowrap">70 000 fantassins</span> e <span class="nowrap">10 000 cavalièrs</span> aprèp lo passatge dels <a href="/wiki/Piren%C3%A8us" title="Pirenèus">Pirenèus</a>. Segon d’autras fonts, arribèt en Gàllia al cap de qualques <span class="nowrap">40 000 fantassins</span> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitat12000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitat12000 (la pagina existís pas)">cavalièrs</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mas es pro dificil d’evaluar los efectius reals. Qualques estimacions van fins a <span class="nowrap">80 000 òmes</span>. A son arribada en Itàlia, semblava dirigir, segon las fonts, entre <span class="nowrap">20 000</span><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <span class="nowrap">50 000 fantassins</span><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e entre <span class="nowrap">6 000</span><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <span class="nowrap">9 000 cavalièrs</span><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Encara, a mai d'un còps, Cartage envièt d'ajudas a Annibal, almens, al començament de la guèrra. E mai, de pòbles se ralièron, quitament provisòriament, a Annibal. Atal, <span class="nowrap">40 000 Galleses</span> s'apondèron a l'armada cartaginesa<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Annibal possedava tanben qualques <a href="/wiki/Elefant" title="Elefant">Elefants</a> de guèrra que lo ròtle èra important dins las armadas de l’epòca e que los Romans coneissavan ja per los aver encontrat en se batant contra las trooas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirrus_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirrus Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Pirrus I<sup>èr</sup></a>. En realitat fòrça dels 27 elefants d’Annibal, çò qu'es un nombre pro flac en comparason de las autras armadas de l’epòca ellenistica, moriguèron dins la traversada dels <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> o dans l’umiditat dels <a href="/wiki/Palun" title="Palun">paluns</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etruria (la pagina existís pas)">etruscas</a>. Lo sol survivent foguèt utilizat coma montura per Annibal<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En efècte, Annibal auriá perdut l'<a href="/wiki/U%C3%A8lh" title="Uèlh">uèlh</a> drech<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pendent una batalha minora<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e auriá utizat aquel mejan de transpòrt per aver pas de contacte de l’aiga<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Segon d’autres istorians, Annibal auriá patit d’una oftalmia<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que lo faguèt bòrni<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cap_a_Itàlia"><span id="Cap_a_It.C3.A0lia"></span>Cap a Itàlia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Cap a Itàlia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cap a Itàlia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg/220px-Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg/330px-Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg/440px-Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8915" data-file-height="5840" /></a><figcaption>Annibal traversant lo Ròse vèrs Cadarossa</figcaption></figure> <p>Pendent la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Punica" title="Segonda Guèrra Punica">Segonda Guèrra Punica</a>, aprèp qu'evitèt d’atacar la vilas grègas de <a href="/wiki/Catalonha" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Catalonha">Catalonha</a>, Annibal dintrèt en <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0llia" title="Gàllia">Gàllia</a>. Se pensa que, aprèp aver traversat los Pirenèus al <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B2rt_del_Pert%C3%BAs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pòrt del Pertús (la pagina existís pas)">Pòrt del Pertús</a> e establir son campament prèp de la vila d’Illiberis<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — actual <a href="/wiki/Elna" class="mw-redirect" title="Elna">Elna</a> —, se dirigiguèt sens problèma fins a <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B2se" title="Ròse">Ròse</a>, ont arribèt en setembre <a href="/wiki/-218" class="mw-redirect" title="-218">218</a> abans que los Romans empachan son passatge, al cap de qualque <span class="nowrap">38 000 fantassins</span>, <span class="nowrap">8 000 cavalièrs</span> e 37 elefants de guèrra. L’ipotèsi mai probabla es que faguèt traversar son armada a la nautor de <a href="/wiki/Cadarossa" title="Cadarossa">Cadarossa</a> ont se situavan los <i>Insulae Furianae</i> segon lo <a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">cadastre</a> d’<a href="/wiki/Aurenja" title="Aurenja">Aurenja</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aprèp aver evitat las populacions localas, que los <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocon%C3%A7as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voconças (la pagina existís pas)">Voconças</a> que tentèron d’arèstar sa progression, Annibal escapèt a las legions romainas venent de la còsta mediterranèa en remontant la val de Ròse<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Roma acabant de conquerir la <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0llia_cisalpina" title="Gàllia cisalpina">Gàllia cisalpina</a>, Annibal esperava, aprèp aver traversat los Alps, trobar ajuda dels <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0llia" title="Gàllia">galleses</a> del nòrd d’Itàlia<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traversada_dels_Alps">Traversada dels Alps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Traversada dels Alps" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Traversada dels Alps"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passatge_dels_Alps_per_Annibal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passatge dels Alps per Annibal (la pagina existís pas)">Passatge dels Alps per Annibal</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Hannibal3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hannibal3.jpg/200px-Hannibal3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hannibal3.jpg/300px-Hannibal3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hannibal3.jpg/400px-Hannibal3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Annibal e sos òmes traversant los <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>L’itinerari utilizat per Annibal en octobre de <a href="/wiki/-218" class="mw-redirect" title="-218">218</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fa totjorn controvèrsia<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Totas las ipotèsis avançadas, sovent per d'especialistas mas tanben per d'auteurs mai imaginatius, son basada sus l’interpretacion dels tèxtes de Titus Livi e de Polib, prèp de mila òbras son ja escrichas sul subjècte. Pasmens, los detalhs donats per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polib (la pagina existís pas)">Polib</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <a href="/wiki/Tit_Livi" title="Tit Livi">Tit Livi</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> son fòrça imprecises e cap de traça arqueologica balha pas de pròbas irrefutablas de l'itinerari. </p><p>Sens contar l'itinerari causit, la traversada dels Alps es un de las causidas tacticas mai marcntas de l’Antiquitat. Annibal arribèt a traversar los monts levat los obstacles del <a href="/wiki/Clima" title="Clima">clima</a>, del terren, de las atacas de las populacions localas e la dificultat de dirigir dels soldats d’originas etnica e linguistica divèrsas. Las fonts indican qu’Annibal perdèt entre <span class="nowrap">3 000</span><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <span class="nowrap">20 000 òmes</span> pendent de la traversada<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Los subrevivents arribèron en Itàlia, <span class="nowrap">20 000 òmes</span> segon Polib, èran atalentats e ont patiguèron del freg<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aprèp que passèt los <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> e arribèt dins la plana de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2" title="Pò">Pò</a>, Annibal deguèt combattre los <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taurins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taurins (la pagina existís pas)">Taurins</a> que refusava l'aliànça amb aquelas tropas fòrça redusidas. Puèi venquèt en seguida las primièras tropas romanas que s'oposèron al el dins lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tecino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tecino (la pagina existís pas)">Tecino</a> e a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trebbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trebbia (la pagina existís pas)">Trebbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_del_Tecino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha del Tecino (la pagina existís pas)">batalha del Tecino</a> mòstra las qualitats militaras d’Annibal. Utilizèt pel melhor sa cavalariá numida, profèitant del mendre avantatge topografic e capitant un moviment d’encerclament. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_la_Trebbia_(segonda_gu%C3%A8rra_punica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de la Trebbia (segonda guèrra punica) (la pagina existís pas)">batalha de la Trebbia</a>, en decembre de <a href="/wiki/-218" class="mw-redirect" title="-218">218</a>, obliguèt los Galleses a se ligar a Annibal contra los romans<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batalha_de_la_Trebbia">Batalha de la Trebbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Batalha de la Trebbia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Batalha de la Trebbia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Articles detalhats: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_du_Tecino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha du Tecino (la pagina existís pas)">Batalha du Tecino</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_la_Trebbia_(segonda_gu%C3%A8rra_punica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de la Trebbia (segonda guèrra punica) (la pagina existís pas)">Batalha de la Trebbia</a>.</div> <p>La dificila marcha d’Annibal lo conduguèt en territòri roman e empachèt las tentativas dels enemics de resòlvre lo conflicte en territòri estrangièr<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Son apareisson subte aprèp la traversada de <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0llia" title="Gàllia">Gàllia</a> e de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_de_P%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val de Pò (la pagina existís pas)">val de Pò</a> li permetèt de trencar l’aliança novèla de las tribús localas a Roma abans qu'aquela darrièra pòsca reagir contra la revòlta<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Battle_Trebia-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Battle_Trebia-fr.svg/220px-Battle_Trebia-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Battle_Trebia-fr.svg/330px-Battle_Trebia-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Battle_Trebia-fr.svg/440px-Battle_Trebia-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Estrategias pendent la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_la_Trebbia_(segonda_gu%C3%A8rra_punica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de la Trebbia (segonda guèrra punica) (la pagina existís pas)">batalha de la Trebbia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Publius Cornelius Scipio, cònsol dirigent las fòrças romanas destinadas a interceptar Annibal<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, esperava pas a çò qu’Annibal ensaguèt de traversar los Alps, los Romans èran preparats a l’afrontar dins la <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Iberica" title="Peninsula Iberica">Peninsula Iberica</a>. Dispausant d’una armada flaca posicionada en Gàllia, Scipio ensagèt d’interceptar Annibal. De decisions subte e de movements rapids li permetèron, en transportant son armada pel mar, d’arribar a temps per aténher Annibal<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Las fòrças d’Annibal traversèron quant a elas la val de Pò e se trobèron engatjadas dins una confrontacion secondària: la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_del_Tessin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha del Tessin (la pagina existís pas)">batalha del Tessin</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alara, Annibal obliguèt los Romans a rendre la plana de <a href="/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia">Lombardia</a> a causa de la superioritat de sa cavalariá<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens qu'una victòria minora, obliguèt los Galleses e los <a href="/wiki/Ligurs" title="Ligurs">Ligurs</a> a se jònher als Cartagineses<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, çò qu'aumenta la talha de l’armada de <span class="nowrap">40 000 òmes</span> que <span class="nowrap">14 000</span> Galleses<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Publius_Cornelius_Scipio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio (la pagina existís pas)">Publius Cornelius Scipio</a> foguèt grevament ferit e se retirèt al delà del riu Trebia per establir un camp a <a href="/wiki/Plasen%C3%A7a_(It%C3%A0lia)" title="Plasença (Itàlia)">Plasença</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Em%C3%ADlia-Romanha" title="Emília-Romanha">Emília-Romanha</a>, salvant atal son armada<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L’autra armada consulara foguèt enviada en emergéncia dins la val de Pò. Abans que la novèla de la desfacha del Tecino arribe a Roma, lo <a href="/wiki/Senat_roman" title="Senat roman">senat roman</a> aviá ordonat al cònsol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius_Sempronius_Longus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiberius Sempronius Longus (la pagina existís pas)">Tiberius Sempronius Longus</a> de tornar menar son armada de <a href="/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Sicília">Sicília</a> per se jònher a Scipio e afrontar Annibal<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aquel darrièr, amb de manòbras abilas, èra en posicion de lo contrar perque aviá lo contraròtle la rota ligant Plasença a Arminum que Sempronius deguèt utilizar per ajudar Scipio. Prenguèt enseguida Clastidium (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casteggio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casteggio (la pagina existís pas)">Casteggio</a> en <a href="/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia">Lombardia</a>) ont encontrèt fòrça provesiments pels òmes. Mas lo succés foguèt pas complèt perque Sempronius, profeitant de la manca de vigiléncia d’Annibal, se placèt al flanc e se tornèt al camp de Scipio pel costat del riu Trebia prèp de Plasencia<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En decembre de <a href="/wiki/-218" class="mw-redirect" title="-218">218</a>, Annibal per mòntrar un autre còp sas capacitats militaras superioras pendent la batalha de la Trebbia<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aprèp aver agotat la resisténcia de l’<a href="/wiki/Infantari%C3%A1" title="Infantariá">infantariá</a> romana, s'escampilhèt per una ataca de suspresa que comencèt per una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emboscade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emboscade (la pagina existís pas)">emboscada</a> suls flancs<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batalha_del_lac_Trasimèn"><span id="Batalha_del_lac_Trasim.C3.A8n"></span>Batalha del lac Trasimèn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Batalha del lac Trasimèn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Batalha del lac Trasimèn"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_du_lac_Trasim%C3%A8n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha du lac Trasimèn (la pagina existís pas)">Batalha du lac Trasimèn</a>.</div> <p>Aprèp las victòrias del Tecino e de la Trebia, los Cartagineses se repausèron a <a href="/wiki/Bolonha" title="Bolonha">Bolonha</a> puèi contunhèron lor davalada cap a Roma. Abans securizar sa posicion dins lo nòrd d’Itàlia per sa victòria, Annibal prenguèt sos quartièrs d’ivèrn amb los Galleses que lo sosten mermava<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A la prima de <a href="/wiki/-217" class="mw-redirect" title="-217">217</a>, decidiguèt d’establir una basa d’operacions mai segura al sud. Pensant qu’Annibal voliá avançar cap a Roma, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caius_Servilius_Geminus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caius Servilius Geminus (la pagina existís pas)">Caius Servilius Geminus</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caius_Flaminius_Nepos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caius Flaminius Nepos (la pagina existís pas)">Caius Flaminius Nepos</a>, los nòus cònsols, mobilizèron lors armadas per blocar los camins de l’èst e de l’oèst qu’Annibal poiriá utilizar per anar a Roma. L'unica carrièra cap a l'Itàlia centrala se tròba a la bòca d’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_(flum)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno (flum) (la pagina existís pas)">Arno</a>. Aquela rota passa per un grand <a href="/wiki/Palun" title="Palun">palun</a> qu'es submergit encara mai a aquel periòde de l’an. Annibal sabiá qu'aquel camin plan dificil mas es tanben lo mai segur e plan segur lo mai rapid del centre d’Itàlia. Coma l’istorian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polib (la pagina existís pas)">Polib</a> l’indica, los òmes d’Annibal marchèron quatre jorns e tres nuèches sus <span class="citation">«un camin qu'èra jos las aigas»</span> e patiguèt terriblament de lassièra encara renfortida pel manca de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B2m" title="Sòm">sòm</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lo general traversèt los <a href="/wiki/Apenins" title="Apenins">Apenins</a> e l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_(flum)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno (flum) (la pagina existís pas)">Arno</a> reputats que se podava pas passar sens opposicion. Mas, dins las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plana (la pagina existís pas)">planas</a> paludencas, perdèt una granda partida de sas fòrças coma, benlèu, sos darrièrs elefants. En arribant en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etruria (la pagina existís pas)">Etruria</a> (actuala <a href="/wiki/Toscana" title="Toscana">Toscana</a>), Annibal decidiguèt d’atraire la principala armada romana, comandat per Flaminius, dins una batalha renjada en devastant jos sos pròpris uèlhs lo territòri qu’èra censat d'aparar. Coma Polib lo conta:<i><span class="citation">«Annibal calculèt que se contornava lo camp e fasiá irrupcion dins lo territòri aldelà, Flaminius (en partida per paur de repròchis populars e en partida a causa de la seuna irritacion) seriá incapable de suportar passivament la devastacion del país, mas al contrari lo seguissèron espontanèament... li ofriguent atal d'occasions de l'atacar<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.»</span></i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Battle_of_lake_trasimene-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Battle_of_lake_trasimene-fr.svg/220px-Battle_of_lake_trasimene-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Battle_of_lake_trasimene-fr.svg/330px-Battle_of_lake_trasimene-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Battle_of_lake_trasimene-fr.svg/440px-Battle_of_lake_trasimene-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>Emboscade d’Annibal en <a href="/wiki/-217" class="mw-redirect" title="-217">217</a> sus las ribas du lac Trasimèn</figcaption></figure> <p>Dins lo meteis temps, Annibal temptava de trencar l’aliança dels aliats de Roma en lor mostrant que Flaminius èra incapable de los aparar. Malgrat tot aquò, Flaminius demorèt passivament abrigat a Arretium. Incapable d’entrainar Flaminius dins la batalha sonque a causa de la devastacion, Annibal decidiguèt de marchar en fòrça contra lo flanc esquèrra de son adversari, çò que faguèt que se copèt de Roma. Aquela manòbra es reconeguda coma essent lo primièr movement viradís de l’Istòria. </p><p>Pauc a pauc enseguida per las nautas tèrras d’Etruria, Annibal engatgèt lo percaç de Flaminius e, lo <a href="/wiki/21_de_junh" title="21 de junh">21 de junh</a>, lo susprenent dins una gòrja sus la riba del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lac_Trasim%C3%A8n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lac Trasimèn (la pagina existís pas)">lac Trasimèn</a>, destruiguèt son armada dins las aigas o suls penjals vesins (los Romans perdèron prèp de <span class="nowrap">15 000 òmes</span> sul terren<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) e tuèt lo quita Flaminius. Alara aviá eliminat l'unica fòrça terrèstre qu'auriá podot metre en escac son avançada sus Roma mas, comprenent que sens maquinas de sètge poiriá pas prene la <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a>, preferiguèt expleitar sa victòria en se desplaçant al centre e al sud d’Itàlia e provocant una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rev%C3%B2lta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revòlta (la pagina existís pas)">revòlta</a> generala contra lo poder central. Aprèp Trasimèn, Annibal declarèt: ::<span class="citation">«Soi pas vengut me batre contra los Italians mas al nom dels Italians contra Roma»</span><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Los Romans nomenèron alara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (la pagina existís pas)">Fabius Cunctator</a> coma <a href="/wiki/Dictator_(Roma_antica)" title="Dictator (Roma antica)">dictator</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Se separant de las tradicions militaras romanas, Fabius adoptèt una novèla estrategia — que foguèt mai tard nomenat « estrategia de Fabius » — refusant la batalha frontala amb l'adversari tot ne posicionant qualques armadas romanas a l'entorn d’Annibal per limitar sos movements. </p><p>Aprèp aver afrabat las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polhas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polhas (la pagina existís pas)">Polhas</a> sens arribar a provocar Fabius, Annibal decidiguèt de traversar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samnium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samnium (la pagina existís pas)">Samnium</a> e <a href="/wiki/Camp%C3%A0nia" title="Campània">Campània</a>, una de las mai ricas e mai fertilas províncias d’Itàlia, esperant que la devastacion provocará Fabius. Aquel darrièr seguissiá de prèp la caminada d’Annibal totjorn se refusant a se daissar entraïnar al combat. Aquela estrategia foguèt fòrça impopulara per fòça Romans que la consideravan coma coarda. Annibal decidiguèt que se podava pas passar l’<a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A8rn" title="Ivèrn">ivèrn</a> dins las tèrras bassas devastadas de Campània mas Fabius ensajèt de lo blocar en s’assegurant de totas las passas per sortir de Campània. Per contrar aquela tactica, Annibal enganèt los Romans lor fasent creire que l’armada cartaginesa volgava s’escapar pels bosques. Alara que los Romans se moguèron cap a la selva, l’armada d’Annibal trobèt una passa liura e la traversèt sens opposicion. Fabius èra encara a portada, mas aquel còp sa prudéncia joguèt contra el. Devinat, amb rason, un estratagèma, demorèt sus plaça. Pendent l’ivern, Annibal campava dins la plana de las Polhas. En fasent escapar son armada Annibal capitèt, coma lo qualifica Adrian Goldsworthy, <span class="citation">«un classic de la tactica militara antica trobant sa plaça dins gaireben totes los recits istorics de la guèrra e que foguèt utilizat dins los manuals militars ulteriors<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>»</span>. Aquò atenguèt lo prestigi de Fabius, e pauc aprèp, los Romans l'obliguèron a partejar son comandament amb son mèstre de cavaleriá <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Minucius_Rufus_(c%C3%B2nsol_en_-221)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Minucius Rufus (cònsol en -221) (la pagina existís pas)">Marcus Minucius Rufus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canne_e_sas_consequéncias"><span id="Canne_e_sas_consequ.C3.A9ncias"></span>Canne e sas consequéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Canne e sas consequéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Canne e sas consequéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Canne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Canne (la pagina existís pas)">Batalha de Canne</a>.</div> <p>Annibal, que volava pas atacar Roma encara, se'n prenguèt a l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apulie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apulie (la pagina existís pas)">Apulie</a>, e subretot la vila de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capo%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capoá (la pagina existís pas)">Capoá</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A la prima de <a href="/wiki/-216" class="mw-redirect" title="-216">216</a>, prenguèt l’iniciativa en atacant una sèrva importanta d'avitalhament a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canne (la pagina existís pas)">Canne</a>. Per aquela accion, lo general se placèt entre los Romans e lor font essenciala de viures<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciutanetat_romana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciutanetat romana (la pagina existís pas)">ciutadans romans</a> elisèron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caius_Terentius_Varro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caius Terentius Varro (la pagina existís pas)">Caius Terentius Varro</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(Paul_Emile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (Paul Emile) (la pagina existís pas)">Lucius Aemilius Paullus</a> novèls cònsols<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Esperant la victòria, aqueles darrièrs levèron une novèla armada — Roma jamai aviá format una armada tan nombrosa<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — estimada a prèp de <span class="nowrap">100 000 òmes</span><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueles darrièrs derniers renoncièron alara a la tactica eficaça, mas lenta, d’evitament e se decidiguèron per un tust frontal<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Battle_cannae_destruction.-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Battle_cannae_destruction.-fr.svg/200px-Battle_cannae_destruction.-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Battle_cannae_destruction.-fr.svg/300px-Battle_cannae_destruction.-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Battle_cannae_destruction.-fr.svg/400px-Battle_cannae_destruction.-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Avaliment de l'armada romana a Canne en <a href="/wiki/-216" class="mw-redirect" title="-216">216</a></figcaption></figure> <p>L'encontra, considerada coma un cap d'òbra tactic d’Annibal, fin finala se faguèt lo <a href="/wiki/2_d%27agost" title="2 d'agost">2 d'agost</a> <a href="/wiki/-216" class="mw-redirect" title="-216">216</a><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sus la riba esquèrra del riu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ofanto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ofanto (la pagina existís pas)">Ofanto</a> (sud d’<a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a>) prèp que los Romans installèron lor camp. Las armadas de dos cònsols son reünidas, aqueles darrièrs cambiavan quotidianament lo comandament de las tropas. Varro, causiguèt coma cap pel primièr jorn, èra determina a véncer Annibal<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Al cap de <span class="nowrap">50 000 òmes</span><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lo Cartaginés capitalizèt sus la colèra de Varro e l’atraguèt dins una trapadèla en utilisant una tactica d’encerclament. Atal blasiguèt l’avantatge numeric dels Romans redusiguèt la superfícia del combat. Annibal placèt son <a href="/wiki/Infantari%C3%A1" title="Infantariá">infantariá</a> mai flaca en mièg cercle e la renfotiguèt per de cavalièrs galleses e numids sus sos flancs<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Las legions romanas que s’espandissiá sus un quilomètre e mièg s’engorjant dins la partida centrala mas los flancs cartagineses seguèron lo movement e embarrèron los legionaris<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L’eficacitat de la cavalariá d’Annibal es irresistible e Asdrubal (se lo cal pas confondre amb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asdrubal_Barca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asdrubal Barca (la pagina existís pas)">Asdrubal Barca</a>) que comandava lo flanc esquèrra, aprèp aver contornat las tropas romanas per darrièr, ataca la <a href="/wiki/Cavalari%C3%A1" title="Cavalariá">cavalariá</a> de Varro<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L’armada romana a pas cap mai de mejan d'escapar. A la fin de la batalha, Annibal penguèt los anèls dels cavalièrs romans tombats al combat, aquò li permetèt de donar la pròva irrefutabla al govèrn cartaginés de sa victòria suls Romans<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg/170px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg/255px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg/340px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="4150" /></a><figcaption>Annibal comptant los anèls dels cavalièrs romans tombats a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Canne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Canne (la pagina existís pas)">batalha de Canne</a> en <a href="/wiki/-216" class="mw-redirect" title="-216">216</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marbre" title="Marbre">Marbre</a> de <a href="/wiki/1704" class="mw-redirect" title="1704">1704</a> per Sébastien Slodtz (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A8u_del_Lovre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musèu del Lovre (la pagina existís pas)">musèu del Lovre</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Marcé a sa brilhanta tactica, Annibal, amb mens d’òmes, arribèt a avalir gaireben totas las fòrças rivalas. La batalha de Canne es pièger desfacha dels Romans<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La pèrdas d'aqueles son evaluadas entre <span class="nowrap">25 000</span><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <span class="nowrap">70 000 mòrts</span><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. D'entre los mòrts i a lo cònsol Lucius Aemilius Paullus<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e dos ancians cònsols, dos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Questaire_(Roma)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Questaire (Roma) (la pagina existís pas)">questaires</a>, 29 dels 48 tribuns militars e 80 senators (25 % a <span class="nowrap">30 %</span> del total de sos membres). E mai, <span class="nowrap">10 000 Romans</span> son capturats per Annibal<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquela batailha es una de las mai sanglantas de l’Istòria en tèrmes de pèrda pendent un sol jorn<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Los Cartagineses, perdèron <span class="nowrap">6 000 òmes</span><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aquela victòria s’explica per la tactica utilizada pendent lo combat mas tanben per l’abiletat politica d’Annibal qu'utiliza las errors de sos adversaris. Conduguèt mai d'un còp los cònsols, pressats d'emportar una victòria abans la fin de lor mandat, a fautar coma al lac Trasimèn. Aquò supausa una coneissénça prigonda de las institucions romanas e dels actors politics. Los espias punics, sovent de simples comerçants, aguèron tanben lor ròtle dins aquela guèrra. </p><p>Aprèp Canne, los Romans evitèron d’afrontar Annibal dirèctament e preferèron lo tarrridar se basant suss lor avantatge numeric e en matèra d'avitalhament. Es perque, Annibal e Roma s’afrontèron pas mai en combats importants sul territòri italian fin la fin de la guèrra<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, refusant de clinar, Roma levèt de novèlas tropas. L’efècte d'aquela victòria cartaginesa butèt de ciutats d’Itàlia a s'aliagar a la causa d’Annibal<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Coma lo nòta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Livi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Livi (la pagina existís pas)">Titus Livi</a>, <span class="citation">«lo desastre de Canne foguèt mai grèu que los davancièrs, avèm ja un indici dins aquel fach que la fidelitat dels aliats, que fin a aquel jorn demorèt fèrma, començava a trantalhar, sens cap de rason, segur, almens que desesperèron de l’empèri<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>»</span>. Pendent lo meteis an, de ciutats grègas de Sicília se revoltan contra lo contraròtle politic dels Romans alara que lo rei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felip_V_de_Maced%C3%B2nia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felip V de Macedònia (la pagina existís pas)">Felip V de Macedònia</a> ajudèt Annibal<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lançant atal la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primi%C3%A8ra_gu%C3%A8rra_macedoniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primièra guèrra macedoniana (la pagina existís pas)">Primièra guèrra macedoniana</a> contra Roma. Annibal tanben s'aliaguèt amb lo novèl rei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ieron%C3%ADm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ieroním (la pagina existís pas)">Ieroním</a> de <a href="/wiki/Siracusa" title="Siracusa">Siracusa</a>. Dins aquela estapa, Annibal fasiá pas que tarribar las fortalessas que resistavan encara e le sol eveniment marcant de l’an es la defeccion de qualques territòris italians coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capo%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capoá (la pagina existís pas)">Capoá</a>, la segonda vila d’Itàlia, qu'Annibal faguèt sa novèla basa. Pasmens, sol un pichon nombre de las ciutats italianas qu’Annibal espèrava aligar acceptèron a le rejònher. </p><p>En realitat, çò que volgava Annibal, en mai de tornar prene Sicília, es mens la destruccion de Roma coma vila que coma entitat politica<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, que son refús de tentar de prene la vila aprèp la batalha de Canne e la celèbra frasa atribuida a son cap de cavalariá Maharbal: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="citation">«Sas véncer, Hannibal; sas pas profeitar de la victòria<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.»</span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>En fach, Annibal utilizèt sas victòrias per ensajar de far caplevar dins son camp las ciutats somesas o aligadas de Roma<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Los prisonièrs, par exemple, son divisits en dos gropes. Los ciutadans romans — qui son reduch en esclavatge o prepausats pel rescat — e los ciutadans latins o aligats que sont remandas a çò d'eles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="«_Delicis_de_Capoá_»"><span id=".C2.AB_Delicis_de_Capo.C3.A1_.C2.BB"></span>« Delicis de Capoá »</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : « Delicis de Capoá »" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: « Delicis de Capoá »"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pauc aprèp la batalha de Trasimèn en <a href="/wiki/-217" class="mw-redirect" title="-217">217</a>, Annibal liberèt tres cavalièrs de Capoá que, qualque temps aprèp, li prepausèron de prene possession de la vila. Annibal esperèt mai d’un an per aver l’ajuda dels notables de la vila<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, çò que faguèt aprèp la batalha de Canne. La vila auriá « ofèrt als soldats cartagineses fòrça plasers amolissent lors fòrças ». Es lo sens de l'expression famosa « delicis de Capoá », una expression que se sap pas plan si correspond a la realitat. En fach, se Annibal temporisèt a Capoá, es qu’esperava une desagregacion totala de la confederacion italiana e de novèlas alianganças que li permetrián fin finala d’obtenir la dominacion sus mar. De fach, los pòbles e las ciutats d’Itàlia centrala et miègjornala son fòrça a s’aligar al Cartagineses. En 216, lo Bruttium (<a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A0bria" title="Calàbria">Calàbria</a>) capvirèt coma Lokroi Epizephyrioi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Locri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locri (la pagina existís pas)">Locri</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crotone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crotone (la pagina existís pas)">Crotone</a> en <a href="/wiki/-215" class="mw-redirect" title="-215">215</a>. En <a href="/wiki/-212" class="mw-redirect" title="-212">212</a>, foguèt tanben lo cas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaponte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaponte (la pagina existís pas)">Metaponte</a> dins lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golf_de_Tarent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golf de Tarent (la pagina existís pas)">golf de Tarent</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thuris (la pagina existís pas)">Thuris</a>, prèp de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibaris (la pagina existís pas)">Sibaris</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Tarent" title="Tarent">Tarent</a>, dins las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polhas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polhas (la pagina existís pas)">Polhas</a><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquelas ciutats s’apondèron als Galleses de Cisalpina e a Capoá. Pasmens, Roma resistiguèt e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latins (la pagina existís pas)">Latins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruscas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etruscas (la pagina existís pas)">Etruscas</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ombrians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ombrians (la pagina existís pas)">Ombrians</a> li demorèron fidèls. </p><p>Al meteis temps, Annibal pausèt de jalons en Sicília que constituava son objectiu primièr. Lo jove rei de Siracusa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ieron%C3%ADm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ieroním (la pagina existís pas)">Ieroním</a>, abandonèt l’aligança romana e permetèt a de tropas cartaginesas de desbarcar en <a href="/wiki/-214" class="mw-redirect" title="-214">214</a><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Las ciutats d’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eracl%C3%A8a_Minoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eraclèa Minoa (la pagina existís pas)">Eraclèa Minoa</a> e d’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Agrigent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agrigent (la pagina existís pas)">Agrigent</a>, totas doas situadas en <a href="/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Sicília">Sicília</a>, acceptèron tanben l’aligança amb los Cartagineses. Cal precisar qu’Annibal a l’abiletat de prepausar un sistèma d’aligança, mens constrenhent que lo modèl roman de subjecion, aquel darrièr daissant a la populacion un ensems de dreches puslèu que reclamar de cargas umanas e financièras pesuca. </p><p>Al contrari, Annibal s’inspirèt d'un modèl grèc, a saber una ciutat egemonica qu'assura la securitat de sos aligats als que la libertat es tornada. Annibal torna utilizar lo discors sus la libertat dels Grècs. Aquela idèa, defenduda en son temps per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigon_lo_B%C3%B2rni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antigon lo Bòrni (la pagina existís pas)">Antigon lo Bòrni</a>, que lo descendent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felip_V_de_Maced%C3%B2nia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felip V de Macedònia (la pagina existís pas)">Felip V de Macedònia</a> concluguèt una aligança amb Annibal en 215<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, foguèt del meteis biais prepausada pel conquerent cartaginés e li permetèt de regetar, als uèlhs de qualques Grècs de Sicília e del sud d’Itàlia, los Romans dins lo monde barbar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reviral_de_situacion">Reviral de situacion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Reviral de situacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Reviral de situacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A partir de 212, Annibal conenguèt mai difficultats. En efècte, dempuèi 215, los Romans tornèron utilizar l'estrategia de Fabius Cunctator e evitèron d’afrontar Annibal en batalha fontala<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aumentèron tanben lors efectius per una politica d’enrotlament d’esclaus e de joves òmes de mens de 17 ans. Mas subretot, comprendèron qu'èra fòrça necessari de recomençar l’ofensiva sul terren politic e ideologic. Jos la direccion d'un senator apacionat de letras grègas, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quintus_Fabius_Pictor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor (la pagina existís pas)">Quintus Fabius Pictor</a>, una istòria de Roma al torn antipunic foguèt redigida. Annibal e los Cartagineses son descriches coma essent indignes de confisança, impius e crudèls<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Al revèrs, los Romans son presentats coma respectoses dels accòrdis, pius e practicant la temperància. Es cossí que se metèt en plaça la definicion de la « costuma dels ancians », <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mos_majorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mos majorum (la pagina existís pas)">mos majorum</a></i>, que vendriá la norma morala de referéncia de la fin de la <a href="/wiki/Republica_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica romana">Republica romana</a>. </p><p>Sul terren militar, los Romans, jol capitanejat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(consul_en_-222)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul en -222) (la pagina existís pas)">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a>, tornèt prene Siracusa<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en 212 puèi Capoá en <a href="/wiki/-211" class="mw-redirect" title="-211">211</a><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aprèp dos sètges successius. Una contraofensiva d’Annibal per tornar prendre Capoá en 211 faguèt fracas<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atal qu’una expedicion de cavalariá sus la ciutat de Roma<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Los Romans arribèron a destruire una armada cartaginesa en Sicília e pacifiquèron l’illa en s’aligant amb la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liga_etoliana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liga etoliana (la pagina existís pas)">Liga etoliana</a> per contrar Felip V que tentava de profitar de la situacion per conquerir l’<a href="/wiki/Illiria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiria">Illiria</a> mas, atacat sus mai d'un fronts, es lèu submergit per Roma e sos aligats grècs. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/-210" class="mw-redirect" title="-210">210</a>, Annibal provèt encara sa superioritat tactica en provocant una granda desfacha à l’armada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%B2nsol_(Roma)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procònsol (Roma) (la pagina existís pas)">proconsulària</a> de Gnæus Fulvius Centumalus a Herdoniac<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (actuala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordona (la pagina existís pas)">Ordona</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apulia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apulia (la pagina existís pas)">Apulia</a>) e destruiguèt en <a href="/wiki/-208" class="mw-redirect" title="-208">208</a> una fòrça romana engatjada dins lo sètges de Lokroi Epizephyrioi. Mas la pèrda de <a href="/wiki/Tarent" title="Tarent">Tarent</a> e la reconquèsta progressiva du <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samnium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samnium (la pagina existís pas)">Samnium</a> e de la Lucania (actuala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilicate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilicate (la pagina existís pas)">Basilicate</a>) pels Romans — amb une seriá de victòrias a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salapia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salapia (la pagina existís pas)">Salapia</a> en 208 e a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Grumentum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Grumentum (la pagina existís pas)">Grumentum</a> en <a href="/wiki/-207" class="mw-redirect" title="-207">207</a> — li faguèro pèrdre lo contraròtle del sud de l’Itàlia. Pasmens capitèt a tornar en Apulia en 207 e i esperar son fraire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asdrubal_Barca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asdrubal Barca (la pagina existís pas)">Asdrubal Barca</a> per marchar sur Roma<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Al meteis temps, los Romans ensajèron de contratacar en Ispània, jol comandament de Publius Cornelius Scipio e de son fraire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnaeus_Cornelius_Scipio_Calvus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus (la pagina existís pas)">Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus</a> (217-212), mas sens grand succés levat la presa de Sagunt en 212. Ambedos, tuats lo meteis an, son remplaçats per <a href="/wiki/Scipion_l%27African" title="Scipion l'African">Scipion l'African</a> que prenguèt Cartagena en <a href="/wiki/-209" class="mw-redirect" title="-209">209</a><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Asdrubal arribèt pasmens a quitar Ispania amb una armada de secors e s'anèt en Itàlia per via terrèstra. Mas es tuat sus las ribas du <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_del_Metaure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha del Metaure (la pagina existís pas)">Metaure</a><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en 207<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, aprèp un audaciós moviment estrategic del cònsol roman que, encargat de sudvelhar Annibal, rejonhèt son collèga per far fàcia a Asdrubal. A la novèla de la desfacha e de la mòrt de son fraire, Annibal se retirèt dins lo <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A0bria" title="Calàbria">Bruttium</a> ont stacionava pendent los ans que seguèron. La combinason d'aqueles evenements marca la fin dels succeses d’Annibal en Itàlia. Dempuèi <a href="/wiki/-206" class="mw-redirect" title="-206">206</a>, las ostilitats acabèron en Ispània e en Sicíla al benefici dels Romans<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo meteis an, lo segond fraire d’Annibal, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magon_Barca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magon Barca (la pagina existís pas)">Magon</a>, vencut en Ispània, arribèt a portar la guèrra en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liguria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liguria (la pagina existís pas)">Liguria</a><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Es aisiment vencut per Quintilius Varus e tentèt de rejònher son fraire amb de rèstes d'aquelas tropas. En <a href="/wiki/-205" class="mw-redirect" title="-205">205</a>, los Romans tornèron prendre le pòrt de Lokroi Epizephyrioi ent Annibal esperava de badas una flòta de son aligat Felip V puèi, aprèp la desfacha d'aqueles darrièrs contra los <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etolia (la pagina existís pas)">Etolians</a> en 208, una flòta de Cartage que concentrava sos esfòrces a salvegardar sos interesses comercials en Ispània. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batalha_de_Zama">Batalha de Zama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Batalha de Zama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Batalha de Zama"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Zama" title="Batalha de Zama">Batalha de Zama</a>.</div> <p>Los Romans, dirigits per Scipion l’African, obtenguèron un important succés diplomatic en <a href="/wiki/-206" class="mw-redirect" title="-206">206</a> en s’atacant los servicis del prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Numids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numids (la pagina existís pas)">numid</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massinissa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massinissa (la pagina existís pas)">Massinissa</a><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ancian aligat de Cartage en <a href="/wiki/Isp%C3%A0nia" title="Ispània">Ispània</a> dintrada en conflicte personal amb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sifax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sifax (la pagina existís pas)">Sifax</a>, un aligat numid de Cartage. En <a href="/wiki/-204" class="mw-redirect" title="-204">204</a>, debarquèron en <a href="/wiki/Africa_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Africa del Nòrd">Africa del Nòrd</a> per forcar Annibal a quitar l’Itàlia<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e menar lo combat sus sas tèrras<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/-203" class="mw-redirect" title="-203">203</a>, aprèp prèp de quinze ans de combats en Itàlia, alara que Scipion progressava e que los Cartagineses favorables a la patz menats per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annon_lo_Grand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annon lo Grand (la pagina existís pas)">Annon lo Grand</a> tentèron de negociar un <a href="/wiki/Armistici" title="Armistici">armistici</a> al liòc de refortir las tropas d’Annibal, aquel darrièr es nomenat pel camp favorable a percaçar la guèrra menada per las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barcidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barcidas (la pagina existís pas)">Barcidas</a> tot coma son fraire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magon_Barca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magon Barca (la pagina existís pas)">Magon</a> que moriguèt pendent la traversada du retorn. Aprèp aver daissat una traça de son expedicion gravada en punic e en <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8c" class="mw-redirect" title="Grèc">grèc</a> ancian sus de tabletas del temple de <a href="/wiki/Junon" title="Junon">Junon</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crotone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crotone (la pagina existís pas)">Crotone</a>, embaquèt per son retorn<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Las naus debarquèron a Leptis Minor (actuala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamta (la pagina existís pas)">Lamta</a>) e Annibal prenguèt, aprèp dos jorns de viatge<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sos quartièrs d’ivern prèp de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrum%C3%A8ta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrumèta (la pagina existís pas)">Adrumèta</a><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Slaget_ved_Zama_-_Cornelis_Cort,_1567.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Slaget_ved_Zama_-_Cornelis_Cort%2C_1567.jpg/220px-Slaget_ved_Zama_-_Cornelis_Cort%2C_1567.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Slaget_ved_Zama_-_Cornelis_Cort%2C_1567.jpg/330px-Slaget_ved_Zama_-_Cornelis_Cort%2C_1567.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Slaget_ved_Zama_-_Cornelis_Cort%2C_1567.jpg/440px-Slaget_ved_Zama_-_Cornelis_Cort%2C_1567.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>Gravadura de la <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Zama" title="Batalha de Zama">batalha de Zama</a> de Cornelis Cort (<a href="/wiki/1567" class="mw-redirect" title="1567">1567</a>). Sus la gravadura es representat d'elefants d’Asia, alara qu'aqueles utilizats per Annibal son d'elefants d’Africa del Nòrd que son mai pichons.</figcaption></figure> <p>Son retorn renfortís sul còp lo camp favorable a la guèrra que lo plaça a la tèsta d’una fòrça regropant sos <a href="/wiki/Mercenari" title="Mercenari">mercenaris</a> d’<a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a> e dels conscrits locals. En <a href="/wiki/-202" class="mw-redirect" title="-202">202</a>, Annibal encontrèt Scipion pendent una tentativa de conciliacion. Malgrat lor admiracion mutuala, las negociacions faguèron fracas a causa de las referéncias romanas a la trencadura del tractat ligant la ciutat iberica de <a href="/wiki/Sagunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagunt">Sagunt</a> a Roma e le pilhatge d’una flòta romana s'encalèt sus la còsta del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golf_de_Tunis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golf de Tunis (la pagina existís pas)">golf de Tunis</a>. Un plan de patz èra pasmens en preparacion que dich que Cartage conserveriá pas que sos territòris en Africa del Nòrd, que lo reialme de Massinissa seriá independent, que Cartage reduiriá la talha de sa flòta e que pagariá pas d'indemnitat de guèrra. Mas, renfortidas pel retorn d’Annibal e le ravitalhament pres a la flòta romana, los Cartagineses regetèron las clausulas del plan. </p><p>L'encontra decisiva se faguèt a Zama lo <a href="/wiki/19_d%27octobre" title="19 d'octobre">19 d'octobre</a> <a href="/wiki/-202" class="mw-redirect" title="-202">202</a><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Al contrari de la majoritat de las batalhas de la Segonda Guèrra Punica, los Romans dispausan d’una melhora <a href="/wiki/Cavalari%C3%A1" title="Cavalariá">cavalariá</a> que los Cartagineses qu'aqueles contrarièron amb una infantariá superiora. La superioritat romana es deguda al raliament de la cavalariá numida de Massinissa. Annibal, patissent d’una santat fragilizada per sos ans de campanha en Itàlia, possedissiá encora l’avantatge del nombre amb 80 <a href="/wiki/Elefant" title="Elefant">Elefant</a> de guèrra e <span class="nowrap">15 000 veterans</span> de las guèrras d’Itàlia, quitament se lo rèsta de son armada èra compausada de <a href="/wiki/Mercenari" title="Mercenari">mercenaris</a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ltas" title="Cèltas">cèltas</a> que la motivacion es relativa o dels citadans cartagineses pauc aguerrits. L'estrategia utilizada per Annibal es la meteissa qu'aquela utilizada a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canne (la pagina existís pas)">Canne</a>. Mas, la tactica romana avent evoluat dempuèi 14 ans, la tentativa d’encerclament capitèt pas e los Cartagineses se trobèron fin finala desfaches<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Annibal perdèt prèp de <span class="nowrap">40 000 òmes</span><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — contra <span class="nowrap">1 500</span> pels Romans — e lo respècte de son pòble a l’occasion de la darrièra batalha majora de la guèrra. La ciutat punica èra constrencha de signar la patz amb Roma e Scipion e de renonciar a sa flòta de guèrra<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e a son armada. Tanben èra somesa a un tribút pesuc, pagable en cinquanta annuïtats<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Scipion, el, receptèt l'escai de « l’African »<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aprèp_Zama"><span id="Apr.C3.A8p_Zama"></span>Aprèp Zama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Aprèp Zama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Aprèp Zama"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carrièra_politica"><span id="Carri.C3.A8ra_politica"></span>Carrièra politica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Carrièra politica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Carrièra politica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obligat de signar lo tractat de patz amb Roma en 201<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que privèt Cartage de son ancian empèri, Annibal alara de 46 ans decidiguèt de prene part à la vida politica cartaginesa en dirigent lo partit democrat. </p><p>La ciutat èra en efècte divisada en doas grandas tendéncias. Lo primièr, lo grop democrat, qu'èra subretot dirigit pels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barcidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barcidas (la pagina existís pas)">Barcidas</a> e fòrça atacat a un ancoratge fonzièr en Africa, e doncas a de conquèstas de tèrras als despens dels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Numids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numids (la pagina existís pas)">Numids</a>. Le segond movement èra una <a href="/wiki/Oligarquia" title="Oligarquia">oligarquia</a> conservatritz regropada a l'entorn d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Annon_lo_Grand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annon lo Grand (la pagina existís pas)">Annon lo Grand</a> que la prosperitat repausa sul comèrci, las taxas portuàrias e los tribúts impausats a la ciutats somesas. Elegit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suf%C3%A8t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufèt (la pagina existís pas)">sufèt</a> en 196<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Annibal restaurèt l’autoritat e lo poder d'aquela foncion venguda insignificanta e representava alara una menaça pels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligarc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oligarc (la pagina existís pas)">oligarcs</a><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que l’accusan d’aver traït son país perque prenguèt pas Roma quand n'aviá l’occasion. </p><p>Alara prenguèt una mesura que li alienèt fin finala l’oligarquia. Annibal decidiguèt en efècte que l’indemnitat de guèrra annadièra que Cartage deguèt a Roma sián dirèctament versat al tresaur puslèu que d’èsser collectat pels oligarcs mejans de taxas extraordinàrias<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueles prenguèron pas le risc d’intervenir dirèctament contra lo sufèt mas, prèp de sèt ans aprèp la victòria de Zama, faguèron dirèctament apèl als Romans<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que, alarmats pel retorn de la prosperitat de Cartage, exigiguèron la rendicion d’Annibal<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquel darrièr causiguèt alara volontàriament l’<a href="/wiki/Exili" title="Exili">exili</a><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en <a href="/wiki/-195" class="mw-redirect" title="-195">195</a><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exili_en_Asia">Exili en Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Exili en Asia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Exili en Asia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comencèt per viatjar cap a <a href="/wiki/Tir_(Liban)" title="Tir (Liban)">Tir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liban" title="Liban">Liban</a>), la vila maire de Cartage, puèi se dirigiguèt cap a <a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%A8s" title="Efès">Efès</a> ont foguèt recebut amb los onors pel rei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochos_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiochos III (la pagina existís pas)">Antiochos III</a> de <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que se preparava a la guèrra contra Roma<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Annibal s’apercebèt lèu que l’armada reiale podiá pas far rampèl amb l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Armada_romana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armada romana (la pagina existís pas)">armada romana</a>. Conselhava alara al rei d’equipar una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%B2ta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flòta (la pagina existís pas)">flòta</a> e un còrs de tropas terrèstras dins lo sud de l’<a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a> e ofiguèt de'n prene lo comandament. Mas poguèt pas far sufisentament impression sul sobeiran, a l’escota de sas cortesans, per que li fise qualque pòste important que siá. </p><p>Segon <a href="/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron">Ciceron</a>, alara qu’èra a la cort d’Antiochos III, Annibal assistiguèt a une lectura del <a href="/wiki/Filos%C3%B2f" title="Filosòf">filosòf</a> Formion que tractèt d’un grand nombre de subjèctes. Al moment que conclusiá una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissertacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dissertacion (la pagina existís pas)">dissertacion</a> sus las atribucions d’un <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a>, se demandèt son avís a Annibal que respondèt: <span style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;background:#ffeaea">Vegèt pendent ma vida lo pièger dels vièlhs fols mas aquel los batèt totes</span><sup title="Aqueste passatge necessita una referéncia." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:grey;">[<a href="/wiki/Proj%C3%A8cte:Citatz_v%C3%B2stras_fonts" title="Projècte:Citatz vòstras fonts"><i>cal referéncia</i></a>]</span></sup>. Una autra istòria sus Annibal en exili donèt un punt de vista estranh sus sa pretenduda perfidia punica<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: Antiochos III mostrèt a Annibal una formacion militara consequenta e plan armada, li demandèt se li pareissiá onorabla per la <a href="/wiki/Republica_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica romana">Republica romana</a>, a que Annibal respondèt: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="citation">«Òc, sufisent pels Romans, tan cupids que pòscan èsser»</span>. A aquela occasion, Annibal obtenguèt pas lo comandament de l’armada e Antiochos III, que d'esperel aviá concebut lo dessenh de batalha, fin finala perdèt<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>En <a href="/wiki/-190" class="mw-redirect" title="-190">190</a>, Annibal dirigiguèt una flòta <a href="/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia">feniciana</a> mas, pauc aisit amb lo combat naval, se trobèt batut al larg del riu Eurymedon pels Romans<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Crenhent d’èsser liurat a aqueles darrièrs al tèrme de l’acòrdi de patz que signa Antiochos III, Annibal fugiguèt de la cort e son percors es alara pro incertan. </p><p>Se pensa que se'n anèt en <a href="/wiki/Creta" title="Creta">Creta</a><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alara que Plutarc e <a href="/wiki/Estrabon" title="Estrabon">Estrabon</a> daissèron entendre que se dirigiguèt en <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, prèp del rei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artaxias_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artaxias Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Artaxias I<sup>èr</sup></a>, que el atribuís la planificacion et la supervision de la construccion de la capitala Artaxata (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artachat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artachat (la pagina existís pas)">Artachat</a>). De retorn en <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minora</a>, Annibal cerquèt refugi prèp de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prusias_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prusias Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Prusias I<sup>èr</sup></a> de <a href="/wiki/Bitinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitinia">Bitinia</a> qu'èra en guèrra amb un aligat de Roma, le rei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eum%C3%A8n_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eumèn II (la pagina existís pas)">Eumèn II</a> de <a href="/wiki/Pergam" title="Pergam">Pergam</a><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="«_Sobeiran_»_ellenistic"><span id=".C2.AB_Sobeiran_.C2.BB_ellenistic"></span>« Sobeiran » ellenistic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : « Sobeiran » ellenistic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: « Sobeiran » ellenistic"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Annibal èra al servici de Prusias I<sup>èr</sup> pendent aquela guèrra<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Una de sas victòrias se faguèt als despens d'Eumèn II sus la mar. Se ditz que seriá un dels primièrs exemples de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu%C3%A8rra_biologica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guèrra biologica (la pagina existís pas)">guèrra biologica</a>: auriá jetat de pairòlas plenas de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8rp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sèrp">sèrps</a> dins las naus enemicas<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En mai de sos talents militars, benlèu bastiguèt la ciutat de Prusa (<a href="/wiki/Bursa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> en <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>) a la demanda del rei Prusias I<sup>èr</sup>. Aquela fondacion, subretot s'apondèm aquela d’Artaxata (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artachat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artachat (la pagina existís pas)">Artachat</a> en <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>), elèva Annibal al reng de « sobeiran » ellenistic. Una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Profecia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Profecia (la pagina existís pas)">profecia</a> que s'escampèt pel monde grèc entre <a href="/wiki/-185" class="mw-redirect" title="-185">185</a> e <a href="/wiki/-180" class="mw-redirect" title="-180">180</a> evòca un rei vengut d’<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> per far pagar als Romans la somission qu’impausavan als Grècs e als Macedonians. Fòrça pensan qu'aquel tèxte fa referéncia en fach a Annibal. Es dins aquel sens que lo Cartaginés, malgrat son origina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbar (la pagina existís pas)">barbar</a> als uèlhs dels Grècs, s’integrèt perfèctament al monde ellenistic<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Los Romans podián pas negligir aquela menaça e una ambassada es enviada prèp de Prusias. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Comic_History_of_Rome_p_201_Hannibal_makes_the_usual_neat_and_appropriate_Speech_previous_to_killing_himself.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Comic_History_of_Rome_p_201_Hannibal_makes_the_usual_neat_and_appropriate_Speech_previous_to_killing_himself.jpg/220px-Comic_History_of_Rome_p_201_Hannibal_makes_the_usual_neat_and_appropriate_Speech_previous_to_killing_himself.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Comic_History_of_Rome_p_201_Hannibal_makes_the_usual_neat_and_appropriate_Speech_previous_to_killing_himself.jpg/330px-Comic_History_of_Rome_p_201_Hannibal_makes_the_usual_neat_and_appropriate_Speech_previous_to_killing_himself.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Comic_History_of_Rome_p_201_Hannibal_makes_the_usual_neat_and_appropriate_Speech_previous_to_killing_himself.jpg/440px-Comic_History_of_Rome_p_201_Hannibal_makes_the_usual_neat_and_appropriate_Speech_previous_to_killing_himself.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>Caricatura illustrant la mòrt per empoisonament d’Annibal</figcaption></figure> <p>Per aquel darrièr, Annibal vengut geinant e lo rei traïguèt son òste<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que demorava a Libissa sus la còsta orientala de la <a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Marmara" title="Mar de Marmara">mar de Marmara</a>. Menaçat d’èsser liurat a <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus" title="Titus Quinctius Flamininus">Titus Quinctius Flamininus</a>, l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambassador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambassador (la pagina existís pas)">ambassador</a> roman, Annibal causiguèt de se donar la mòrt pendent l’ivèrn de <a href="/wiki/-183" class="mw-redirect" title="-183">183</a><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en avalant de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poison (la pagina existís pas)">poison</a><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> que, se ditz, portava dempuèi de temps dins una baga<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L’an exacte de sa mòrt demòra imprecis<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Se, coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Livi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Livi (la pagina existís pas)">Titus Livi</a> lo suggerís<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, se faguèt en <a href="/wiki/-183" class="mw-redirect" title="-183">183</a>, lo meteis an qu'aquela de <a href="/wiki/Scipion_l%27African" title="Scipion l'African">Scipion l'African</a>, Annibal aviá alara 63 ans<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inumacion">Inumacion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Inumacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Inumacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Son còs repausariá dins un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ata%C3%BCt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataüt (la pagina existís pas)">ataüt</a> de pèiras ont seriá visible l’inscripcion: <i>Aqui es tancat Annibal</i><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>D'entre los sites evocats per situar la <a href="/wiki/Tomba" title="Tomba">tomba</a> d’Annibal figura une pichon <a href="/wiki/Pu%C3%A8g" title="Puèg">puèg</a> plantat de qualques <a href="/wiki/Cipr%C3%A8s" title="Ciprès">ciprès</a> e situat uèi dins une zòna <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industriala</a> prèp de la vila <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">turca</a> de Libissa<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gebze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gebze (la pagina existís pas)">Gebze</a>) dans la province de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kocaeli_(prov%C3%ADncia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kocaeli (província) (la pagina existís pas)">Kocaeli</a>. Considerada coma la tomba del general, foguèt restaurada vèrs <a href="/wiki/200" class="mw-redirect" title="200">200 ApC</a> per l’<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">Empèri Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Septimi_Sever" title="Septimi Sever">Septimi Sever</a><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, originari de <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a>), que prenguèt l’iniciativa de cobrir la tomba d’una placa de <a href="/wiki/Marbre" title="Marbre">marbre</a> blanc. Lo site es ara en desròc. D'excavacions foguèron efectuadas en <a href="/wiki/1906" class="mw-redirect" title="1906">1906</a> per d'<a href="/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia">arqueològs</a>, que Theodor Wiegand, mas aqueles darrièrs se mostran esceptics quant a la realitat de la localizacion del site<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eretatge">Eretatge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Eretatge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Eretatge"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilan_paradoxal">Bilan paradoxal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Bilan paradoxal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bilan paradoxal"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amb lo Cartaginés desapareguèt sens cap de dobte la mai granda menaça que la Republica romana aja afrontada<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mas, son bilan personal es un escac. La Méditerranèa occidentala venguèt un « lac roman » e Cartage foguèt en respièch. Roma espandiguèt son empresa sul monde grèc e sus Asia. </p><p>Mas d'aquel temps, e es lo paradòxe de son bilan, temptant de destornar — amb son discors sus la libertat de las ciutats — las ciutats grègas de l’aligança amb Roma, forcèt aquela darrièra a legitimar sas accions e a se comportar en granda poténcia imperialista. Per aquò Annibal es al còr de l’istòria romana e grèga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monde_antic">Monde antic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Monde antic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Monde antic"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Longtemps aprèp sa mòrt, lo nom d’Annibal continuèt de perpetuar simbolicament l'espèctre d’una menaça sus la <a href="/wiki/Republica_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica romana">Republica romana</a>. S'escriu que descriguèt los Romans, que se proclamavan los glorioses descendents de <a href="/wiki/Mart_(mitologia)" title="Mart (mitologia)">Mart</a>, coma los representants de l’esglasi. Pendent de generacions, las matronas romanas contunhavan a contar a lors enfants dels <a href="/wiki/Conte" class="mw-disambig" title="Conte">contes</a> espauruguants quand se comportavan mal. Annibal simbolizava tan l’orror que, quin que siá lo desastre qu'arribava, los senators romans cridavan <i>Hannibal ad portas</i> (Annibal es a nòstras pòrtas!). Aquela locucion latina celèbra evoluèt mai tard dins une expression qu'es encara corentament utilizada quand un client franchís una pòrta o quand calcun deu far fàcia a una calamitat<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De talas expressions pròvan l’impacte psicologic qu'aguèt la preséncia d’Annibal en <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a> sus la cultura <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_roman" title="Empèri roman">romana</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:N16Hannibal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/N16Hannibal.jpg/180px-N16Hannibal.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/N16Hannibal.jpg/270px-N16Hannibal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/N16Hannibal.jpg/360px-N16Hannibal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption>Estatua d’Annibal al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cast%C3%A8l_de_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castèl de Schönbrunn (la pagina existís pas)">castèl de Schönbrunn</a> a <a href="/wiki/Viena_(%C3%80ustria)" title="Viena (Àustria)">Viena</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dins aquel contèxte, una admiracion (forçada) es evidenta dins los escriches dels istorians romans <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Livi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Livi (la pagina existís pas)">Titus Livi</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juvenal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juvenal (la pagina existís pas)">Juvenal</a>. D’autre part, los Romans anèran fins a erigir d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estatua (la pagina existís pas)">estatuas</a> del general cartagines dins las carrièras quitament a <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Es possible de pensar qu’Annibal es a l’origina de la mai grande paur que Roma aja jamai sentit fàcia a l’un de sos enemics. </p><p>Pasmens, pendent la Segonda Guèrra Punica, los Romans se refusèron a la desfacha e provoquèron totas las iniciativas de patz, coma la liberacion contra rançon de prisonièrs aprèp la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Canne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Canne (la pagina existís pas)">batalha de Canne</a><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Encara, existís cap de tèxte contant quina que siá revolucion dels ciutadans romans, cap de faccion al sen del Senat demandava la patz, cap traïson romana a l’avantatge dels Cartagineses, cap de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2p_d%27Estat" class="mw-redirect" title="Còp d'Estat">còp d’Estat</a> e cap d'instauracion de <a href="/wiki/Dictatura" title="Dictatura">dictatura</a> pendent aquel periòde<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Al contrari, los <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristocracie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristocracie (la pagina existís pas)">aristocrats</a> romans demoravan en competicion per assumir de pòstes de comandament per combatre lo mai dangèiros enemic de Roma. Le gèni militar d’Annibal jamai foguèt sufisent per perturbar vertadièrament l’organizacion politica e militar dels Romans. Coma lo ditz Lazenby: <span class="citation">«Existís tanben quantitat de tèxtes en favor de lor maduretat politica e del respècte de las formas constitucionalas basadas sul fach que la maquineria governamentala complèxa continua a fonccionar quitament en plan desastre. Son pauc los Estats de l’Antiquitat qu'un general avent perdut una batalha coma Canne auriá riscat de se mantenir, encara mens auriá contunhat a èsser tractat amb respècte coma cap d’Estat<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.»</span> </p><p>Segon Titus Livi, aquò n'en diminuís pas la paur dels Romans fàcia a Annibal, coma a l’occasion de sa marcha sus Roma en <a href="/wiki/-211" class="mw-redirect" title="-211">211</a><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: <span class="citation">«Un corrièr de Fregellae, qu'aviá marchat sens arrèst jorn e nuèch, provoquèt a Roma una granda terror. L’afluéncia dels abitants dels camps, que los recits apondavan lo mensontge a la veritat, avián espandit l’agitacion dins tota la vila. Es pauc dire que las femnas faguèron ressonar de lors gemiments los ostals particuliars; las damas de distinccion, desfisant totes los agaches, corrissián en fum cap als temples dels dieus; los pels desfachs, de genolhons al pe dels autars, las mans tendudas cap a cèl e cap als dieus, suplicavan d'arrancar Roma de las mans dels enemics, e de salvar l’onor e la vda de las maires romanas e de lors joves enfants<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.»</span> </p><p>Al Senat, aquela nouvèla <span class="citation">«afècta los esperits en foncion dels caractèrs de cadun<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>»</span>. Decidiguèt de mantenir lo sètge de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capo%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capoá (la pagina existís pas)">Capoá</a> tot en levant <span class="nowrap">15 000 fantassins</span> e <span class="nowrap">1 000 cavalièrs</span> per refortir la proteccion de Roma. Segon Titus Livu, las tèrras occupadas per l’armada d’Annibal a l’exterior de la vila tornèron èsser vendudas entre Romans quitament s'èran occupadas e per un prètz juste<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò benlèu es pas vertadièr mas, coma l’indica Lazenby, <span class="citation">«aquò poiriá plan l’èsser perqu'aquò mòntra pas sonque la confisança suprèma dels Romans dins la victòria ultima mas tanben lo biais segon que un semblant de vida normala perseguís<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>»</span>. Aprèp la batalha de Canne, los Romans mondtran una considerabla fermetat dins l’adversitat. Una indeniabla pròva de la confisança de Roma es monstrada pel fach que, aprèp lo desastre de Canne, la ciutat foguèt daissada virtualament sens defensas alara que lo Senat causiguèt de retirar pas cap de <a href="/wiki/Garnison" title="Garnison">garnison</a> de las <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_romana" title="Província romana">províncias</a> per refortir la vila. Se fach, las tropas de las províncias son renforçadas e los camps mantendudas fins a que la victòria siá assegurada d’en primièr en <a href="/wiki/Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Sicília">Sicília</a>, jos la direccion de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(c%C3%B2nsol_en_-222)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (cònsol en -222) (la pagina existís pas)">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a>, puèi en <a href="/wiki/Isp%C3%A0nia" title="Ispània">Ispània</a> jos la direccion de <a href="/wiki/Scipion_l%27African" title="Scipion l'African">Scipion l'African</a><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Malgrat lo fach que las consequéncias de long tèrme de la guèrra d’Annibal son incontestablas, aquela darrièra es indeniablament la mai « bèla ora » de l’istòria de Roma<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La majoritat de las fonts a la disposicion dels istorians d'Annibal son d’origina romana. Annibal i es considerat coma lo mai grand enemic que Roma aja afrontat. Titus Livi nos raporta l’opinion qu’es extrèmament crudèl. Quitament <a href="/wiki/Ciceron" title="Ciceron">Ciceron</a>, quand evòca Roma e sos dos grands enemics, parla de l’« onorable » <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrrhus_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrrhus Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Pyrrhus d’ Epire</a> e du « crudèl » Annibal<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mas, une imatge diferenta es a vegada portada. Quand los succeses d’Annibal provoquèron la mòrt de dos <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2nsol_(Roma)" title="Cònsol (Roma)">cònsols</a> romans, Annibal cerquèt sens capitar lo còs de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caius_Flaminius_Nepos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caius Flaminius Nepos (la pagina existís pas)">Caius Flaminius Nepos</a> sus las ribas del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lac_Trasim%C3%A8n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lac Trasimèn (la pagina existís pas)">lac Trasimèn</a>, organizèt las ceremonias ritualas en omenatge a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(Paul_Emil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (Paul Emil) (la pagina existís pas)">Lucius Aemilius Paullus</a> e torna las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cendra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cendra (la pagina existís pas)">cendras</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(c%C3%B2nsol_en_-222)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (cònsol en -222) (la pagina existís pas)">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a> a la familha vivent a Roma. Encara, lo partit pres per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polib (la pagina existís pas)">Polib</a> es mai geinant perque sembla eprovar de simpatiá per Annibal. Alara que Polib demorèt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otatge (la pagina existís pas)">otatge</a> en Itàlia pendent un long periòde e se fonda majoritàriament sus de fonts romaines. Existís doncas una possibilitat que reproduisís d'elements de la <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> romana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monde_modèrne"><span id="Monde_mod.C3.A8rne"></span>Monde modèrne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Monde modèrne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Monde modèrne"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo nom « Annibal » es comun dins lo monde modèrne e la cultura populara. Coma per d’autres caps militars, las victòrias d’Annibal sus de fòrças superioras, e una causa fin finala perduda, li conferisson une renomada que li subreviu plan aldelà de las frontièras de son país d’origina en <a href="/wiki/Africa_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Africa del Nòrd">Africa del Nòrd</a> (ara en <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg/220px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg/330px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg/440px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption><i>Tempèsta de nèu: Annibal e son armada traversant los Alps</i>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner (la pagina existís pas)">Joseph Mallord William Turner</a> tracta la traversada dels Alps dins una <a href="/wiki/Romantisme" title="Romantisme">atmosfèra romantica</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sa traversada dels Alps demòra atal un fach militar d'entre los mai espectaculars de las guèrras de l’<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e mobiliza, dempuèi, l’imaginacion del monde d'un biais romançat dins fòrça produccions artisticas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istòria_militara"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria_militara"></span>Istòria militara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria militara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria militara"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>D'annadas aprèp la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Punica" title="Segonda Guèrra Punica">Segonda Guèrra Punica</a>, alara qu’Annibal èra conselhèr politic del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleucids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleucids (la pagina existís pas)">reialme seleucid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scipion_l%27African" title="Scipion l'African">Scipion l'African</a> es enviat en mission diplomatica per Roma a <a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%A8s" title="Efès">Efès</a> quitament se sap pas la data exacta de lor entrevista qu'es mencionada per <a href="/wiki/Plutarc" title="Plutarc">Plutarc</a><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appien (la pagina existís pas)">Appien</a>: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="citation">«Se ditz que pendent un de lors entrevista al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gimn%C3%A0s_(antic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gimnàs (antic) (la pagina existís pas)">gimnàs</a>, Scipion e Hannibal aguèron una discussion sus la question de la competéncia dels generals, en preséncia de fòrça espectators, e que Scipion demandèt a Annibal quin èran segon el lo mai grand general, çò que aquel darrièr repondiá: « <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_lo_Grand" title="Alexandre lo Grand">Alexandre lo Grand</a>.</span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Scipion l’aprovèt, metent tanben Alexandre en primièra posicion. Puèi, demandèt a Annibal quin plaçariá enseguida. Annibal respondèt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrrhus_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrrhus Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Pyrrhus I<sup>èr</sup></a> perque considerava l'ardidesa coma la primièra qualitat d’un general. Precisèt qu’« seriá impossible de trobar dos reis mai entreprenents qu'aqueles ».</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Scipion ne foguèt atissat mas contunhèt a questionar Annibal sus aquel que veiriá en tresena posicion, en esperant que seriá pel mens aquel. Mas Annibal respondèt: « Ièu meteis, pel fach que dins ma jovença conquereguèri Ispània e travèrsi los <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> amb una armada pel primièr còp dempuèi <a href="/wiki/Eracles" title="Eracles">Eracles</a>. Traversèri l’Itàlia e vos frapèri totes de terror, vos obligant a abandonar 400 de vos vilas, e menacèri sovent vòstra Ciutat d’un perilh extrèma, tot aquò sens jamai recebre d’argent nimai de renfòrts de Cartage ».</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Quand Scipion sentiguèt qu’anava prolongar aquelas lausas, diguèt risent : « Ont te plaçariás, Annibal, se seriás estat pas vencut per ièu? » Annibal, percevent alara sa jalosia, respondiguèt: « Dins aquel cas, me seriái plaça en primièra posicion ». Annibal contunhèt ensegida las seunas lausenja, tot prenent suènh de flatar Scipion de mena delicata suggerissent qu’aviá batut calcun de superieur a Alexandre.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A la fin d'aquela conversacion Annibal demandèt à Scipion d’èsser son invitat, çò que Scipion acceptèt plan volontièrs jos resèrva qu’Annibal visca pas a çò <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochos_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiochos III (la pagina existís pas)">Antiochos III</a>, suspèct als uèlhs dels Romans. Monstrèron atal, a la mèna digna dels grands comandants, qu’avan renonciat a lor ostilitat a la fin de lors guèrras<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.»</dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_069.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_069.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_069.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="497" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_069.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_069.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_069.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_069.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2259" /></a><figcaption>Annibal regardant la tèsta d’Asdrubal de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circa (la pagina existís pas)">c</a>. 1725 expausat al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunsthistorisches_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum (la pagina existís pas)">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> de <a href="/wiki/Viena_(%C3%80ustria)" title="Viena (Àustria)">Viena</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Los espleches d’Annibal, e mai particularament sa victòria a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Canne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Canne (la pagina existís pas)">Canne</a>, continuan a èsser etudiats dins las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acad%C3%A8mia_militara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acadèmia militara (la pagina existís pas)">acadèmias militaras</a> del monde entièr. </p><p>Lo document del comte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_von_Schlieffen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred von Schlieffen (la pagina existís pas)">Alfred von Schlieffen</a> es elaborat a partir de sos estudis militars e insista fòrça sur las tecnicas per encerclar e destruire victoriosament l’armada romana a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Canne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Canne (la pagina existís pas)">batalha de Canne</a><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Patton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Patton (la pagina existís pas)">George Patton</a> qu’es la reincarnacion d’Annibal (entre d’autres reincarnacions coma aquela d’un <a href="/wiki/Legion_romana" title="Legion romana">legionari roman</a> e d’un soldat de <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Schwarzkopf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Schwarzkopf (la pagina existís pas)">Norman Schwarzkopf</a>, lo comandant de las fòrças de la coalicion pendent la primièra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu%C3%A8rra_del_Golfe_(1990-1991)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guèrra del Golfe (1990-1991) (la pagina existís pas)">guèrra del Golf</a>, affirma pour el que « la tecnologia de la guèrra pòt cambiar, la sofisticacion de las armas cambia plan segur. Mas los meteisses principis de la guèrra que s’apliquèron del temps d’Annibal, contunhan a s’aplicar ara<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ». </p><p>Fin finala, segon l’istorian militar Theodore Ayrault Dodge: <span class="citation">«Annibal excelava en coma tactician militar. Dins l’istòria, cap de batalha n’ofrís un exemple mai agut de tactica que la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Canne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Canne (la pagina existís pas)">batalha de Canne</a><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.»</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fondacion_de_Barcelona">Fondacion de Barcelona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Fondacion de Barcelona" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Fondacion de Barcelona"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Barcino_marble_barcelona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Barcino_marble_barcelona.jpg/220px-Barcino_marble_barcelona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Barcino_marble_barcelona.jpg/330px-Barcino_marble_barcelona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Barcino_marble_barcelona.jpg/440px-Barcino_marble_barcelona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>Inscripcion sus marbre <i>Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino</i> en abregit<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><br /> Una legenda anciana e espandida fins al mitan de l’ensenhament, malgrat que siá falsa, attribuís als <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barcidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barcidas (la pagina existís pas)">Barcidas</a> en general, a <a href="/wiki/Amilcar_Barca" title="Amilcar Barca">Amilcar</a> o Annibal en particular, la fondacion de la ciutat <a href="/wiki/Catalonha" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Catalonha">catalana</a> de <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pasmens, las escavacions arqueologicas menadas a Barcelona permetèron d’establir la realitat istorica de Barcino (toponimia originala de <i>Barcelona</i>), o mai exactament <i>Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino</i>. Barcelona foguèt fondada per l’emperador roman <a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> en <a href="/wiki/-10" class="mw-redirect" title="-10">10 AbC</a> e non per un Barcida<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>A mai, l’estudi dels tèxtes ancians mòntra que, pendent la marcha sus Roma, l’itinerari d’Annibal s'aprochava gaire de Barcelona<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divèrs"><span id="Div.C3.A8rs"></span>Divèrs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Divèrs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=26" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Divèrs"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Annibal plantèt d’<a href="/wiki/Olivier" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier">oliviers</a><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la mai granda partida de l’Africa del Nòrd mecé al trabalh de sos soldats que considerava lo repaus prejudiciable a l’Estat e a lors generals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas_e_referéncias"><span id="Notas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Notas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modificar la seccion : Notas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=27" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Notas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small> </small></p><small></small><div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3;column-count:3;"><small> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120714021656/http://www.worldinvisible.com/library/chesterton/everlasting/part1c7.htm">Gilbert Keith Chesterton, « The War of The Gods and Demons », <i>The Everlasting Man</i>, 1925</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521141107/http://www.hannibalofcarthage.org/hannibal.php">Biografia d’Annibal (Forged By Lightning: A Novel of Hannibal and Scipio)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"data decès" La data de la mòrt d’Annibal es generalament situada en 183 mas, segon qualques autors, poiriá èsser de 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101111113726/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXXIX.html#50">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Lidre XXXIX, 50-51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>Alfred John Church & Arthur Gilman, <i>The Story of Carthage</i>, ed. Biblo & Tannen, 1998, p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521809185&id=6rLDy6qqi0UC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&ots=v4ZLkF5etg&dq=siege+equipment,+hannibal,+rome&sig=z1NtgjjtEWYjL5lt4D3qpMq3TKg#PPA68,M1">Christopher S. Mackay, <i>Ancient Rome. A Military and Political History</i>, ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004, p. 68</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>John Francis Lazenby, <i>Hannibal's war: a military history of the Second Punic War</i>, éd. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dodge" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>Theodore Ayrault Dodge, <i>Hannibal. A History of the Art of War Among the Carthaginians and Romans Down to the Battle of Pydna. 168 BC</i>, éd. Da Capo Press, New York, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090102185159/http://www.insecula.com/contact/A008004.html">Biografia d’Annibal (Insecula)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En latin <i>punicus</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En latin <i>Poeni</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span><i>Encyclopédie 360</i>, éd. Rombaldi / Paris Match, 1970, vol. 3, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hamilcar"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> Cornélius Népos, « Hamilcar », <i>Les Vies des grands capitaines</i>]]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hamilcar"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polib le nomenèt la « frau de la Rèssa », mas Gustave Flaubert La frau del destral dins <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salammb%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salammbò (la pagina existís pas)">Salammbò</a></i>), qu'utiliza la traduccion de Dom Vincent Thuillier (1727-1730).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,1"<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#1">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hamilcar"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,1"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Richard Bedser" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/hannibal/">Richard Bedser, <i>Hannibal V Rome</i>, BBC et Atlantic Productions, Londres, 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_Durant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will Durant (la pagina existís pas)">Will Durant</a>, <i>Caesar and Christ</i>, éd. Simon & Schuster, New York, 1944, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cornelius"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Hamilcar"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,1"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cornelius"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,1"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"méditerrannées.net"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediterranees.net/histoire_romaine/victor/43.html">Aurelius Victor, <i>Liber de viris illustribus</i>, XLIII</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dodge"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reversespins.com/patton.html">Patton, the Second Coming of Hannibal (Reverse Spins)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Encarta"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705075548/http://www.carthagelives.com/Hannibal.htm">Biografia d’Annibal (Carthage Lives)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cornelius"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,2" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#2">Tite-Live, <i>Histoire romaine</i>, Livre XXI, 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Britannica" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210510/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/HAN_HEG/HANNIBAL_mercy_or_favour_of_Baa.html">Biografia d’Annibal (11<sup>a</sup> ed de l’<i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,4"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#4">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514034001/http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html">Biografia d’Annibal (Livius.org)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"familha Annibal"<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705182330/http://www.carthagelives.com/HanFamily.htm">Familha d’Annibal (Carthage Lives)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"familha Annibal"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,2"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,2"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/polybe/deux.htm#VII">Polib, <i>Istòria generala</i>, Libre II, 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Columbia" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/ha/Hannibal.html">Biografia d’Annibal (The Columbia Encyclopedia)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#3">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cornelius"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,4"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#5">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Ayrault Dodge, <i>Hannibal. A History of the Art of War Among the Carthaginians and Romans Down to the Battle of Pydna. 168 B.C</i>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,6" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#6">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,6"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Columbia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#14">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fòrça abitants s’immolèron dins un episòde que demòra celèbre.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Encarta"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#18">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "méditerrannées.net"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,21" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#21">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,23" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#23">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,23"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,23"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,23"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>John Prevas, <i>Hannibal Crosses the Alps. The Invasion of Italy and the Second Punic War</i>, éd. Da Capo Press, New York, 2001, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Crouzet" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span>Sandrine Crouzet, « Hannibal. L’homme qui a fait trembler Rome », <i>L’Histoire</i>, n°308, abril de 2006, pp. 76-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Crouzet"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives guerres puniques" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705182345/http://www.carthagelives.com/HanPunicwar.htm">Guèrras punicas (Carthage Lives)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Po,3,16"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/polybe/trois.htm#XVI">Polib, <i>Istòria generala</i>, Libre III, 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,22,2" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216084120/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/liv/xxii.html#2">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXII, 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cornelius"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Po,3,16"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,22,2"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> ="Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#24">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span>Philippe Leveau, « Le franchissement du Rhône par Hannibal : le chenal et la navigation fluviale à la fin de l’âge de fer », <i>Revue archéologique</i>, ed. PUF, París, n°35, 2003, pp. 25-50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#29">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Livre XXI, 32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#29">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Polybe, III, 11"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/polybe/trois.htm#XI">Polib, <i>Istòria generala</i>, Libre III, 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#31">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XΧI, 31</a> e <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#35">35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=macgregor&book=rome&story=alps&PHPSESSID=eb1cde7138b9994d0c97c7a7c1005a85">Mary Macgregor, « Hannibal crosses the Alps », <i>The Story of Rome</i>, p. 182</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Encarta"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Columbia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mary Macgregor, p. 183"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=macgregor&book=rome&story=trebia&PHPSESSID=eb1cde7138b9994d0c97c7a7c1005a85">Mary Macgregor, « The Battle of Trebbia », <i>The Story of Rome</i>, p. 183</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mary Macgregor, p. 183"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#39">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Livre XXI, 39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,46"<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#46">Tite-Live, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libe XXI, 46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dodge"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"TL,21,46"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#48">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#47">Tite-Live, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 47</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#51">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=macgregor&book=rome&story=trebia&PHPSESSID=eb1cde7138b9994d0c97c7a7c1005a85">Mary Macgregor, « The Battle of Trebbia », <i>The Story of Rome</i>, p. 186</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054549/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXI.html#54">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXI, 54-56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216084120/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/liv/xxii.html#1">Titus Livi, <i>Istria romana</i>, Libre XXII, 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Po,3,16"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "TL,22,2"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liddell_Hart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liddell Hart (la pagina existís pas)">Liddell Hart</a>, <i>Strategy</i>, ed Penguin Group, New York, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2394085">.mw-parser-output span.PDFlink a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif/15px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}</style><span class="PDFlink"><span class="noarchive"></span></span> <small><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> </small> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031070310/http://www.iwar.org.uk/military/resources/hannibal/Parker_J_P_01.pdf">James Parker, <i>Comparing Strategies of the Second Punic War</i>, US Army War College, 10 avril 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>Adrian Goldsworthy, <i>The Roman Army at War 100 BC-AD 200</i>, ed Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pennel" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317031916/http://www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in/resources/english/etext-project/history/ancrome/chapter16.html">Robert F. Pennel, <i>Ancient Rome From the Earliest Times Down to 476 AD</i>, 1890</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/polybe/trois.htm#XXIII">Polib, <i>Istòria generala</i>, Libre III, 23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Carthage Lives guerres puniques"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cottrell" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> Leonard Cottrell, <i>Hannibal. Enemy of Rome</i>, éd. Da Capo Press, New York, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Cottrell"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cottrell"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Cottrell"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Carthage Lives guerres puniques"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Dodge"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Carthage Lives guerres puniques"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cottrell"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Encarta"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>John Prevas, <i>Hannibal Crosses the Alps. The Invasion of Italy and the Second Punic War</i>, éd. Da Capo Press, New York, 2001, p. XV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0198152744&id=ssSnfznYZp8C&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&ots=MhnRG7m42z&dq=defect,+Cannae,+Hannibal&sig=O0NY3kjrovs1hVYWx8_app8BIk8">Jane Dunbar Chaplin, <i>Livy's Exemplary History</i>, ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000, p. 66</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXII.html#61">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXII, 61</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Pennel"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415261473&id=qayiX4SFonkC&pg=PR10&lpg=PR10&ots=Iczcaizt2B&dq=Schlieffen+plan,+hannibal,+cannae,+envelopment&sig=vssz27ayI9aQ-u7bOalfg6samQE">Gregory Daly, <i>Cannae. The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War</i>, éd. Routledge, New York, 2002, p. 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXII.html#51">Tite-Live, <i>Histoire romaine</i>, Livre XXII, 51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Encarta" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306141201/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761574573___0/Hannibal_(general).html">Biografia d’Annibal (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Columbia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Columbia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carpe Noctem" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101031649/http://www.carpenoctem.tv/military/hannibal.html">Biographie d’Hannibal (Carpe Noctem)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Columbia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230002839/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXVIII17-46.html#46">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXVIII, 46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Cornelius"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> name="Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-179">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-181">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "méditerrannées.net"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-182">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-183">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pennel"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-186">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Columbia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lo pretèxte èra una relacion epistolara entre Annibal e Antiochos III evocat pel clan conservador. Alertats, los Romans envièron una ambassada per verificar se l’informacion èra exacta</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-193">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"méditerrannées.net"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-194">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Columbia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-195">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-196">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-197">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"méditerrannées.net"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-200">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mary Macgregor"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=macgregor&book=rome&story=hannibal2&PHPSESSID=eb1cde7138b9994d0c97c7a7c1005a85">Mary Macgregor, « The Death of Hannibal », <i>The Story of Rome</i>, p. 241</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-201">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Carthage Lives"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-202">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "livius.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-203">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mary Macgregor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-204">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040412202925/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bioweapons/">« Biological Warfare », <i>CBC News Online</i>, 18 de febrièr de 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-205">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Crouzet"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-206">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-207">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "data decès"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-208">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">="livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-209">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Columbia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-210">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Insecula"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-211">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "méditerrannées.net"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-212">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"date décès"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-213">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Britannica"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-214">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-215">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "méditerrannées.net"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-216">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705075542/http://www.carthagelives.com/HanTomb.htm">Fotografia de la tomba d’Annibal (Carthage Lives)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-217">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"livius.org"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-218">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/#y=40782353&x=29441396&z=16&v=2">Localizacion presumida de la tomba d’Annibal (Wikimapia)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-219">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Richard Bedser"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-220">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025715/http://www.alanemrich.com/Class/Class_Practical_Latin.htm">Presentacion de locucions latinas (Alan Emrich)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-221">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>Tom Holland in Jane Penrose, <i>Rome and Her Enemies. An Empire Created and Destroyed by War</i>, éd. Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2008, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-222">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-223">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Francis Lazenby, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 237-238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-224">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>Adrian Goldsworthy, <i>The Fall of Carthage</i>, éd. Cassell, Londres, 2003, p. 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-225">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lazenby p. 254" John Francis Lazenby, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-226">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054923/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXVI.html#7">https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054923/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXVI.html#7</a> Titus Livi, <i></i> Istòria romana<i>, Libre XXVI, 7]</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-227">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.b/LIV/XXVI.html#9">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXVI, 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-228">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXVI.html#8">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre XXVI, 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-229">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054923/http://bcs.fltr.ucl.ac.be/LIV/XXVI.html#11">Titus Livi, <i>Istòria romana</i>, Libre, XXVI, 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-230">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lazenby p. 254"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-231">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>Nigel Bagnall, <i>The Punic Wars. Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean</i>, éd. Pimlico, Londres, 1999, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-232">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>John Francis Lazenby, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-233">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lazenby p. 254"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-234">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span>Adrian Goldsworthy, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 366-367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-235">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216071917/http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Francogallica/deofficiis1_fran.htm#12">Ciceron, <i>Dels Deveress</i>, Libre I, 12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-236">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Columbia"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-237">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/Plutarque/flaminius.htm">Plutarque, <i>Vie de Flamininus</i>, 21</a>: <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="citation">«[Scipion e Annibal] aguèron dempuèi una segonda entrevista a Efès ent, passetjant ensemble, Annibal prenguèt la plaça mai onorabla: Scipion lo patiguèt e, sens donar cap signe de mecontentament, continuèt sa passetjada. La conversacion èra tombada suls generals e Annibal avent ditz qu’Alexandre èra lo primièr de totes, Pyrrhus lo segond e el le tresen; Scipion li diguèt sorisent: « Que diriatz doncas se vos auriái pas vencut? — Alara Scipion, repartiguèt Annibal, me seriá pas nomenat lo tresen mas lo primièr»</span></dd></dl></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-238">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_02.html">Appien, « The Syrian Wars », <i>History of Rome</i>, §10 et §11 (Livius.org)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-239">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=macgregor&book=rome&story=hannibal2&PHPSESSID=eb1cde7138b9994d0c97c7a7c1005a85">Mary Macgregor, « The Death of Hannibal », <i>The Story of Rome</i>, p. 240</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-240">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415261473&id=qayiX4SFonkC&pg=PR10&lpg=PR10&ots=Iczcaizt2B&dq=Schlieffen+plan,+hannibal,+cannae,+envelopment&sig=vssz27ayI9aQ-u7bOalfg6samQE">Gregory Daly, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-241">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>Leonard Cottrell, Hannibal. Enemy of Rome, éd. Da Capo Press, New York, 1992, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-242">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>Stanley Hirshson, <i>General Patton. A Soldier's Life</i>, éd. HarperCollins, New York, 2002, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-243">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>James Carlton, <i>The Military Quotation Book</i>, éd. Thomas Dunne Books, New York, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-244">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span>Theodore Ayrault Dodge, <i>Hannibal: A History of the Art of War Among the Carthagonians and Romans Down to the Battle of Pydna, 168 BC.</i> éd. Da Capo Press, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-245">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcn.cat/historia/pag/capitols/cap_02/en/capitol_02.htm">Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino (Mairie de Barcelone)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-246">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En catalan">(<abbr title="">ca</abbr>)</span>"crida"<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcn.cat/historia/pag/capitols/cap_01/en/crida/crida.htm">Annibal Barca fondèt pa Barcelona (vila de Barcelona)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-247">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "crida"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-248">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"crida"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-249">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span>Yves Lacoste et Camille Lacoste-Dujardin [jos la dir. de], <i>L'état du Maghreb</i>, éd. La Découverte, París, 1991, p. 38 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/2707120146" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2707120146</a></span> </li> </ol></small> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vejatz_tanben">Vejatz tanben</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modificar la seccion : Vejatz tanben" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=28" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Vejatz tanben"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint wikiligam_alternatiu" style="clear:right; float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;width:250px;border:solid #AAAAAA 1px; background:#f9f9f9;padding:0px;font-size:90%;text-align:left;"> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td style="line-height:50px;vertical-align:middle;position:relative" align="center" valign="middle"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="commons:"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td valign="middle"> <p><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> prepausa de documents multimèdia liures sus <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hannibal?uselang=oc">Annibal Barca</a></b>.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_conèxes"><span id="Articles_con.C3.A8xes"></span>Articles conèxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modificar la seccion : Articles conèxes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=29" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Articles conèxes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ist%C3%B2ria_de_Cartage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istòria de Cartage (la pagina existís pas)">Istòria de Cartage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization_cartaginesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civilization cartaginesa (la pagina existís pas)">Civilization cartaginesa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligams_extèrnes"><span id="Ligams_ext.C3.A8rnes"></span>Ligams extèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modificar la seccion : Ligams extèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annibal_Barca&action=edit&section=30" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ligams extèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; 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