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track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - responsive design" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Responsive Design, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Responsive Design" track-name="responsive design" > Responsive Design </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://web.dev/learn/forms" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/learn/forms" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - forms" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Forms" track-name="forms" > Forms </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://web.dev/learn/pwa" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/learn/pwa" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - pwa" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: PWA" track-name="pwa" > PWA </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://web.dev/learn/css" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/learn/css" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - css" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: CSS" track-name="css" > CSS </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://web.dev/learn/performance" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/learn/performance" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - performance" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Performance" track-name="performance" > Performance </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://web.dev/learn/testing" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/learn/testing" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - testing" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Testing" track-name="testing" > Testing </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://web.dev/learn/javascript" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/learn/javascript" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - javascript" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: JavaScript" track-name="javascript" > JavaScript </a> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars > <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" > <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="webDev" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/web/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" class="devsite-dark-theme" alt="web.dev"> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v38a693baeb774512feb42f10aac8f755d8791ed41119b5be7a531f8e16f8279f/web/images/lockup.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="web.dev"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Resources" track-name="resources" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Resources" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Resources </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Resources" track-name="resources" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Resources"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Resources"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/privacy" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Privacy" track-name="privacy" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Accessibility" track-name="accessibility" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Accessibility" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Accessibility </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/html" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: HTML" track-name="html" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: HTML" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > HTML </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/images" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Images" track-name="images" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Images" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Images </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/design" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Responsive Design" track-name="responsive design" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Responsive Design" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> Responsive Design </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/forms" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Forms" track-name="forms" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Forms" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Forms </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/pwa" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: PWA" track-name="pwa" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: PWA" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > PWA </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/css" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: CSS" track-name="css" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: CSS" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > CSS </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/performance" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Performance" track-name="performance" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Performance" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Performance </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/testing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Testing" track-name="testing" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Testing" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Testing </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/javascript" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: JavaScript" track-name="javascript" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: JavaScript" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > JavaScript </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/baseline" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Baseline" track-name="baseline" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Baseline" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Baseline </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/blog" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Blog" track-name="blog" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Blog" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Blog </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/case-studies" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Case Studies" track-name="case studies" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Case Studies" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Case Studies </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/welcome" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/welcome" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/welcome" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Welcome to Learn Responsive Design!</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/intro" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/intro" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Introduction</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/media-queries" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/media-queries" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/media-queries" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Media queries</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/internationalization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/internationalization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/internationalization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Internationalization</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/macro-layouts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/macro-layouts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/macro-layouts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Macro layouts</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/micro-layouts" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/micro-layouts" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/micro-layouts" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Micro layouts</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/typography" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/typography" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/typography" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Typography</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/responsive-images" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/responsive-images" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/responsive-images" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Responsive images</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/picture-element" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/picture-element" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/picture-element" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>The picture element</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/icons" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/icons" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/icons" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Icons</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/theming" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/theming" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/theming" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Theming</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/accessibility" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/accessibility" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Accessibility</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/interaction" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/interaction" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/interaction" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Interaction</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/ui-patterns" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/ui-patterns" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/ui-patterns" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>User interface patterns</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/media-features" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/media-features" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/media-features" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Media features</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/screen-configurations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/screen-configurations" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/screen-configurations" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Screen configurations</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/learn/design/conclusion" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /learn/design/conclusion" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/learn/design/conclusion" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Conclusion and next steps</span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Resources" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Web Platform </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/html" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: HTML" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > HTML </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/css" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: CSS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > CSS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/javascript" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: JavaScript" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > JavaScript </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > User experience </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/performance" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Performance" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Performance </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Accessibility" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Accessibility </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Identity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Identity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/html" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn HTML" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn HTML </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/css" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn CSS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn CSS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/javascript" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn JavaScript" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn JavaScript </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/performance" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn Performance" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn Performance </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn Accessibility" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn Accessibility </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: More courses" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > More courses </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" 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<article class="devsite-article"> <div class="devsite-banner devsite-banner-announcement nocontent" > <div class="devsite-banner-message"> <div class="devsite-banner-message-text"> Chrome is back at Google I/O on May 20-21! <a href="https://io.google/2025/register/?utm_source=devsite&utm_medium=embedded_marketing&utm_campaign=wdd&utm_content=">Register now</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-article-meta nocontent" role="navigation"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://web.dev/" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="web.dev" > web.dev </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://web.dev/learn" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="2" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="2" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Resources </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://web.dev/learn/design" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="3" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Responsive Design </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Accessibility </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p>Allowing your pages to respond to different screen sizes is just one way of making sure your website is accessible to as many people as possible. Consider some of these other factors that you should keep in mind.</p> <h2 id="color_vision_deficiency" data-text="Color vision deficiency" tabindex="-1">Color vision deficiency</h2> <p>Different people perceive color differently. People with protanopia don't perceive red as a distinct color. With deuteranopia, green is missing. For people with tritanopia, it's blue.</p> <p>Some tools can give you a general idea of how your color schemes appear to people with different kinds of color vision.</p> <p><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Accessibility_inspector/Simulation">Firefox's Accessibility tab</a> includes a dropdown labeled <strong>Simulate</strong> with a list of options.</p> <figure> <img src="/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67.png" alt="Simulated protanopia (no red)." width="800" height="391" srcset="https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_36.png 36w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_48.png 48w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_72.png 72w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_96.png 96w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_480.png 480w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_720.png 720w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_856.png 856w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_960.png 960w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_1440.png 1440w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_1920.png 1920w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-protanopia-re-1d45e86addd67_2880.png 2880w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 856px"> <img src="/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768.png" alt="Simulated tritanopia (no blue)" width="800" height="391" srcset="https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_36.png 36w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_48.png 48w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_72.png 72w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_96.png 96w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_480.png 480w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_720.png 720w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_856.png 856w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_960.png 960w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_1440.png 1440w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_1920.png 1920w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/simulated-tritanopia-bl-84fb927cae768_2880.png 2880w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 856px"> <figcaption class="wd-caption"> Viewing a website with simulations of different kinds of color vision. </figcaption> </figure> <p>In Chrome DevTools, the rendering tab allows you to <a href="https://developer.chrome.com/blog/new-in-devtools-83#vision-deficiencies">emulate vision deficiencies</a>.</p> <p>Those are browser-specific tools. It's also possible to emulate different vision types at the operating system level.</p> <p>On the Mac, go to:</p> <ol> <li>System Preferences</li> <li>Accessibility</li> <li>Display</li> <li>Color Filters</li> <li>Enable Color Filters</li> </ol> <p>Select one of the options.</p> <p><img src="/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374.png" alt="Color filter options in system preferences." width="780" height="602" srcset="https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_36.png 36w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_48.png 48w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_72.png 72w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_96.png 96w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_480.png 480w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_720.png 720w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_856.png 856w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_960.png 960w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_1440.png 1440w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_1920.png 1920w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/color-filter-options-sys-545d3daa70374_2880.png 2880w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 856px"></p> <p>In general it's not a good idea to rely purely on color to differentiate between different elements. For example, you can—and should—make your links a different color to the surrounding text. But you should also apply some other styling indicator like underlining the links or making them bold.</p> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-worse">Don't</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="CSS"><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">a</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">color</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">red</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </div> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-better">Do</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="CSS"><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">a</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">color</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">red</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">font-weight</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">bold</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </div> <h2 id="color_contrast" data-text="Color contrast" tabindex="-1">Color contrast</h2> <p>Some color combinations can cause trouble. If there isn't enough contrast between the foreground color and background color, text becomes difficult to read. Poor color contrast is one of the most common accessibility issues on the web, but fortunately, it's one that you can catch early in the design process.</p> <p>Here are some tools you can use to test the contrast ratio of your text and background colors:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/GoogleChromeLabs/ProjectVisBug">VisBug</a> is a browser extension available for all major desktop browsers.</li> <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Tools/Accessibility_inspector">Firefox's Accessibility Inspector</a> can check for issues with visual contrast.</li> <li>You can also <a href="https://developers.google.com/codelabs/devtools-cvd">discover and fix low-contrast text with Chrome DevTools</a>.</li> <li>In Microsoft's Edge browser, you can <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/devtools-guide-chromium/accessibility/color-picker">test text-color contrast using the color picker</a>.</li> </ul> <p>It's a good idea to always declare <code translate="no" dir="ltr">color</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">background-color</code> together in your CSS. Don't assume that the background color will be the browser default. People can and do change the colors used by their browser.</p> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-worse">Don't</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="CSS"><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">body</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">color</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">black</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </div> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-better">Do</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="CSS"><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">body</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">color</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">black</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">background-color</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">white</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span></pre></devsite-code> </div> <h2 id="high_contrast" data-text="High contrast" tabindex="-1">High contrast</h2> <p>Some people set their operating systems to use a high-contrast mode. You can try this on your operating system.</p> <p>On the Mac, go to:</p> <ol> <li>System Preferences</li> <li>Accessibility</li> <li>Display</li> </ol> <p>Select the option to increase contrast.</p> <p><img src="/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033.png" alt="Increase contrast in system preferences." width="780" height="602" srcset="https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_36.png 36w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_48.png 48w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_72.png 72w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_96.png 96w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_480.png 480w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_720.png 720w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_856.png 856w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_960.png 960w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_1440.png 1440w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_1920.png 1920w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/increase-contrast-system-e16ab35c94033_2880.png 2880w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 856px"></p> <p>There's a media feature to detect if someone has enabled high contrast mode. The <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">prefers-contrast</code></a> media feature can be queried for three values: <code translate="no" dir="ltr">no-preference</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">less</code>, and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">more</code>. You can use this information to adjust your site's color palette. <div class="wd-browser-compat" translate="no"> <p>Browser Support</p> <ul> <li data-support="yes"> <img alt="Chrome: 96." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='-10 -10 276 276'%3E%3ClinearGradient id='a' x1='145' x2='34' y1='253' y2='61' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%231e8e3e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%2334a853'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3ClinearGradient id='b' x1='111' x2='222' y1='254' y2='62' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23fcc934'/%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%23fbbc04'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3ClinearGradient id='c' x1='17' x2='239' y1='80' y2='80' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23d93025'/%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%23ea4335'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3Ccircle cx='128' cy='128' r='64' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23a)' d='M96 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99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E" > <span aria-hidden="true"> 14.1 </span> </li> </ul> <p><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast">Source</a></p> </div> </p> <div class="wd-embed" style="height: 500px; width: 100%"> <iframe allow="camera; clipboard-read; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; geolocation; microphone; midi;" loading="lazy" src="https://codepen.io/web-dot-dev/embed/abLBaya?height=500&theme-id=dark&default-tab=css%2Cresult&editable=true" style="height: 100%; width: 100%; border: 0;" title="Pen abLBaya by web-dot-dev on Codepen" ></iframe> </div> <aside class="note"><b>Note: </b> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Using_CSS_custom_properties">CSS custom properties</a> are a great way of grouping color declarations. Use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">prefers-contrast</code> media feature to update your custom property values. </aside> <p>People can also set a preference in their operating system to use inverted colors.</p> <p>On the Mac, go to:</p> <ol> <li>System Preferences</li> <li>Accessibility</li> <li>Display</li> </ol> <p>Select the option to invert colors.</p> <p><img src="/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4.png" alt="Invert colors in system preferences." width="780" height="602" srcset="https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_36.png 36w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_48.png 48w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_72.png 72w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_96.png 96w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_480.png 480w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_720.png 720w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_856.png 856w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_960.png 960w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_1440.png 1440w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_1920.png 1920w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/invert-colors-system-pre-f4abf725a3cd4_2880.png 2880w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 856px"></p> <p>Make sure your website still makes sense for someone browsing with inverted colors. Watch out for box shadows—these may need adjusting when colors are inverted.</p> <h2 id="font_size" data-text="Font size" tabindex="-1">Font size</h2> <p>Color isn't the only thing that people can adjust in their browser, they can also adjust the default font size. As their vision declines, they might adjust the default font size in their browsers or operating systems, bumping up the numbers with the passing of the years.</p> <p>You can respond to these settings by using relative font sizes. Avoid using units like <code translate="no" dir="ltr">px</code>. Use relative units like <code translate="no" dir="ltr">rem</code> or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ch</code> instead.</p> <p>Try changing the default text size setting in your browser. You can do that in your browser preferences. Or you can do it while you're visiting a web page by zooming in. Does your website still work if <a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/Understanding/resize-text.html">the default font size is increased by 200%</a>? How about 400%?</p> <p>Someone visiting your website on a desktop computer with their font size bumped up to 400% should get the same layout as someone visiting your site on a small-screen device.</p> <figure> <img src="/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac.png" alt="Clearleft dot com." width="800" height="419" srcset="https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_36.png 36w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_48.png 48w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_72.png 72w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_96.png 96w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_480.png 480w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_720.png 720w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_856.png 856w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_960.png 960w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_1440.png 1440w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_1920.png 1920w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/clearleft-dot-com-5486d64205cac_2880.png 2880w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 856px"> <figcaption class="wd-caption"> The same website viewed on a desktop device and a mobile device. The desktop browser's font size has been increased to 400%. </figcaption> </figure> <h2 id="keyboard_navigation" data-text="Keyboard navigation" tabindex="-1">Keyboard navigation</h2> <p>Not everyone uses a mouse or a trackpad to navigate web pages. A keyboard is another way of getting around a page, with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">tab</code> key being particularly useful. Users can quickly move from one link or form field to the next.</p> <p>Links styled with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">:hover</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">:focus</code> <a href="/learn/css/pseudo-classes">pseudo-classes,</a> will display those styles regardless of whether someone is using a mouse, a trackpad, or a keyboard. Use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">:focus-visible</code> <a href="/learn/css/pseudo-classes">pseudo-class</a> to style your links for just keyboard navigation. You can make those styles extra noticeable.</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="CSS"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">a</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-nd">focus</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">,</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-nt">a</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-nd">hover</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">outline</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-mi">1</span><span class="devsite-syntax-kt">px</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">dotted</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-nt">a</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-nd">focus-visible</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">outline</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-mi">3</span><span class="devsite-syntax-kt">px</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-kc">solid</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> </code></pre></devsite-code> <div class="wd-embed" style="height: 400px; width: 100%"> <iframe allow="camera; clipboard-read; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; geolocation; microphone; midi;" loading="lazy" src="https://codepen.io/web-dot-dev/embed/wvroErW?height=400&theme-id=dark&default-tab=result&editable=true" style="height: 100%; width: 100%; border: 0;" title="Pen wvroErW by web-dot-dev on Codepen" ></iframe> </div> <p>As the user tabs from link to link or form field to form field, those elements will be focused in the order they appear in the document structure. This should also match the visual order.</p> <p>Be careful with the CSS <code translate="no" dir="ltr">order</code> property. You can use this in combination with flexbox and grid to place elements in a different visual order to their order in the HTML. That's a powerful feature but it could confuse people navigating with a keyboard.</p> <div class="wd-embed" style="height: 400px; width: 100%"> <iframe allow="camera; clipboard-read; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; geolocation; microphone; midi;" loading="lazy" src="https://codepen.io/web-dot-dev/embed/XWeNPeY?height=400&theme-id=dark&default-tab=result&editable=true" style="height: 100%; width: 100%; border: 0;" title="Pen XWeNPeY by web-dot-dev on Codepen" ></iframe> </div> <p>Test your web pages by using the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">tab</code> key on your keyboard to make sure that the tabbing order makes sense.</p> <p>In the <strong>Accessibility</strong> panel of the Firefox browser's developer tools there's an option to <strong>Show Tabbing Order</strong>. Enabling this will overlay numbers on each focusable element.</p> <p><img src="/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e.png" alt="Visualizing tab order using Firefox's Accessibility Tab." width="800" height="391" srcset="https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_36.png 36w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_48.png 48w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_72.png 72w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_96.png 96w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_480.png 480w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_720.png 720w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_856.png 856w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_960.png 960w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_1440.png 1440w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_1920.png 1920w,https://web.dev/static/learn/design/accessibility/image/visualizing-tab-order-usi-544e8f125f14e_2880.png 2880w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 856px"></p> <aside class="note"><b>Note: </b> Learn more about the problems caused by <a href="/articles/content-reordering">content reordering</a>. </aside> <h2 id="reduced_motion" data-text="Reduced motion" tabindex="-1">Reduced motion</h2> <p>Animation and motion are wonderful ways to bring web designs to life. But for some people these movements can be very disorienting and even cause nausea.</p> <p>There's a feature query that communicates whether the user would prefer less motion. It's called <a href="/articles/prefers-reduced-motion"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">prefers-reduced-motion</code></a>. Include it wherever you are using CSS transitions or animations. <div class="wd-browser-compat" translate="no"> <p>Browser Support</p> <ul> <li data-support="yes"> <img alt="Chrome: 74." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='-10 -10 276 276'%3E%3ClinearGradient id='a' x1='145' x2='34' y1='253' y2='61' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%231e8e3e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%2334a853'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3ClinearGradient id='b' x1='111' x2='222' y1='254' y2='62' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23fcc934'/%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%23fbbc04'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3ClinearGradient id='c' x1='17' x2='239' y1='80' y2='80' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23d93025'/%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%23ea4335'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3Ccircle cx='128' cy='128' r='64' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23a)' d='M96 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99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E" > <span aria-hidden="true"> 10.1 </span> </li> </ul> <p><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion">Source</a></p> </div> </p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="CSS"><code translate="no" dir="ltr"><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">a</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-nd">hover</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">transform</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nb">scale</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-mi">150</span><span class="devsite-syntax-kt">%</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">);</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">@</span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">media</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">(</span><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">prefers-reduced-motion</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">no-preference</span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">)</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-nt">a</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">{</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">transition-duration</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-mf">0.4</span><span class="devsite-syntax-kt">s</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">transition-property</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">:</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-k">transform</span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">;</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> <span class="devsite-syntax-p">}</span> </code></pre></devsite-code> <p>The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">prefers-reduced-motion</code> media query is specifically for movement on the screen. If you are using transitions on an element's color that shouldn't be affected by <code translate="no" dir="ltr">prefers-reduced-motion</code>. It's also ok to transition opacity and cross-fade. Reduced motion doesn't have to mean no animation.</p> <h2 id="voice" data-text="Voice" tabindex="-1">Voice</h2> <p>People experience the web differently. Not everyone is seeing your website on a screen. Assistive technologies such as screen readers convert the information output to a screen into spoken words.</p> <p>Screen readers work with all kinds of applications including web browsers. In order for a web browser to communicate usefully with a screen reader, there needs to be useful semantic information in the web page currently being accessed.</p> <p>Previously, you learned how <a href="/learn/design/icons">icon-only buttons</a> need to include an attribute to specify the button's purpose to non-sighted users. This is just one example of the importance of strong foundational HTML.</p> <h2 id="headings" data-text="Headings" tabindex="-1">Headings</h2> <p>Use headings like <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><h1></code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><h2></code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><h3></code>, etc. sensibly. Screen readers use these headings to generate an outline of your document which can be navigated with keyboard shortcuts.</p> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-worse">Don't</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><div class="heading-main">Welcome to my page</div> <div class="heading-secondary">About me</div> <div class="heading-tertiary">My childhood</div> <div class="heading-secondary">About this website</div> <div class="heading-tertiary">How this site was built</div></pre></devsite-code> </div> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-better">Do</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><h1>Welcome to my page</h1> <h2>About me</h2> <h3>My childhood</h3> <h2>About this website</h2> <h3>How this site was built</h3></pre></devsite-code> </div> <h2 id="structure" data-text="Structure" tabindex="-1">Structure</h2> <p>Use landmark elements like <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><main></code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><nav></code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><aside></code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><header></code>, and <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><footer></code> to structure your page's contents. Screen-reader users can then jump straight to these landmarks.</p> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-worse">Don't</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><div class="header">...</div> <div class="navigation">...</div> <div class="maincontent">...</div> <div class="sidebar">...</div> <div class="footer">...</div></pre></devsite-code> </div> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-better">Do</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><header>...</header> <nav>...</nav> <main>...</main> <aside>...</aside> <footer>...</footer></pre></devsite-code> </div> <h2 id="forms" data-text="Forms" tabindex="-1">Forms</h2> <p>Make sure that every form field has an associated <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><label></code> element. You can associate a label with a form field using the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">for</code> attribute on the <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><label></code> element and the corresponding <code translate="no" dir="ltr">id</code> attribute on the form field.</p> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-worse">Don't</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><span class="formlabel">Your name</span> <input type="text"></pre></devsite-code> </div> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-better">Do</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><label for="name">Your name</label> <input id="name" type="text"></pre></devsite-code> </div> <aside class="note"><b>Note: </b> For more information in accessibility and forms, see the <a href="/learn/forms/accessibility">Accessibility module in the Learn Forms course</a>. </aside> <h2 id="images" data-text="Images" tabindex="-1">Images</h2> <p>Always provide a text description of images using the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">alt</code> attribute.</p> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-worse">Don't</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><img src="dog.jpg"></pre></devsite-code> </div> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-better">Do</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><img src="dog.jpg" alt="A golden retriever sitting on the grass looking happy."></pre></devsite-code> </div> <p>If the image is purely presentational, you should still include the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">alt</code> attribute but you can give it an empty value.</p> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-worse">Don't</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><img src="texture.png"></pre></devsite-code> </div> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-better">Do</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><img src="texture.png" alt=""></pre></devsite-code> </div> <p>Jake Archibald published an article on <a href="https://jakearchibald.com/2021/great-alt-text/">writing great <code translate="no" dir="ltr">alt</code> text</a>.</p> <h2 id="links" data-text="Links" tabindex="-1">Links</h2> <p>Try to provide descriptive text within links. Avoid using phrases like "click here" or "more."</p> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-worse">Don't</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><p>To find out more about our latest offers, <a href="/offers.html">click here</a>.</p></pre></devsite-code> </div> <div class="wd-compare"> <div class="compare-better">Do</div> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="HTML"><p>Find out more about <a href="/offers.html"> our latest offers</a>.</p></pre></devsite-code> </div> <h2 id="aria" data-text="ARIA" tabindex="-1">ARIA</h2> <p>Using sensible semantic HTML will make your web pages more accessible to assistive technologies like screen readers and also to other audio outputs like voice assistants.</p> <p>Some interface widgets that don't have a corresponding HTML element: carousels, tabs, accordions, and so on. Those need to be built from scratch with a combination of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and ARIA.</p> <p>ARIA stands for Accessible Rich Internet Applications. Its vocabulary allows you to provide semantic information when there isn't a suitable HTML element available.</p> <p>If you need to create interface elements that aren't yet available as HTML elements, <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics">familiarize yourself with ARIA</a>.</p> <p>The more bespoke functionality you add with JavaScript, the more you'll need to understand ARIA. If you stick with native HTML elements, you may not need any ARIA.</p> <p>If it's at all possible, test with real users of screen readers. Not only will this give you a better understanding of how they navigate the web, it will also take the guesswork out of designing with accessibility in mind.</p> <p>Testing with actual people is a great way of exposing any assumptions you might be making. In the next module, you'll learn about the different ways people interact with your websites—another area where it's all too easy to make assumptions.</p> <h3 id="check_your_understanding" class="hide-from-toc" data-text="Check your understanding" tabindex="-1">Check your understanding</h3> <p>Test your knowledge of accessibility</p> <div class="wd-assessment"><devsite-multiple-choice> <div><p>With CSS, a developer can overwrite a user preference like font size, for the worst?</p> </div> <div correct> <div>True</div> <div>Simply using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">body { font-size: 12px; }</code> is enough.</div> </div> <div> <div>False</div> <div>User preferences have strong influence, but don't provide full control.</div> </div> </devsite-multiple-choice> <devsite-multiple-choice> <div><p>To avoid overwriting a user's font size preference, use?</p> </div> <div> <div>Absolute units like <code translate="no" dir="ltr">px</code>.</div> <div>These do not consider user font size preference when used.</div> </div> <div correct> <div>Relative units like <code translate="no" dir="ltr">rem</code>.</div> <div>These allow developers to build with lengths that are inclusive of user font size preferences.</div> </div> </devsite-multiple-choice> <devsite-multiple-choice> <div><p>Everyone in the world uses a mouse.</p> </div> <div> <div>True</div> <div>Some use their voice, a keyboard, a gamepad, a screen reader, or other ways to interact.</div> </div> <div correct> <div>False</div> <div>There are many alternatives to the popular mouse.</div> </div> </devsite-multiple-choice> <devsite-multiple-choice> <div><p>An image with an empty alt attribute does what?</p> </div> <div> <div>The browser will automatically add them for the user.</div> <div>Not a feature of any browser.</div> </div> <div correct> <div>Image is treated as presentational.</div> <div>It's assumed the image isn't important to consuming the content.</div> </div> <div> <div>Reads out 'empty string' to a screen reader</div> <div>This is not what happens.</div> </div> <div> <div>Nothing</div> <div>Definitely something happens.</div> </div> </devsite-multiple-choice> </div> </div> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache 2.0 License</a>. 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