Voici l'origine précise de l'Homo Sapiens, selon des chercheurs

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class="author-card yr-author-card"> <a href="/web/20191028194733/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/author/gregory-rozieres" class="bn-author-image bn-clickable yr-author-image" aria-label="More from Grégory Rozières"> <div class="author-card__headshot" style="background-image: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20191028194733im_/https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/5cd0f6b0250000c313ebf20d.jpeg?ops=50_50);"></div> </a> <div class="author-card__details"> <span class="author-card__details-container"> <a class="author-card__details__name" href="/web/20191028194733/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/author/gregory-rozieres"> <span class="author-card__details__name"> Par Grégory Rozières </span> </a> </span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="page__content__row row--no-border"> <div class="col col--body-center"> <div class="entry__below-entry"> <div class="entry__content js-entry-content"> <div class="entry__body" data-part="contents">  <div id="sharebox_260x60" class="advertisement sharebox_260x60 ad_spot desktop-only"> </div> <div class="post-contents yr-entry-text"><figure class="content-list-component image"> <span class="share-bar-image-wrapper"><img class="image__src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028194733im_/https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/5db70bcf200000de2f507006.jpeg?ops=scalefit_630_noupscale" aria-label="Homo sapiens aurait vécu au Botswana il y a 200.000 ans avant de coloniser la Terre" alt="Homo sapiens aurait vécu au Botswana il y a 200.000 ans avant de coloniser la Terre"> <div class="share-bar share-bar--instream"> <div class="share-bar__item pinterest" data-type="pinterest"> <a class="share-bar__item-link entry__link--omit icon-Social_Pinterest" data-pin-custom="true" href="" target="_blank"> </a> </div> </div> </span><div class="image__meta-wrapper"><span class="image__credit">OSM/Le HuffPost</span><figcaption class="image__caption">Homo sapiens aurait vécu au Botswana il y a 200.000 ans avant de coloniser la Terre entière.</figcaption></div></figure><div class="content-list-component text"><p>PALÉONTOLOGIE - La quête de l’origine de l’homme est presque aussi vieille que l’humanité. Si l’on sait depuis des décennies que l’homme moderne, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028194733/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/homo-sapiens-est-arrive-en-europe-trois-fois-plus-tot-quon-ne-le-pensait_fr_5d25aaa1e4b07e698c42ff80">Homo sapiens</a>, a évolué en Afrique, le débat fait rage quant à sa localisation ou sa date d’émergence plus exacte. </p><p>Dans une nouvelle étude publiée dans Nature ce lundi 28 octobre, une équipe de chercheurs estime avoir une partie de la réponse. L’ensemble de l’humanité actuelle a des <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028194733/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/ancetre-commun-homo-sapiens-neandertal_fr_5cdd126ae4b0b4728ba32399">ancêtres communs</a> qui ont vécu il y a environ 200.000 ans au nord du Botswana. Plus exactement dans ce qui est aujourd’hui le désert de sel de Makgadikgadi, mais était à l’époque le plus grand lac d’Afrique. Cela représente environ un tiers de la France.</p><p>Toujours selon <a href="Le désert de Makgadikgadi était, il y a 200.000 ans, une oasis propice à la vie pour Homo sapiens" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">les travaux</a> des chercheurs (généticiens, géologues et spécialistes du climat réunis pour l’occasion), des changements climatiques, dans les quelques dizaines de milliers d’années qui ont suivi, ont permis ensuite à Homo sapiens de se répandre partout dans le monde.</p><p>Comme toute affirmation aussi importante, elle sera critiquée à n’en pas douter. Il faut d’ailleurs rappeler que, même si les chercheurs ont vu juste, cela ne veut pas dire qu’Homo sapiens n’a pas évolué et existé ailleurs et avant cela.</p>  <div id="entry_paragraph_4" data-label-height="50" class="advertisement-holder entry-paragraph-ad entry-body--paragraph-ad"> <div class="advertisement-label align-center disable-highlight-popup"></div> <div class="ad_spot "> <div id="inread" data-format="inread" class="ad-entry_paragraph_4 dfp-slot "></div> </div> </div> <p>Si l’étude a ses limites, elle est intéressante car “les auteurs ont utilisé des modèles climatiques et ont analysé les preuves archéologiques pour vérifier si leur analyse correspond, ce qui est assez rare”, note Aurélien Mounier, paléoanthropologue au Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle interrogé par <em>Le HuffPost</em>.</p><h2>La quête de l’ADN maternel</h2><p>Pour remonter les origines, les chercheurs ont analysé génétiquement des êtres humains modernes et non des fossiles. Ils ont plus exactement regardé l’ADN “mitochondrial”. Pourquoi? Normalement, lors de la procréation, l’ADN du père et de la mère se mélangent. Mais l’ADN mitochondrial est uniquement transmis par la mère.</p><p>“Cela veut dire que si l’on trouve un changement dans cet ADN, cela ne peut être dû qu’à une mutation génétique aléatoire”, explique Aurélien Mounier. “On peut alors compter les différences entre les populations et remonter à l’ADN qui a le moins de mutations”. Les chercheurs ont retracés différentes migrations, puis ont trouvé un point de départ commun à toutes leurs analyses, au nord du Botswana.</p></div><figure class="content-list-component image"> <span class="share-bar-image-wrapper"><img class="image__src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028194733im_/https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/5db71377200000922850701c.jpeg?ops=scalefit_630_noupscale" aria-label="Le point d'origine commun d'Homo sapiens et les différentes vagues migratoires qui ont eu lieu depuis 200.000" alt="Le point d'origine commun d'Homo sapiens et les différentes vagues migratoires qui ont eu lieu depuis..."> <div class="share-bar share-bar--instream"> <div class="share-bar__item pinterest" data-type="pinterest"> <a class="share-bar__item-link entry__link--omit icon-Social_Pinterest" data-pin-custom="true" href="" target="_blank"> </a> </div> </div> </span><div class="image__meta-wrapper"><span class="image__credit">Nature</span><figcaption class="image__caption">Le point d'origine commun d'Homo sapiens et les différentes vagues migratoires qui ont eu lieu depuis 200.000 ans</figcaption></div></figure><div class="content-list-component text"><p>Cette population s’apparente aux Khoïsan, des groupes ethniques africains partageant des caractéristiques bien spécifiques. “On sait depuis longtemps que ces populations ont une langue particulière, la plus ancienne parlée actuellement”, rappelle Aurélien Mounier. La nouveauté de cette étude, c’est d’avoir réussi, avec de nouvelles analyses génétiques, à cibler plus précisément la localisation et la date de ce “berceau” de l’humanité.</p><p>Pour la date, il s’agit d’un calcul complexe qui prend en compte une estimation du taux de mutation dans l’ADN mitochondrial, une méthode assez standard, avec une marge d’erreur importante. Les 200.000 ans sont calculés à plus ou moins 40.000 ans près.</p><h2>Girafe, zèbre et changement climatique</h2><p>“Les auteurs ont également regardé la faune qui pouvait exister à ce moment pour savoir si l’écosystème aurait permis l’augmentation des populations”, explique Aurélien Mounier. Effectivement, pour valider leur hypothèse, les chercheurs ont également vérifié la présence de gibiers pour des chasseurs via l’ADN mitochondrial des ancêtres des girafes, zèbres et lions.</p><p>D’après les chercheurs, nos ancêtres Homo sapiens auraient résidé dans la région autour du lac de Makgadikgadi pendant environ 70.000 ans. Une zone qui était à l’époque bien éloignée du désert de sel d’aujourd’hui. Elle était pleine de prairies et de forêts, mais entourée d’environnements beaucoup moins cléments.</p><p>“Nous avons travaillé avec des géologues pour voir à quoi pouvait ressembler la région il y a 200.000 ans”, a précisé lors d’une conférence de presse Vanessa Hayes, coauteure de l’étude. Le résultat? Cette région était “une oasis humide dans un environnement sec et rigoureux”, explique l’étude.</p></div><figure class="content-list-component image"> <span class="share-bar-image-wrapper"><img class="image__src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028194733im_/https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/5db70c9f2100002838ad41f4.jpeg?ops=scalefit_630_noupscale" aria-label="Le désert de Makgadikgadi était, il y a 200.000 ans, une oasis propice à la vie pour Homo" alt="Le désert de Makgadikgadi était, il y a 200.000 ans, une oasis propice à la vie pour Homo"> <div class="share-bar share-bar--instream"> <div class="share-bar__item pinterest" data-type="pinterest"> <a class="share-bar__item-link entry__link--omit icon-Social_Pinterest" data-pin-custom="true" href="" target="_blank"> </a> </div> </div> </span><div class="image__meta-wrapper"><span class="image__credit">CC BY SA Diego Delso</span><figcaption class="image__caption">Le désert de Makgadikgadi était, il y a 200.000 ans, une oasis propice à la vie pour Homo sapiens</figcaption></div></figure><div class="content-list-component text"><p>Cette analyse climatique séparée a permis aux chercheurs de voir une “tendance remarquable” entre changement climatique et possibles migrations humaines, a déclaré Axel Timmermann, coauteur de l’étude spécialiste du climat. Il y a environ 120.000 ans, un changement climatique a permis la création d’un “corridor vert” permettant la migration d’un premier groupe au nord-est.</p><p>Puis, environ 20.000 ans plus tard, un second “corridor vert” a permis d’autres migrations, notamment vers le sud-est. Celles-ci auraient pu être également plus importantes, car les conditions climatiques autour du lac de Makgadikgadi se sont détériorées. Toutes ces données climatiques colleraient parfaitement avec les vagues migratoires retracées par l’analyse de l’ADN mitochondrial, affirment les auteurs.</p><h2>Une terre natale qui n’est pas le début de l’humanité</h2><p>L’étude, si elle est intéressante, a évidemment ses limites. “Le fait d’utiliser l’ADN mitochondrial est une limite, car on ne parle que de l’histoire maternelle”, rappelle Aurélien Mounier. Et même si les auteurs ont raison, cela ne veut certainement pas dire qu’Homo sapiens est apparu autour du lac de Makgadikgadi.</p><p>“Nous avons défini une terre d’origine d’une population, pas son commencement”, a précisé Vanessa Hayes. En effet, de nombreuses études récentes ont montré qu’Homo sapiens est plus vieux que prévu et semble s’être aventuré en Europe et au Moyen-Orient bien plus tôt que l’on pensait.</p><p>Ce qu’affirme cette étude, c’est simplement que l’ensemble des êtres humains vivants aujourd’hui ont tous des ancêtres communs provenant d’une région au nord du Botswana. “On peut imaginer qu’il y ait eu des premiers hommes modernes il y a 300.000 ans, mais que l’ADN mitochondrial a changé il y a 200.000 ans”, suppute Aurélien Mounier.</p><p>Pour mieux comprendre tout cela, le plus simple serait d’analyser le génome des premiers Homo sapiens. Le problème, c’est que nous n’avons pas encore réussi à analyser l’ADN de fossiles africains en raison des conditions de préservations non adaptées (les sites sont souvent trop secs). Le débat sur l’origine de l’humanité est loin d’être tranché.</p><p><strong>À voir également sur <em>Le HuffPost</em>:</strong></p></div><div class="content-list-component embed-asset"><iframe data-provider="youtube" data-published="October 28, 2019 19:39" data-videovertical="" id="ytplayer" type="text/html" allowfullscreen="allowFullScreen" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028194733if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/c_Pxb0UacYw?enablejsapi=1" width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay"></iframe></div> <div class="related-entries related-entries--list yr-related-entries"><h3 class="related-entries__head">LIRE AUSSI :</h3><ul class="related-entries__list"><li class="related-entries__list__item yr-related-entry"><a class="related-entries__title entry__link--omit yr-card-headline" 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