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class="jsx-bdeed6192bca24d2 alpha">Explore Topics</h2><ul class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44 cf grid"><li class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><a class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44" href="/wgbh/nova/topic/earth/"><figure class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-planet-earth.width-1500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-planet-earth.width-1500.jpg 1000w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-planet-earth.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-planet-earth.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-planet-earth.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-planet-earth.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44 title">Planet Earth</span></a></li><li class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><a class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44" href="/wgbh/nova/topic/ancient/"><figure class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-ancient-worlds.width-1500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-ancient-worlds.width-1500.jpg 1000w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-ancient-worlds.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-ancient-worlds.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-ancient-worlds.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-ancient-worlds.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44 title">Ancient Worlds</span></a></li><li class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><a class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44" href="/wgbh/nova/topic/space/"><figure class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-space-flight.width-1500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-space-flight.width-1500.jpg 1000w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-space-flight.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-space-flight.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-space-flight.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-space-flight.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44 title">Space + Flight</span></a></li><li class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><a class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44" href="/wgbh/nova/topic/body/"><figure class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-body-brain.width-1500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-body-brain.width-1500.jpg 1000w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-body-brain.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-body-brain.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-body-brain.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-body-brain.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44 title">Body + Brain</span></a></li><li class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><a class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44" href="/wgbh/nova/topic/military/"><figure class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-military-espionage.width-1500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-military-espionage.width-1500.jpg 1000w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-military-espionage.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-military-espionage.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-military-espionage.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-military-espionage.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44 title">Military + Espionage</span></a></li><li class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><a class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44" href="/wgbh/nova/topic/tech/"><figure class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-tech-engineering.width-1500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-tech-engineering.width-1500.jpg 1000w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-tech-engineering.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-tech-engineering.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-tech-engineering.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-tech-engineering.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44 title">Tech + Engineering</span></a></li><li class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><a class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44" href="/wgbh/nova/topic/evolution/"><figure class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-evolution.width-1500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-evolution.width-1500.jpg 1000w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-evolution.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-evolution.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-evolution.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-evolution.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44 title">Evolution</span></a></li><li class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><a class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44" href="/wgbh/nova/topic/nature/"><figure class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-nature.width-1500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-nature.width-1500.jpg 1000w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-nature.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-nature.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-nature.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-nature.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44 title">Nature</span></a></li><li class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><a class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44" href="/wgbh/nova/topic/physics/"><figure class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-physics-math.width-1500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-physics-math.width-1500.jpg 1000w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-physics-math.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-physics-math.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-physics-math.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/topic-physics-math.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-4daf8654a511dc44 title">Physics + Math</span></a></li></ul></section><section class="jsx-bdeed6192bca24d2"><h2 class="jsx-bdeed6192bca24d2 alpha">More From NOVA</h2><div class="jsx-bdeed6192bca24d2 brand-list"><div class="jsx-bdeed6192bca24d2 content"><ul class="jsx-9a069fba9003ccd2 cf grid"><li class="jsx-9a069fba9003ccd2"><a aria-label="NOVA Wonders" class="jsx-9a069fba9003ccd2" href="series/nova-wonders/"><h3 class="jsx-9a069fba9003ccd2 assistive-text">NOVA Wonders</h3> <svg height="73" width="360" viewBox="0 0 360 73" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="jsx-b4173e096b593927"><path d="m134.8 0c4.6 9.4 9.2 18.6 13.6 28 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4h-6.2c-2.6-5.6-5.2-11.2-7.6-16.6-0.8 1.6-1.4 3.2-2.2 4.6-1.8 4-3.6 8-5.4 11.8 0 0 0 0.2-0.2 0.2h-6c0.2-0.4 0.2-0.6 0.4-1 4.4-9 9-18.2 13.4-27.4zm-51.6 0.2c-1.2 0.2-2.4 0.4-3.6 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7.8 8 0 3.4-2.6 7.6-8 7.6-3.6 0-6.4-1.6-9.6-4v3.4c3 2 6.2 3.4 9.8 3.4 5.4 0 11-3.8 11-10.4s-5.2-9.2-9.8-10.8c-4.2-1.4-8.4-3-8.4-7.8 0-3.2 2.6-7.4 8-7.4 3.2 0 5.6 1.2 8.6 3v-3z"></path></svg> </a></li><li class="jsx-9a069fba9003ccd2"><a aria-label="NOVA Education" class="jsx-9a069fba9003ccd2" href="brand/education/"><h3 class="jsx-9a069fba9003ccd2 assistive-text">NOVA Education</h3> <svg height="144.46" width="300" viewBox="0 0 300 144.46" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="jsx-b4173e096b593927"><title>Artboard 1</title><image transform="translate(1.59 2.49) scale(.19)" width="1594" height="749" 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Nature of Reality","slug":"physics","featured_content":[{"content_type":"shortvideopage","topic":"body","brand":"what-the-physics","length":874,"title":"Dream Hacking: Decisions, Addictions, and Sleep","slug":"dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-sleep","part_of_a_series":false,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-h.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-h.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-h.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-h.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2000,"height":1125,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2500,"height":1406,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"short_description":"\u003cp\u003eWatch the first-ever video documenting this live two-way dream communication.\u003c/p\u003e","long_description":"\u003cp\u003eHave you ever felt drawn toward choices without knowing why? 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project/research was supported by grant number FQXi-RFP-1822 from the Foundational Questions Institute and Fetzer Franklin Fund, a donor-advised fund of Silicon Valley Community Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"facebook_funders":[],"meta_description":"What is The Nature of Reality? It’s a blog, and it’s pretty much the biggest question we could think of.","newsletter_modal_enabled":true},{"name":"What the Physics?!","slug":"what-the-physics","featured_content":[{"content_type":"shortvideopage","topic":"body","brand":"what-the-physics","length":874,"title":"Dream Hacking: Decisions, Addictions, and Sleep","slug":"dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-sleep","part_of_a_series":false,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-h.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-h.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-h.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-h.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2000,"height":1125,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2500,"height":1406,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dream-hacking-decisions-addictions-and-sleep-.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"short_description":"\u003cp\u003eWatch the first-ever video documenting this live two-way dream communication.\u003c/p\u003e","long_description":"\u003cp\u003eHave you ever felt drawn toward choices without knowing why? Or, as seen in the movie “Inception,” have you ever felt like you’ve woken up with a decision that’s already been made for you?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeuroscience is beginning to demystify such feelings. Our agency and decisions, it turns out, can be measurably influenced by events that evade the conscious part of our brains. We’ll see three groundbreaking experiments that illustrate that influences we are unaware of in our waking life, during dreamless sleep, or even in our dreams can impact our memory and behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublished on February 18, 2021, in the journal Current Biology, an international team of scientists have found a bridge to the dream world by showing that it’s possible to have a direct dialogue with someone in their dream—and NOVA’s Greg Kestin (host of “What the Physics?!”) was given exclusive access.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe scientific context and potential effect of this team’s work are built up in the film through two related groundbreaking experiments. These experiments also show how scientists can influence your decisions, desires, and habits without you being aware.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","passport_start":"2021-02-18T17:04:58Z","external":false}],"short_description":"\u003cp\u003eWhat is \"What The Physics?!\"\u003c/p\u003e","long_description":"\u003cp\u003eWhat is \"What The Physics?!\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach episode explores something surprising or really interesting related to physics. 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A lover of all things science, he produced and co-hosted Vox’s Emmy-nominated YouTube series, Glad You Asked.","affiliation":[]}],"logo":"\u003c?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?\u003e\n\u003csvg data-name=\"Layer 1\" viewBox=\"0 0 300 144.46\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"\u003e\u003ctitle\u003eArtboard 1\u003c/title\u003e\u003cimage transform=\"translate(1.59 2.49) scale(.19)\" width=\"1594\" height=\"749\" 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From the mysteries of astrophysics to the secrets of the body to the challenges of inventing technologies that could rival—and even surpass—the abilities of the human mind, these six hours reveal how far we’ve come in our search for answers, how we managed to get here, and how scientists hope to push our understanding of the universe even further. 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funding for NOVA Wonders is provided by the National Science Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and public television viewers, with additional funding for “Are We Alone?” and “What’s the Universe Made Of?” provided by the John Templeton Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DRL-1420749. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"logos":[{"name":"CPB","url":"https://www.cpb.org","logo":"\u003c?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?\u003e\n\u003csvg viewBox=\"0 0 541.59 253.89\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\u003e\u003cdefs\u003e\u003cstyle\u003e.cls-1{fill:#fff;}\u003c/style\u003e\u003c/defs\u003e\u003cpath class=\"cls-1\" 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class=\"rich-text\"\u003eSlime molds may be brainless, but they aren't stupid.\u003c/div\u003e","long_description":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\r\n\tThe slime mold \u003cspan class=\"science-term\"\u003ePhysarum polycephalum\u003c/span\u003e is a single cell without a brain, yet it can make surprisingly complicated decisions. In this animated video short, watch as a slime mold navigates through a maze and solves a civil engineering problem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"note\"\u003e\r\n\tLearn more about slime molds at \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=brainless-slime-molds\"\u003eScientific American\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e","passport_start":"2017-11-07T05:00:00Z","external":false},{"content_type":"shortvideopage","topic":"space","brand":"science-now","length":225,"title":"Cosmic Ray Danger","slug":"video-short-cosmic-ray-danger","part_of_a_series":false,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/video-short-cosmic-ray-danger-hero_SiZCeEb.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/video-short-cosmic-ray-danger-hero_SiZCeEb.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":224,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/video-short-cosmic-ray-danger-hero_SiZCeEb.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/video-short-cosmic-ray-danger-hero_SiZCeEb.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":617,"height":347,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/video-short-cosmic-ray-danger-hero_SiZCeEb.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":617,"height":347,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/video-short-cosmic-ray-danger-hero_SiZCeEb.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":617,"height":347,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/video-short-cosmic-ray-danger-hero_SiZCeEb.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":617,"height":347,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/video-short-cosmic-ray-danger-hero_SiZCeEb.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"short_description":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003eBerries and other foods containing antioxidants may alleviate cellular damage caused by cosmic radiation.\u003c/div\u003e","long_description":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\r\n\tCosmic rays are inescapable in space. They can rip right through an astronaut, damaging DNA and possibly causing cancer and memory loss over the long-term. But recent research shows that antioxidants, found in certain berries and fruit, may decrease the effects of this type of radiation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e","passport_start":"2010-11-29T09:00:00Z","external":false},{"content_type":"shortvideopage","brand":"science-now","length":268,"title":"Unravelling Bolero","slug":"unravelling-bolero","part_of_a_series":false,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/unravelling-bolero-hero_HU8pLv1.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":206,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/unravelling-bolero-hero_HU8pLv1.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":275,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/unravelling-bolero-hero_HU8pLv1.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":412,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/unravelling-bolero-hero_HU8pLv1.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":550,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/unravelling-bolero-hero_HU8pLv1.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1080,"height":743,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/unravelling-bolero-hero_HU8pLv1.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1080,"height":743,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/unravelling-bolero-hero_HU8pLv1.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1080,"height":743,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/unravelling-bolero-hero_HU8pLv1.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"passport_start":"2013-02-01T21:35:29Z","external":false}],"short_description":"","long_description":"","contributors":[],"logo":null,"header_funders":[{"name":"the Alfred P. 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This composite of X-ray and infrared observations uses chromatic ordering to show both supernova explosion remnants (royal blue and purple) and clouds of gas (red and orange). Image Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Penn State Univ./L. Townsley et al.; IR: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/JWST ERO Production Team\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":"The Tarantula Nebula’s chemical composition is remarkably like the conditions in the Milky Way billions of years ago, during peak star formation. This composite of X-ray and infrared observations uses chromatic ordering to show both supernova explosion remnants (royal blue and purple) and clouds of gas (red and orange). Image Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Penn State Univ./L. 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Launched in 2012, we feature in-depth articles and commentaries from some of the most respected journalists, scientists, and engineers. NOVA Next explores the ideas that are changing the future, from the frontiers of synthetic biology to the politics of personalized medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLet us know what you think. We’re listening on \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/NOVAonline\"\u003eFacebook\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/novapbs\"\u003eTwitter\u003c/a\u003e, and email.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf you’re a journalist and have an idea for a story, send it our way.\u003c/p\u003e","contributors":[{"first_name":"Alissa","middle_name":"","last_name":"Greenberg","slug":"alissa-greenberg","gender":null,"birth_date":null,"short_biography":"\u003cp\u003eFormer Digital Editor at NOVA\u003c/p\u003e","long_biography":"\u003cp\u003eAlissa Greenberg is an independent journalist who reports stories at the intersection of culture, science, business, and international affairs, with a generous dose of quirk. 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From Alaska to Arizona, audiences witness the knowledge, tradition, and innovation of people living on the front lines of our changing climate.\u003c/p\u003e","contributors":[],"logo":null,"header_funders":[],"footer_funders":[{"logos":[{"name":"The Arthur Vining Davis Foundation","url":"http://www.avdf.org","logo":"\u003c?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?\u003e\n\u003csvg viewBox=\"0 0 88.48 17.5\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"\u003e\u003cdefs\u003e\u003cstyle\u003e.cls-1{isolation:isolate;}\u003c/style\u003e\u003c/defs\u003e\u003cimage class=\"cls-1\" transform=\"scale(.02)\" width=\"4424\" height=\"875\" 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NkEpAAwW865HFrZb7AlT+qtwwAjEZQA4znMOR/pdwCgdznnJzMPfJoPATBLCdqKiIuIKHsLP6SU3qWU7rQq99gXlgIAk93WoAt4lBqMe2yMDgDUc8t7C26Ip9aaAAAAAO4nIAWAdWi5+ERhDDCUiLhKKX3Q6zAcYx4AYAnOZhxmfRcRN94FAKxLRFxHRCm0KGEpL91UzzcISwGAhyvBFsc16AIerYzTa0gKADC2EcYDpw08AwAAAEBzBKQAMEvO+bge/GzVSc75QC8DgxGUAOM5zDm7bREA6FbO+UkNSJnKPAiAjSjFuxHxNiLKXsPzEsqlpfkGYSkA8G2nNeACJquXhrzUggAwprqn9GKAFy8gBQAAAOAeAlIAmGtO4cq2KJABhlIPhH3Q6zAcYx4AoGdljWlv4vO/i4gbvQ/AppV1t4gohQn/TCm9TindaXS+QVgKAPzVTxFxqU1YhxJiKLwQAIY1SnDIXs5ZSAoAAADAFwSkADBZzvkopXTYQQue5JwPGngOgG0SlADjOazjMwCArtSb/uaE8Jr/ALBVJZgrIs4j4km9uf5WD/Adq2Ep1znnM3tXAAymhJte6HTWqYYXujgEAMYzUmjIcQPPAAyi7NvnnM/v+eNMIgAA0BQBKQDM0VPxiUIZYCjlNluHwWBIxjwAQI/KQda9ic9dCqxu9DoAu1Juro+IEnTx3HocD/Q0pfRzSumPnPNVuQm4BsYBwFJ9qEEWsAmlaPijlgWAMdTA2acTXuy7TkOOXwjZBbahrlGXc8ev7vkjIAUAAGiKgBQAJqlJwIcdtd6JTQJgQIISYDyHbmwAADp0NuOR3+pwAFpQAosj4qgGpbzTKTxQ2Wt7k1L6d875bc7ZrcAALM1Ht96zSRHxqYbv3mloABjC1D2ly5TSRacNJGwQ2IaLiQFUAAAAWycgBYCpeiy6FxQADKUUZbi1FoZkzAMAdCPnXA517k983g913gMAzahBKeX77Z+CUnikk5TSrznnTznni5zzMw0IQOdKYMVpDbCAjYmIazeaA8AwpoTv3UXEZQ1J6ZGAFGCjSnh3XZ8GAADogoAUAB4t53xUb7TrzUnO+UCPA4MRlADjOazjNQCAHsyZs5jvANCsiLgRlMJEeymlH1NKv+ecr3POZznnJxoTgA4d1+AK2Lj6XnuppQFguXLOxxND9/8TjFLW61JK7ztsoH3ngIBNEY4CAAD0SEAKAFP0nEb+toFnANiaepv6By0Ow1EsDAA0L+d8OvEga/GhzncAoGmCUpjpaUrp55TSv8tB9VoIBAA9eGnezrZFRDkT9IuGB4DFmrousnpu+LLTxun53DbQqJzzhXAUAACgRwJSAHiUnPNB5wthh5LUgQEJSoDxGPMAAD2YM1cxzwGgK4JSWIOyP/drzvkm53xe9+wAoEW/1KAK2LqIOEspvdfyALAsOecnEwNSbleD++o49a7DxjmpbQCwFvUykx+1JgAA0CMBKQA81hKKTxTQAEOpm7yKLmA8xjwAQLPqgav9ic/3wS3UAPRKUAprUMZQr1JKf+Scr+q4CgBa8b4GVMAulfHRRz0AAItSwlH2Jrygywf+sx5YAwLWoq4pv9GaAABArwSkAPBg9Sa6kwW02GHO+aiB5wDYJkEJMB5jHgCgZXOKpS70LAC9WwlK+aGEf+lQJjosB9lzzp9yzhd1Lw8AduWjok1aEBGfUkplj+xOhwDAYhxPfCFv7/lnve4zGWsDswlHAQAAlkBACgCPsaTiekEBwFBKwYUbaWFIxjwAQHNqiNvTic91GxG93uwHAP8jIq4jonw3PheUwgzlBuUfU0p/5Jyvcs5Ti4YAYKoSRHFcgylg54SkAMBy1EDYFxNeUNlTuv7yH9Z/dtthAz3NOT9r4DmATtV9euEoAABA9wSkAPAgdYPhZEGtdVgX+QBGIigBxnOoIAYAaNCcuYl5DQCLFBFXNSjlZacFGrTjMKX0a875Jud8Xvf4AGCTSgDFUb2wAZpRi5/P9AgAdG/quZeLif+uZcY2wCQ1YMlFJAAAwCIISAHgoZZYfKKgBhhKPZT4Tq/DcHo91AEALFANrD2c+MrKTX9vvS8AWLL6XVcOKr922z0z7aeUXqWU/sg5v3VxAAAbdHbfzfzQgjq+fq0zAKBrU0NBvhUE0GtIgEuSgEer4ShXKaU9rQcAACyBgBQAvivn/GShi+qHDoMCAxIOBePZzzmf6ncAoBFz5iTmMwAMISI+RcR5DUoReMw6nKSUfss535R1orr3BwDr8FqYKa2rY2vjagDoUC3q35/w5B/rZWL3qv/ufYdNsucMEPAYwlEAAIAlEpACwEOcLXhRTGENMJS6uevwF4zHmAcA2LkaVHs48TluFVwBMJqylhcRpeDheSnq8AZgDUpB0ZuUUglKucg5H2hUAGZ4V4MnoHl1XG1MDQD9mRoG8pA9pctO3w8CUoAHqUHZl8JRAACApRGQAsA31YWxswW30mEtzgEYiYOKMJ59N8gAAA2YMxcxjwFgWBFxFRHllsefUkp33gmsQTkQ/2NK6Y+c86W9MgAm+LjwsyQsUxnz3OpbAOjKxgJSajB/j2tth0Jvge+pNSBXNTQbAABgUQSkAPA9ZwOkBiuwAYZSbp4tN7rpdRiOMQ8AsDP1oObhxJ9/Vw+pAsDQIuIipXRgbY81e5FS+i3nfC1gF4AHKgETRxHxSYPRk/qePRY6CAB9yDkfTzy//P4RY9XLTt8O1nCAr1oJR3mqlQAAgCUSkALAV9XFsRFu/Dl0Mx4wIEEJMJ59RS4AwA7NmYNc6DgA+FMp7oiIMr9/7vZ71qwcln+Tc77JOZ/XfUIA+FIJljgWjkKvIuJaQTEAdGPqd/ZjQk963YMyngHuJRwFAAAYgYAUAL7lbGL6eo8EBQBDiYgbN83CkIx5AICtyzkfpJROJv7cOwEpAPC/IuIqIsp37GvNw5rtp5RepZRKUMrbOpYDgM9Oa8AEdCsiStH0Sz0IAO2qBf4vJj7ggwNS6ti2xxDicknScQPPAbTnQjgKAACwdAJSAPiWs4Fa5zDnfNTAcwBsk6AEGE85IOEWGQBg2+bMPS7cSg0AXxcR5Xv2h5TSR83Emu3VkLs/alDKMw0MMLyfarAEdC8i3rpQBACaNjX8492EfaVeg/qd/wH+oqzjzri4BAAAoBsCUgC4Vy2c3RusdQQFAEOJiBuHvmBIxjwAwNbknA9mHMK66/hQKgBsTbnpNiJKeMVrrc6GlPHc7znnKxcOAAyrFJqao7MoEVHORn3QqwDQpKkXPE4J9Os1BPBFzvlJA88BNEA4CgAAMBIBKQB8zYiFs4c1GAZgJIISYDz7xjwAwBbNmXNcTLjlDwCGFRHle/eHlNJH7wI25DCl9FvO+dr6EsBQPtYgCViiY+NnAGhLDd9/OuGh7iLi0WEn9ZKx952+DYzTgfJ780I4CgAAMBIBKQD8j3qgcX/QlhEUAAylbvD+otdhOMY8AMDG1QOsUw9i3ZWAFL0EAI8TEdcR8Syl9FrTsUGlSOlNzvlGUArA4pXgiCPdzFLVcN7TuhYFALRh6lrDo8NR1vS/3aWzTp8bWJO6Pvuj9gQAAEYiIAWA+4xcMLvvICcwoHMHvmA4xjwAwDbMOZR5WQtUAIAJIqKs+f3gNnw2bH81KCXn/ESDAyxK2T88NT9n6UrIYErpWEcDQDOmnmd5O/UFRMTbTs/PlfM/zxp4DmAH6vm/N9oeAAAYjYAUAP6iLpTtD94qIwfEAAOqhxrdzA7jMeYBADamFsfOCWQzVgGAmUqhZ0SUAolftCUbtl8P4peglHNBKQCLcVyDI2DxIuIqpfRSTwPAbuWcjyaeYb6t3+dzXHba/XMuLAA6JRwFAAAYmYAUAL6k+OTPRPU5BTwAPbro9BYMYDpjHgBgk8phzL2Jf/+7iLjROwCwHhFRvpefW/9jC8r475WgFICulYsVPpSgiDUUmEJXIuJtSul1/Qx80nsAsBNTz7GsI9yk1wvGjq3BwFhqmJRwFAAAYFgCUgD4r1ogOyV5fYkExQBDiYhPHW/yAtMZ8wAAa1cPYc65rc4YBQDWrBY4H6SU3mtbtkBQCkCnIuI6Io5qUAQMJyLO62fgWu8DwE4cT/yhs8ev9fv/tsNu35vRbkBncs7P1hQKBQAA0C0BKQCsmpq8vkT7NTAGYCQXbpGF4RjzAACbcFYPY07xLiJu9AoArF8JSY6IUizxk+ZlSwSlAAAAAA9Sz69M2V+6XWO4Wa8XjDn7AwOo4ShXM/biAQAAFkFACgD/kXM+Sikdao2/cFsxMJRSINHxJi8wnTEPALA2tej1bMbfZ2wCABsWEWUN8IeU0kdtzZYISgEAAAC+53hiC63zvNvlGv+ubTrMOR90+uzAAwhHAQAA+H8CUgD4TPHJ/9qvifQAIykbxnd6HIZizAMArNPZjENZ7yLiRm8AwObVW3VLeP57zc0WrQalzAnVAwAAABakhqm+mPiK1hZqUvepel0vs9YCC1V/R14KRwEAAPiTgBQAyqJZOQB7qCXuJTgGGEpEfFrzrRpAH4x5AIB1mRO89lYvAMD2lLXAiCg38/6k2dmycpD/55zzjeBeAAAAYMb+0scNhO+vLXBly6yxwALVcJSrcgma/gUAAPiTgBQAkoLYb9p3MBMYUAlIudPxMJR9t/YCAHPVNZSpB7M+RMSVTgCA7YuIsh74gzVBdqCMHd8ISgEAAIDhTV0XWHv4fkS87XSdbC/nfNzAcwBrshKO8lSbAgAA/D8BKQCDyzkfpZQOR2+H7xAgAwyl3BxbQ1KAsZzXTVUAgKnmrKFYfwGAHYqI65TSQQkt0w/swOeglOu6dwkAAAAMIuf8bEbx/9oDUqrLDf29myaAFhZCOAoAAMDXCUgB4Gz4Fvi+fbfWAQO6cGMsDGfP2BAAmKqunexP/J9/iIgrjQ8Au1WCkyOihFP8oivYkXLY/7ec85WgFAAAABjG1PO57+tFYJvQ6+ViL3LOBw08BzDfhXAUAACA+wlIARhYXQR/4T3wIG4xBoZSN4973egFpjurt08AADzWnLUT6y4A0JCIKAGqLwUos0OHNSjlraIeAAAAWLzjiS/wclMNExHXKaXbTf39Gza1PYFGlHXRlNKJ/gAAALifgBSAsSk+ebj9nPNZLw8LsCYXiiBgOHslJEW3AwCPkXMuN/vtT2y0DxFxpcEBoC0RUQ5gH1kfZMdKEcAfOecLob4AAACwPDnn4xl7TBsLSKl6vVzMuR/omHAUAACA7xOQAjCoetuaxbPHOXf4EhhJRHzqeKMXmO7MmAcAeKQ5IbzmHADQqHpTbtlP+qiP2LEfU0o3OWeXPwAAAMCyHE98Ne/q2bZN2nQAy6aUCyGPOn12GFoJilbfAQAA8H0CUgDG5QDh4+1JVgcGVDZcbnU8DMWYBwB4sHrAcurNfrcR0evhUgAYQi00Kd/37/Q4O1bWrF7lnEtQyqnOAAAAgL7Vy3umBqRsfH8pIm5SSu83/XM2xNoJdKauef6o3wAAAL7v79oIYDw55wPpwpOdlXTmLSTPAzSh/L6rt3K+0SMwFGMeAOCh5oTwCvAFgA7U9YHTnPMnB7RpQAnne1MLBs4j4kqnAACwKfWc3cE9f/3Ryn+/b0x6Uwvr4atqOMSze/59+WdP6n+/Til9uW//KSKutSwLcFwDUR/rbosB/OXnvOiwqY/L7xjnfhhdvexj1UFEvG2tWepapzO6sAVfmeN9OS43xwNYgHvWXcr/fe33OSyDgBSAMSk+ma5sxpxpQ2AkZUOohqRMvRUe6I8xDwDwXfVA2eHElrpt8fAZAPB1EVECVa8d1KYRZRz6W875XQ1KcZANAIBHyzk/q8Vxn//zoBZLPH3E3/Xqvn+Yc/78Xz/U/yxFdje1EEO4xQBWii9X32dpxrr6f628vz7WAJXPQSpXijfpyOnER91WOMrnc3MXE4NcdmmvBtDYi2PRVr5rj1YCDr41lvvQ2udCOAqslzkewFi+8nv/2TfmcM/r726gc6EDAcZS0+/+rdtnuasJ0pLVgWHYhIEhGdtb6DgAACAASURBVPMAAN+Uc76acZD7pYAUAOhTDUm77LAwhOUq61gXESHsF4CtqWOi33pq8YhwXrQTM9fdtulDRHx5K3+z6uf22cqfxxTIbcKHWlB3FRH33VBOR+q5zM/vsaPvFONsw10NTfEeo0k11OCPic/2fJvv6Zxz2c862dbPW6OPEfFsaz8NtqCO545mfNc2NX7taF752trrPOZ4m2GOBzCWOo9cXXeZ8t261fkksDk2vAAGk3M+/1qiKY9ioQ8YTs65JKXu63kYijEPAHCvmYe1biPiQMsCQL/qTUxXQlJozG1K6SwitnaTNADjEpDCJimem28lrGJOwcQ23dUgyreKNPqRcz5eeZ/tuhjzId7XufxlRLgtmZ3KOZ+llH6e8Axb32Oq62C/b/NnrtEPEXHd6bPvRC26PB3wpac6Dmnq+6F+/j5/365jPPeo8esW3g9nnayxfw596FET72tzvPnM8TZnJXxq3Z7UvtqGgxk1Ds287+uFtpsa627zNT6ZOUfeaYDFBj8TzWuxZmADay8CUmAhbHgBDKQuCtw4rLoWZcHiICI+LeC1ADxIXXR7o7VgKMY8AMC9Zh7geRkRb7UsAPStHg6/7KQIjLGUA/unCv4A2CQBKWyS4rlpNlBAuysl+O+8hljYp21IPX95vPI+6/kc5sdSrCkshV2ZcVHXLxFxtu3H7vhisZ20V896HOevURPFonVMd1q/b9f9uXtsQMrI74elaOV9bY43wdLmeK2ek3EJd1MBKb38rti0XQekDPuZaGH9eAtrLwJSYCH+piMBhtJLynAP9mp7AgyjLsze6nEYijEPAPA/6iGUqRvyd8JRAGAZagHVUS2qgpaUseof5QBjPUQHAMBClVtkc84XtXD991rA0nsx0X69vOYm52yvtgH1ffa2Xk5X+ubFAs5hlrDTn+vc6bJemgRbUfeZpoYe7GqPqde9LZ/txxNOtgMljPuLMd2PnYYSATN9HnsvcY6Xc/7U6Lj7uoFn4E/GIW3QDztQgukWuPYCbJCAFIBB1MN/NkzX68yhSmBA5zodhmPMAwB8ac4a04XWBIDlqLeZl5CUD7qVBpWD09flQLXOAQBYjlJYXwvmynzk1wUX0JYikJ9LYWApEmngeYZS9shr6OJNfZ+dLLgw50Ut2LwRNMmWTC0Mvo2IXRXw9hqQsicA6XHqe+xlT8/csxqEUG7w/0MoCozrc1H8yhzvZMFzvDetzfEi4jKl9K9y4VEDjzO0iCj7Wb+M3g67FhHlbNu7sVthO+ray1lde/lt4WsvwJoJSAEYx5lB4trtCZ0BRlNver/V8TAUYx4A4L/K7V11M3KKOwEpALA8JSQlIo4cFKNR5RD1r6XQoo5lAQDoUBnLrYRV/D5YwUQZ0/6Wc7a2ugX1vVbOxvy7hi6OVKi9X1+zoBQ2bWpgx85+D0bETccBwYJjH6mekfxBofjmlOCelRCyw6W+TuDrvpjjjVYU39wcr4akPEspfWzgcYYWEeW89nPjkN2KiDJn+WnkNtikz98BZf2hhAMLyQOmEJACMIC6UaWodTPObAQCAzrX6TAcYx4A4LM584GLUkCtJQFgmepBMSEptKoUWvxRD9sBANCJWjx7VcZyA4ZVfOnHnPO1fdvNWAlG+WNGSPhS7K0GpQzeFqxZzvl4RvHz5Y774+2Of/5UL4TGPl5EXKeUjhQnr1fOuZxBK/vFbxTCwpjM8f6iqTleDYRzIUIDIqJ8Rsr47f3obbFLEVFCjF6O2wLr98Xay6uBgrGADRCQAjCGORsKfNue8BlgNPWGhFsdD0Mx5gEAUj08OfVg+N0ub/YDALZDSAodeFVupMw5H+ksAIA2fXGT+JsadsefntbQimfaYz0Eo3zT3soc6rjh56QvpxOf9mMt2t2ly47DMqa2+9BWQlKclZypBiKUz/DPahpgPCtzvE/meP+jzPGuW5njlUuP6l6fUIgdq31R5mE/Dd0QO1brZnweZipBUDWA9draC7AuAlIAxiDFf7PO3MwBDMh3C4zHmAcAmDMPuCib98O3IAAMQEgKHSg3Uv6Wc7603gUA0I57bpEd+SbxbylFxVdCUuZZKc7ZVTDKbb0N/HVK6Xn984+oUko/1H9W/v3HHTzfqvJZ/LXOoQ52/Cx0rM7BX0x8BW93/crrPtflrp9jIgEpE9WQlGcN/C7uUgkpzjlf10AEYzsYzD1zPAFJ99tvbY5XQyF+EBK2exFxUfvCWGRHVj4PvYYl7lQJyithv74HgHUTkAKwcHUgaUFxs8oA/WzJLxDgS3Whx6InjMWYBwAGVg89Tz0kXjaIL7x/AGAcNSTlF11O417U2/eteQEA7FAtnL3aYVBFjz6HpAj8m+CL4pxtuq1z5R8i4qDcBh4R5xFxVf/8N2S8FOTXf1b+fSmU/GcDYaQv6u32ghaY6njG/7aVYJKdB7VMtF++b7t88gbU389HCpMfrgaRlf3h31JKT3t5bmA9zPEmaW6OtxIS9qGBxxla7Ysje6+7s9IHQlIeqIQ+1e+CN4JRgE0QkAKwfHNu9uXhztyOAAzIdwyM58whOwAY1pyi0cvVg90AwBgioowfXupuGlcO5P1cDujZ6wMA2K6VorlSOHuo+R9NSMoj1Rvsd1GcU4JRXtZQlLNaWPUoEXFTw0j/ueMCxdJub3LOl957TDB1r+l9+Qy00OAluKjjS8WEG82wEpLyvtsXsSU55+MaRPbjEC8Y+C9zvNlaDEn5FBHl++91A48ztNoXZTz9LyEdu7ESkuKS4e/IOZc6o999FwCbJCAFYMFqUv++Pt6KPUEBwGgi4q0FHhjO3sziaACgQ/XwxZxDk9ZMAGBQdQ1RSAo9KAf0/qgH9gAA2CBFc2v1NKV0saDXszE557LPfb3l91wpWvupBqO8XcdfWINSSkHWT+v4+2Z4Udqz3Ai94+egEzWU9OnEp71s7FWu5fO8AyeCjeaphckl/ONdz69jU8r7K+dcxiW/bjmIDNgxc7y1etriGZuIOBfM0YaIKGPjgx0HZw6rhqSUefDH0dviPjWYtrTRq/aeDlgaASkAy+YA33aduFkOGJCbJWA8Z8Y8ADCcsxmH2N61cqsfALAbQlLozKtycE+RHwDA+pUxlqK5jShn1o4X+LrWohZrlwKyn7dcrF2K1Z5FxEYCbOrfu+sCxf16w72zQzzEnMt4BKSsj8/rGkTEqZCUv6praWWc92NLzwVsljnexvzY4hyvBnMIhmhADW1rIThzSKX9U0pHPgt/VX9vXc8IxgR4FAEpAAtVN5329e/WCaUBhhIRVxKIYTh7xjwAMI56k9ycQ6vGDQDA55CU11qCTpSDe7/nnI1lAQDWoN4eW+YEvyua25i3dS2XFbVYuxTnvNhyu/xSitU2HR5eCxSPNvkzHqCcH3hj/sQDTC3yfV8LEJtRP9u9npcTkLImNSRFUfL/1yxcKYaFcZjjbcVFi3O8Og46EhTWhhqc+YOgju1bCUl5P9prv0/OubwXf91yMC0wuL+P3gAAC2YRezfKjRznbkYGBnNe07+BcRjzAMA4zmZsXr4zXgAAPouI83JotqwraBQ68arednYaEdc6DQDgcVbCl+esMfIwe7WdhVRUtVj7zQ5+9MsaEroVZa6Sc365o9e6qsyfDmpgAPxFzvloxoWPW/s8PdLbTgvCn5bwKOsc61GKknPOnxr4HbwzNSDr1YJf4s0Gg797Wiv/UENweuS8whqZ423VfqtzvBoMcZpzvhr5O7AVdU5YxtsX9mC3q34Wjmtg1JBtX78XLoVlAbsgIAVggerkxuByd84F1AAjiYirnPMH3z0wHGMeAFi4lcMtUzmMDwD8RSmUyjknB/ToSLn59vec8+sS8qPjAAAepgbNXcwoiOfxSkDFW6HV/3n/7ao4aavhKJ+Vn1kCD1JKP277Z3+hXLSShKRwj6nvibuIuGy0QS/r91yPxeFnzvusT/0dnEYsEB+hGLiOqzayJljrPXppvytro5jj7cRZy3O8+h14XcdF3hc7tBJac1mD/AQYbdGo+9/1XOFV3UsF2Lq/aXKARbIAtVsn9QZEgJH47oHxGPMAwPLNufXnnYP4AMB9aqHUO41DZ0qx6XUtOgQA4CvK/mG9RfpXBVI7MfTZjVKcU99/w4SjfBYRZT3/465+/oqTWjAPq44ntkar4Sifi1Cbfb7vmNoffEX9/f9DCfUZoY12/H0LbJk53k7tzbzUaOMiogSklH2TD3039TLUcEH9sQN1//vlKK+37pfeCEcBdklACsDC1DThQ/26c4ICgKFExJXFNBiSMQ8ALNuc2+MuvDcAgK8RkkKnyiG/33PO1sQAAO5Rx0nXzq7t1HG9wXc4KzcX7+L9926X4SgrWgk9EJLCf+WcT2eE8bceQNLr+3yv9gtrVAvEj5YekrLj71tgy+oc7w+f+Z06bX2OV4LjIqJ8B75u4HGGVy6z0h+7UdcFFh+SUsNRrmbM8wDWQkAKwPI4kNeGssl3MHojAMPxHQTjMeYBgIWqByOn3v7zoR4CBAD4qhqS8l4L0aFXOefregAQAGB4ZVxUxkdlnKQ4Yuf2ZgZfd2mlWHsXNxd/rPPbnSuFcA0VwQlJ4bOpwT239Qb8ZtULxW477WkBKRuwEpLS6/vim3b8fQts0RdzPHarmzleRJQ6gn8tPSysF7U/fljquKRVKyEpi/wcCEcBWiIgBWBBcs5H0lmbIigAGErd9P2g12E4xjwAsExzvuONDwCAhyqHOj9qLTpUCkF+zzmf6TwAYGT1RvHfFco2Zagx6o6Lte9mhD9sykVDBXAn9XcEg6oX7ryY+OqbDkdZ0WsQ0KELkTajhqQ8W+ia56UxHyyfOV6Tupnj1YC7pX4PdmdlXPJu9LbYphqScrS0kJQ6fxCOAjTj77oCYFEcwGvLfzb46s0MAKMoC+O/6W0YijEPACxMzrkUKu9PfFUfangiAMB3RcSnegGAm0fp1c8551IQeWp9DAAY0OEOL/MqARCr46+vrUk+qcVAxcGMdc+e7JcbfWsh1KLtOBylaG6fvM6zy9mdNw08TvEq53xTC8QYz5wAoV7eM+U5XzXwHFOcuvRgM5a45plzfusSVxiCOV6buprjlTlS/R78dwOPM7wyLinjvhpu4bt8S8rndWU82H2gSF1/uRSOArREQArAQsxMWmdzzusmAsAQSiFkzvmDBTQYjjEPACzLnMOQDlICAI+yUjBw41AVnSrr4eWg42m9HREAgPUoBXLXK39KUc91Le6ZrBSW1YK6o/pniQV1p0u/bK2BcJQSFn6xo5/9TSWMpIaktPLevsg5X48Q2sP/mHqO5LazAuBez8oJSNmglTXPt72f7885l++7kwYeBeifOd50Xc3x6vdgA08Cu7MSkvJ2AaF5LjsBmvM3XQKwGBap23RSw2sARuI7CcZjzAMAC1GKOmccFikHwr92iw8AwFfVw6/lgNidVqJTJdzn15zzZS3UBADg8UqB+euU0vOU0j8i4iAijiPivATRlbXHuYVzqRaolACJiCgBd2WP84eU0ruF9ddxA8+wMQ2Eo6QOihNbOrtT5kvmSoOphcpTP6NvO2ut3p73s/2c86K/L3atjFvKWKbncUbdO/6xgUcB+rSrOd5zczygBTX4seyBf+y1Q3LOSwh4ARZIQArAAtRiVMnM7RIUAAylFkR+0OswHGMeAFiGOd/pxgMAwGQrB8SgZ+VG4M83wgEA8G3l9vBfSvFa/OmoFsqtpUjuoWoxXSn+/Ud9niXYr+EES3Wx4+Kcd3UO27LLxkJI9zsOkWCa0xnt1tt7pbXP22Mott6COs7oTh1LXCy5b4C1a2WOd1V/9/5zQUEp+y4xhD7V33+th6zeq4blqVcFmiQgBWAZFJ+07cRiBDAg300wHmMeAOhcvSVuf+KruK1hiQAAk9UCs5dakM6VMfVvOWfr5AAA/6sUzP1UCtXq7eFnrawrloKV8jwppR96vtl3xSJD++o4e9fFOc2P9WsBVmshEy9yzl0WhTHJ1OCNjxFx01OT18/bZQOPMkU56/Okv8dm0+r7onyP7Gls4DtanuPd1KCUpczxBJsBW1PD8t5ocaBVAlIAOleLUKXxtc/tB8BQ6uL2B70Ow1H0AQB9m3Mw2TgAAFiLiHhbD9NC717lnK+ECgMApLt6a/cPtWDuouXi9xrceLSAm8YXF5BSQ75f7fgx3nUU3nDRwDN86dwcaflmBvL3eta25zPCpw08A+0pe79P9QvwFWWO94s53tYtMgQTaM9KWB5AswSkAPRP8UkfDnPOFiSA0fiOgvGcOMwEAH2q6xaHEx/+thYyAwCsRTlMu4CDqpDqGPu6FocBAIym3ND9MiKelFu7a1FaFyLiU71pvOd5yaLOqtWbi1tYh+7mLEwtUm3tpvw9RVZDmDMHvuyxgeplYrcNPMoUcy5QYIHqvvGP+ha4x+oc78wcb+uedfzsQF+E5QHNE5AC0LFafHqiD7shKAAYSt34VcQA4zHmAYA+zfkO9/0PAKxdPajaWiEXTFEKAH/NObd4ezsAwCa8Tyk9j4hnvQcrd15At7eUyy1Wbi7e2/GjfGj5ZvyvaPEzWC6bE8iwUPXzOvVc8/sOP2Orev3O268hVLD6nTtFGTP9q3xfaklYnKXN8d438ChT7LvAENi0GWF5JTDyZf3Ta3gk0BEBKQB9O9V/XTmsEwWAkSiUhPGc2IQBgL7U9YrDiQ992/sBGACgaUdCUliQH3PO19bOAIAFK0Wx/4yI43qhylKcdTwvWUrBeys3F/cYenjZwDPc57wW4bM8xzNeUavv14fqeb9MaBGfle/c/Ue2xvs6BjyNiMuIOKpBKQpjoX9LneOddvw7SqgZsGmPXfu4Sym9Lr+fyhnC+ueg/rM7vQVsioAUgE7VzSEL0v0RFAAMpd7q0ettSsB0xjwA0Jc5392+9wGAjYmIT/WgqsNTLEUp6iwhKXMKxgAAWvNupSj2Zmm9szIv6VH3xXMzbi5et7tS9N3AczxK/Uy2GPCz12ngDN835/dl1wEp9fP2oYFHmeJYaBE1rPox37klXOB5DU74yxiwBqUojIV+meO1S0AKsDE558cG1H6owSjn9Xfrf5V/llI6UEsEbIqAFIB+ndVNIvpyWDdtAUaiYBLGc+ImXADoQ12nOJz4sLfl1gddDQBsUkRcd3xQFe5T9nh/zTkrBgQAeleKYn9YatHcqjov6bGgo+tzarVYv5U16J6DG1pdxy/nChR4Lkg9JzJ1z+n9lwV1nep136ysVQhz5dUjWuB9LYa9+tb/k8JY6M5Ic7yrTn83GT8Dm/SY8eDriDj61vdFmeOV75Ty3dJxmCTQKAEpAB2qG39n+q5bggKAodRFDxtcMB5jHgDow5xiY+EoAMBW1Fu6f9LaLMyPOedrQcMAQMduanDIKHrc/3zSwDPMUdp8v5Fn6Tng8JvF6zsmOHJZ5gRsLGXPqaxh3TXwHFMIKOahfomI44eGGimMha6Y47XPfgKwa2W+868ahPcg5bulhKmU/10N4wKYTUAKQJ/Oalo3fTqstzMDjERQAoznRHEHALStflefTHzIOweXAYBtiogLQcws0NOU0rW9QwCA9nV6OczTBp5hkjpG/rGRx7nruVC0PnurBUjOUi7L1Isf72o4bvdqYESvr+XQOR8e4GVETPqsK4wFWmOOB/Bo5bzg0dT5W/nfRUSZc7zuOFgSaISAFIDO5JyfzNhEoB2CAoChdLqIDMy3lBt+AGCp5qxPXDz0VjAAgDUqe2QfNSgLUy7G+C3nbP8QAKB93YVGd1zs3lJbLyG44aqBZ/gac6EFyDk/SyntT3wliwhHWdHzWRnn0/mWEo4y+/2tMBZojDkewMN8DkeZHSAbEWUd4Jn6ImAOASkA/Tmth+Tom5sPgBE50ADjMeYBgEbVAxMnE5/ursdDIgBA/2pA27GD8yzUq5zzZb0wAwCABtUikN5CG7srnss5nzV2M7qAlM1yrmAZ5gRrLCogJSLK5+22gUeZ4ri/R2ZL3q0jHGVVLYw9UBgL7FKd4/X2vS0gBdiFs3WEo3xWLmCOiFIj+zyl9EGPAo8lIAWgP9K5l0NQADCUsohhMwuGZMwDAG2a8x19UYuTAQC2rq4zKtZgqV6klK7rzdsAALSpt0L+rornamBga3vMLYeLPFTrr8G5gv5NXau5jYhFBaRUaw2S2KL9nLN1N770sRavrl3Zc65/9w8KY4Ed6m0sImQd2LZf1h2W91kJmIyIEpr6suOgSWAHBKQAdCTnXBYA9/XZYrj5ABiRAw0wHmMeAGhMzrkciD+Z+FR3JSBFnwIAu1Rv4n2tE1iosh98VfeGAQBoj4CUzSoXyO019DwflxAYXsNG7xp4lK9xrqBjNVBj6ud2ieEoqeOAlMJ6BKvuthFWHRHXtTD2XwpjgR3obTwiYB3YprIusvHL/msAy7N6BqDl9QugEQJSAPqiqHx59CkwlHrg4p1eh+EY8wBAW+Z8N79dwmFwAKB/EXHuVlEWrBSWvck5CycEAGhMKeBVqLEZOecnNSClJVcLauLrBp7hW1rrex5uTqBGz0EiX1XPyPW6bvWiXrYAxUV9P29FRFxGxIHCWGCbaig/APfb2ly9nEmsZwCeqTkCvkdACkAn6g1h+/prcdx8AIxIUAKMx5gHABpRD5jPueVLgSYA0JJjN4qycD/mnC/rOB4AgHa0HjSxqqd92osaFtiSnvr6e1ov/BTK0KE6X30x8clva+jUUvUc/jJnL5HluK0FqltXf+6Bwlhgi3oKNnvWwDMAY3i3ixCpEtAXEaWO9rkLU4CvEZAC0A/F5Mulb4Gh1BsFbFzBeIx5AKANZzMOmL/b5g1hAADfU26RUrDBAEqh2VXO2aFnAIB2uGF8zdYQ7r0pSwpv6OG1bO1matZmzue25wCRh7hMKd21/5j38lkk7fqsV1n7rYWxPyiMBbagpzmeQHVgW3Y9HryKiBL8+9KlKcCXBKQAdCDnXBb39vXVYh3WPgYYiaAEGE8Z8/R0OxkALE49YD7nQKNxPADQnHrT8E96hoV7WkNSrK8BALRhSaEZrZgT7r0xdc65FD28Fuco+zNn32nRASk12PeygUeZYt8axPDuWnn/lu9ihbHAFrgsCOCv3rdykVpElLljuUjidcchlMCaCUgB6IMk7uVTYAQMpS6W/KLXYTjGPACwW3MOmL9rZdMTAOBLEXFRDmlpGBaujOV/yznbOwYA2L1PHfXBswae4ZvWEO69KR8afKbJOlnj33PZXD9yzgc10HOKj4PsO/UakJIEFg3vsob8NENhLLBhPY1LDhp4BmD5mgq0LGPTiDiv48F3DTwSsGMCUgAaVxO4p24g0I99G3vAgM5tVMFwDt0wAwC7sYYD5oLOAIDWnVpvZBA/55wXfcs2AEDrIuKqo06aGpq9TceNPucSwxt6CH05buAZeJg5+05DzGsjogSk3DbwKFMc1/1FxnTR4qtWGAtsSmdzvP0GngFYtrs6l2lOCdqMiHIu4PnSgm2BxxGQAtA+xSfj0NfAUOoNA01upAEbZcwDALtxNuOA+btBbvEDADpW1xsVUTGKk5zzlUIlAAAWotU95CWui/fwml7knN2K34c56zBNFtttSK+vdc9a27BKQex1yy9eYSwAwEY1P4cpwVYRUS5tfdlxKCUwg4AUgIbV2/UP9dEw9nPOp6M3AjCcC7e6wnAO6zgXANiuObf4CTYEALpQb/h7rbcYRNlHLiEpz3Q4AMBOKMZdg7p33OoN6E0Xh0/US+iLUIbGzfzsvh8smL/nfbY5+4v066qXJ1cYC6yZOR7An3oaD75NKT2rZwTUJcFABKQAtM3t+uPR58BQ6q2uii1hPMY8ALBFNZB1b+JP/ND6DWEAAKsioqw7fNQoDOKpkBQAADrX8oVinxp4hnXrZb3fRXPtm9NHzd9Gvk41DKbXtaqnOeeDBp6D7epub1hhLADAWnU1Hiw1SfWMQBkPvmvgkYAtEJAC0Kiarn6of4azX4uWAEZyYVMKhnNYx7sAwHbMCScTbAYA9OjYmiMDKWGIv9tjBADga1otbs85P6nzt1YtMTy8l9AXoQztm/PZHSogper5ArGzBp6B7brqsb0VxgIjqXMpgI3o9TK1Ek4ZEWW/9Hm5FK6BRwI2SEAKQLsUn4xL3wNDKRtTnW8CA9MY8wDAFtQiyf2JP+lDRHR5AA4AGFu9mdfaA6N5k3NWtAQAsD09rZ22GjRxXAP/mlTPsyxKZ2v+LYfnDK3uPU397L5f4mfrAXoOhRHIOp6bnl+xwlhghp4CAZ418AzAMn3s/VWVtY+IKBe5vkwp3TbwSMAGCEgBaFBNvj/UN8Pad8MbMKALN7rCcA5zzke6HQA2bk5hsKJiAKBbEVHWHN/rQQbzc875rU4HAKATLQdgOMOye84TtGvOZ3fIOWsNhXnXwKNMsedM81hq+HT3FMYCE4wY4gbwpcX8LoyItzVQ6rV1HlgeASkAbVJ8gvcAMJS6CXyh12E4xjwAsEH1sOL+xJ/wobObJAEA7nPqsBMDOsk5X+acn+h8AABaVcerLxp+xJ5uj3+sXm6DfmFe0556AeTUz+5dRFwuuX2+o+fX3nKgFXzTSmHs85TSmdYCAPimRYVFlTqliDhfGQ8ueb0HhiIgBaAxdfPgRL8Mb1/iOjCgC8UKMJzDnLNbnwBgc+aEkQkyAwC6V4OZ7bcwolKsdqWYEACAhtkn3p2eip28T9ozJyhj5HCUVMNhbht4lCle1PPtLN+HJb7CWhh7FREKYgEAvm2R46WIuKnjwUUFwMDIBKQAtEfxCZ95LwBDqYsNF3odhmPMAwAbkHMuB1T3J/7Nt2VDUL8AAEtQi0/e60wG9LSGpDzT+QAANGhOyALz3HTUfgJS2jMniHbogJSq5zYQQgwAAAA0QUAKQENquvaJPqHazznbUABGUwJS7vQ6ztlu+wAAIABJREFUDOUw5+xQEwCs39mMv1GAGQCwNKfWHRmUkBQAAFrVekDKIm9MrnoKSBGk05A6t3w68Ylua4jt6Hq+PMx5ZgAAAKAJAlIA2qL4hC95TwBDiYhPnW8EA9MY8wDAGtXwscOJf2M5oPpWfwAAS1LXHRVxMKo9ISkAALSkjk33Gu+UTw08A39eMnegHZoxZ21FOMqfa1QloOhjA48yxb4LkAAAAIAWCEgBaETdxDnRH3yhbCjMufEZoEcXbnOF4RzmnBUpAcD6zAkfE1wGACxSvaX4vd5lUKX49HdrcAAANEKB/W5dd/a83i/tmDOnFM7//3q+PMy6AgAAALBzAlIA2mHRmK85zzk/0TrAKOptrj1vBAPTKMYGgDWoN7cdTvybbiPCAVUAYMlOhTMzuDdCUgAAaIDAi9066Ox5nzXwDMPLOR/X8M0pyv5Tb8E8m3TZ8bOfOM8MAAAA7JqAFIAG1MXiM33BV+x5fwADulCoAMPZV5wBAGsxJ3RMYBkAsGg1nNn6A6MTkgIAwK4JSNmynPOznPPbnHOZF//c2eN7v7TheMZTCOdfUden3jXzQI83570AAAAAMJuAFIA2nM1IVmcMZ1LXgZHUjWDhUDAeRdkAMEPOuRwSPpz4N5Tb+xxQBQAWLyLKLb0f9DSDKyEpF6M3AgAA21eCOpyV3I6c80EZ9+ecb1JKv6eUTjpt+6cNPMPQ6tnVkxltYP/pf1229kCP4EwfAAAAsFMCUgB2rG4cWCzme/a8T4DR1OLMWx0PQ9l3ey0AzDLne9ThVABgJGXcdKfHGdyP5Qb50RsBAICte6bJN6eGopTL2K5TSn+UcX/Zh1/A6zpq4DFGdjzztf+R+YuU0q8dv5+e1rArAAAAgJ0QkAKwe2duROCBzmqgDsBIzvU2DMfnHgAmKIeeZ9zeV4qD3R4PAAwjIm6sQcB/nAhJAQBgyxTVr1k5U1guIsk5X9VQlJ9LgMGiXqT3za656IYvufARAAAA2BkBKQA7VMMuLBLzUHveL8BoIqIczL7V8TCU/XJ4S5cDwKPNKfC9iIhPmhwAGElElIC4jzodhKQAALBVgi7WJOd8nHO+TCn9O6X0JqV0uIgXdj/vmx2pAf1Lfm8xzbF2AwAAAHZFQArAbp3W0At4qLMarAMwEje5wnh87gHgEerh1JOJbXZXAlK0NwAwKCGt8CchKQAAbIugixlqKMrbnHMJPf81pfSi2xfzOM5M7o61E+6z5/IjAAAAYFcEpADs1pn255H2vG+A0UREOZR9q+NhKPsOUgDAo8wJF7uIiE+aGwAYUURcp5R+0fnwH0JSAADYqHoxmAvlHinn/CznfJFzvqmhKCcLb8dyRuh9Sul1Sul5SukfEXHcwHONytkNvsZ7AwAAANiJv2t2gN2oBZ/7mp8JzsqGp+IlYDCl4PONToehlM+9ggwA+I6c80E9DD3FXQlI0cYAwODOa0GHIj34MySlzDGO7UUCALABzzTqw3wel9fL1JZ8zrTsU5Tw0qv6n9cRcdPAc1HDeZxz5hsOy+8qn1kAAABg2/6mxQF2Zs7Nvoxtr258AgwjIt7WG2KAcezXUEEA4NvmrDG9VfQIAIzu/9i726s6jqxtwLW9nv/ojQAcgTQRgCMQEwE4AjMRSI7AOAJDBEYRGCIYFIEhghER1LtqvDWDPfqA0+ejq+u61vLyH5vTXdWnT1V37btyPOS9C/zXYStOzN39AQBgnXoaYx5s+wPbGLy9I6+1tqCQ30spPy0wnOKmlPJjKeXvpZRvI+JFRBxFxNuIuBK0MDuel/A11vUAAAAAWycgBWAHstBTqjpTnFmUCAxIuBiMx/ceAL4gnw2cTGijc+0LAPCfgOYbTQH/8VJICgAAG/Cqo0bdSkDKo1CUq1LKv0opv+R4fAnaPPvnUsr3pZS/xR+EofTlePQG4KsEpAAAAABbJyAFYDcUejLVnnR+YDRZpHCv42Eo+xkuCAB82pRnA5cWHwMA/In3LvBnQlIAAFg3Y8tUaz2utbZ1MHcZivJ6Fge2uvftvcMnwlDO2nqfiLjt9cRG1a7RXKcKX7Kf1woAAADA1ghIAdiyLPDc1+6swZkFicCAhIzBeHzvAeAT8pnAlCJev7EAAI9ksdbP2gT+REgKAADr9Grk1qy1vqq1ntdaP5RSfi2lnHQaQPExDOUfpZTvMgzlVUScCkNZFJvZ8FQCUgAAAICtEpACsH12n2Nd9lxPwGjaQopSyr2Oh6HsZ8ggAPBnZxMWTl9GxJ32BAD4Hy1E7kGzwJ+0kJRzTQIAwGAO1nG6tdaDDEVpz+T/WUr5obNQlLZG510p5cdPhKGcR8T1DI6RNcuQzNfalSc6EawKAAAAbJOAFIAtqrUe5QIyWJez9hJVawKDsdM9jMf3HgAeyUWGU0JT/bYCAHxCRHwQTg+f1IqdLjQNAAAT9bTObX/V/zFDUdq6vttSyu8ZirLy39uih8dhKKWU/xcRBxFxHBFvhaEMxSY2PJdrBgAAANgaASkA26X4hHXbc10Bo4mIi9yhBhjHfq3VYgoA+K+zCTtMXkbEnbYEAPi0fP74XvPA/xCSAgDAVD2EhKykBZu3d9q11qsMRflp5pvptTCUmwxD+Xsp5duIePE4DCVDRBmT9Rk8l8BhAAAAYGv+T1MDbEet9aiUcqi52YC2GPGt4iZgMO2l6q86HYbSQuEUYAAwvLbIeuIiw/PR2xAA4AnaeOs3DQX/o72XbEFCiuUAAFi8tuazBYV86TxrrccZJvF65u3RwlBuSyntfG6tNeRzaq0HE8N9vtO4K2tt/0unx942PnoVEbczOBYAAABg4QSkAGzPW23NBr2V2g+MJCKuaq03wsdgKG0xxWnu4gwAI2uLrfdWPP8bCxMBAL6uFcDVWt91UOAGuyAkBQCAoeVmeacTn9dv0scwlNsMQ/FegOeYEtL/7muhQnxZrfVsYkDNLp1ZxwwAAABswzdaGWDz8oWYAm426SST+wFGInwMxuN7DwDTfg/9lgIAPN2UgiBYuvZuUpAxAABLd/Tx/Gqtr2qt57XWu1LKb21MPJNwlPellMtSyj9KKX+LPxxFxFnbfEQ4Cis4ntBoVxp8sp7n2se11hczOA4AAABg4QSkAGyH4hO2wXUGDCV3HLnR6zCU/dwtBwCGVGttu67tr3juN3btAwB4uohoRW8/azL4rBPP6gAAWLiDNuattbaQkX+WUn6Y8Ix+He4fhaF8l2EoryLiNCLOhaEwVW4GOeUaF5AyXc8BKXsTA3YAAAAAnkRACsCGtZ0DSimH2pktaIsQDzQ0MBjhUDCet3acAWBgU8a/xs4AAM/XxlAP2g0+66cMcgQAgCU6aWPeUsrLHZxbC0N5V0r5sYWhlFL+X0QcPApDEYjOJkyZ311GxAe9Mk224buOT8EzAgAAAGDjBKQAbJ5ds9gmxU7AUHLBx41eh6HsGWMDMKIsOlx1174bi6UBAJ4vi1LONR180S9CUgAAYJKHXPvy1zCU44h4257vC55g03KjmuMJH3Olk9bmouNjP7TRIwAAALBpAlIANigf8p5oY7boxMsFYEDCoWA8Z7k4BwBGMmXca8wMALCiVoyWO3cDn9dCUqYU0gEAwCgeh6H8vZTybUS8iIgjYSjs2HFuWLOKh4gQkLIm2ZYPHZ+CTY8AAACAjRKQArBZik/YBdcdMJTcCf9Gr8NQ9iyoAGAkuRv7/oqn/D7HzAAArM67F/i6i1rrK+0EAAB/0taz/FxK+f4TYShXEXGnuZiJKaGXwlHW76LjYxegCgAAAGyUgBSADam1HpRSTrQvO3CS1x/ASBQowHjOaq0v9DsAgzidcJrnLhIAgGkiohWl3GtG+KIWanwtJAUAgIG9fxSG8rf4QwtDOWvzSmEozFWuN3094fB6DvOYq57bdL/WKiQFAAAA2BgBKQCbo1CbXXL9AUPJHfFv9DoMpRVcnOlyAJau1npUSjlc8TTvs5gXAIDpPIeAr/sYkiLYGACApWthKJellH+UUr7LMJRXj8JQbl0BdGRKmMV9rttijfIe8r7jNp2y+QMAAADAFwlIAdiATFM/0bbs0ElehwAjEQ4F4zlTbAHAAKaMc42RAQDWJCKuhDTDkwhJAQBgae5LKe8+EYZyGhHnwiFYgClhFlcugI3peROE19YwAwAAAJsiIAVgM+wgxxwoggKGkgtOFCjAWPaMvQFYslrrUSnlcMVTbDv29bxwEgBgjrx7gad52UJStBUAAEsQEQcRcSwMhSWqtb7KOdyqvIvanN7b9ngGxwAAAAAskIAUgDXLnbCmpKnDupxIYAcGpEABxnNmN1oAFmzK+NbYGABgzYQ0w7O8rLUqlAMA4LH3PbZGhpnDUk1Z79zC+m9dGZsRER9KKe86PgUbHgEAAAAbISAFYP3Ocid7mAOLDoGhKFCAIe1ZVAHAEuWC68MVT60tSPVMAABgMwTRwdO1DR3OtRcAAOlDpw0hIIUlmxKQ4l3U5vXcxvsCpgAAAIBNEJACsEa5c73iTObk0AsGYEAKFGA8ZzkWB4AlmfKMSQEiAMCGCGmGZ/uh1jql4A4AAHbtWA+wRLXW44kbQgpI2bCIuCqlPHR8Cp4HAAAAAGsnIAVgvc4mviyATRAUAAwlCxTe6XUYyp6gQgCWpNZ6UEp5veIpPViQCgCwcd69wPP8YlMHAABKKdedNsJLG3awUFPCf95HxJ0LYyuuOj72Y/dPAAAAYN0EpACsST7AVZTJHB1acAgMyG8yjOfMogoAFmRKwe15RHxwMQAAbE6GNN9oYniWq1rrK00GAECnpgRJwOzk+oqTCcclrH97zjs+9j33TwAAAGDdBKQArM9ZPsiFObKTITCU3KHkUq/DUPaEIwGwBLXWgwkLUh86XyQJANAT717gefYyJEXIMQDAuK47PnMblLE0U0MrrlwR2xERt6WU+45PwVoeAAAAYK0EpACsz6m2ZMYOa61e0gKjUaAA4zlTYAHAAkwZx55HxAcXAQDA5kVEK+y70dTwLPudF8UCADBNz8+vp4ZJwNxMCa14l5tXsT09b5DwMjeIAAAAAFgLASkAa1BrPc3FXDBnggKAoeSL+Eu9DkPZs/MMAD3LxYEnK57CQ+eLIwEAeuTdCzxfK4y60G4AAOOJiNuOT3qv1iokhUXI91EvJ5zLlSth63pvc2t5AAAAgLURkAKwHhY/0oPDWuuRngIG4zcaxnNWa32h3wHo1JTx63lE9Lz7JgBAdyLiupRyo+fg2U5qrYqjAADG9L7jsz6dwTHAOky9lgWkbFluFPau41Nw/wQAAADWRkAKwES11vbQdl870glBAcBQ8uXwpV6HoezZeQaAHmXA18mEQ7cDOwDAbnj3Aqv5yQ78AABDuuv4pF/brIOFmBJW8U5g/870HEyzl+vtAQAAACYTkAIwnUWP9OSw1nqkx4DB+K2G8ZxZmAZAh6YEfF1mOCAAAFsWEdellBvtDiu5qLW+0nQAAEO57fxkFfjTtZyDTdkUsueQjq5FRNss4aHjcxCSCgAAAKyFgBSACTLNesqLAtgFQQHAULJQ9FKvw1D2JhaZA8BWZbDXlN8uc30AgN061/6wkvYc70rYMQDAUK47P1nvoendlGv4IUM62J2eA2pe11oPZnAcAAAAQOcEpABMo/iEHh3WWo/0HDAYv9kwnjMLKwDoyFkWBq7iMkMBAQDYkYhoxSn32h9Wsm8HcgCAcURE7wEp+9be0bnjCYdv7rZ7vYf0ns7gGAAAAIDOCUgBWFG+5NrXfnRKUAAwlCwYvdTrMJQ9Yx4AepA7pU/Zrc/vHQDAPBiXweraBg+9F3kBAPB07ztvK/M/ulRrPZ0Q2F8EpOxeRNx2HtIrIAUAAACYTEAKwOq85KJnh3ayAAbktxvGc1JrPdDvAMzc2YTFqJcZBggAwI5FxEXnBSqwaz9ksR4AAMt33fkZWntHr44nHPdDRAhImYeeA0b33T8BAACAqQSkAKwgH84eajs6JygAGEoWjl7qdRiOMQ8As1VrfZEBKavyOwcAMC89F6jAHJzXWl/pCQCAxes9IKV4Pk9v8p3U6wmHLRxlPnrvC+GoAAAAwCQCUgBW4+UWS3BoFzZgQH7DYTwntdYD/Q7ATLWd+vZWPLSbDAEEAGA+LtqOyvoDVtbmRxdZuAcAwEJFxBKCFg5zoz3oxdS1okJhZyLfD77r+BROzPsBAACAKQSkADxTvtQ61G4shKAAYCj5gvhSr8NwjHkAmKspv1F+3wAAZiYiPmRICrC6l75HAABD6Lm4/yPP6enJlICU+4i41duz0nvQ1PEMjgEAAADolIAUgOfzUosl2a+1Tt0ZAKA3Z3ZxheG03WcOdDsAc5Lz8f0VD+kmIq51KADALNlRGaZ7XWs9044AAIvWe3F/c1hrVeTP7OV6iZcTjnMJ39eluep8/Zs5PwAwF9YWA0CHBKQAPEOt9VV7qaXNWBihP8BQchdXRQowHmMeAOZmym+T3zUAgJmKiLtSyqX+gcl+qrUeaUYAgMVaSuDCea31xQyOA75kahjFhdadl1z/1vN99GWuyQcAluu+kzNbdXMrAGCHBKQAPI/EapZoP3etBhjJeee7aADPd5K7IgHAzuU8fNUX7DcRca0XAQBmTUAzrMeVYlMAgGXK4v53Czi5fetK6cDxhEN8HxG3OnmWeg+uce8EgGW7078AwKYISAF4oiymPNFeLJSdp4Gh5EIbRQowHmMeAOZiym+S3zMAgJnLwqEb/QST7XW+IzYAAF+2lLHem1rrqxkcB/yPWuvxxF3xew/hWKzcUOG+4/ObEtwDALA2Nl8EgP4ISAF4OsUnLNl+7l4NMJIWkPKgx2EoJ15kALBrOf9edSHq+1zsCADA/CkggvU4rLV6Vw8AsExXC1q3cVFrfTGD44C/mhpCIbRy3np+/rRn3TIAMBPWFQNAZwSkADxBFlGeaCsWzsJCYCgR8SFDUoCxGPMAsGtnEz7f+BUAoBMRcdH5Lr4wJ21H/iM9AgCwLLluYynhCy89w2duMrRnSkBKC+6/07Gz1ntAr4AURvZB7wPMhoAUAOiMgBSAp1FEyQj2pbEDAzpf0G5EwNOcZAAiAGxdFvS9XPFz77PIFgCAfhi/wfpc2ZEfAGCRlhQqcmL9HTPTwlH2JhyS5xozlwE2Nx2fwqE1PIwqIm51PrBwPQXtGY8AQGcEpAB8RT54PdFODEIYEDCU3I3IDj4wHmMeAHZlym+Q3y8AgP549gjr04r6rrQnAMCyZHFwz8X9f3Vea301r0NiYMcTT11ASh967yfBUgCwTD0FpBzN4BgAgGcQkALwdWfaiIHs28UCGFArUnjQ8TCUEzvQALBttdb2Mv1wxY+9jwiLUAEAOpMBzZf6Ddam7SwtPBIAYHmW9Py7Bftd11pfzOBYGFiuiXg9oQXe5XMN5u+q87Vv1izD/AkOAJbOemIA6IyAFIAvyJdUHrwyGosKgaHky3w7ucJ4jHkA2LYpvz1+twAA+uXZI6zXGzvyAwAsSwaE3y/opISkMAfHE4/hSi/2Ide+9dxfbWPHqdcrADA/PYXt7dt0EQD6IiAF4MvO8mUVjKRN7gUDAaM573wnDeD5TrzQAGBbaq1tR6XDFT/uPheHAwDQoYi4LaW813ewVleKTQEAFmdpQeEvhaSwY2cTP15ASl96f5coIIVR3XRy3tbYAau47azVjmZwDADAEwlIAfiMfDE19QUB9MrO1MBQcicNO7nCeIx5ANiWKb85xqkAAP0zpoP12ve9AgBYlgwKv1/YaQlJYSdqra9y3rSqy1xLRSci4rrze+iJeyXM2pTfFIBeCEgBgI4ISAH4vBaOsqd9GNR+rVVAEDCatpj6Qa/DUNoCCztcALBR+VtzuOJnPCxgxzcAAP7YddmzR1iv9mzPDtMAAMuyxA0uhKSwC6cTP/NKr3Wp93eKU69bYINqrYIDgOe67azFvG8AgI4ISAH4hHwZJRyC0b31YhYYSe58YsdJGM8SF9kBMC9TfmvO7dAHANC/HNMJvoP1uxCADACwHBHR5k33C+zSjyEpr2ZwLIxhStDEQ0QISOlT78+erNtnRNcdnbNxDPAsHa532hPKDgD9EJAC8GntIeuetmFwe144AAM6t5MrDOdEEQUAm5K/MScr/vkHAX4AAItibAfrtyd8CABgcaYEO8zZx5CUI5csm5RFnVPWPwtH6VRE3JVSbjo+hX1BUjBrxjDAKnoLwFzqfBQAFkdACsCnCYWAP5zVWl9oC2AUmVZtHADjUUQBwKa8nfB3zzvcTQUAgM9YQJEKzNVhrdVzfQCAhYiI6wXPnVpoxW+11invDuBrpu56LyClb72vfzG/ZzTXHZ3v6xkcA9Cfu86O+LUNFwGgDwJSAP6i1no6MT0dlmTPCwdgNBFx0WFiNTDNoZ26AFi3fGF+suKffWgBKToFAGBxhLTCZry1yzQAwKIsfdfuN7XWa4V3n2d8v5rcDG/Vd1PNfUQISOlb7/13bFNHmK+sswF4jtsOW0ugJQB0QEAKwP8ymYE/O/PCARiQ8QCMx/cegHWb8ttyHhEf9AgAwOJcZRgesF57AogAAJYjItou4z8uvEsPW7FgrdXmZY+00Jhaa5s7/3M2B9WX44lHKxylc/l+8bLjs9hbw3UM3YiI6856S0AK8Fx3HbbYicBGAJg/ASkAj2Sq7b42gT9pLxy8iAWGEhFtIfW9XoehHNZaj3Q5AOuQuz5O2aFPYR8AwAJlkYpiI9iMl7VWIcgAAAsREW1s937h/dnW5f1Ua70e/V11BqO0dyO/l1Jez+CQejV1naf3U8vQ+7MnAQyMpqd1qtbXAc9122mLLWZc3DbLzmBOoS8ALIqAFIA/s2AKPu2sTYy1DTAY4wIYj+89AOsyZeHeZe6OCQDAMp3rV9iYN3Z2BABYlFGK5A9LKb+1gJAMYB9GK7JuATEZjDIleH54ee28nNAO9xHRawErj0TEVecbgx2Odi9keL3de62vA54sIq47ba3uA9kzGKWdQ1uD9lMGdALAYghIAUi11vYybV97wCftrWF3AYCuRMRF5y+LgeezywUAk2XA6JQ5tAVFAAALlsVGS98FHXbJjucAAAuR86cfB+rPFhDy+9KDUrJQ77TW2vr3twyI+auH3R5ll6YGCplLLctV52djvTIj6S0gpa2vO57BcQD96PWd2JusM+xKm0vWWs8zGOWNYBQAlkpACsB/KT6BLzvLIi+AkRgfwHh87wGY6mzCy+XLiLjTAwAAi6foCDan+50dAQD4r4hoY7ubwZrkY1DK1ZIKkNtmJS38JQv1fmlj98/8py0cxcYmzycghcfOO28N4QuM5LrDc21hbq9mcBxAH3oLgnrsl15CUh7Nt34vpfwgGAWApROQAvDHRKA9SN3XFvBFe1LZgdFERHtQeK/jYShtlwuLrQBYSQaLTpk7K+IDABiDoiPYrDeKNAAAFuU4QzNG87qU8mut9a7tAN7jGDeL9Nqxt1CU3zL85UuFev8OR4mInosoty7XOExZA/1egP+yZH++7/ik9pcUEAVf0eNv3l6GpHSx8Wo7TusBYad6DIJ6rIWkzLKOKu9vp3+ZbwHAEASkAPxB6AM8zVkvDzMB1kiRKozH9x6AVZ1N2IHj0uJTAIAxRMSHUso73Q0bJYgIAGAhcg41clHrfu4A/s9HYSmzbI9a60EW6LWi6Q9ZpPfDE8M7hKOsbuqu9uZPy3Te+VlNva6hCznO6THQ6GULd5lzgFsLWmpjklLKnfWAsFO9B6Q0P9Var9t8ZwbH8tf72y82jAdgRAJSgOHli6LD0dsBnmhPoBAwmohoDxDvdTwM5dCuEQA8VwaKTpkzW5ADADAWxUewWS9rreZZAAALkaEZ3+vP/4Sl/Fb/0Ir03rb327vY+Cw/9ywDUVpx3u9ZoHfyzEB54SjTHE/8/692fQJsRO/9+tqGjgyk1/CANi5pY5HZ1BZkaMB5jkt+XWFMAqxZbhbVYxDUXx1mMNTbHc693N8AIAlIAVB8As915qUDMCDjBRiP7z0Az3U64cXzTS4IAABgEBFxlQVgwOa8mcuOjgAATJcb3PysKf+kFem9aYEppZR/1Vo/ZGjK+aPglKNVx8Xt/3v0N97m321//67Fs+Tn/pTFeavuWi4cZUVtHWfrjzUURloTukAR8aGUctn5mZ3O4BhgG3oONGq/QT/l+GDrG5LlWOW01nrVxkEZGvDDhHEJsBm9BkH91V7Ov/6VIZFTgwo/69H97SLvb7+5vwHAf/2ftgBGlg9hDl0E8Cx7uSO2omFgGG2RTe406aEijOOwzRciYikvZgDYvCm7IpljAwCM6SqLyIDNaUW0Wy/OAIbQXQBTrfWV4nOgdxHxMcjBXOrT9nJN7Md1sW8+/ld/5Jn8Rwsl+dRvwrbX077PcJQPW/7c7mUx5sWado1vhZat+PI0A11Zjt6fPbX3r+czOA7YqLY+rdb6sKZ7+q60McRvtdab/H262sTve9b/vMp/jqzphW5c5JhzSdoY6yTv39f5T5tj3T73/peBlgd5X/t4j3N/A4AvEJACjE7xCaymvWi+sLs1MJg2bvhFp8NQ3iqeAOAp2oLRCS+mbwRyAQAM61xRH2xcC0I+iwgFVcDa5LOgHt8bXit8BpYgIk4zJOW1Dl3Z3gw2F2wF1MfCUZ6v1nq+gQLTdk38Wmt919aHWhu6GL33436OXy9mcCwra0GFHR3ugQ2ldmYpYdofg9p+qbW+fxQa8OE511UGobzIkICD/PfLCcclLBR2qAX21lrvFxr6sZdz0//MTzOcst0DvzbXORCE8knnOR5Z0lyxp/HgUXvmYq4OzF3oIWBU+dDkNxcArOyyvWzWfMBIaq13HkTCcL7z0h+Ar5k4TvRbAwAwMM8cYSvaDo4HFnMC67ChguRt+773ItMla8FepZSfOjrFIa+nXHt41dEu/60wqxX4Zz9uAAAgAElEQVSYL6YwNANSricWyrI71h6uIHeWv9rCdd/mUG8FTfat1npcSrno6LfqS7q9Z2S44nmH/fBz3gc8S9mSwWpbPhcasKmggJ3eQ8zx+tDpHO+4p1C7WmvbsPDNDA5lVA85h+4laLQd79ESnmN0+jzZnBCYPQEpwLBqrRd2ZIPJvrVTADCSfHH8q06HodxExJEuB+BzJu4Y7HcGAGBwFoTC1ryLiGPNDawqC/EvOioi+BqF6TPT+TV2WUo5G6WAtsMCx48eMiTlah6HM52QlG4J6lrBjkIWbvL+vphwpVEs9HnT+yyS7Wa8sYBwxfu8Byxm7DB3wrQ3YmdzX3O8fpjjbUd+J/7Vw7Eu0Lt2rZRSXnUWxvWQ96Iu5495zbfv5+EMDmdVN3mfUTcIzM43ugQYUaaoC0eB6d5qQ2Ak+RD5RqfDUA5zdwAA+Jwpc2PzagAAFIXBdrz2nA9Y1aMC/KWEozQntdbrPDd2rNb6qvNrrK3Du841eYvVvi+11qtOC+dKhir8msXai5AFm0dZ7MX8tUL7vwlHeZ6891xkWP82w1FKFvL9s4VtGDP04dFv1RLDeFsY1m2Om2Yt++G683CUkkEdbexw5R6wNdYPrNePOwxHMcfrwILmeF3cO3L+djmDQxlJm4P9vYXHdxp41K7xX3p8jpG/A7edh6OUPP7fe7nPAGMRkAKMysAM1uNk6Q++AD7BOALG43sPwCflbn2r7uD0PiKutSwAwNhyx633o7cDbMmFgh7guXIx+10WZC7N4QgFT3OXzxivF3CNfSxaPp7BsazdAgocH/thSQFJrcirFXsptJu9thnRq4i4Hb0hnuPRvWfXG0K+yXu80MkZyzHd0kL9/mo/x687CTx4ikff296LYR9r19RdrfVsPoe0WC2o4WH0RliT7yNiJ2v+zPH6sLA53puO5njW4m7PzzkHu1rAufzQU2Dbo9+BVdcUzlG7z5gTArMiIAUYTj4A3vXLAlgSDymAoWQR641eh6EceqgLwGdMWQS2mF06AQCYzO7ZsB37E+dxwGAeLWbfW/CZd7MT/xLlDri/LOga62r36qdaUIHjY4dZ6LyY735EnGYBGPPzj4g46nTH8p3JIIJ/zuje0+ZTv9VaBU/OUK5puV1oqN9ftfHGLzmOmpUMEVjamOGj1u4/ZQG+gMUNyd9K6wimaQEz30XETp65m+P1YcFzvNk/38lNA4RbblarcfhbRJwtbA72OoPyZn2NL/B34LGXOSc8NycE5iD0AjCa9nBeQAqs3bf5sAJgCPlS+Te9DUO5aYu2dDkAH00cE95HhIVjAAD8WxYV/K41YGu82wS+KouSfxqspb7fVRHZaLKIYKnFsx+1gpzj3otxsrDlhxkcyia18IrFFOJmseP5wsOtevG+lHIaEbejN8Rz5G/ERRYAztVD9u0SdqPvXt73fhn09Gcz3sjwgDe7Po4t+jEibLC5Afk7cJvBVDzP+7wnbP25nzlePwaZ4836+U6+E7s1Z1u7+7b59Zf6fiH1Dw95L7qewbH8RyfzuHVq19uZOSGwS99ofWAkOZESjgLr5yE3MJR8qHaj12Eoh/lyAAA+mjIXNo8GAOA/csG2542wPYr/gS/KzZdGC0cpuRO/51Yblu+b7hZeOFd62b36c1phS631doDCueandt9byu6/WQx2lMU67M7PrR+EozxP/kbcdlBU14pZf621Xue6bHYkx62jhqOUOYw3csxwNVg4SvOmjZV6HevNWYZPnI3eDiv4OSJe7SgcxRyvA4PN8X6Z8xwvv6eeP61PCwz5sZTyapDg4zYX+S3DrWch74vXA4WjlAxya3PCq6U8TwL6IyAFGI1JFGzGiRddwICMK2A8vvcA/FsucDlcsTXu7cQLAMAnGCPC9hzmDtsAf/KoWGbkzZfeLCkoYW6yeOO3gXZJbsUS/+ztd3egAsfH2n3veilFzhnK0c7l3QwOZzTvSynfRcRZFnjzRBlS9lveO3vxsVBaIf+WGbf+yX7+hm19vDFoMexjL3Osd27+sF4RcSVQ+8laMMDf29hjFx9ujteHwed4s6zxiYhz97m1u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hgHga5EZ++lvRgBvu7EC0PgiaZscD1XbAIAAFth3g2Ni45yMItSbFM6Aw7DcLPwK1A6Ph/rgFiXlNJJJcVzb8v3Y+ZjmPvvn6LlYwfGafl3f+RdOQBsToSxvu4ojHU2ET5awlNOy/P1SnDKd/Gs/ctC1ntK8/CfyruQnPOpZrgA1CjuT28avjhqKZmdgBToXGyc2R15Fm5jQYJPucFDX44snAEdMt+Bvuzo5gc8JjaHThkrzC8AAGA7FHpD+/ZcQ+YUoSEHC20gVAqyvo8u1lRo5uK58nd+N/d+uZzz4YSg6hrsxGcAOpBz3puwR7kWxiwA2KBo2ncgJGUeJQy3POdGaEqZu31T1kZi3ee24Y9Wnpt/GIbh95zzmXoPACrT+lrDbqz5wGwEpABTXujbDPCA6Ha8xE0gwJcJiwK6Ei+krlx16MpPXhICjziZsCn/PNZTAACAzbt2jqF51umYXXQdPh6G4f2CrkYp+indky8qOBa+YqV4bpudrcvf9bIUjlVwbZZQqC9sAPpxvIBPaswCgA2LZ62XW37O4wGx5nNR1n1SSuWafDsMw4+NX5ujlaCUFxUcDwBY44WJBKRAx3LO5UXx/sgzcDt3N4zKCY+BvuzHmArQE/Md6I/fPfCg2DxwMuHsWGMCAACAp9ORjWqklMq68dsFdHkuRT57lYRf8ARxrQ621NShBDyX78cflVybJexPsccG+rGEuasxCwC2IJ65tvWcxxOVhkcppdPyXLyAsJQSlPIx5/xOUAoAMxtb010T6yXMSkAK9G1KcZvCuK+Irsfn1R4gsAnGRaAr0Zntg6sOXTnKOetOCzykJMHvjDwzVzGvAAAAtkPhN7RvCZsmWZBosHTQcEhKbeEXPFF0tT7Y8B6tt6Vrdi3XJAq4dis4lKl2FaNBN5Ywd93JOQspBIAt2NJzHiM9EJbyS4PrQWV/008RlDKlGRQAjLKgNQbvK5mVgBToVM75YMJNqDzAXvjuPEpYAvRlP8ZWgJ54OQD98ZwDPEQILwAANELxNyyDAk1qk1IqAVzVhEg802lTR8s/RIDJj2s+M2V/3HcRAFSTJY3/7mWwcAubs2okAgBbFM95753zekVYyklKqYRfvi0Nkhr7CCUo5eec87UaEAC2bDHrJRqvMicBKdCvKcUnpzbOPa488Euuhe4o7AO6Yr4DXTqymAmsyjkfT+hYepVSunRCAQBg61rr6Aj8k6JyqpNSKs2Wbhu8Mq0Gu7CidLAehuH7Nc1zbkohfAT/1ObFgq67902wfEsas8y/AWDLUkrvGgzd6FIJF00plZCR1w3uKX41DMNvOeeLnPOS5q8A1GtJ66LWeJmNgBToUKSy74/85Hc6pzyLsAToy74EYaBD5jvQH797YNWUMcF4AgAA86ix2Bd4HhsOqdVFg1fmsIJjYA0ipOdgYlDPeUppr+LmYUsq0Hcvg+VTYAoA0JHSJCmlVIJov20wKOXNMAwfc84nFRwLAACPEJACfZrywHZa8Qvg6qSUPjb4YA9Mo8AP6Ir5DnTpKOds0ypQQnjLpobdkWfiqmyMcBYBAABgFE0bqNVZg1dmN5pNsQAppeuJYXAKoQDWx/0VAKBDZV/xSlDKh4bOwM4wDD/nnC/tjwSAJ/G+ktkISIHOxEPa0chPfVcCUnxnnu0kzh3Qh/2cswk+0BvhUNAfv3tgmDgWGEcAAGA+U4qGgTooNqVKEU5x0+DVOa7gGFiDnPOL6Po8xgeNwwAAAGA9IijlcBiG16WRUkOndb+8R8k5C1EFAKiUgBToz5Tik1MvgZ8vzplgGeiLQj+gK+UlxjAM5646dOVIlwToW865FI3sjjwJtymly97PIQAAzMg7X2jfToQAQI3OGrwqAlKW43DCJ7no/eQBAADAupU9Qiml0oD2bUPNp3eGYfg553xpHRYAvsi+A2YjIAU6EsVrRyM/8Z2Qj0lOG3qQB6bbzzkfOI9AZ4RDQX/87qFvU7qkGD8AAABguj3nkEq1GDJRQoemBGtQj7FhN3cppRbDfQBqdu3qAABwL567XzbWkHF/GIaP1o0A4EHWfpiNgBToy5Tik4uUkkSvkeLcCZiBvij4A7qSUvrY2EsLYLqjCOIEOhOBkK9GfupbhQYAADC7S5cAFkFAClWKd0YfGrw6Cl0aF+8s9kd+ilaCfZa04fxjBccAbJY9xwAAfKLUVqWUSrjp67KHqJGzszMMw79zzmrCAAAqISAFOhEvgI8mfFqF/tOVh+G71j8E8GT7UTQI0BNzRuiP3z30acpv37gBAAAA6yG8mJq1EjaxSkBK+6Zcw1ZCnZcUNiAgBZZvSWOWoFEAgDVKKV1GAHRLIbs/5Jwvc84vKjgWANolBBvWQEAK9ONkwic9j+4uTFCSTiMkBeiHwj+gKzFnPHfVoStHEcgJdCKCIMd2Yb1NKbVSaAAAAEumizcsw57rSK1iDai1JkI7OWchKW07Hnn0t1GY1YIlbZ5f0mcBHpBSWtLv3HM0AMCalRqrlFJZi3nb0DpS2TP1MedsbRaAsRZTp63mnDkJSIEORDrl2BfAgwL/tTptcAMIMN5+FA8C9MTcEfrjdw99mfKbN14AAEAFFlakBj2zCZ/aXTR4hQSkNCrC3F+NPPpmvqvRoOu2gkOZ6jY+C7B8Vwv4hHeeowEANieCdg8aet7dGYbhMuc8pU4PgE4taI1hCWs+NExACvThJB7AxjiX5LU+8WL3dCmfB3gSBYBAV2LueO6qQ1eOYuMxsHARALk/8lPexoYGAAAAYD12omEO1KrFtaAjv6tmnUw48Na+q5cVHMNUS/gMwNMsoejHmAUAsGFRLL7XULF1qdH7NeesVgSAMZYQLmK9hFkJSIGFi5f2U14Ae1hbvxKQcre0DwV80b50YKBD5pDQH7976MOU37pwFAAAqEsrnRiBr9tzfqhVSumy0fvNYQXHwPONvW43DXbsFJACtMSYBQDAk5SG1Cmlg8aaNP6Uc7YnCoDnuljAGVvCZ6BhAlJg+U4imXKM85TSR9+R9SoP7RGSAvRDwTDQlZhDtvSCApiudNV86TzCcsVvfH/kB7yzFgIAANXxHhiWQUAKtWtxg6yAlMbknMtYuDvyqFssYrpovDnXnc3z0I+UUutj1qAJAADAdqWUSnPaHxs67WXv5Fk0OAeAp2h9ffS2weBxFkZACixYPFydTPiEFvU353QBL32Ap9vNOR87X0BnTsx3oDtC4WDZpvzGTyMwFgAAAFgvm+6pXYuhuW8UtDRnyn6M5jaix1pryxvoL6wXQ3da3ov8wZgFALB9KaWypvS2oVN/NAzDpTUlAJ4iGhJfNXyy1J0zOwEpsGylKHVn5Ce8Sild+n5sRrww0TkZ+qJgGOiK+Q50qXRCeOnSw/LEb/to5Ae7MycAAIAqKfCCZThwHalZbPK9afAiHVZwDDzd2ICUD/EdbVHLa672z0B/Wh6zvOMCAJhJSumssZCUV0JSAHiGVkNG7AmmCgJSYNlOJnw6LyI37zQmBEAfdnPOU7oWAbTIfAf641kSlmnKb/tUZz0AAKjStcsCi2CzPS1ocZPvlD1XbFHO+XBCA7GLVq9VSum60Q6j5w2H0gAjxe/+vMHzp9EkAMDMhKQAsFRxj7tt8OPZE0wVBKTAQkUR/tiXvxb1tyAmAtLSoC8KhoGumO9Al45yznsuPSxHzvll+W2P/ECS4gEAAGCzXjm/NKDFgJRXsS5G/Q5HHuFdywEpobUmPXf2zUDX3jXYYEdgGgBABYSkALBgLa7x2hNMFQSkwHJNeZnoReT2nDb40gcYbzcCrAB6Yr4D/bHwCcsyZZ3oTFI8AABUy1wdFkJgMbWL9aEPDV6oscEbbNfY63TR+tplSunjMAzvKziUp3oXxwx0KH7/Le1Nfp9Suq7gOAAAEJICwEKllC4be39ybE8wtRCQAgsUxfe7Iz/ZVdxY2YKYECgehL4IoQK6Yr4DXdrPOR+49NC+6JJ7NOGDmAMAAEC9FHrBcthkTwsuGrxKmp9ULvbI7Yw8yha/k/+QUip7UG4qO6yHlD2J1ouhczEOXDVwFm5ifAUAoCIRkvJLQ9fklb1TADxBWee+beBEnaeUFrGuzjIISIFlmrIw7+Fr+8o5v+vtQ0PHdmOTDkBPzHegPzaMwTJMeXY51w0UAAAAtkJYMdWLApbW3hW9igBh6nU48shuF7aR+7Dy39fNhGsFLM9h5UU/d+bXAAD1SimdlD1JDV2io5zzWQXHAUCloiFx9Wu8KSW1kFRFQAosTBTd7478VEt7+duEmMQIpoG+KBgGumK+A13azznbOAYNyzmX7tMnEz6B5x4AAAAAVrW4J8mG30rF+uWbkUe3qP1xEVR9UOkG+nJMx/G+GKD2op8/w1GMWQAA1TuJMM5WlJCUKXuwAFi4lNJ1xe8jboTJUiMBKbA8U4pPFK7M57TBTjnAeLsRaAXQE/Md6I9nTGhbeTG/M/ITnMemfAAAoF7Xrg0shk2JtKLFbrne69frcMKRLa5zc2ygry0k5SaCBsw7gU9UOmbdGbMAANpQeejel/ysfgSAr0kplWDv7ytd4xUmS3UEpMCC5JzLA97uyE90m1Ja3MvfVsQk4bT38wCdUTAMdMV8B7q0n3NWnAENiu6rUzqXeN4BAIDK2cQEi/LC5aQFKaXLsj+psYtVmp/sVXAc/NPYoqKbpRa/rwQO1NBF+0rQAPA1MT68rGTMKsfw0pgFANCOaNw0JTx1DqfWmQD4mghJqSVU9lw4CjUTkALLonClbaeNJZgC0+xKAQY6ZL4D/fGsCW0qa0w7I4/8xS5dIQAAIABJREFUPDYhAAAAANvxynmmIRcNXizv9SuTcy4F9fsjj2rRDcRWQlJ+mfEw3qeUbJwHHlXGiZTS3sxj1i/lGIxZAADtiTDe9w0deNmLdRGNqwDgQSuhsh9mOkOl3ufHlNKx9RJqJiAFFiK6co998XubUlr0y98WxIRhSsgN0B4Fw0BXYr5z6qpDV/bjeRVoRLyEn7I+4V4PAADtEGYMC2FTPQ1pce2otW7EPZhyTVoM6XmWCBwoa7yvy77ALf7VV8MwfJdSshcGeJaVMetmi2eujFmv4+8GAKBR8Qy6zXnkVLtLD28FYLpY4y3r4N9veY23hLKUIFn7gKmegBRYjikvFr2UrEQE1Wxz0gLMazfn7CUr0JtThRfQHc+c0Jbj6FgyxlWk1wMAAG0wf4fl2HMtaUFK6WNjRStDvNf3G6vL8cij+RDfwS6UTtoppdJp9O2G96PdhwwcWB8Gxooxay/GrE3OFcqY9TbGrEsXDABgEQ4b25f8JudsTyUAj0opXcQ7wB83vMb7IdZ4D3taQ6dtAlJgAaIb9/7IT3IXoRzUw4Mu9OWdjm5AT0qabaPdAYHx9uO5FWjDlBBHaxoAAAAwD+8baUmL74k0PqlEzrkEfrwaeTQXizshT1D2BkZQyuthGM7XVDRWNuP/MgzDd0IGgHWKMWtvA2PW+cqYZc80AMCCRCF3a3uWfhLIC8BTlPqblNJprPF+H2Em61DWS94Pw/BtBKNY46UpyeWC9uWcLycEpLxPKSleqUzOuTyg7/Z+HqAjxmKgKxEMVeY7O648dOOqbDZzuaFuOefSefXXkQfpd051IqDrN1cGqvbaC3aA+Ux8zwzUxftGmhHvif7b2BUrDagEEVUg51wCdn4YeSTfRDOH7sW62UF0H31K6MxVvN+9HobhMqV03fs5BLYnCkcPnzlmlfH+0pgFAG1rcA3bGt2MGvy+lML0PWsVAIyxssZ7EOslj9Ui36/x3q+XfHTiadn/uXrQtriRjX2Au9O9v1rvJhQkAe05KZt4LG4BvSjjXc75xHwHurJfnl8Vv0L1pmzSsMEDAADa81FACiyG4AaaEe+JSofDNw0d9k7OuXRQvKjgWHp3OPLzn9uT8bd4X/OPdzY555exmb64ds6AGkTAyT9CToxZAAB8puxL/k9DJ2U39ludVHAsADTmK2u8e/fvDe3bZ8n+5epC844nfADF+JVKKZ1FGijQhx0LW0BvzHegS8IToGI55+MnJMh/yZUXKQAA0CRdoWA59lxLGnPW4AUbG8zBmsTG7rFrmMJtnqB0DS1rvfGPfYVA1YxZAACsimC9942dlB+icToArEW5H96vlzijLJmAFGhYpJ8fjfwEdyUgxfWvmuJB6MtJzllnN6A35jvQl30v86BqU+7L7ukAAAAwL+8ZaUpK6SL2LrVEQMr8xjYSu4vvHAAAALBspw2uOZ2pIwEAeB4BKdC2KcUnpxLT65ZSKt1ybns/D9CRnRKS4oIDPTHfgS4JUYAK5ZyPJ3RevZU0DwAAALN75RLQoNYCK3ZiHY35jD3/Z64ZAAAALF/UybVWk7FrXyUAwPMISIFG5ZxfDsNwNPLo7yIVk/p5yIW+nEj/BTpkvgN92c85H7jmUJ0pGwPcywEAoF0fXTsAZtTi3qXDCo6hSznnw2g8M4aAFAAAAOhEo80bf8g571VwHAAATRCQAu2aUnxyFqmYVK7RB3NgvJ0GE4sBJjHfgS4JU4CKRGjR2C7Tt3EvBwAA2iQgBRZEMDGtSSldN/iO6I2mJ7MZG05zG981AAAAoB/HDX5SjdABAJ5IQAo0KOf8chiGowlH7qGpLYoHoS8nNlQBHTLfgb7sK9aAqky5D7uHAwAAADBFi+G7Y4M6mOe82ycHAAAAnUkpXQ7DcNXYpy77KlsMdgEA2DoBKdCmKcUn5yklncAaEp2YW+uYA4y3U0JSnD+gJ+Y70CWhClCBCCvaH3kkt3EPBwAAAOrw0nWgQQJSeFQUB+2MPFMXzjAAAAB0qcU9iqea7QIAPE5ACjQmHnSmvGhXhNYm1w36cmJhC+iQ+Q70ZT+CGYB5Tbn/uncDAABAXQSk0Jxo8nTT2HG/8T5/68bulbvSSAwAAAD6lFK6bHDdSbNdAIAnEJAC7TmZ0BHj3EvfNkVH5tvezwN0xMIW0B3zHejSqcsO84mQov2RB3Ab924AAKBhsTkYWA6BDbSqxbXi4wqOoQsRRvNm5Ge1hgkAAAB9a3HdSbNdAIBHCEiBhsQDzpSCeZ192+b6QV8sbAE9Mt+BvrzKOdtEDvOZct9VWAAAAAD12XNNaNRFg4dtbXt7Dif8TS1+twAAAIA1abR5o2a7AACPEJACbTmJB50xzlNKH13vdjX6YA6MZ2EL6I75DnRJMBLMIOf8chiG/ZF/812j3VUAAAAAqFBK6Y9hGD40dm1exRobmzc2jOY8vlsAAABA31rc56TZLgDAVwhIgUbEg82UQnmFK8ugeBD6YmEL6JH5DvRlN+es0yZs35T77anCAgAAAKiSsAZadtbgsR9WcAyLNjHo+aL38wcAAAD86SwaQrVEs10AgK8QkALtOIkHnDGuUkrXrnX7Ukrlwfy29/MAHdkRcAX0xnwHuiQYCbYoigqORv6Nd55RAAAAoFq7Lg2tSildNFioIvx788aG0NzFdwoAAADoXDSCanGdQLNdAIAvEJAC7ZiS/KjYbFlcT+jLURQwAvRE6jn0ZTfnbCM5bM+UdYXT2DQAAAAsx5VrCUAlzhq7EK9yznsVHMeSjX130Np3CQAAANisFhtC7dhPDQDwMAEp0IAoFNsZeaRXKaVL13k5UkrlJf5t7+cBOiMYCehKdHRTmAF9Md+BLYjwxaORf9Ndo5sFAAAAoBvCGmhci6EWwr83JNYyX4380wWkAAAAAH9JKV03WoclIAUA4AECUqANUwrFFJktk4dc6MtRbP4B6Il5LPRlN8JBgc2acn89Syn94foAAABA1V64PLSq0UKVwwqOYanG7o26je8SAAAAwKoWG0Pt2FcJAPBPAlKgcvEgszvyKK9SSpeu8fKklC7K9e39PEBnBAUAXYl5rPkO9MV8BzYoQhePJvwNLW4SAAAAAKAtra1BlfDvvQqOY4nGhs+c9X7iAAAAgAddNHpaNNgGAPiMgBSo35QCMcVly+b6Ql+OoqARoCfmO9CXXd0OYKOmvCw/Tyl9dHkAAACgeoIaaF2LhSrWtdcsQmfGNhQTkAIAAAD8Q+x9umnwzLwS0AsA8CkBKVCxKAwb+7L3Nrrus1Bxfa9cX+iKoACgK+Y70CXzHdiAnPOLiYUafpsAALBcwhBhWV64nrQsClVaezd0WMExLM3YtcwbQc8AAADAV7QarDqlMRYAwOIISIG6TSk+UbjSB9cZ+nKUc37pmgOdMd+BvuxGWCiwXuUl+c7IP/FcUQEAACya+T4AtWmtUKWsawtJWa+x7wlOa/1AAADAspRGNTnnPZcVmnPR6CWz9gQAsEJAClQqXpzvjjy625RSq6mWPENK6bLBzjnANIICgK6Y70CXzHdgjcqmnIldRPwmAQAAoB2aLbAELRaqKFJZk9gzNzbsudUiJwAAoHIRiHKYcz7NOV8Pw/BfIY3QnmgSddPgoe9oPAcA8DcBKVAvhSs8lesNfTnKOdvYCPTGfAf6sutlHqzVyYSCgvPYGAAAAAC0wXtEmpdS+qOsSzX2OQSkrM/Yc/khvjsAAACTfSEQ5d/DMPwwDMMrZxia1mpDcutPAABBQApUKOd8MAzD/sgju00ptfqwxggppcthGK6cO+iKoACgK+Y70CXzHViDsmFnYgivbkcAAAAAzOGisbNeuvgqUlmPsefRfjkAAGA0gSjQlctGP+yb2AsGANA9ASlQpymFYIrI+uS6Q1+Ocs66vwG9Md+BvuzmnI9dc5ishKPsjPxDrlJK1y4BAAAAANuWUioBKXeNnXgBKRPFe4Ex65l38Z0BAAB4krIPuzyDCESB/sR+qNtGP7j1JwCge8X/OQtQl5zzwTAM+yMP6jalpBtGh1JKlznnqwnfHaA9JShA0TDQDfMd6NI7HR9hsinPDMLJAAAAoD3W0FmSsyhMa0XpNP4ipfSHb+FoY4t8hKMAANCtaLh433Rx9T8/RQkJuH+GuV7y80ycp4OVf3YrOCxgPpelaW2D5//Qnspxcs57wzC8+MK//Nz751P8EffZex9TSh+3+6kBaE15zzQMw14c9up/nuLyC/9u08+AAlKgPlOKTzzk9K18d37r/SRAR45yzu8skgCdMd+BvuyWTi2CQGGc6LY6dkPPVQknc+oBAKAL1y4zAJVqLSBlR5HKeLHp983IP+C0hs8A1CGaFH7u/r/7GP98wjsRYC5fGLPui3eNWfxlJQTlYKWI++W6Qz5yzuX/3ERR92V8B0vRXHNriAJRgEe0GpAydu2kOZ8ViN/7fO70ULDJ2u+P6xL32eIq/u/lSpDKooPKAPjbyj3uYCUEZZP3r5++9P+xcm8q7j4P91pZl1gN/vqjhmdEASlQkVjkHNvN587L3r6VBe+c85WOUNCV0wkdlACaY74DXXpnMzmMNiWEd8q/CwAAtMVmSwCqVDZX5pxvGytiE5Ay3ti9D7ctFmsC422igGClEOB2ZeP/xyhWU6QGjLYyZt2PVffhJ68m/Jn3//G+cMmYtUBRV3Kwcs/b2eKnvP9+/rVHL753V/GdK9+1y9q+awJRgGdqNnAs53yYUrqo4FAe9UAY3Or/+/MAlElzpMbc32M/2Q8fa6HX9/dbwXgAy5Bz3lt5Ttmr+Fll57N70xfrth5YT10NUPnz/rXp+1ja5B8OPE/O+WJCmuP7lJLilc7Fw+NvvZ8H6MxrCx9AT8x3oEtvU0o2lMMz5JyPh2H4deQ5u0opPdSpDJpj7ghNsLYFMDNzJlikbxTEsRQ555NhGH5u7OP4DY6Qc74c2SShmT1zOeeu9/bVcp1i/fzz7tI9OUspfWzp88Yzy97MBQQ398XgNRaEb0LvY1YtvxVjVntFoZUUPd3GeHXRy5i1BCvfncOGmofdxPfsYo7QwkoCUeyv2LAJz4pzUdfVkJzzx0bDlM5TSscVHMf9c8PqOLi35VCvHlytzOuaCAn2PLkxsz0fdXJNH10HiPlnFePvXMxznmblWeVwhsDLGl2tBKj8GfK6jvFMQApUIga930ceTUmAfmkBk6HNRSBgGovrQHcmBgsC7Smbd/Y888LTTXyBr1CdxVDsC01w3wGYmTkTLJI5FosxcT/VXIR+P9PE6/xtK2EPeaWlYo9SSlXsV7a3rv55wmfhArXuC/gQhTNNdG0fo/cxq5bfijGr/iLzmMccroxbNRY9fYgAC3PUysQ97zi+Qy0W6K+6jeLts00Vb8f52ps5EOVz9nBvmIAUNinnXO6NRw2e5NuUUhUheuarW7fx++06eJ7cmNnuMZ1c00fXAbxXr2eNt0Yr6wPlGe9V7+fjiW4iNOXPf567FvevOY8c+MSUCcqpQjFWWFCBvuzHQxZAT05cbejKrt89PF10khu7EehWARUAAAAAtYjgi6vGLkjXHSRHOhz57920Eo4Sbqo4CprottybnPNhzvk0AuD/MwzDz5U3TSnH9u9yvKWLcs75RQXHtG7GrDoYsypUQhpWxqzfV8asWjtCl2P7Nef8x4LHrGaUornP7nk/LCAcZYjPUD7Lf1buj5OK9+O3dlKaqZXvb5yvXyPMYAnnDJhfq3Ot3aljLM1avd9el32Clc7tPE+u393MY1Zra/TPVc7vU9aZP8b/Fv4SY/HFyvqAcJSnexXPdz+PCR8SkAIViAeTsamT5aZ66jpyLwqZlj7xBD4lGAnoSmx0PHfVoSsnNunAk015PvBsAQAAAEBtWut0v69I5dnGhsq0tmfuQIHI/FJKJ9411yFCUc6i4PnfjRaIl+P9qRTIlELwCo5nnYxZFTBm1eOzUJRWQy12VscsezC2K4rmLqNobimhKF9yf3/8PcJNntQE8guBKLUHEAFtazmMToNdXkVwWI1zuwPPMWt1W85pSulirgNIKZVr+n6uv3/DbuL8PhqQEv8b6yWUZ5cXMfZ+jLG45qDnxRKQAnWY8mLkNKX0h+vIZxQ0QV/2n/oCAWBBzHegL2Wjw4lrDl8XzwVjN1LdppRaKzYBAAAAYPkuGuzKeFjBMTQhwmTGdlScrShgjNjjZwN9BVJKxwp15vFZwMC/o7HgEgqe/wwdKJ9rKXu4ypiVUtrzW5mfMWs+ZZ6ygFCUh9wHpVyXsKr6Dm85Hiia2+/wNJRCwd/iHvlJMKJAFGBu0Zy6VWpHuFddCF48T5b7/i9zH8sCfBiGYS+lNHugU0qp1G58t7C1zQ8RjvLk8xv/W2u8nYp1grLP+mOMvUsOvqyegBSYWbzkPZpwFApX+Id4UL9yZqArggKArkQCrw0g0JcTHYzgUVOeCzxTAAAAwDK8dB1ZkgiVaCoIYxiG4yf8b/ifseHoH1psKiZwoB5RqGN/3RZEcfhxzvl6YQEDD9mNIvDT+g5tHOEcdXAdtuezMev3Dsasf5fiLnsx1us+GEXR3CfKOfg1glIEogA1afW5UEAKn1sNSqmiGWFKqRzH2woOpVXvU0qHNa2BroSDLCH8ZvT5FYTdn3jGO411gqUEPjdPQArMb0rxyXkUhsJDFDZBX/aX0oEE4BnMd6AvOxM2SsPixfPA2I5TtyklIbwAANAn75theQSksEStBaS8iqZZPO5w5Dlqej1ToXs1DhUybE7OeS86qv63FESXsXGpn/UBP5RwhaUEDhiz6uA6bNbKmPWxwzGrFHddlnNQwbE077NglG0UzZW5zPthGF4Pw/BtWlH+3/Hf/xjjx10F53dXIApQmVbfkewKOOMLyj3255xzFfO72JP4upJ5SCvKuXqdUqqyTiICoMte7u8bva7lmL+fen5XQlIEMC9chE59jADVbbmN79ZVPMu9j39+Wfnvu//u/V8FxwDdioeRowmfX0EoX5RSKg8zVxOKo4D2vJMGDPSkhAXmnM8nzqmBtpyUBOYWu0LCFkxZJ7LGBAAAnYo1NpcfgKqllEqH8dvGOq+X4IXTCo6jWlGkMeaa3pXvROufvxS6xzzMu86ZlPdNET5+2Vkh/EblnI+j6UHv5/RVdO4+iA7LTYsxq3yOn1v/LC1z71i/GLOO7bX+c8y6XMqYNYec8/38f1vPLKVG4F2pF/jS/yAa8X6Muc6f4jgPjSMAf7lueEw8aDBUeA4/xnX+mpcrweNlverFAuaH+zG/K/OFWdcoo77xfv1FSNrXlfC7w5jHVS3W7F9GkPWb2o833Mb5Xcszz31ISoRtml8vTIxbp1tY47yL+3kZI6/HfD/jWF/EPez+nrb4dQ4BKTCvKZ2vz1uY7DC7UuD0m8sA3diPF1RffOEBsEDvLChBV3biWVqYA6yIxe2xi9m30akBAAAAAGp2seUOfVOdCEh51PHIf28xxT8CB+YnJGU9oiDmPhhFsdPfdpYUOFCK6nLOpfjn1woOp1tx79gzZo0XDU5PYtxqKYBv0xY1Zm3LSlHotorP7qKoc9Q+4QgaLMWs7+J5pZViVoBNafmetycg5VG/TAkHifv8XoTRHDQ4By/zu5/j+eFkzsaEZX4Z59P6y5eVWuGx66WziO/UYc75fl93zWtCVzGPXvvvQJjp8pRmrlt4H1UaRV+sIwx+5fnwkz8rfpuLfffwrwqOAbq0srg6lmIwHhU3t3NnCrri/gB0JUIDzXegLyfxTA38bcpzgCINAAAAAFrQWsjvbhQf8GVjN/wvKvA5CnXeVnAo3brv9hpdenmGMs5Fl9zfh2H4STjKg+4DB16O+HerE6H7xqz5GbNGKL/DGLP+G2OWcJR/uh+zzGOfIIrNrrcYjlJ+9y/X0USx7LlLKR0Ow/A6OukD9KrlgJSDCo6hZiVsYkrd5v39shSvl3CRMj/6Jp6Hrho7F0cxx5t13+3K+suHOY+jQiUA721r4SirYn2z5ufUEpZ0sMmQoLh+aloaF2ud1xsORynfk2/Ld2Yd4Shfs/R3DwJSYD5TkvLPoxAUnkJYAvRlPzrbAPTEfAf6sjMxcBQWJTanjd1wdbe0YgIAAAAAlim62LdWCNzspvZNyzkfjtw7d7uOgtDaCByYn5CU5yl7k3LO5bf4H91xn6SMdxdLaQKxMmbdVXA4XTJmPU+MWRcR5mTMetyixqxNiLCdy+jEva1wsFKIvfaizphb7ylUBnoV42qr89pFhDBuyM0mwibK96U8D5WghVLc3lgYwqsSCDR3EF6cw0NBEn+5jTle83s4y/p9BAm9r+Bw7t2Hz2xlz3mMO9Z4GxXvLC5jvNyE8nt/HcEoW8sGWPK7BwEpMINYMJxyY1UAypPFDdODA/TFfQLoivkOdOnEZhz4y5Q1ptNNpuIDAAAAs9BMgSVrbaP4YQXHUKux52ajHRXnJHBgfgIHHpdzPo4uqr9NCG/vVSmuOF3KZ48x68CYNR9j1uNKcVOEWJQx603tx1uZ3SXPu6aIornrLd8Hy+/8cFPv9hUqA/w5rrdo1x7KB91sY4287F2PMISWglLKHO9y7pCUQZDEvRJQtxfB4IuRUir1bK8jDGJOs4TPCMJuU865fG//vcEAzKv4vc8S/h7fy++Xto4nIAXmcTJhsLzaZkIUiyEsAfqyX7oeuOZAZ8x3oC87E0MhYBFKZ6oJXc7ulrQRFwAAAIAutFakuVtDwUGlxgakLHpNU+DA/AQOPCyCUcq+1V832EW1B0dRWL8IUcRlzJqRMethK2PWv4U5TVL2odqXsWILRXMPuYvCzo03PolC5RoLvK8qOAZg2Vqu0bPu9Kly3zzeZsOwlaCU143My3ciJGX2cJ3Ow4Lfl4C6pTa3ixCIvQiBmcPNnOEzQlLaknMu1+unDR70eUppK890X5NSuljaOp6AFNiymEBOWSxU+MmzRaiOVGfoi/sF0BXzHejSiQ4IMGnef7rUF2wAAAAALFO8D5prU/VYx76OnypFyyOLSm96aCwmcGB+Agf+9lkwym4tx9W4syW94zRmzc+Y9Tdj1ka8i6YdXSvjds75YsNFc1+y1cLZykJSyr3lu1JMOAzDN1Fk2trzINAGASnLcTBjIMJlzMtb2MteW0hKT8+U5XO+Tiktvt6rzGFLCMwwDN9v+fqWMIq9CsIozmb47DxThKOMbVL5FDc1NYRd2jqegBTYvsMJqcFXMWGGMYQlQF/2l9RxBOCJzHegLzs1LRrCtsVGtLEL83dL77QKAAAAwGJdNPbBBKT809i9DGebPKiaCByY30rgwG1vnz2KwE+EDGzMztLe0cSY9VJAx3x6D0kRjLJRixuznisKh0v9xpsZ/vpf5qgdiZCUq23/vQ/4q+YmCmzPosj222EYfnTfAdZolkCNNdFg7m9v5wpHuRf3q3IffT/ncTzRq1rW2uK67XVwby+fb6+32uCU0kVc323ML9/Gb7AK8dmt8VZqC+EoxXFtjSyX9O5BQAps35SiTQWfjBYdVFpIogTWR8Ej0BXzHejSyZI6rMEzTVknOq1t0R0AAAAAnuiisY2bO5qb/C3W9McWl3YTkDIIHKhCrKMf9lLEEMEo76J7+s9CBjbqKOe8qE7vvQd01KDHayAYZWve5JwPOvmsn1gJR3k1w19/N3PtSC1zoMvP75llj2BKqex52FsJS+ku1A5Yq5b3UHV5j37AjyVIq5aDSSmVe/jbCg7lMWWeV0WTwqgBOKgkpG0TzsvcJT5nd2L+drDB8KAyb/2upnHgniDsOm0pHOX93MFdX7KUdw8CUmCLykLshAXYq94S4tgIITvQl9249wD05MQCEnRlJ3730JWc88uJi/NdFRIAAAAAsBxR/HvR2AcSkPK3sefiQ4+hzwIH5tdLEUPsLypFOj/F+zc2b3GNr4xZ8+vlGghGmUV3+89nDkcpTuac/64Exc2tzEvOvtQ8aSUspeyh+G4Yhl+EpQAjdBlYsCAleKK656sIavilgkN5zM+1BHiW+UeEaCypWWpZT3qbUlLX9Xd40Hdrnq+V59+XtQZRDJ+uL5qnViCCoTYdjjLUvva3hDUkASmwXVMWBwVbMFkkDS7pQQF4nPsH0JV4UF/cRiLgq06+tBECFmxKMNB5r50IAAAAAFgMASntGlsM0No1XxuBA/NbckjKZyEDglG2az8C8RdlZcz60Ml1rM7KNVj6mCUYZbvKmHXQy4etIBzltobu99Hct4a6g1dPeR4oc7aU0kmEpbyOY9doDXhU4/uo9is4hjld1Rw8Ue5L5RgrOJTHVNVsLa7p+woOZaoShnFQw7yuJrHOtremAKHzOMfVB2uvfG5rvDOK59qft3AETQS+t/7uQUAKbEkk7I9djL2JBSZYB2EJ0JfduAcB9OTUy03oys7EsAhoSmzGmjLHty4AAAAAQNNSSheNdVvcyTl3H5ISQQBjCnfuei8kEDgwv6WFpAgZqMYi39lE1+9Dzfzms7SQFGNWNbrYl1FBOMpQWXOwk0rGkhLS8+TzUmpvSnF1Sqlcz+/dk4AnsOe4PTeNhBIfNvD9epVzrur5NKVUjudtBYcyVlnD24v1JD4T6wYnE9f4f4z5XvUhFPcEYc8rnvW2FcTeTOD7yveyuWcmASmwPVMmijrgszaRbmqRD/qiABLoSjykm0NDX05i4RJ6cDKhi+N5411PAAAAgMf13jWUfjSzwTRobDK+aKW1a70RAgfmt5CQlAMhA1U5WvI7zuj6bcyayULGrD1jVlXeRODd0p3NHI5yF8dQhdiHV8se5B/GBE+WgM24J30ThdZCB4GHNBtikHPeq+Awtq3cLw9aCEaIY2xhXbC6PbgRmPy6gkMZ46yl4I45xLxu7HPeTUqpyVoRISmzupiw9/q5mppXxLuH5tbxUgXHAItXkqtjcXaM25RSD4uJbFEsUP/unENX3vbeUQnoSyyXSYOjAAAgAElEQVTSftziIgYwv/eRGg+LtYb727cCUuhJzrm8TPzNRYeqvS5d/FwigHnlnC8FKsCypJTsCWPxGt378k3PG+Nzztcji009O34m51z2fxxVdVCPWNK9KYrPLr2LfrKr+B/e/47/eKRI4CD+bznPLzp4Vvmx1aKep8o5l8/3QxtH+5fF3HuMWc92E+PUc8esl/HP0sesRe/LqGS8Oo/CtKpEWFENQUWlIP7l1Oeq2HtxGA1qpgTiXKWUDp7wv2OkBteu7V9rVOPvSWabu8503u7DUZoqPm/kO2Yesj5VnsuaTFzfbL4+Luajp9Z4t2Niff+ztbwWPue7h+eeNy/DYQsmTmIVtLMRLb4oByYRuAV0J+dcXjT95MpDN9ayCQJqNvHe5qUb3RGQAk1Q5AZQAQEpsDwCUujFhMCNuXS7D2xCoI29Dl/QWuDA0u5NAgcedBchApfxf6/XFdoe5/sgum63NO4/Rel6vPiO79suRFmDRa1bGrO+6GrDY9bhAtdbFjs3iw72/67gUL6rseC7snF8raEk8axyOHKeISBlwwSksC2N11d9n1K6mOMvnuk3OtvnnSLmiP9p4FCra8CWcy6BZj9XcCjP1XVY9tdEOMh/R/7ri9or3tr9p8U13jkaL7e+Fj5XHdZzz9u/NncowPD3Jvyxk/1b4ShskIUX6MtuvKAA6MlpLIIBfdjxnMOSxSL9yYSP6PcBAAAAwNK0tq/qsIJjmMvYtc3mCl62JaV0EoXdzHP+r6P4vff30eU7+GMUc78oBcKlILQUq62zoKqc75TSaQSJfFsKTxd07l9FYfaixV7oX5b+OWtlzPrLVYwfJQAnbWHMOljgmLUbxb2LEuNwDc8WtzWGowx/j+O1fI/3o1B6Lcrvf2We8V3cr27n/YjADKoKhHimxQcurnjbYjjK8Pec/EMFh/KYGvcYtlpb2/Na8GOm1LZdLCl4Jpoe3lRwKEv2bsuBsc0/S0Tg39sKDuWrBKTA5k2ZGCpcYWNiMf/cGYauuK8AXYnFr1NXHbryQw8bCOnWyYRF+qvaOjsAAAAAwBq0tjn+TQQh92hsQYB3fVSr08CBu9hz+H10Qj6IguKtFXNHEXPZA/UyQgeWoJeiKZ2zZ9TxmPUhinq+WQlEudzWATwwZi3h/C+xUd/ZlgvmvqT2gu+a5ubvNrE/KAKOTlJKLyMs5Vy4FEA1fllAE/oW1rmOalu/jHqAFusf1xbotkBTnimWWBdnvWRD4pnhhy3/tbtb/vs2Iu65VYekCEiBDco5l4Xk/ZF/w+0CJu7UT1gC9KWk9y/x5RTA15x6SQnd8ZzDUnkpBAAAAAArYnN8C51XV3XXOTTnvDdyU/CN4GdqF4EDPRS8/BmKklJ6UTrblo7dc3frLX9/hA58t4BOu7pKsxUxZvWwf/DPUJQYsw7LfvyKxqy9BYxZBxUcw9rEntqx9R7rtrXwnpFqqm3Z2XSReYSllHnPiwiHE5YCMJ/zEmDV+vmPoL7bCg7lMTWe6xZrbF9p+PhPsVb8auS/rlEgz2Xv9AS1h6QISIHNmjKA6n7BxsWksMUURWA8k3ugK7HBwdwa+nLkpQJLE5uyxqaKX22zCxoAAAAAbFntXdY/12Pn0LGF2JqL0YqlFmbcxAb4b+5DUSo4pn+IwIeDBgOzVu3X1qGbRVtqZ+rVMeuw1ialZd92Smmv8b3biyn0jLG3mn1ltd5r70XdQU332zfR0HjjIhzuPiyljDXv4x/PLLAc1w1/kqXvlbxZ2HpaC3vaqwtVjP2PLQYN9rgW/Jgp3y9zL54snvdmCSVeUh1DrK98V2NYpIAU2JBYbBmbJnznhs0WCUuAvuxGcSVAT051b4DueM5haaZ8p/0eAAAAAFis2JzZ0nugHjuHjt2j0Fr4DSxBGU9/GYbh21LAX8bYaEpStXKMJRCh8cCBrRR4w8Lcxe/+u5bGrOF/49axMasK5V36TiXHclXBMTxFbXP0rdfcxFjzLv5R8wPL0XKI3JLXmW7LvKOVOd4TtbDetbutELJnarFh6izhDJUbu1Z8Z+7FMx3P+Ly3t6SLtRJQXdW7OAEpsDlTEt5OFzZ5p2KR5tzyIjvwfAokga7E3LrFRVFgvKMON5izUBFwuDvy011F9wQAAAAAWLLWgjS62Rifcz4cuQn5Q+xpArajFGW/TSm9SCmdNPz7O2m0o/SwtMIJ2LDyO39bioFL0EgU6jQnQlJaCcX4XPMBKbGn5IcKDuVeK+/1a3v20jQSYLlKEfbh0uor43m7hefWGu+vFw02TN2N9VGmrRUPcwTj0bw5x7HFBSHXGJIiIAU2IBbM3oz8k+8UbzIDYQnQFy8EgB6dNrgoCkzjOYelmPJd9jsAAAAAoAetbY7u6X392AKA1kJvoFWlsdp3KaWDJXThjcK5w0b3BiyucAI2oIxZr1NKe2XMWkixbBmzbis4judaQqhTbe/Smwj6id/dhwoOZZV9EQDLdNBqEN4TtLDuVV2oR8xDWlwzFJDytynr4uqtebKcc3lmfTXjGVvk7z7uy3u1BH0JSIHNmLLIcrq0dEPqFwmUv7hU0JXTnPMLlxzoRcyxLYxBX44iwBSaFcGGuyOP/yal1EqXKQAAAAAYLdbBWiosfdXR+vWYjcB3AlJgo8pv7P0wDN+klI6XVnAWeyFPKjiU59pv63Bha+7HrG9jzFrU+8/Yz9RieN6chWaTxVz8qLLDaul+XNtcXdNIgOV5u+BwlKGRda+dnHONQZ4tBqMdqd36cw5ezsGbkf/6h1jvgaeae/wqzyhLDUn5GOd39pAUASmwZhMXzO4UbTKjd412TgDG2Wl0MwDAFKfmO9AdXWJo3aQQXlcfAAAAgI60Fqix+AK+KFLcGfGvXmgwBhvzY0rpRUrp3ZJ/Zymls2EYrio4lGeJ7rbA385XxqzFFsNF6EuLY1aNBbNPVd3e2ca+4zUGFdkfBLAc7+OZbrEaCn+prrg/5kzNzZ1rPJczmLIevugxgY2o4Te32JrNWFeePSRFQAqs36TCFS93mUt89xRPQV9OJJECPYn5jnAo6MtRR104WZhID98d+alul/6iGAAAAAA+09qelx46nI/dhNxa2A20ZMkduD/XYqG095rwqZ46hLc4ZrUc6lTbXLypIt8oTL6t4FBW7TYe2gPMr6dnpZqVgLxeQq9auP/Xem9tcV9kD2vBjxl7DspeWOvFPNd+BWdsP0LkF2klJGW2+5mAFFijKLo6mvAnCqdgbuU7eOcqQDd2BAUAvYli8dpe0AKbpUsMrZoyV/e9BwAAAKArUaQ3a7e6ZyoFfC0XlX5VNGt5M+JfteEdWIuU0mVj94Wh8bABYIIYs1rrhN9kqFMUqO1UcCirWgwDuqzgGD5nPzQwmmbnVbhKKfUUIlHjvfRzr2psyBy1AK3VPu733Owx1sFfjfzXNQrkWSoLTjxd8m+/zJ9SSuV8n8/x9wtIgfWaUnxy7oGKucV3UFAP9OWkxkULgA1TNA59Oer5xQJtigX6sQnmt/ESEAAAAAB609q62JKLPg5H/nvCUYB1am0vpIAU6JsxazvGzlM3SUDKeryxHxqgWTeV3qM36bqR46wpaGBVi7WPPQUAfW5KkJ29sDxXTc+qOz2884iAs62HpAhIgTWJxZSjCX+aIk1qcdpgkiIw3o7UdKA3UTR+68JDVzxz05op31nfdwAAAAB61dpm6SUXfozd8G/DO7BOrRUgKOqGjqWULhrbv91cQErUe7yp4FA+12JASq1F3b0V1wMsQZn/HHbYdL6V+3+tASktriH2HJAydo52nlJqca7MvGprqvoq57z49x5zhKQISIH1mVJc7mZNNeKhssUkRWC8E6npQIcUj0NfjnLOtS14woNyzuWl4v7Is3MbQWAAAAAA0J3Y8/Khoc+9G+uBixLr8WPWOG9SSq10zwUa0OB9Yez7IWA5Wgp22qngGJ6r1rl3c3UkFc/bBaQAtKWEoxz0WFPZ0BpYlaF48Z1p6Xl/WOpa8GNyzscTnh3shWWMGseto45CUt5u6+8TkAJrEEXlUwJSFGdSm9PGUsiBaXYm3scAmhPF47euHHTFszetmPJdFXgKAAAAQO9aKiodFto5dGxRog3vwCZctnRWNbmC7rU2ZlVZMPsVwjPW66rCY3rjXgrQlOPOw3Jb2Mdec5Bni2uJS1wLfszYOXhpFtjU8xHVqPV54M+QlKU/r0Sd1lZCUgSkwHqcTEgyO+8x6ZC6RecERVXQlxMvBYAOCUuAvhxF10qoVnQIGPtS8U4BAQAAAAC9i82XLTUFWmKR5tiN/q2F2wBtaK2YprWwAWC9WhuzWttzWmvH/lYLw2s97lqvMwCfeptS6n0tqIl60lpD8eL701qz1MOe6rZiz/abkf+6ulbGelXxmTsqz/1Lr2fYVkiKgBSYKCYlJxP+FEWZ1Oq0sQ0jwDQ7E+9nAM2JB+/WFkaBaTyDU7spHQJOI/AUAAAAAHrXUnHFTs55MSEpsbF3zAbkD5qMAZsQ3cjtgwSaEPOhlvYyNVPUFTUfuxUcyj80/J6/1uMWkAJQv/PYw927VkLSap7ztRaisbPQwOwvmfJZjREsVXl/ch0NNRcr7vPfb3JdVkAKTHcSk5MxvNilWrHYKm0P+nLSUxopQBCWAH05WnrqMu2K7+bRyA9w5xkeAAAAAP7S2lrZkjbFj23M0nvHYGCzWik6K6rszA1sVUtjVkv7L4yv63dZ6XG51kBvWgvaKrWUU5qILUkr167me2uLIRo9ff/HrhWfaxbIwpU8gt9yzqdLruNMKV1EgOVGQlIEpMAEMfiMvVEPCldowKnuCdCVnYn3NYDmRDJpS51XgOkEI1GrKd/NUy+EAAAAAOB/UkrXjb3/WVJAypjPcicgBdiwlsIGNLcCWhqzWiI0Y/1q3aOwX8ExAI1pvOlaS3OHm87CIR7TStP9audRsWfyvIJDeY79Hho95pzL92Z35L+u5ppe/FDu4znng6V+3nhft5GQFAEpMM1xFJOPcZVSqjU1F/4UDwomldCXkyWnDwJ8gbAE6MtRDy8XaEt8J49GHvSdZ3cAAAAA+IeWuofu5JybLw6ZsOn9QgA0sGGtFJ0BDI0VObcUOmJf7JpFoVuV4tkE4DnsJ9y8EmZ8YA3oE608q9Y+j2ppHfheD0FBY5t3/z97938dt3H9DRiT8/2feiugXIGYCihXIKYCyhWIqcBSBaYrEFmBqQpEVmCygogVxKxg3jP2ZUz95gK7wAzmec7hSZyYXCywCwwGcz/3puZxJuxAeabyPud8ttZ6zgchKVttbCAgBaYZe6EeFGHSkNNdJHQB1dqbeH0DaE5K6ayxLoLAdO7Jqc2Uz+SpB8cAAAAA8JnWFsYfVbANU41d2H9Rz1sAVkrYANCSlp79tlS8tdqO3HyRQByAupSatCNr3Jp1WPOGp5QuS6hGBZuyiVUHpETIw9j5bs0C6VVpsvkh57zKms4ISTnY5vlaQAqMFF07xnS8KK5i8AXVixtQg0voy8laUwcBvkFYAvTlOOds8QtVyDk/jYntsVrsgAAAAAAAO5VS+tDYwvgXK3hOP2Zh/21KSUAKsGvCBoBmqDGgMbXec1kTBPSkhfudoyiM5mMCY7antbrH/ZzzmgNSj6J596buhGnTufK9+SXnXIJS1hCq/5GoU3++rftIASkw3pQCSsWXtOY0BplAH/YEIwG9SSmV4vJbBx664t6cWkz5LJ5HoQcAAMAUCvBgXcx1w99ae+7d7ILXWKw7ZtG7Be/AzinEA8D8184o7AZYXu33Oz8JgPuylu5VG2hIeNFg3eNJBduwK2OCtIuzCFCA3u0Pw/BbzvlybQ1htxmSIiAFRsg5v4yTzBhXBva0Ji48whKgL8fRyR6gJ2ueaAQ+d7i2SUPaEx1hpxQ9CPoBAAC24Zm9CKsiTBX+1lr4RssdAcdu+9mWtwMAYA1aCb48rGAbHsv8V18E4gDU4U00sISdirpHc8EViDq0sfcJalfZhqsV7cXyXXq/tqCUcs5OKR2UJqFT/o6AFBhnSvGJgT2tOm0wTRGYRrEl0JWU0sXKJkSA7zPeYWknI7uqFucpJQVPAAAAAPAVsTD+XUP750WEKrdozIL+25Y65QLNayVsQEMrYBB8CZMd2IXAhloOVqp13FDWtlmfuR4tXFtb+7zt5ZxfVrAd2zb2PV1ZDwtftdaglJdTQlIEpMCGYuCxP3K/3Uo+pFWxaEQSH/TlONI7AXpiMh76crimiULaEoUOJxM22jULAAAAAL6vtbVazS2Kj/V0Y4KgrUMC5tRKkc3Y9ckAsIRLex1YiWaDlSoNFLiJomfWo/oQofgutNYodUzodO3GfvfVXLMtaw5lfxiUsorzR4wXfh1z/haQAptTuELPysKEO58A6IprF9CVlNJlg5OjwDTGOyzlZGTRwBAdNqTlAwAAAMB3pJQuGlvr0mLxyNiFuBdb3g4AAACAntQ453UzDIOmdSyltZCNF2tqah0NK8cEv96llASksC09rK0uQSm/5Zw/RIB901JKJymljccOAlJgA3GRfjZyn926UNO6lNIfurdAd47XdMMN8EjCEqAvh3G/D7PJOT8RwgsAAAAAs2kpiONZS8/oY67zxYhfvRICDQAAf46prdEFYKzryvZcCWw5itozHqeVpp5NrLGN2t3WGsOPDZ+u0digBrWqbFNt18ZdKoFEb9cSlLIpASmwmSnFJwpXWIsy6Lx1NKErrmFAV1JKlw1NOAPbYbzD3Eo4yt7I11Q4AAAAAACbaW2BdUuL4sduq0ZjAABf11NB11xuKt42ASkAy2v1XFxTEEkJpXhuXRsVaG3ecUqjvWpEkLa5YmrQ4/10l0EpAlLgkaKb9OHI/XUbCXTQvEjyVDwIfTmWUA90yHgH+nIY9/0wlykPtVyjAAAAAGADKaXrxpoBtbSAdey2Xmx5OwAA1qSmYue1sE/7ctn7DgA21mqtRE1F4CcxBwdLay0sez/nfFDBdkx1NLJp4DvBSmxT1D7XHJC5Sw+DUk4iuGi1BKTA400pPlG4wqpE4E9LC0eA6VzLgK6klMpD0itHHbpivMMsIp17zIOg4iquUQAAAADAZlpqbvWshUXx0WhlTMOx81ikDAAADIOGPgCMVUuowL81lqcWEbbxrrEDMqXhXi3GBmk7d7ALva+zLkEpv5RxQs759VqDUgSkwCNEF+kxD3OLOx0vWCnFg9CX41jcBNAT4x3oy2Hc/8OuCeEFAAAAdqn3RX/wNa0ttB67oHxORyNfy1o6AADm5l55N2ottBPICGyq1TqJpQNSziIc5XTh7WD3xtbVLqW1ueCx86xVmBCkfZtSMlfMLvhc/aU08/x5rUEpAlLgcaYUn5zqeMEaRbrnrYMLXVGMCXQlpVQejF856tAV4x12Kuf8MpK5x7iKaxMAAAAAsKHoHNrSc58WFsWPCXG5s+gdAIAF1FzP0XIzn4MKtuFLruvbJKByY9dzLWrptWSlrkw4CjWK+ceWah73cs4th6ScjPy91oJsaERcH9U9/22VQSkCUuA7JiSYFXclIMU+ZsUUD0JfjuO6CNAT4x3oy2HOueWFJ9RvynXFNQkAAAAApmlpwfV+zrnWYsP7NXXPRvyqRe8AACyh5sCMVXXxrsSH3ncA8HgNFwkr/IZva20eckwYdS3Ghruou2aXBLV/7tOglKZrRAWkwPdNKT45TSnVnDYMk5S0TzfV0B1FmUBXIj22pW6CwHTGO+xEzvnlhG4jN0t3/AAAAACAFWhtQWzNi+J1BQUAoBmVP28fEzzI192llASkAJuoNqD2O2oO/4IatBa+8aLFwKac89HIdbHn6q7ZMQE8X3cflPKfnPNZq0EpAlLgG+KLfTxyH905idIJxYPQl+PWEwIBRjDegb4c5pyfO+bswKQQXgcEAAAAAKaJBdfnDe3GsZ035zBm225TSop3AABYyk2tez7n3Gpxfo3rid1zAL1wvoNvaHAueKg8MPtrxs5hC9JmpyI0UaPk7ztuNShFQAp826TCFSlm9CClVAaktw42dEVxJtCV6CBicgT6IhiJrZqQkj9E0YCHQQAAAMBjWasC33bR0P7Zj7nFqkTx5pj5TmsNAABY0mXFe7/VgJSx6yB2qebjDNSp1WZqznfwfa2tu2wqICXn/CTCFTZ1G/UZsGvqAR6vuaAUASnwFfElHnOBLu480KUzBgvQlxc551YnAgHGMt6Bvhwa77BlJxP+nGsQAAAAsAmdQ+EbUkoXsbarFdUFpExYqN9SOA0AAOsjIKUP7juAXpgHblgJlohg5CaK0Ie/wzCaEiEcLTWFfxbh1K0YO3et7ppZaJQ8SjNBKQJS4OumFJ9cpJR05KEb0cm6pRsGYDpFmkBXYnLknaMOXTHeYSsibOdw5N+6jXtuAACAnWhskR0AbEtLc25rCUi5Sil92MG2AADAY9UckNJcE59KGw/dpZQEBgCbarGR2q26xfaUQJSc82nOuVyr/jsMw2/DMOw39EZafabY2lrgseHUSxjTOPCusfl52tfSd6om90EpF7U2nRWQAl8QyUbHE/aNIip65HMPfTmsdYALsENjJvGAdhnvsC1T7pfdawMAALvWXLc3ANiClhZg70U32SrEtuyN2BaL3gEAWFQUktfaIOtZzrm1eboat/eigm0A2tPic5KaQ78IZf1pzvl1zvky55wjEOVVue7bR7O6iFCOVjQR5hD112M+yxcCnphTBLe/sdNHezEMw/u4llVVVyEgBb5sykDiXLcLehQdrW8dfOiKYk2gKzHOP3fUoSvGO0wSk8GHI//GbdxrAwAAAABbFB3FW1rjUk1AyoRtUagIAEANah6XttbE56CCbfiUNRbAGC2GVVxXsA18Iud8kHM+yTlfRCDK+2EYfp6wfpAtiDCOluYmqwrM/oaxjWdPZ9k6eCClVOoBbuyTSQ5rC0oRkAKfiOTdKZ3hFU/RM59/6Mthbel/ADMw3oG+GO8w1ZTrhgdBAAAAwBia+sDjtDT/dlRRN/kxi/Pf6QoKAEAlSnHsXaUHo4VC2IdqC0gpTWguK9gOoCEl0KLR4+V8V4Gc89MHgShl7uv3YRh+GYbhRe/7pkKtrcV8WcE2fM+YsetNhJfDEl5WfC/YkmqCUgSkwOdKOMreyP1yHl3loUvR2bqlDjvAdIICgK7EeP/cUYeu6C7DKDHxO7b7w53PHgAAADCGdSvwaE11Da2hWDLn/HLkujpznQAAVCGC+2q9F2itgc/TCrbhIU1ogDFqO5c9xq2AgWVEIMrLnPNZzrnMw//nQSDK2FpUZhDfmauG9vWLigKzP5NzLnPV+yN+1XiNxcR54MQR2Jr7oJTreHY0OwEp8EAMHKac5BSJg+8B9OZw6cQ/gAUY70Bf9peauKN5Uz43pzqqAgAAAMDuRJhQS4via+gmP2Yb7lJKLYXRAACwfrWu/SrrUw4q2I7HelbRtmhCA4zV0nn33mUdm7F+pc60BEHknE8fBKK8HYbheGQ4BMtqbaxQ87rlMdt211hoOSuUUirngV8d260q94Vvy3Vy7noLASnwsZMJiX3nuvDA/wYKt3YFdEVQANCVGPefO+rQFeMdNlK6RcSD0DHuJOUDAAAAwCxaWhS/aNfQeO0XI37VoncAAKoSa7/eVXpUmmjgU2FjRU1ogLEEpPCRB4Eo18Mw/HcYht+GYXglEKV9Ue9419AbqXJcOGGe+Mx4jRqklE7UAu3E/oOglFnuFwWkQIiL88mE/SFxFv6meBD6cljhww6AXTPegb7sz51qTPOmXCcs3AEAAADGamlxL9SgtfCOowZfWxg0AAA1qnWcuuSYfxM1rRnWhAaYosWAFGG0W1TqYHLOr3POlznn/CAQ5dmOX7qEtf04DMPVrG+Ylup/n0WjvtqMXUttvEY1UkovhaTsTAlKeR/X1Z3eNwpIgb+Vk9reyP1xlVKSwAghUhVv7Q/oiqAAoCvRScSkCPTFeIdHiYdSxyP3loU7AAAAwBTX9h48XgQVt/S8Z8kg7zGvfZtScl4CAKA6UfvxrsJN22+kYWFN26gJDTBKNFrfb2zv3TjnTZNzPsg5n+ScLyIQ5f0wDD+XpsEzvPxdzEX+kFI6Uou6iNbWZp5UsA2fGjNPfBW1F1ANISk7dxhBKWe7CnsSkAJ/mzJgUCQFn/O9gL4cNvJQBmCbjHegL2URypKLz2nHlOuDhTsAAAAAMK+Wuu4eLtE1NF5zTJFISx1ZAQDoT40Fp8PCwYjfFYECcxSRP0YJZbSGDxjroME9Z65lQ2Veq6z7jECUsi7v92EYfhmG4cWMm1EakP97GIanpSBfUMRyYt/XGJL3NUc1bUwJGBqG4dmIX3XuokpCUmZRGo5e55y3ft8mIAX+uji/nJD6eCWxDz6XUjqLmzigHx4yAF2JSVITItAX4x2+KQoFjifspdY6FAAAAO0Tfg5A11JKF9G9tRVLLIof+5oWvgMAUK1Y+/Wmwu07jhCSWtVUqKvRETBFi89HWgr6XcSDQJSznHO51v9nGIa3EYiyN/M2XQ3D8K+UUglG0TitHi3NWZbGjq2Pve6ixhSqFCEp/3Z0dqpcf3/OOV9vszm/gBT4y5QCJ8VR8HUmHaEvh9scqAI0wv0A9GU/Qlbha6ZcF849BAUAAAAmurYDYZSWFmgvMUc95jVvdMMFAKABp5U2BD2pYBu+ppYi3V81OgYmOmhsB5pr+YISKlYCJHLOp6Xw+kEgyvGEZvpT3EXzzR9SSs8jnJmKxDFpqSF86wEpmgZSvRJiVQKtGgvTb9GzYRjel2v2NrZdQArdi8KmsQPeK5Mq8HXx/biyi6ArggKArsTDhnNHHbpivMMXRQenKQ+jfLYAAACAqYSvwjgtBaQ8K51w53qxeK1nI37VwncAAKoXTUxqbJRzEmsQqhLb9KKCbbq1xgLYgtYaw7Y0f7VTpanvg0CU/w7D8CU+KyAAACAASURBVNswDK9GzmFtS7k2vRmG4WlK6aUwm+q19H06rmFcWIKIhmHYG/Grzl00IcKTSnjajSO2c6/KNTznPCmsTkAKTJsY8SAXvs/kI/TlMG58AXpivAN92Y+wVfjUycgHQMW5h6IAAAAAsIyU0nVji17nfCY/tnO97rgAADQhGoL+Wtm27k0Yi+9SDetlSlf3owi3ARglCnLHrvNaSrdzLRGI8jrnfJlzzsMwvK8gEOVeaSr+U0qpBKO8dn1qRms1wTXUaI0ZB76zLpaWlM9rSumgwvvDNSrX8MspNRkCUuhafHn2R+6D20iFAr4hJo2v7CPoigAxoCsxcXfuqENXBCPxkUjon7I4yWcKAAAA2AaLr2G8ljpZzlkoOWbx/TvFIAAAtCSldFJhaOJJrEWoSQ2hLScRcgkwxUFje++mp5CBEmCTcy7XwYuc8x8RiPJzaeZbwebdK+vG/5lSep5Samlekb/Gfn80tvZ/0TFYjElfjPhV3w2aFPeHP5YMAUdwp0pY3duc86hzhYAUeqdwBebh+wJ92Z+S4AfQqJPoTgH0wXiHT51M6CpyLiUfAAAA2BIFQjBeS42y9qPT8U7Fa4xpPmbhOwAALTqqbP3XXk1r8HPOzyc0J96WXxWhA1syJhB2SatuYJtzflrWYz4IRPl9GIZfIpBh7Jq8XSiF8m+GYfh/KaWXArua19KY4ln5niz4+mPWS9+mlFqac4ePpJQuI1DtV3tm545zzpebBoQKSKFbMUHzbOT7vzWxAo8XA4Iruwy6IhgJ6EokSa/6AQTwGeMd/hQTskJ4AQAAAKBhEWL8rqF3MEeI95jXuLPwHQCAFsU9QW0F86/mCEd8pKXXNpxHJ3eAbXje0F68ayzY97seBKKc5ZzL9fc/wzC8rTAQ5d7NMAw/pZSeppRex5pxGhe1jrcNvYslx0FjXlvtNc0r5/u4B/mn2uidOxyGYaOQFAEp9GzKBI3CFdic7w30pXSsmmNBFkBNTivrIgLslvEO904mPJh9F4usAAAAlrJktzFg+yzMhmlaKjaZo3BzzBy4cBQAAJoVhbI/Vbb9ixeX5pyPomBtKSUcxRodYCsieKrGEI6vuWg9kKMUO5drSc75NOd8/SAQ5bisw6xgE7/mfBiGH1NKBxrtr1ZLzVEXCfKLc+aY76nGs6xGSuk6pfQ87hXVC+3Os01CUgSk0KWc8/MJEzS3BrWwuZgwlpQGfRGMBHQlHkCYzIO+GO90LiZhpyTzu24AAABLE5ACK1IW6DmeMMlFQ4tb93fZST4KIMcUC5nzBACgaVErUlNIyrOc82LrU2JdxJLjfOEowLY9b2yPNjnXUmo3y/UrAlH+OwzDb8MwvIri55qVucE3wzD8UK4/UQvHep01Nh+8REjKmPWx560HO8GXxL3i07hOCErZjUeHpAhIoVdTJogUP8F4vj/Ql3ID7qEE0JtTkx3QFeMdxhYJFFceoAIAAABAPWLR9kVDh2SX89NjFtvfCmoCAGANovDtTUVv5eeFCmKHKIrdX+i1haMAu9DSeeWmlbmWEuQbgSilqDkPw/C+XL8aCES5d1MC0lJKT1JKr1NKH+rYLHapwfngJcaDY17zbAfbAVUo541ynRiGoQTYnzsqO/HsMedmASl0pyQQDsNwOPJ938VkFzBCFH5d2XfQFcFIQFdiolRnPOiL8U7fhPACAAAAtRDeDdshIOUvYxa+t7TvAADgm6Lo7aeK9tJZKT6f8wWj9ubnOV/zgV+FowDblnN+0lBgx9DCeuSc82nOuayd/j2uGWNrNpfybhiGH1NKB2pGu9XSuv+jOI/NIhpIbtpA8FbjQHpQgrTifuUHQSk7cZhz/uZ1WUAKPZpSfKLQEaZTAAZ92Y+bYoCenFqIDl0x3ulUHPexXZKuPAQCAAAAtqyJTqJQu5RSCfm4beRA7e2ii/zIhe+DtXUAAKxNFErXEpJSxuiXc4WkRPHtUiGIP6WUThZ6bWDdtj6PskO3tQd2xBzSq5HzSEsqa7x/LUXtKaUj6/j6llIqz1ZuGtkJezOfx8a8ljliuiIoZaeOv1WjISCFrsRk0NgkwjsXaJgubhyv7EroimAkoCsppT/cO0B3jHf6NOW4+8wAAAAAQL2WKgIcYxcL4sf8zZuyEHgH2wIAAIt6EJJSQ8OsWUJSIhzlcoGC9xJW+c/aAwGAprUUkFL1OuS4Fr2tYFM2cRvX9KcliMtcFg+0tO5/loaOOeenwzC82PDXynjZOI4ufRKU8kbD5a05jfPRZwSk0JspKbKnUegITKcQDPqy/63EPoCVOjWpAV0x3ulMHO/9ke/6StcJAACgIk8cDFgNi7lhe1paxL3Vwp4ohNx04ftg4TsAAGsWgR3Po7B6afchKc93sR0PwlGezfw+3w3DcJBSup75dYFOTJjzWELVIQOxL1sKGC5Nvn9MKZVglDP1oXwqxnqtrPs//FpYwJaNmXe+8P2idxGUUmqnnwpK2Yq9r42JBKTQjbjwH498v3c6wMP2RCHYlV0KXRGMBHQlJvfcQ0BfXseDP/owZXyrUAAAAKjJ3IUOwO4ISIEtiYK8m0b2517OeZshKWP/lnlPAABWLe4TDipZA1+KxN7nnLe6NjfnXN7f9cxzhqVW598ppSMFtcCObTVkdsdqb/L+ekJzsbmU68v5MAw/pJSea2jGI7Q0vzlHQ8eTEb+jdgJCuY6XoJSUUqkt+KmSsM1WHX7pOZiAFHoyZfKn9hsLaJGwBOjLfnTZB+jJqcRX6Mr+yAcCNCbGtWMf8N5GtwEAAAAAoG69Logf87feWVsHAEAPosjteQn0qOTt/pxzvs45P5/6h3LOZc3L5cwF7yVs5iClpJgWmEMrtQxVN3mPa86rCjble0rw1suUkmBxHqul8chOz2fxPd90THgTgYLAJ8q68ZTS0whKaSWcvzafnaMFpNCFnHM5eRyPfK9V31hAqyJ9s4YEbWA+gpGArsRCUPcS0JeTnPMTx3z1pjxcMiYGAAAAdkUHTNiui4b254ttzE3HGrvDEb/a0r4CAIDJItDjn5UUtz0bhuF9zvnyS121v6c0ick5l+LxX4Zh2Jtpm0v39H+VsBmF68AcJsx5LKH2Ju8thAqfR80aPFqMSVqpc9zfRkDeN4xZI6tmAr4jglIOhmH4UV31xj5r3C8ghV5MKT450+ECdkZhGPTls8EoQAdOI3QR6ENZKHLiWK9XPFQa+7D8tkxu974PAQAAAKAFsSD+XUMHa+NCyC39jTvzngAA9Kh0yI/itjeVrA8raxl+yzn/kXM+yzmXJj/PPw1TjP/tZfw7pU7mbVnfO9M23sX+OkgpCVoE5tRKDcNtzSEDOefXM14zxrqzhpMJWgr52Ml5LcaOm84T3wnRhscrIV4lLDKCUs7tukf7qBZdQAqrFymPxxPep/Qy2JFI5JR2Bn053UbnKoBWRNiiewroy4nxzqpNCfoUEgoAAADsko7LsH0tLereRkDKmEX1Fr4DANC1lNLrygqx96J+5pdhGN4Pw/Df/ED8b2/j39mbaZvug1Gelv2lgTGwgFYCUqo9R8aayBaCR05dZxgrAtxuG9mBRztaq3w0Yox45nsHm4uglDJG+UFQyqPsR6PTPwlIoQdTBt/n0Q0E2B0FYtCXPYm8QIdOK+kSAszDeGelYlL1cOS7u9VFFQAAqE00GwFWwvoW2ImLhp7xvJiyID7GBc9G/Kp5TwAAulXG0Tnniwgc4XOCUYDF5ZxLsf9+A0ei9vVlJzMGa411G8FlMEUr8517WwrN/tSYQCnNZGGC8oz3QVDKG7VH3/S/c5SAFFYtHvpOSXk0KIYdK0lnwzBc2c/QlZMdJZUCVCke7ApLgL4Y76zTlHkic0wAAECNBKTAelgoBzsQz3guGtq3UxbEj3mWdRvrfgAAoDs55zKGvi5hhY7+Z26HYfi3YBSgElPqCudU7XbGWsgW1kELaWAbWgqE3mpASoRob9pE8EqAP2xHBKW8jnUcglK+7H/nPQEprN2UdMJzF2eYjYJh6Mue7z3Qm0h1v3XgoRvGOyuTc34+4sHPvbvGiigAAACA9lw7ZrAzLS2InzIvPWYxvXlPAAC6UwpHc84lKPCXCbUqa3U+DMOPKaUSjHIqGAVYWhT7txBk9a7yENop9ZlzuWtsHo9KRT3xeSPH50Wc57ZlTFCT7x1sWbmPiqDJElD2kzqkj+zFmn4BKazXFtIJdfaFmaSUrhu6eQC24ySu1QA9cY8BfTHeWZcpc0wW/QAAAABAo6I4pZXFp8/GLIjPOR8Mw7A/4vV05QUAoCs555cRUrppg5VStP3rMAw3K9xf76Jo7/+llF5WXuAP9KeFdbt3DTRja6FZ3IU1emxRS6EfY4Kvv2bTgJS7aCIL7Ej5jpUAyrjnWuP95BgCUli9KemE55H2BsxHwTD0Za+RiTKArYkJQOmt0A/jnZWY2EnkTpEAAAAAMAPFR7BbFw3t3zEL4sd0Br2xvg4AgF6UBjk557L26+2IGpVSxHaQUjpJKZVwwn8Ow/Cm4eK2u09CUY6iaE9ROlCVaG62zeCAXXld8xxLhIONrc+ckzV6bE1jodlbWaecc34+IkTb9w5mEvdc5X7yx2EYrjrf7wJSWK+4iZnU2dfHA+YVN/Tndjt05SSu2QA9EQoHfTHeWYcp5+5Ti4AAAICKPXVwAOBRWlpLNibsZMzv6AwKAEAXoqlKKZI9HvF+S+Peg4eF7yml65TS6yhu+yGCRt5F8EitriLU5ceU0hOhKEAjpjRen0sJoK193mnMvNHcbsv1tYHtpC2tzAnv55wPtvB3zBFDA0qAU0qpBIT8s+Na7MNBQAorNuUm5sqgGBajYBj6srettFKAVpQHww0lSgPTGe80LhY6jVnkNMTiJSG8AABAzQSkwHpY5wI7FMWMrXR3fxbzmo+Scz4auc7O4ncAAFYvik3LPfezEe/1p5TSNwtNy71GBI2UwJEnUeRWAlN+XbAr+FUU2v27bE/6y/MIdblcaJsANrKFxutzqTp8JOaYDivYlO9xfWIXzioPsHto0vkuzplHG/7au4chgFCDnPNlzvmPLYUGVS2CN19G6GZ3QSlljPJ/FWwH7MKUGwQBDbCQMjDOOZ9PKD4D2nOSc9ZVH+hNued466hDN4x32jZlnshxBwAAAOZiDgJ2ryyI/6WR/fxyg7nNTRe+D7H43XkHAIBVyzm/nLDG66dopLWRaPT7UQhqFPeVotXn8Z/3xX4HI8MO74NXPsTPH/GaHxS5AisypfH6XN400OB9zLzREi4a2U4aUuY/c84XjdQ4Tv2ujgnRFqBNrcpnuQSlPG/gOjtZ3MO9zDmfxPinhTHQNjz9R/vvAT4WE1H7I3fLlVRbWJyQIujLXiPpzABbEw+/b+1R6IbxTqOiA8aUh1unXe9AAAAAYE6rX+AHFWhpwfcmzcXGLJ5XdAIAwKpNDEf5dUw4ytdEZ/DLlNLrlNJJSul5/DxJnxiG4ccHP//89P8P97//Mv7mafx94SjAKuScnzSwXq/UL7ZQOzWlgf2czI+zK62sAd2L8etYm54zb1NK5oip2X1IykEvR6mEOsXYoqx9fzMMw10Fm7VLTwSksEZTbhAEM8DCYnL13HGArpzERCRAT9x7QF+Md9o05Vx9roMqAAAAMBfzELB78T1718iu3n/Mwt9YNL9pJ8G7bRZ7AgBAbaLz9thwlFLwvlhRfgSd3P8oFgd6dTpivmNOdy0Ej0RzsWcVbMr33An5YldiPHXTyA4eE4Q99ruueSAtuA9JedrT0eooKOVAQAqrEg9t90e+pzIZdekTAVVQMAx92WsgpRlgq2Lh6K29Ct0w3mlMBNocT9hq97UAAEALuumYBCvXyuJcWIOWumI+ptBmzKJ5nUEBAFitnHNZ0/XLyPd3N7YwFYDtiCLoKWu+5vCykUCP5xVsw2MIBGPXWgkDeTEyCGLM2mYB2rSirN+/6LHJ6SdBKb9WsElbJyCFtZlSfKJwBSoRN/vnjgd05aTHGw6ge+5BoC/GO22ZEmhzrisFAADQCPepsA5/OI4wjwjAb6Xb3jcLM2O++sWIvysgBQCAVco5v55YVH9SitB8OgAWVXvRfllX1srcSisBKdbpsVNrmhPe0u+cG/PSmGfDMFz2uoY/glLKmvgfhmG4qmCTtkZACquRcy5dL/ZHvp/blNKlTwNURcEw9GVvYhEqQHNiwvTWkYNuGO80IibBpxwr97MAAADAnHTIhHm1UsSyn3P+ViHLmMXytw0V8QAAwKNFLcrPE/bYbawFA2AhOecy13FY8f6/SSm9rGA7HktACvytlXHeRute47y5aT22MS8t6jokZfirdulDSqlc2/+1lhomASmsyZTiE4UrUJnotn3uuEBXTnq+2QC65V4E+mK804aTCLQZ4zzuZwEAAADmolMfzKulBeDfKroZU5AjHAUAgNWJcJS3E9+XNWAAC4o1eacVH4O7kWG1i4j9ObaJPaxRzeeXh0po9sEG//6m56USCng5btNgcd2HpAx/1WyX5zzlPPFrBZsziYAUViG6XYwdeEvrhXqZLIa+7DU0cQCwFXEvsooEVuBR9jZNaGdeMfE95Ri5jwUAAFry1NGCVbh2GGE+sQC8lWc7X1zgnnN+OrKjsjV2AACsStShTA1HuRMmCLC415UHehw11nRrk4CFpQkQZ+fi+3vVyJ5+VDB2rJU93vBvWx9L6555zvHnOe2PlFJZK/+vuJ9tkoAU1mLKxdWFGSoVNxDnjg905TgWYwH0RFgC9OWk9/Tpyp1EkM0Y7xp7kA0AAKD7H6yDBeAwv1aKH/dyzl8KSRnTsfgmpSSQCQCA1Yju+tsY21+WAjOfDIBlRNjVq4p3/08RuNuS5w1tq/kq5tJKqMKjAlJGzBELBWQtXuScuw9JGf6q3b6IpjqtBEB9REAKzYsbmTEdLYrb6NgO1EuIEfTH9x7oSkwsNDmpAIyyZ7xTpwiumRJadbrm/QMAAADUqcHF9bAGLc0Ffmmh+2MXyT9kjR0AAKsR6wMuJjRQeUihKMBC4nxe85zFr+oWd06zOmYR3+XbBvb210KzP7XpWtkLoYCsyLGQlL+U73VKqWQ0/FrD9mzgDwEprMGUoiIFSVC56L597jhBV8qNxlOHHOiMexPoyyvjnSodTVj8dKUYCQAAAFjAnZ0O84u1LDeN7PqPFsPH3PSzEX9H0ScAAGtSxrf7W3o/H3wyABZzusXz+badp5SmNOta0vOGtvWggm2gH60EKnwzIHvkHLEGgqyNkJQHYszyUzUb9H3XAlJoWs65DLgPR76HWymM0AwFw9Af33ugK1FUf+WoQ1eMd+ojhBcAAOiG4E5YjWuHEhbTyoLw0jH04YL4MYU57yIUBgAAmpdzPp1Qg/IZzVQAlhHzHceV7v6blNI3AwqAJrVSi/wi5/zkG///pnPE5ZzmeRRrJCTlgchb+KmVBh0CUmjdlOITJy5oRCyyOHe8oCvHFmcDHVJcD30x3qlIPDAf203kyoInAACgQe5JYR0EFsByLhra90df+e+P1dJ7BQCAr8o5l/HwK3sIoG0554OKw2tvhmF4XsF2TPGtYAXoVtQ3vmvk/X8rpGnTAKdWwsJhjONPQua7FiEpLYxjrgWk0Ky4mRmb3HvnwgzNUTAM/fG9B7oSxfVXjjp0xXinHlOOheMIAAAALEVACiwkpfRHQ4vh/+wYGuvtNg2KvhOQAgDAGkQX/W032b314QCY14Pz+V6Fu/7PcJSYN2rZs4a2/aCCbaAvrdQkfzHwIQIDNzl/3kVgAqzZWyEpf0spXQ/D8FMt2/MlZawlIIWWnUzY9tMV3GxAVyJl8dxRh66UFEYdLIHeKLKHvhjvVCAmtTctCrh3FQFXAAAAAEu4ttdhUS0tDD8a0Rm0uLDODgCAlbiotJgegM2cVRrgsZZwlNZYf8msYr1oCyF5zyIw+1ObzhELR6EXQlIeiGCkf1ezQR/7sym1gBSaFMVDxyO3/a6hpDbgYwqGoT++90BXYtL0ylGHrhjvLG/KMfDwBwAAaJWOerAOHxxHWE5K6SLWorVgdECKjxgAAK3LOZfmvIc7eBtjm7EAMELOuazVelHhvhOOspwaw3JYv1Zqkz+aD845PxlxDlWHTU+EpDyQUirf/3fVbNDf/mwgIiCFVk0pXDl1wwFtSimVxV1vHD7oynEEowH0RFgC9MV4Z0ExkT12wdJtJGQDAAC06ImjBu1LKV07jLC4VgJEXozoln8bITAAANCsWJOxs/VYUWgKwI5F2NXYZuu7JBxlYTnn513vAJbQyrrRT4MeNg1+uIpaTujJW9eVj7yssFGAgBTaFBNUY29o7qSWQfNOG+q+A2yHoACgKymlyzKh6KhDV4x3ljMl6dtxAwAAAJZ0a+9DFda8Fk04CgAAa3A2IixwE4rnAHYsmmD9UuF+Xms4Smtzz67FzCq+8+cN7PW9nPPRg3/edL2sBoL06iLnfODo/+98d1LBpjxU6q0EpNCkKcUnpxIZoW3xHRZ0BH05joA0gJ4ouoe+GO8sIBK+D0e+cumc6uEPAADQMp1toX269kEFUkrXKw4sMgcKAEDToiB07LqAxzrazp8B4EsiHOVthTvnPKV0sNI6xdbmnl2LWUIrtY1/fj8i7OHZBr9njSw9KwGbl0JS/hLnglqeg5Vz05/jFAEpNCWKhY4nbLOLMqxDuYm4cyyhK4ICgK6klEqq6ZWjDl0x3pnflH3ueAEAAK2zmAfad+kYQjXWuCbtJsJfAACgSTnnJzON1Y/itQDYssrDUV5WsB385ZkGdcwt5k5vGtjxxzFW3fScpQ6b3glJ+Vgt6+Yv7v+LgBRaczJhe8/vk4GAtkXCaitJi8B2HJu0Ajqk+B76Yrwzo5zz8wldoiTjAwAAADWwBgbqscb5QnOgAAC07nUUte3annVeANtXcTjKTx2Eo7QYmjul5hTGaqW28UhACowiJCXEuvm7Cjblf+cmASk0Y2RS2UMmnWBdTiu5qALzEYwEdCWlVLp/Xjnq0BVzF/OZsq8dJwAAAKAGAlKgEtG0q4VuoZu42N6fAgCAeUWDmlczvuiraNQCwBbknE8qDEcp9Us/dtJYq8W555dRewpzumiktvHthsGB72LOG/jru3PmGvOny4VfvzQ4/V+Im4AUWnIyIcH33EUZ1iWl9IewBOjOCw+QgA4pwoe+HMciHXYoxpSHI1/hTmEAAACwEt13OYLWRcg2UI81rWG5stYOAIDGLTE+v9BZHGC6nHMJIPmlsl1ZgnGfdzQne/2If6c2e1F7CrOJ2sY1hib1EAQFm3hWwkGEpCwekPLRuUlACk2IE8eUQaqiQlin00aSFoHtcU0HuhIPU9456tAV453dm7KPT+OhFgAAQOvGNicB6nDrOEB11hSsbAE8AADNiqYpLxbY/r0omjvy6QHYXKkdzDmXNbPHle2+8whHaTE0ZJSGg2BOWipej2A14WrtW1vz99uUkiaC8DkhKcsHqAlIoUknExZonetoAesURWlru5EAvu0wHl4B9ESiOfTlOOf81DHfjdi3hyP/+J17UAAAAKAS1sFAZWINy1pC7y2ABwCgZUs2pik1L7/lnE91Fwd4vAiKuJ6wrmtX/p1SetlpQ62rCrZhU3utBP/mnF+WQnsNDdoXdcstfl++xhpZ+DohKcv5LCdCQArVi5PFlIJAnZdh3U6jSA3oh2s70JW4kT931KErxju7M2Xfnnb6sBsAAFgZwZywCq128IS1a6IA4zvOzYMCANCqaMBXQ3H9qxJumnN+bS4O4NtyzqVm8PdhGPYr2lU3wzD8M6XUc1BAq3PQL+IzVa0yPhiG4a1wlFVZw7zwvTW9F9iFZ57TLuKz9f8CUmjByYQB39WnqUDAusSiDOmE0JfDeIgF0BNhCdCXYwtkti/26fHIP3zn3hMAAFgR95zQPmthoEIppYsVNPm5qGAbAABgrJrWWJUamJ+HYfhPzvmiFGvnnA8q2C6AKpS1XDnnUmD8S2VH5NdhGJ6nlK4r2JYltTxH9EuN19yc85MyJojxASuSUiqhIrcreEfCs+FxnuWchQnN5/xLORH/t+I3zHpMSe1TRAh9OJ0YpgS0p1zjhaQA3Sg39Dnn8wmF/UB7ynjnpeO2VVPmiU49+AEAAAAqIiAF6nXR8POcuwh5AQCA5kTjvcNKt/tF/JTtLP9xFf+7zuPzsOYDKlNCo2ItV001QCX09iil5Nz817rl65xzCXzYr2BzxrgsY4Nagm5inHKh7m3VzlYQfiPwAR6vNEMt10tr/Xfr7mvr/wWkULWc88sJA78rNyXQhzJhmXM+laIJXTmMCSvXeqAnrwWkQFfKxOnrLyUes7nScWTiOfTUbgcAAFbkiYMJbfOMDKp22vDzHAvgAQBo2ZTGvHO7D3KpNdBlbV7mnI9qKZKHnuWcD2LupLbzX2lgeCJM6TPlWP1S2TY91l6EpLxcMhA45/wk5txeLLUNzKb1gJRbz55gY72FpCzR6P70a7UU/5h/W2AjUzr7TvldoD2nkQgG9MO1HuhK3NifO+rQFeOd7ZmyL889/AYAAFbmwAGFpt04fFCvKLi7bfQQCUgBAKBJ0TRF4TFfs39fJG8PwTJKSEQ0Rf69snCUMofzYylstj7si1qfKyohKb+VRnVLvHi87gdjlD7EOv93Db9Z65VhnBKS0suzlbnXmdyklL56bhKQQrVi8mF/5PZdSSyDvsRkhI7e0JfDnPMS6YMASzL5CH05Nt6ZLhZCTenY6twLAAAA1OSLXbKAqrS4fuVWN3UAABp24uDxHaVI/q2QlHaUQI1hGJ72vh9aF8Eo9yERryp7O29Koa/6w6+LOq01NHb8Oed8PcdazPjMv8w5l8/8z3H9oR+t1jWWhvUXFWwHtKqs9+/hnnTumoZv3rsJSKFmU4pPFK5An05jUA70wzUf6EqkS6/hC9u4cAAAIABJREFUYQPweMY7001Z3HIe514AAIA1eeJoQtMEGED9WlxMrilRY3LOBwt0bBxtqW7NM2lpfO1eoAFRDLy291SKm48q2JTHWnPxvPNAG5o5TjWcs2IbhF7wWEJSGhD3Ox8mNN1mYZ8Eo9QWEnE1DMMPKaXXEQDCt63lfv7ZMAzvc86XuwhKKfc8OefT+My/3eD8dTMMw6/b3p4dcf38jghcuq16I7/swvlwGXE+ammO13ng635Z8/7JOR/NPJ779/dC/QWkUKU4EYy9kb2R3gh9isG4BRvQl8M5knwBKiMsAfpivDNBLISaksrtnAsAAKxRM4usgC+yJgYqF6HLV40dJx1CGxKLkS8b60JcujWfrS34Ida6nlWwKY911mMhQxSpHVawKY91GUXBqxDPOq+jILEVx1E4ubZz1lFj56yfOz1nlWfUryrYlMe6ruCcNXehFu0TklKxRu93CJ+ERNQWjFJCC35MKT3XMOvxVtjY8TCCUj7knE+mjGPK78bfKPc7/4kx3Caf+RKOUu6XWgmmKPdJ12sM9dyyFusa1WIuIMaj7xsb87yN6zxf3z9rvc+YshZ/U6W56Xc/ZwJSqNWU4hMnWOhbOQfc9b4ToDOKVoGurPBhA/B9xjvjnUx4eHDuYTgAAABQoW92ywKq0VLx8ZW50HZE0fRvjRYLHkfww9MKtmWyKAZ429ix2OupkCG61l83FjQwRJDIZRQHN60UCzZY7HPvcE1hNQ1fP96uMWDrS+KcdRnF5C3Zj+/KkkVgqxhbMDshKRWKY9Lq/U7Xytg153wxMiRi10owyk8ppacaso/2eoV1WmUM88swDL/nnP+IgMTX5TxUQh6/8vMy/p3y75ZQk9/jb4wJg/wzHCUahbekvNcPawr13IGW5oWLm5SS504zK/e5Ma/YoldrDJXdotXdZ0T48Vzh0zePDWMRkEJ1YkJ/f+R23aaUWhtEAFsUN4eCkqAvhzHYBuiJsAToi/HOCDH5PiWx2rkWAABYK0Uj0K7bBhdMQ68uGnrf1ts1IIqmLxosmv5UKaS5bvm5R8OhGw+9WnvX5/iMfRhZqFaDUlD6W6thNvE9OYtiwZY1H1bTcOjGQ6sK2PqSKDC9nrHgaNvuA7iMK2nNqQLvejReKNyl8v0p49UIiijBNi8q2w8l0OPNMAwHag2niWDdNddp7cU47Oc4D73/ys/b+HcOJ4YAtRqOcm+vgoC8asVxbakRqhrMGT2YVzxu/K0cxhyvsfSXvV1D8PEDc50nNro+CkihRgpXgKlOV5hOCnybMQDQlXjY0NLkKTCd8c7mTiY8iHynYyoAALBiYxuWAMszXwGNaGwhfEthLl2KheaXFRabjVXm7t/nnKesFV3ECkI3Hrrv+ry6kP74bL2vrGv9WM115Y0Qi8sVFPvcuw+rae557QpCNx66D9haU4HRn6Kw9PeVzNccRwCXcF5aUc7xF7rfL+tBmNdaxg6rFcfqqITZ5Jw/xPXrVYXj7vtglKcppdcCp7ej7MsoXGaa88bDUe7dB+QJ1/iyVkKZ7gRIzSfu0dcyrzjEPaywpK87W0OATMyHzfGZ3Tg8TEAKVYkHLWMnYW9dkIHh70UmbrKgL4drfPgJ8B3CEqAvh2tcoLorsXhlysJq95QAAABAjS4dFWhKC8Ej5wqF6hZrIS5XtHD+oV+isK6JgtSVhW7cazas5kuiYLOce3+pb+smOYwwm+qLKuJ55vVKz1k/l89XQ+esNYVu3Gs2rOZL4pxVah/e1rd1k9yH2cy5vkGYKFPsC41czoNgtTWEea1OXKuel2tvhNj8t1yLI8ymxjHGrWCUnXupmfUkv6aUXq7ss9lcqOccUkqXjQQKqcWeyYN79DXNKw7Ckr5pLwJkmg1Jic/tzzO81MbhKIOAFCo0ZcJScSDwP5FOemuPQFfcUAFdSSl9aKjzILAd5j4e7+WEBwlX8YAKAABgddbQpQg6d937DoCWpJQuGigaUQhYsSgA/22FC+cfOo6F4k/r2aSPrTh046FfWgp++JK41ynPd17Ut3VbUc4Dv9ccZrPSEKFPvai9uGXFoRsP/dx6EeaDQIDjCjZnF+4DuGZZ4xBNdn9SsM0Eh2sJjGtJXE/XGqzWnHJtehCGUoIsryMQ5X0UxtYcYlPqhn5KKQlG2bGU0vXEpmU9K5/Rte67wwjI8wzyYy3UN6nBmkEH9+iDsKSvajYkJcJR5vjcjgpHKdJutgc2FynB70fuuttyI2O3Aw/NeCEG6vFTPOwC6EJMIn1Y+QIj4GM/Cu/4vpzzhwmdSuxjWImJc87APFx3AWZmjATN+yHCs4FGROfEV5Vu7V1KyYLlCsUzwLMVBz18SSloPqptniAWr591VLRZFqS/jKK3ZsQ6wdOOnpuXRionNRV+RrHPWoMevuQuvitVBY1F6MZFR+es27h2tHbOOoprSy/nrHfxfdn5OetBWJZ1VIxRzu0H5l3mseI6jzfR6HdxcU789J6//PN9ge7TBz9j11gtrVxjTj1vnl+H4/8p7qLw+6tj1giV+7mJd/Ntd3Gvqp6njTX+pZHg8wq2Y7XiM3DZWRjcovfpJaSl0lC3714LajLjdek8pfRy7C//Y7vbApNMuQmUVgZ8Jm6qbu0Z6EoVk8oAc4nFA+6HoC/GO98RiyjGPri/8tAcAAAAqNStIh1oUs0FAVUVdfOXKG6/7CwcZYhikfcxx1+F2JbeihieRVfTao7D90QQ1dvOiuGPa+k+W4p9cs7XHRZHls/bb1EwUoUI3bju7JxVngn/3tg5q3xmfuvsnFXGNNdznLOi2OxpBH7BpvYqv39bjTgXrrUJ7s+5EuUaGWHpD39+i2LXn2P8dthgOEqpD3oTQdLVhWz2IoqZr3rfD49Q9tHT1gL9JijX0rdxn969WONf8/yrcc8Oxf3Ph87u0YcYV1zGHAV/24v9UnVgfXk2ESEzc4Sj/DQlHGUQkEItokvV2GSmOxdk4BsUD0Jf9lt64AmwJadxXwT04TDmUfi6KfeB7iEBAIC1c08J7eplETWsShRA1NrcR7FCZWL+v7fi9k+9jU7Ui+o0dONeEwVND4I5XlWwOUt4tnTBScfFPg+VIuizpQtcOg3deOhtDcfhW+KcNVeRUY325wrgikLUMqY6b3JPsbRDxZy7E+fCs47PhUzzbhiGf6WUStjEa0HSVTgSSvZNb1JKz2Ns0ptXZexbexDATGpdj3obTenZgQehy73eo1cXKluJakNSYpxe5oL/MyHn4bHK2OGf2zgHCUihFlMmu047HSwCjxAXy1oXmgC74SYK6ErcD1nACn0x3vmKeLAwtrPJla4iAAAAQMUEpEC7anyOc9tR99om5JxPoqt3rwvnHzouwRdLLBYXuvGRV0sdh++JMKHegzmGBwUns19n4pnc785ZfzqOApenc7+w0I2PLHYcvifChK5nKDKq3d5cQWhlLVV0ov5383uNJViHtwMxpryM8zU81k2cy/9fSukopXRhz9XjQSiZkJSP3Rd+977G8zDG5wcVbMtiIszpqsJNE46yI52HLn+qhMpeCEv6yLOaQlLKOTru0f8703z4mzJ22NazKQEpLC4mIsfe5N6ZgAAeofcbS+jN/hydBgAqcxr3R0AfDmPhJ5+bcv9njgkAAOiBBUjQLsGu0K4aC3gsgq/Egy7qv/S+Lz5RFot/mLOQRujGF90fh2qeSwkT+qJZu3PHOevtHK/VkPJduZ7zuyJ044vuj8NRLRv0IExobJOPNboPQtt5mE1KqawB+Jc1VWzIGuQte3DNMs7mMe5DUX5IKR2Uc7mm6vV6EJLyrvd9Ed7E51Yo8V/ugwCqGZ8vpMZ5WHPDW/YgwFTo8sdeCEv6zP25cZH51vK6Jcgn5/wh5ivmCDC8ug8P2+a4Lm3rD8FYMVE+9kv0RqIe8Bhx0faAAfpRul1V1w0CYJdyzq91BYKuXKWUhKQ8EAtUxi7GNH6EFYqHSO8dW6jajyklhb4AM4qFWYqnoE3/TzEAtKvCa/AP0cGUBUVh8IVCwe/6KaW008KNCN0QUvNt/45C80VE+MdZFFbwZXfb7ML6qTgGl85Z37Xz78rE56K9WLTGIL4vpzMVGrWqnLOO5nhGEMV4F9aRswFrSLYkiuLPhNvxHe9inHlhrqJdE+tDW1eCfV6OvRfrZP131zXAOec/KroWvksp9R5as1XuNx7lLs6TOw2Tb3QtxF2ECX6Inz/in4vrsc+G49lD+Tl48J9z75vb0vh0V3P7AlJYVHzJ/jNyG8oX/6nFH8BjeCAEXdr5AhmAmsTiig8eJkJXFBQ/ULpMTViQaewIKyQgBZpgPAMwMwEp0Kyb0nnS4YN2VbZuxTmlAjF3deHZ3qOdp5S23slf6MbG3kUxw6zrdqPQ5Ewwx6NtPaAjjsGlc9ajnQ/DcLLt74rQjY1dRQDH3OcsAWibmaVYNr4/F+bF2IB1JBOp3+AbbuOcXMaXl+oC1yO+96cd3Tfcxbh/0vWiowaZi8wp1KCyY/yvXYdU9KTD895UO73/62AtxNV3/v+nlQT1lOvj6a7v9QWksKiJ6YBdJ8cBm8s5f5DGB12R4A50p6NJcuAvVyml5/bF5BAE40ZYKQEp0AQBKQAzq6xDGfB4OykKB+ZTWdC9Qr+F5ZxPhmH4peudME7pyPx8W4U0QjdGm9QZe1MKTUbbWkCHYzDaTYRzfNjGHxO6MdptHIe5zllHcW3xfdnMbMWyE+tX6ItgyQl81/jE7X0YSgSibGV8RJ06ude+i3uk0y3dc/W09nvWOYVaxP3cfyrYHGtltyjnXM4Dr1bzhuazs/s/zWIWV8Z85Zp2Mcf9/T/q3x+sVVzYp9zwbjXdHOiCUCXoy348oAfoyWlMvAN9OIzif6bd77lXBAAAeqJAB9okVA4aF4tBa+nMqUPogqJQUDjKOKW46kMUW00S60kuBQ2MUvbZ5RxrcqLQ5K37mFGO4zhN+r44BpOU78r1Np7nRujGtXPWKKWp4u8znbPKc+fffF9GeRHfl52HUUT46E+7fh1W4dkcn8m1KeGgUZgqHKVvV8Mw/DoMw7+GYfihFOOX828JaxWOsn4l+CICpt6sdD1zCaM8KE3/5yj+XqH7OYWjnt50nPveVbAp6rG34MF4RzjKOC/iPCCsZz2uIpj/aYz3Zrk+CkhhSVOKT84NIoFNRfebWzsOuqLYFehK3CeZvIS+dD/eiUWFYxO/b3VKBQAAelEWaznY0KyuuinCitUQTPLOurtlxML5a4WCk+1NDecQ+LAVZd+9jX25dQ++LwpNphldeKbYZ2vKd+V9zvlk7B8UurE15Zx1tou5kQffl166/u/K/lwBXLFG4EdNqHgETRo3EEWuuvb35e5BGEoJn/pn+svzlNJJSulCIEq/SoBICRKJQJHW3cXn/IcI+/G5nqbc2/wW9zo9qWGdqrWyE0WAnvHOdFsLlWUxtw+ujc+XWIufHHuWEJOLHyZM1v5gMAmMERPnb+086MpPil6Bnmzhfgtoz48ppW67CMdis7EPG4wVYcXiAdp7xxiq1vU4BmBuxkfQrLuUkoAjWImc84co/lzKv0qBks/T/HLOf3h+t3Ubz/HnnC+iSynbU4KXttr52fdlJzb6vlRwvVqjf6eUNgoVKoEegrW2bhfnLN+X7dv4+zJGhDlcRHEefElpuqOz/SMZw63azTAMf0SI84f7/1TXx2PFNfd1g2Pb22haebbLwOEICuk1bG+WcV8tFr53OC8BP/XtlXbEuezaeGfrSsDaVhpFTFxPzvfdxj302baO2RT/54CxkJMJF4JzN1HAWOUhX9w8ehgB/Xgt6RToSZmEj05dOtNAP8p4p8sU7SjuGzuZfSccBQAAAGjA4gvMgK0qi0dfLbRL74SjLMrC+e0bU6wqdGz7drFPfV+2b9Pvi/WV2zfmu6Iof/t2cc7yfdm+Wa7XpSYl1hycCVDjK/Zzzgc1FP81whiuTVex1X88mIe8jn8WgsJWxOfoZdRylZ+jys8Z51H8rdnL7vU2T1PW9/+y0GtbKzvdU+OdndjmeeDh51xQynaUsWK5Hl7Udl8kIIXZRTfzkwmv+9pRAyYq55G3diJ0ozygeKn4FejM6cRgSqAth2XRTqcP5KbME3XTeQAAACB0Ga4JK2ARNqzLaRQZLUFR07Le9Pzmd2TMNfLMtXXrdnFu8X3Zvk0/947B9jln1cE5qw2zfe5LI6pSpB3NqJYKMqRuR8JrH835sC5fO5dex7kPZvcgKOVJnF+PKgkpu7sv/o4C8Lm/Iz2P+Xt772dLhcII/NmKD8Y7O7G1+/SoG/yodjBCMYuD+P49jZ/y358t/u7rcx+IUu6BLmseN6YKtoHORNrf2E7m5ymllz4zwFQ55w9S26ErZdLqqQldoCcT772A9tymlLrqIJZzLu/3PyN/3fgQOhAPt9471lC1Hy3CAJiP+SJoljETAAAA7FhpxBeBhhpS8dBVSknwNMCOPAhLeR4/c9V5XUXx94X5d4C+5ZwPHoQX3Y/9n0SoyrDSMJW7uA7+7yel1FQwpIAUZhWD1g8TJo1+iLRAgEliEvutvQhdeZNSeu2QA73Ywv0X0J6fIv26Cznn8l6PR75XY0PogIAUaIJiX4AZTbyPAhaSUrK+CwAAAGYQhXGX1lvxkLkZgPlE07SD+Hm+haL0hwXgH6IA3BoFAEaLdan3nsbP1/55qXCV++vfEP/5x8P/XEODUTdpzGpiR6p3KaUjRwzYlpzzhxnTRYHllcH90zUM4gEeSygcdOc2pfS0hzcdD0L/M/LXjQuhEwJSoAkCUgBmlHMu59xD+xyacpNSOnDIAAAAYB7RlOpyhR3CGc/zLIAKfFKQPkSAyr0P8fO/f9akH4BaRTjnk+9s3qdhK/fuw04+1dW17/8q2Ab6cjLh3Z76rABb9lrBMHRlL8Yirx12oBcppbMIqhQKB33YL8FI5bvfwbudMqY7FY4CAAB06nsLbID6KL4BAACAGZX1BFGAXepXju17vlKUCMDMvhBWZf4cgCallL4UcMIG/mFnMZfoXL438uWuJK4C2xZFg7d2LHTlJNL9AXoiGAr6svrvfM756YRFSHdCeAEAgI7pegvtsVYGAAAAZlZCUlJKpf7ljX2PgBQAAIC6CEhhTlMKdBT0Abvi/AJ9KWFtJ4450BOhcNCd/QipXbMp93EXZSGTrwUAAADQCAEpAAAAsJCUUlmf8K9oxkK/Dhx7AACAeghIYRZRmLM/8rWuUkoWfAA7EQXDN/YudOUk5/zEIQc6IxQO+rLa73zOuXTlOZ7wJ5wPAQCALuWcnzvy0JwbQa8AAACwrJTSxTAMzzWo6po1xwAAABURkMJcphSfKFwBdu3EHoau7PneA72JUDgP6aEf+xFWu0ZT3td5SumD7wEAAADQCM2EAAAAoAIppesISblzPAAAAGBZAlLYuSjI2R/5OlcpJQs+gJ2K88yVvQxdOck5S3QHeiN8Evqyuu98jN+mBN05DwIAAD177uhDc6yXAQAAgIWVtQo557Le4Doa9NEf640BAAAqIiCFOUwpPjlzhICZKJSDvuxNLK4FaE5Kqdxf3Tpy0I39CK1dk5MJi43OU0offPwBAACAhghIAQAAgAXlnMs6hbLW4GfhKF171vsOAAAAqImAFHYq53xUCnJGvsZtFPAB7FxKqSwuu7KnoSsnJdnfIQc6IxQO+rKa73yM26YE3Dn/AQAAvTvofQdAY25SSn84aAAAADC/nPPznPP1MAy/CEYBAACAuvyf48GOKVwBWlLOO+8dMejGXoxVjDmAbpQQypzz6wlBlkBb9nPOL1cSQHsyYdHReUrpw5a3BwAAoDUCw6Etl44XAAAAzCuat5wOw3A84YV/HYZB6OlmSmPmZxVvnyasAAAAFUkOBrtSUnMnBA3cppSeOjjA3HLOZaHZoR0P3bgbhuGpDnxAT0pYwjAMbx106EbzcyyxAOnDhICUH1NKioqgQxPnqIF5uE4DzCTn/Idut9CUf6WULhwyAAAAmEfOuYR0nE2cQ3uTUtK0b0OxLuSy4pCUq5TS8wq2AwAAoHvFP+wFdmjKxI5JIWApzj/Ql/Ig68QxB3qSUioP8m8ddOjGfgQjtexkwgKkK0XXAAAAfxKOAg0RjgIAAADzKOEcOefTYRh+mziHdi4cZZxoclgCSG5a3H4AAADmJSCFnYjOnIcj//ZtFOwBzC4K567seejKSaTPA/TEw3joS+vf+SkBL853AABA93LOB73vA2iM59UAAAAwg5g3K2vHX018tRvN+qZ5EJKi8RcAAADfJCCFXZlSfKJwBVia8xD0pST+nzrmQE8ilNLDZOjHfs55SsjIYmK790e+/lWEYAIAAPROSDi05cLxAgAAgN2K9QhlTcGzLbzQywj4YILYh0cV7sPrCrYBAACAICCFrcs5l9TWw5F/985CD2BpUUCnKxf05Tjn/NQxBzqjawn0pdUgSCG8AAAA0x3Yh9AUga8AAACwQznnsp7gbTTYm+pNSkmAxpbEvnxT2WYJvwEAAKiIgBR2YUqR3ankXKASCumgP773QFdSShdC4aAr+9H9qBmxvfsjt/cqwi8BAAAYhif2ATTjTlEVAAAA7E7O+WwYhp+39AK3pQbG4dq602i+XAtzNQAAABURkMJW5ZyfDsPwYuTfvDM5BNQiCukUDENfjmMsA9AT4VDQl9a+81O21xwTAADA3w7sC2jGhUMFAAAA25dzfpJzLkEXx1v84681CN6+2Kc1rXFxjAEAACoiIIVtm1S4YnIIqIyCYeiP7z3QFaFw0J39nPPLFt50bOf+yF+/TSkpJgIAAPjbE/sCmnHpUAEAAMB2lXCUuOd+tsU/XNYmnDlUO3MWTZgXF2vsAAAAqISAFLYm5/x0Qprunc6+QG0UDEOXjmNMA9AT4VDQl9NY+FO7Kecm5zUAAICPHdgf0AyhrwAAALBFOwpHGdS/7FY0X65hnuSmgm0AAADgAQEpbNOU4pPTmMAAqI3COuiP7z3QFaFw0J29YRhOan7TOefnwzDsj/x1HZoAAAA+t2efQBNurJ0BAACA7dlhOEphbcLu1RCQcl3BNgAAAPCAgBS2Iuf8dBiG45F/6056LlArBcPQpeMY2wD0RDgU9OUkFgHVaso5yfkMAADggQihBNpQQ9EPAAAArMKOw1HeCTmdxaVtAAAA4FMCUtiWKcUnFyaHgMopsIP++N4DXREKB90pncNPanzTUbh3OPLXb1NKOjQBAAAArRKQAgAAANtzuqNwlME9/Dyizuh24c0QkAIAAFAZASlMFsm6xxP+jgJkoGoKhqFLxznnpw490Bn3ZtCXk5jTqc2Uc5HzGAAAwOee2yfQhLuU0rVDBQAAANPlnE8n1rh8j9CM+XxY8LVvUkpLvj4AAABfICCFbZjScfjchAHQCIV20B/fe6ArQuGgO3sT53S2LudcivYOR/7dUkR05mMMAADwmRrDMYHP6TwNAAAAW5BzfjkMw6sd7stbNTDdEIQDAABQIQEpTBKdhqcU0yg8BpqgYBi6dJxzfurQA51xjwZ9OYm5nVpMOQed+uwCAAB80YHdAk0QkAIAAAAT5ZwPZlg/cO04zWrJ/a1RDwAAQIUEpDDVSXQcHuNcci7QmKq6qwOzEBQAdEUoHHRnr5b7nFikdDjy1+8EpAAAAHyVIHBog47EAAAAMEE0iDmbUN/yWAJS5rVUAPRNSsmxBgAAqJCAFEaLCaQpRTQKjoGmxCTnuaMGXTnOOVs8DvTGvRr05STmeJY2ZY7pNKX0h88tAADAF+3bLVC9d+Y2AAAAYLLSWOWZ3ciWnNmRAAAAdRKQwhQnE9J1z1NKH+x9oEEKhqE/p4450JOUUulUeuWgQzf2JoaTTBaBdMcj/86d8RoAAMCX5ZyX6q4KbObS/gIAAIDxcs5HE9YdbMp9fB8EpAAAAFRKQAqjRGfhKcUzJguAJkW407mjB115kXN+7pADnREKB305ibmepUw555zqsAwAAPBVS97rAY93YV8BAADAOLHeQX3Keh0u8M7OrUUBAACol4AUxjqKDsNjXEVHcoBWKRiG/vjeA12Je7Z3jjp0Y29iEO5oOeenE7o43ZWAFB9TAACArxL+DfW7iSYdAAAAwDinE2pbqFisKVmCNcMAAAAVE5DCWFNu+E0WAE2LBWrnjiJ05TDnbCE50JtFwhKAxZxEV6W5TZknutCxBwAA4JuWuM8DNqPDNQAAAIwU6zrHNmUZa6nQjh4dLPCez4XZAgAA1E1Ayv9n7+6P4ziuvQH3cfl/8I0AcASEIwAcAeEIAEYgKAJREWgVgYAIREYgIAKDEQgbwSUiOG+11JBWFD+Anf2YmX6eKpRl3ytytxuz29Nzzq95tsy8KKUcrjlyt+0kcoCpE/YE/XHdA10RCgfdOdh1MFI76WdIoZL1GQAAwJfto4EAeB41NAAAALC+xR7GTkDK7uzjYEO1KAAAACMnIIV1DLnht1kAzIKGYejSSTttAKAn7uGgL5eZucvTxYcEsjixBwAA4Os0a8C4LSPizhwBAADA87WDf1/uYejsue3O2Y7/vh/VogAAAIyfgBSepW0iHa45arcR4eQbYE40DEN/XPdAV4TCQXcOBoaWPFkLYrkY8EdYlwEAAHzdus/2gd14a5wBAADg+VrNwWJPQ3dsyrYvM493vL/5oBYFAABgGgSk8FxDbvj3tQEFsBUahqFLJ5l5auqBznjwC325bIVE23bZAlnWce3EHgAAgC+zlw2TcGWaAAAAYC1Dag6GepmZR6Zt64YcurOOy4j4MP5hAQAAQEAKT5aZFwMSWJcR4eQbYI40DEN/XPdAV4TCQXcOWiHR1rQAliF/h/UYAADA1+0i/BJYX62juTN+AAAA8DwbqDnYBOHEW9TmeJcBKbcRIcgWAABgIgSk8BxDNhg0rgCzpGEYunTi5E2gQ+7poC+XrdjbHXvUAAAgAElEQVRkW4ac5HTd7sMAAAD4smPjA6PmkCEAAABYz8WAmoNN2XdAy9wNqSt5rocdh7EAAAAwkIAUnqQ1AZ+sOVpLaarAzGkYhv647oGuCIWD7hxsq5hnAyc52WMCAAB4GgEpMG72OAAAAGA9YwgneZmZ9t+2YAN1Jc914aAeAACAaRGQwlMNaQLWQAzMmoZh6NJJC5AD6Il7O+jLZSs62bQhp/zcRsSN30MAAIAnOTJMMFr1oKE70wMAAADP0+o2D0cybGMIapmjNwPqSp7rOiLe9j7gAAAAUyMgha9qm0gna45ULepw6g3QAw3D0B/XPdAVoXDQnVpsstjCm74Y8O9afwEAADzdS2MFo6XxBgAAANbQDlV5N5KxO3fQ3ma18fxmR3/d+4gYUsMCAADAnghI4SmGNJ9oXAG6oGEYunTi4RbQIfd40JdazLOxE8cz82LASU63rdAJAACAr9jkvRywFQ4aAgAAgPXV2oPlSMZvGwfPdCkzX+xwz6T+/qj/BQAAmCgBKXxRa/o9WXOUHiJCUQfQEw3D0B/XPdAVoXDQpU2ud4TwAgAA7IaAFBivZUTcmR8AAABYT0R8KKWc1X6VEQzhy8xUz7AZbwccuvMc9ffmrP0eAQAAMEECUviaywEjJA0X6IqGYejSSWaemXqgMx7qQ1/ON3HyeGZeDChkuY2IG793AAAAT+b0UxgvtTQAAAAwUAsfHUvt5nftYGLWlJlXAw52fo4ajnIqvBYAAGDaBKTwWa355dWaI/SgqAPolIZh6I81D9AVoXDQpU3c5wz5M6y3AAAAnmdw0CWwNW8NLQAAAAzXDlp5PZKhfJuZxyN4HZPTwlHOd/C6haMAAADMhIAUvmRQ40pEfDC6QG80DEOXDjPzwtQDnblsD42BPpy3IN21tLXS4Zr/+jIiNA4BAAA8j4AUGKf37XkyAAAAsAERcTWSkJSDUspVZr4YwWuZDOEoAAAArENACp/Uml7W3Wh4cLIv0Lk3GoahO0OC5QAmpwViuu+DvgxZ7+zr3wUAAOjViZmHUboyLQAAALBZIwpJeVlKuRGS8nV1jISjAAAAsC4BKXzOkOaTRWuWA+hSO/VLwzD05TAzL8w50JmFUDjoynkL1H2WzDyta6U1B2rZCpkAAAB4onXu3YCdsc8BAAAAWzCykJT7zDwewWsZpbZ/eSMcBQAAgHUJSOFv2obDupsND0IBAH6jYRj6MyRgDmByWjCm+z/oyzrrnSFrJOsrAACA59N8AeP0zmFDAAAAsD0rISn7rt8+qAEgmXm259cxOm1M7lqQzLa9L6UcCUcBAACYHwEpfMqQ5pMrBR0AGoahU4eZeWHygc4IhYO+nD/nJPLMPC2lnKw5QstWvAQAAMDzCEiBcXprXgAAAGC7Wp3B6UhCUn7OTLXkv9ePvMjMujfycxubbbuuvwd6mwAAA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Stern, the Cynthia C. and Seth W. Lawry Family Foundation, and the GBH Climate and Environment Fund.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"facebook_funders":[],"meta_description":"What is \"Legacy of the Land?\"","newsletter_modal_enabled":true}]},"episodes":[{"slug":"building-stuff-reach-it","title":"Building Stuff: Reach It!","topic":"tech","brand":"nova","content_type":"episodepage","length":3220,"publish_date":"2024-09-16","hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"Spaceship taking off","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/BS_Reach_It.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/BS_Reach_It.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/BS_Reach_It.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/BS_Reach_It.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/BS_Reach_It.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/BS_Reach_It.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/BS_Reach_It.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/BS_Reach_It.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"external":false,"published":true,"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"e8yz3\"\u003eHumans are born to roam. See how engineers are inventing new ways to explore and extend our range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"ysi07\"\u003eFrom the time our species first evolved, we’ve been on the move. Not content to stay in one place, we’ve imagined and invented and built our way from one place to the next. From deep sea subs to wind-resistant skyscrapers to next-gen space habitats, see how today’s engineers are designing and building creative new ways for us to get all around – and even off – our planet. \u003cb\u003ePremiering November 20, 2024 at 9 pm on PBS.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"bgej7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eBuilding Stuff: Reach It!\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"361go\"\u003ePublished: November 20, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1n03m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWe live in a built world: engineering and technology built upon innovations and inventions, stretching back thousands of years. Some of our creations, like machines, boost our bodies’ abilities. Others help us reach outside our comfort zones. We have left an indelible mark on the planet, and now the time has come to use our skills to make a better world, building taller buildings that stay steady in the wind;…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1q50l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS\u003c/b\u003e (Chief Structural Engineer, 1000M, Magnusson Klemencic Associates)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e As extreme as this feels, this is nothing compared with what the building is designed for.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1ctim\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…or submarines that dive deep…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bpbnt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK LAHEY\u003c/b\u003e (Co-Founder and Chief Excutive Officer, Triton Submarines)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Imagine a craft that allows you to explore a part of our world that you simply couldn’t see any other way.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3qirf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…to give an unprecedented underwater view;…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a0p1q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eEDIE WIDDER\u003c/b\u003e (Oceanographer, Ocean Research \u0026amp; Conservation Association)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It’s like being in a goldfish bowl, only the fish are on the outside and the people are on the inside.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4hkeh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…clothes that let us go farther, to places we never could before; or even a new structure to replace the International Space Station.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"634bf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY\u003c/b\u003e (Vice President of Space Destinations Systems, Sierra Space)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e We could put three floors inside this, have up to six people live for months on months.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8q0tt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e Building Stuff: Reach It!\u003ci\u003e, right now, on NOVA.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cct7o\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eHumans: unlike a lot of other animals, we’re not exactly fit to thrive in the wild. We lack fur to protect us from cold and speed to outrun predators. Exposed to the elements, many of us would struggle to survive, but luckily, we have other strengths.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"furah\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANDREA ARMANI\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California and the Ellison Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Engineering is all around us and we often don’t recognize it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"flrih\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDEB CHACHRA\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Engineering, Olin College)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e One of the things that engineering lets us do is to do things that we can’t do with our bodies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f528p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eEver since our ancestors first evolved, humankind has refused to stay put.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"83ua9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARIA C. YANG\u003c/b\u003e (Deputy Dean of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Humans are infinitely adaptable. We live all around the world in different climates and conditions. Engineering has made that possible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bicg7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eALI HAJIMIRI\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Electrical and Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e I think it’s in human nature to solve problems. And solving problems is the basis for engineering.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6s6aa\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWe’ve learned how to compensate for our vulnerabilities by building stuff and reaching to every imaginable place. We’ve been building skyward for thousands of years, from raising huge stone monuments, to building massive pyramids, to framing today’s mega-tall skyscrapers.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8hm4k\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e Million dollar view.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2b061\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eEach step higher presents new engineering challenges. Chicago’s storied Michigan Avenue: towering over 800 feet, is 1000M, a 73-story skyscraper under construction along the city’s lakefront, where it will be fully exposed to the city’s notorious winds.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"99gt2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNDA DOSSEY\u003c/b\u003e (Director, Jahn)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e You can see some pretty decent wind loads. So, we have some unique conditions here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"92r2u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID STEFFENHAGEN\u003c/b\u003e (Project Executive, James McHugh Construction Company)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Each building is unique, and it’s kind of its own recipe that gets put together.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"feic1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eChicago is often considered the birthplace of the skyscraper. The Home Insurance Building, constructed in 1885, is widely considered to be the first skyscraper, though only 10 stories tall.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"63gt4\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eOver the decades, engineers have relied on a blend of art and science to cope with wind.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ba4o0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEHEMIAH MABRY\u003c/b\u003e (Chief Executive Officer and Founder, STEMedia)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Not only are you considering the wind as it is naturally occurring in that space, but you take a city like Chicago, in which there are several other tall buildings, you have to design not just for how the wind would naturally occur, but for how the wind would also be altered by the tall buildings around it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5eusb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e The strongest winds are…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aesfo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDavid Fields is the chief structural engineer at 1000M.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6ur6r\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e In our modern era, we are seeing buildings get taller and taller and more and more slender. This is pushing the ragged edge of structural engineering and what can be built and what can be cost effective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a3676\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDavid is responsible for ensuring the structure’s strength and integrity. And of all the forces that can damage a skyscraper, wind is one of the biggest threats, not only to the structural integrity of a building, but to its very livability as well. It can make people physically ill with a kind of high-rise sea sickness. It’s a problem that only became apparent as tall buildings evolved from heavy structures like the Empire State Building to today’s lighter, steel-framed buildings, like 1000M, originally designed by the late architect Helmut Jahn, now overseen by architect Lynda Dossey.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fmj6o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNDA DOSSEY:\u003c/b\u003e Architecture is a balance between beauty and function. We are hired to solve a problem and solve it beautifully. The ultimate goal is to deliver a feasible, functional building.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6q6ug\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e Looking at our structural plan…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"20thl\"\u003eI think of structural engineering as designing the bones within a body. We think about where to put a core, where to put bracing, and that happens very, very early. And it shapes, fundamentally, almost everything within the building.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8p92v\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNDA DOSSEY:\u003c/b\u003e I think you gave us an extra few feet.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8jdnk\"\u003eStructural engineers and architectural engineers, they’re cut from the same cloth. We do push on them a lot to try and achieve our aesthetic goals, but at the same time, we have a responsibility to safety and comfort.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d8dfr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSo, why is wind such a problem?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fqso3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e As wind blows on a building at low speeds, it tends to approach a building and wrap around it smoothly. As the wind blows faster and faster, it starts to eddy on the backside. As wind blows even faster, those eddies, we call them vortices, they peel off. They peel off the building rhythmically and, kind of, side to side. This gets a building rocking and swaying at high wind speeds.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9psn3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNDA DOSSEY:\u003c/b\u003e If you’re building a rental building or if you’re building a condo building, these are people’s homes. They live in them, and you want them to feel as comfortable there as they would anywhere else.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3t0mi\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e All right, well, here we are, top of the building.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"19ruf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eLuckily, there is an ingenious engineering solution under construction, here on the top floor: two large concrete boxes, called “mass dampers.” Both will be filled with water to suppress building sway. As wind pushes the building in one direction, the water with all its weight sloshes in the opposite direction. This counterbalancing motion “dampens,” or offsets the sway of the building.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"44qp4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e Here we have a demonstration of tuned sloshing dampers. We have two frames that have, effectively, the same natural frequency. Now, on top of these, we’ll put two identical damper boxes. We’ll fill one with just the right amount of water. And we’ll see both how much less it sways and how much quicker the swaying stops.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4lsis\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe box with water settles faster than the box without water.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3vh7a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e What works here is exactly the same that works here, on a much larger scale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9ead2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe two large damper tanks are located north and south of the building’s concrete core to help combat frequent intense winds at high altitude. The tanks are 40 feet long, 10 feet wide and 15 feet tall and will hold up to 11 feet of water, about 33,000 gallons each, which is only about 0.2 percent of the mass of the building itself.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"afvgf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e So, this big box, it’s basically a swimming pool. The water pressure will try to push it outward. That’s why we have rebar very densely, all throughout these walls.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f806h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eNext comes the outer formwork. When complete, the construction workers will pour concrete between the forms, to make the walls.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8d2e5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e It’s like the guys were working with more urgency now that the forms are going up.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6htci\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID STEFFENHAGEN:\u003c/b\u003e Everybody knows they got to get their part done.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7ujjh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd although the construction team is very experienced, people can still make mistakes.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8rr1t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e Fortunately, we caught an issue, just before the form work went up. At the bottom of the tank, where the water pressure is greatest, we have major piping coming through the wall.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3ljlf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe builders failed to install critical rebar at the weak point in the tank wall created by the piping.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2ruct\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e The guys are solving the issue. This is happening about five minutes before the formwork closes things up. This never would have been seen if we weren’t here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"94d49\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eEmbedding steel bars reinforces the concrete. Concrete is very strong in compression, but it’s brittle. Steel is flexible, so combining the materials creates a structure both strong and resistant to failure.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7kjc1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e It’s going to have 24-inch-long reinforced concrete, so we can kind of trim it out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e1bau\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN TATUM\u003c/b\u003e (Senior Engineering Technician, GEI Consultants)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Having engineers on site is critical, because they have very in-depth knowledge, obviously, of the structural design. This way, if there are any issues that arise, those get to be mitigated up front, very quickly. And it makes everyone’s job that much easier.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2jrt5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith the damper tank mold now fully constructed, it’s time to pour the walls. Then, just as the pour is ending, a storm rolls into Chicago. It’s the perfect opportunity to get a benchmark reading of how much the building sways before the dampers are filled with water. David holds a monitor connected to an electronic motion sensor called an accelerometer. It’s attached to the building and reports sway, measured in fractions of G, Earth’s gravity force.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9j7g7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e So, we’re taking our first frequency measurements of the building. As extreme as this feels, the wind, the rain, the thunder and lightning we’re seeing and hearing, this is nothing compared to what the building is designed for. The building’s moving. We’re reading four milli-g right now. These are our first dynamic measurements. We’ll take these back to the office, decide how much water to put in the tank, and then we’re tuned.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dvljc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eUsing water to stabilize sway has roots in the 1800s, when it was discovered that ships can achieve greater stability by pumping water ballast into the hull. The amount of water can be easily adjusted, as it’s readily available at sea.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9q3jb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEHEMIAH MABRY:\u003c/b\u003e It’s very much to engineers’ advantage to think back on how other solutions and other accomplishments and achievements in the past can perhaps serve as starting points, or even informers for what we are trying to do today.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fgnq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARIA YANG:\u003c/b\u003e All design is redesign. So, if you think about it, you’re taking things that have existed in the past, you’re making them incrementally better. You’ve thought about it in a new way, or you’re bringing in a new technology that didn’t exist before.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c0dla\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWhen 1000M is nearly finished, David returns to tune the damper, making a final decision about exactly how much water to put in the tanks.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"48e7h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e So, today is the culmination of six years of planning and coordination and engineering. And we’ll finally see exactly how much water to tune it and damp it, so it’s comfortable for everyone who will live here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cbvoq\"\u003eI’ll go check the inflow. The water’s flowing in.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b4j0s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNDA DOSSEY:\u003c/b\u003e It’s very exciting. It means we’re getting close to the end. It’s just a milestone moment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"q1qe\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e We’re turning on our application. Right now, we have an accelerometer. This is very sensitive. So, even on a modestly windy day, like today, we know exactly the motions we’re getting to micro-gs, these are tiny percentages of the acceleration of gravity. Last time we took readings, we were seeing roughly four milli-gs. Today we’re down closer to one half of a milli-g. Part of that’s a function of the tanks being filled, part of that’s a function of it’s a less windy day to begin with. By tomorrow morning, when the tanks are full, we should see the building sway being about half of what it would otherwise be.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3fsld\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNDA DOSSEY:\u003c/b\u003e That’s one hell of a view.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"23iss\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID FIELDS:\u003c/b\u003e It is incredible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f1tg7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIt’s views like this that reveal just how extensively humanity has developed the land, yet over 80 percent of the oceans remain unexplored and untouched. There’s a reason for that. Of all the environments that support life on our planet, the most forbidding and remote are the deep oceans, where the furthest reaches lie more than six miles below the waves.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8ga3q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eEDIE WIDDER:\u003c/b\u003e Our ocean is the basis for life on this rock, and we are impacting it in ways we don’t even begin to understand. And the first step is always exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"17tpm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAMES CAMERON\u003c/b\u003e (Filmmaker)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e The more you understand the ocean, the more you love the ocean, the more you’re fascinated by it, and the more you’ll fight to protect it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dchnq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eUrgency to combat climate change…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"414kl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRITON TEAM PILOT:\u003c/b\u003e Here we go.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8944c\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…has spurred new efforts to explore ocean depths.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ei91q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRITON TEAM PILOT:\u003c/b\u003e The sub is extremely maneuverable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"96j29\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK LAHEY:\u003c/b\u003e Imagine a craft that allows you to explore a part of our world that you simply couldn’t see any other way.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4pqr2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eEngineering a safe submarine is extremely challenging, and mistakes can be fatal.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7mp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEWS ANCHOR:\u003c/b\u003e …catastrophic implosion. The unthinkable became all too real.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8st8t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIn 2023, the world was horrified by the implosion of the OceanGate Titan submersible that was on an expedition to explore the Titanic. The disaster killed five people, including OceanGate’s co-founder, Stockton Rush.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a989m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAMES CAMERON:\u003c/b\u003e I’ve been safely down to the Titanic wreck site 33 times. And to me, the idea that, that lives could be claimed by an implosion in this day and age is almost unfathomable. It was a bad idea. And they were warned.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dgci9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe carbon fiber used in the hull may have been a critical fail point. The material is prone to buckling under pressure, especially when combined with the elongated pill shape. But that was the Titan, not to be confused with the Triton submersible, being manufactured in Sebastian, Florida. Triton’s design approach is rigorous. Here, engineers are building subs designed to take non-specialists hundreds and even thousands of feet below the surface, safely. Patrick Lahey is the co-founder of Triton Submarines.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"foobp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK LAHEY:\u003c/b\u003e Safety begins with design. It carries all the way through to the selection of materials, the formation of those materials into parts, those parts made up into assemblies. Those assemblies are then tested and validated on their own, then incorporated into the complete vehicle, which is then tested again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4a5du\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANDREA ARMANI:\u003c/b\u003e If you’re an engineer, it is your responsibility to do things in a manner such that the end product is safe, because, at the end of the day, people are relying on you to make a safe product.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"94g2i\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAltogether, their subs have logged tens of thousands of hours underwater without any incident. Increasingly, the vehicles are being used for scientific research, filmmaking and underwater exploration.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"at74u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK LAHEY:\u003c/b\u003e So, this is our most compact three-person sub. The pilot sits in the back, two passengers in the front. They have this incredible, completely unobstructed view from this acrylic pressure boundary.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ctlr9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe pressure boundary is a perfectly round plastic orb that is transparent.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"340o8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eEDIE WIDDER:\u003c/b\u003e It’s like being in a goldfish bowl, only the fish are on the outside and the people are on the inside. And it’s invisible. You really feel like you’re a part of the ocean.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"787m3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe boundary’s main job is to keep occupants safe from the crushing water pressure pushing in from all sides. A sphere is one of the strongest shapes in nature. A spherical hull experiences the same amount of pressure at every point on its surface, minimizing the chances of structural failure. So far, the only subs that have made it to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, more than six miles below the surface, carried their passengers in spherical enclosures. And all were made of metal, like steel or titanium.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"37q4a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAMES CAMERON:\u003c/b\u003e Test, test. We good on audio?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"69mq6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eFilm director and ocean explorer James Cameron, who is an investor in Triton, wants more people to experience the deep the way he has.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"gb2a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAMES CAMERON:\u003c/b\u003e The goal of Triton Subs is to make the best commercial, which also means scientific, subs in the world and to make them widely available.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5bloi\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIn 2019, a Triton titanium spherical enclosure sub completed one of the most ambitious global expeditions in modern history, taking people, numerous times, to the deepest spot in each of Earth’s five oceans, including the Challenger Deep in Mariana Trench.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4tg6o\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe geometry of a sphere limits its usable space. The designers wanted to increase the number of passengers, beyond what a sphere could reasonably hold, so they settled on an elongated shape, made from a common, yet deceptively strong material, acrylic.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8mot9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJOHN RAMSAY\u003c/b\u003e (Co-Founder and Principal Designer, Dark Ocean Ltd)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Acrylic is an incredible material. It’s completely transparent. Unlike glass, where even after six inches, you’re starting to see quite significant discoloration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"67fcr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIncreasing the thickness of the acrylic increases its strength and ability to resist the pressure of the water, while retaining visibility.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1g6il\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK LAHEY:\u003c/b\u003e It’s completely different from anything that’s preceded it. We wanted to be able to put the most people into the smallest volume possible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"32q5s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWhen it is complete, this sub will hold up to nine people, including a pilot. They call it AVA. It is designed to safely dive depths of up to 600 feet. The unusual shape is the work of engineering firm Dark Ocean and their principal designer, John Ramsay.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2qni6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJOHN RAMSAY:\u003c/b\u003e To accommodate nine passengers, it’s incredibly difficult to do that in a traditional sphere. The way the 660/9 AVA works is it just takes that sphere and it optimizes it for the passengers inside, by stretching it out and allowing everyone to sit side by side.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9anjb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eARCHIVAL FOOTAGE:\u003c/b\u003e Down into worlds never before seen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"427qn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThis design draws from decades of research on acrylics.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6kqth\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJOHN RAMSAY:\u003c/b\u003e There’s an 800-page, kind of, “bible of submersible acrylics,” and you can go through and see every bit of testing that was done.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ckbaf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eARCHIVAL FOOTAGE:\u003c/b\u003e The material that makes this possible is acrylic plastic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4p43n\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAMES CAMERON:\u003c/b\u003e Everything you do in engineering is based on what other engineers before you have done. If somebody’s got a great, elegant solution, why reinvent the wheel?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4rne5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAt the factory, the team is attempting to attach AVA’s pressure hull to its steel chassis. They’ve never had to maneuver a shape like this.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"acs0j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWORKER\u003c/b\u003e: Okay uh Chris bring it up a little bit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"gepn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eOne slip, and the acrylic could be damaged or scratched.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"76lkb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWORKER\u003c/b\u003e: 1, 2, 3…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6lc2u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe team positions the metal chassis beneath the elliptical hull.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5v8ai\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVE STOTT\u003c/b\u003e (Production Manager, Triton Submarines)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It needs to go towards you a little bit, Monroe. That doesn’t look bad. Let’s just keep a little bit of tension on it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"242be\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWORKER:\u003c/b\u003e Yep, it has tension still.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fickv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDespite the best efforts of the engineers, there are still small adjustments to be made.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"59tmb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eARTHUR MUTTOCK\u003c/b\u003e (Project Manager and Engineer, Triton Submarines)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e So, we are trying to thread in this big pin now. Some of the bits in the machine are within a tenth of a millimeter or less to get that nice fit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5hvb9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVE STOTT:\u003c/b\u003e Come back, Monroe, a little bit. Whoa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6iugc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRITON WORKER:\u003c/b\u003e Hold tension, it’s slipping.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"boba1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVE STOTT:\u003c/b\u003e Stop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aprge\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRITON WORKER\u003c/b\u003e: Give me a freaking heart attack.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dmm3r\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVE STOTT:\u003c/b\u003e I mean, it is so freaking close. It’s not going to go anywhere right now, so just come down on your forks, Monroe. Tilt forward. Okay. Back up.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7amrm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRITON WORKER:\u003c/b\u003e Okay.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1el6j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe acrylic hull is secure for the moment. But they’ll have to stop for the day to tweak the size of the screws.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7ldh2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVE STOTT:\u003c/b\u003e Does it always go according to plan? No. Am I really pleased with how far we got today? Oh, yes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cdq0n\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEHEMIAH MABRY:\u003c/b\u003e When we’re solving problems, when we’re building things, we’re engaged in this process of getting our hands dirty and actually doing some trial and error testing, to see if what we’ve, we’ve built was effective, if it worked.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1fqih\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTesting needs to be particularly rigorous when lives are at stake.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5tvtf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eALI HAJIMIRI:\u003c/b\u003e You are implicitly relying on the people who designed it and built it to make sure that they’ve thought about how it can fail and if they’ve come up with ways to get around that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b0gb1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eToday, every new vehicle, be it a car, airplane or submarine, is subjected to thorough testing and review throughout the engineering process. The true testament to its reliability ultimately hinges on obtaining certification from an independent third party.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a7hm8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK LAHEY:\u003c/b\u003e They make sure that your assumptions are not flawed, that you’re not doing something that could be dangerous, that it complies with an internationally recognized set of rules.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aamoj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe failed Titan submersible was never officially certified.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"16ias\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAMES CAMERON:\u003c/b\u003e If you’re putting passengers on a sub, you need it to be qualified by some independent body whose job it is to make sure that that vehicle is safe.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"850kq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRITON WORKER\u003c/b\u003e …We are going to try to launch just before noon.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cb2fm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe AVA sub is now ready for its first dive. Senior approval engineer Ionel Darie is on site today for final checks of all the sub’s vital systems, making sure the submersible is safe for passenger dives down to 600 feet.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3rtqq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eIONEL DARIE\u003c/b\u003e (Senior Approval Engineer, D.N.V.)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Everything went great, we can issue the final certificate for this submersible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1miod\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAfter getting the green light, the sub is ready to make a shallow dive.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bdinn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRITON WORKER\u003c/b\u003e: Top sides, top sides. Hatch is closed, flight support is on and good.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dct4u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRITON WORKER\u003c/b\u003e: Roger. You have permission to dive. We’re on our way.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3o1v4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eARTHUR MUTTOCK:\u003c/b\u003e Amazing. I mean, this is the first time I’ve been down, and it’s been two and a half years of work. This is the result, and it’s a magnificent one. Really loving this.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e4ph2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIf Triton is able to fulfill its mission of building more submersibles, many others will soon be able to have their first ride into the deep ocean.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3m7il\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eEDIE WIDDER:\u003c/b\u003e This is this other universe that is most of our planet. And it’s such a magical place. And to be able to now explore it in comfort is a phenomenal ability that is open to more and more people.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b7hoq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eOur inventions can act as force fields between our bodies and the environment, protecting us from extremes. You can see them all around us: what we live in, what we move in and even what we wear. At a textile research laboratory, in North Carolina, engineers are preparing to set a mannequin on fire. Their goal: collect data that will help make safer firefighting suits. And researchers are also focused on finding solutions for women firefighters, who often struggle to work in suits typically designed for men.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9v0q2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eROGER BARKER\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e What we do can be life-saving, so there are no higher stakes than that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dc7gh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePREETI GOPINATH\u003c/b\u003e (Director, Master of Fine Arts, Textiles, The New School’s Parsons School of Design)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Textiles are the unsung heroes of the world, period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"docrb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAs firefighters battle flames and smoke, their clothing and gear is the first line of defense. But their suits can also contribute to a hidden danger: heat stress, when the body’s core temperature and heart rate rise to unsafe levels. About 40 percent of work-related firefighter deaths are the result of cardiac incidents due to heat stress. The big question: how can we keep firefighters safe from flames and keep their body temperatures within the suit from rising to heat stress levels?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pbfe\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eFor decades, Roger Barker and his team have been building new instruments and test methods to measure both thermal protection and comfort. An earlier iteration of their mannequin couldn’t move. In a real-life situation, a firefighter would almost never be stationary.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3jia7\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eAfter three years of development, researchers are ready to light up their moving mannequin.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2ph7o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eROGER BARKER:\u003c/b\u003e Fire it up, John.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"591sg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThermal sensors throughout its body allow them to study how heat is transferred or blocked by the clothing and if this motion creates new avenues for hot air to enter and move, inside the suit.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fc639\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eROGER BARKER:\u003c/b\u003e So, now we are seeing the combined effects of the flame and the stresses that are being generated, as the dynamic PyroMan™ moves their arms and their legs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c06u6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith mannequin simulations, they can predict how long it will take for a firefighter to sustain burns. They also test for seams breaking open, fabric ruptures, and the effects of garment fit and design. The tough outer shell protects against flame and abrasions. The middle layer is a moisture barrier that keeps liquids from penetrating the suit. The innermost layer resists any remaining heat that gets through the first two layers. This system offers high protection, up to a point. A proper fit and design also play a protective role.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fkrl5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMEREDITH MCQUERRY\u003c/b\u003e (Associate Professor of Textiles, Florida State University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Trying to create that optimum balance between protection and comfort for all firefighters is so important.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"drr63\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd for women in the field, in particular, an ill-fitting suit, designed for a man, can put them at higher risk of injury while on the job.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8r359\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHILARY DAVIDSON\u003c/b\u003e (Associate Professor of Fashion and Textile Studies, Fashion Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e The fabric, on its own, isn’t going to save you. It can be the most engineered, up to date, advanced composite fabric, but how it’s put together, how it’s worked around the body, the fit, every kind of material aspect of how that fabric is used, that is going to really make it an effective technology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3qeik\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eToday, there are about 90,000 women in the fire service in the United States. Eighty percent report that their gear does not fit properly.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1aj2j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON\u003c/b\u003e (Research Assistant Professor of Textiles, North Carolina State University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e They are doing the exact same actions, same motions as their male counterparts. So, you know, they should have something that actually works for them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4jq6i\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe goal of this research team is to develop and design a prototype suit made specifically for female firefighters.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7do9g\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMEREDITH MCQUERRY:\u003c/b\u003e That gives you just the straight 20 measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1m4s6\"\u003eA large majority of firefighting P.P.E. on the market today is made with a male body in mind. And it’s patterned in that way. There is sizing for women, but that sizing is not always achieved by initially starting from a female pattern.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"75kjc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWomen also vary more in shape than men do.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6ect6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON:\u003c/b\u003e Males are a little bit more up and down, while females have curves, because of the hips and the bust areas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6a5si\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVICTORIA DONAHUE\u003c/b\u003e (Firefighter)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e I’ve always had an issue with the fit of my jacket, needing more space up in the chest area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"66bsg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIn order to accommodate, women will often be given larger jackets.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f104d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVICTORIA DONAHUE:\u003c/b\u003e Whenever you go up in sizing for a jacket, it makes down here larger as well. So, you know, you got the good mobility and fit up here, but then sometimes down here, you’re going to have some extra fabric.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4q36t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMEREDITH MCQUERRY:\u003c/b\u003e So, a really tailored fit is important. It’s critical for their mobility, for their vision. It’s also critical in terms of heat stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"56mvh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAn oversized garment creates thicker air gaps, increasing insulation and potential protection from outside heat, but larger air gaps also restrict the firefighter’s ability to lose body heat to the outside environment, trapping heat inside the suit.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4i5ls\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON:\u003c/b\u003e We’ve had female firefighters say that the collars on the jacket are really tall.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5t476\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSOPHIA COOLEY\u003c/b\u003e (Firefighter)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e The length of it rising up from the collar bone, and how much it takes up your neck,...\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6vvk8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON:\u003c/b\u003e If you’re a smaller stature female firefighter, that can be problematic, because when you’re wearing your S.C.B.A. mask, your helmet, you really start limiting the mobility.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"87upd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSOPHIA COOLEY:\u003c/b\u003e …and even with the air pack itself, my helmet barely hits it. So, it’s hard to look up so you can see what’s going on above you.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"43gop\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON:\u003c/b\u003e Imagine you’re in a fire. You have everything sort of caught here at your neck. You’re putting yourself at higher risk for injury, because of your minimized range of motion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3u8pb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eProtecting the body from the elements is a pursuit as old as we are.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f55bb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHILARY DAVIDSON:\u003c/b\u003e The history of clothing is also a history of the relationship between people and in their environments. Although humans started off taking the skins of other animals and putting them on their skin, once they discovered how you can use plant fibers to make, first of all, string and thread and then weave that together and make fabric.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d9qki\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANDREA ARMANI:\u003c/b\u003e Fabrics have always kind of started and then inspired new types of innovations and technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7sfh2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eLike the invention of the eyed needle. The first ones were made of bone.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d2a10\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHILARY DAVIDSON:\u003c/b\u003e And once you have this concept of bringing two things together, a whole lot of engineering possibilities open up to you. It gives us seams. It gives us tight seams, which means you can start to think about having things waterproof or windproof.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f7qan\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eOr even fire resistant. Earlier firefighter suits were made of wool, chosen for its natural flame resistance. Today’s suit offers much better protection from fire but it’s not as breathable, meaning body heat can get trapped more easily than it did with wool. Firefighting is physically demanding work.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"196ml\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON:\u003c/b\u003e You’re working hard, you’re entering a hot environment. You know, you create all these microclimates inside your suit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7eral\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eROGER BARKER:\u003c/b\u003e Working at higher levels of exertion, if their body traps too much heat, they may be subject to heat stroke or even worse, cardiac events.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"asjkf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eOne of the ways our bodies try to cool down is by sweating, but that only works if the sweat can evaporate. A suit’s ability to release heat is measured with this female mannequin, named Liz. She sweats through over one hundred pores designed to mimic human perspiration. When clothed in firefighter gear and made to move in a hot environment, sensors can detect where the hot spots are: where the clothing is not allowing evaporation to occur or the heat to be released, shown here in red, and where heat is escaping more efficiently, cooling the body, shown in blue. For Liz, her torso, chest and hips are retaining the most heat.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1km1t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRESEARCHER:\u003c/b\u003e Forty-one…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"916eu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTo make protective garments specifically for the female form, the research team will need a whole new set of measurements to make new patterns.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ae4s2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRESEARCHER:\u003c/b\u003e One, 1, 2…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"64maq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON:\u003c/b\u003e We are in the process of collecting anthropometric data on, hopefully, as many female firefighters as we can.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"355dr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnthropometric data is information about the body’s shape and proportions.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dj9f9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON:\u003c/b\u003e You’re going to do a front shot, then it’s going to ask you to turn to the side.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7suhf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe team is using three methods to collect the measurements.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"93v4a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSCANNER VOICE:\u003c/b\u003e Please move feet slightly farther apart.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cvg3s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eFirst, a remote scanning application;…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"95rn7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSCANNER VOICE:\u003c/b\u003e Well done. Your body scan is complete.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f8213\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…second, a 3D scanner; finally, hand measurements for verification. They will turn the patterns into fire suit mockups.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"768jq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON:\u003c/b\u003e Then, the next goal of our research is to develop those into wearable prototypes, which we then plan to pilot.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9dphi\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eADAM STELTZNER\u003c/b\u003e (Chief Engineer, Mars Sample Return Campaign, NASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Fabrics are one of the many things that are taken for granted in our modern life that…this piece of fabric was engineered. We think of it as a shirt. Your t-shirt is engineered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"egkra\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eOne major leap was the transition from natural fibers like silk and cotton, to synthetics. Before World War II, most parachutes were made of silk.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"75fn4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHILARY DAVIDSON\u003c/b\u003e (Associate Professor of Fashion and Textile Studies, Fashion Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Silk is very light but it’s very strong. That’s why it was used for parachutes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8mr6m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut in 1935, a new textile was invented at DuPont, a chemical company.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fn0ru\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePREETI GOPINATH:\u003c/b\u003e So, they developed this new material called a polyamide, which we now know as nylon.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ajqm1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eNylon, with other synthetics, eventually made it possible for us to walk on the moon. And all along the way women were helping us to reach greater and greater heights.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8k1e5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON:\u003c/b\u003e All right, so Sophia can come out now.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"k72q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMEREDITH MCQUERRY:\u003c/b\u003e Having a group of women that really understands the female body is so important in the work that we’re doing. We all come at the problem with different perspectives, different backgrounds, different areas of expertise.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3ea5j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCASSANDRA KWON:\u003c/b\u003e The other thing that really keeps us in it, is the enthusiasm of all the female firefighters, because once they get it, they’re like, “Oh yes. Now I can actually speak up, I can be heard, and I can be acknowledged.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1nuj8\"\u003eYour scan looks like it came through really well.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"313f0\"\u003eIt’s an iterative process. We are constantly going to have to make changes. As we continue getting that out to the firefighting community, and as long as there is some acceptance, we will slowly be, I think, moving in the right direction of, sort of, implementing, you know, change for the better.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"djv13\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWoven fabrics can be engineered to protect here on Earth, but what about in one of the most challenging environments of all, the harsh vacuum of outer space?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bd5nk\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eWhen crews first occupied the International Space Station, in 2000, it marked the beginning of over 20 years of continual human residence in space. But NASA plans to retire and deorbit the station in the 2030s. The hope is that it will be replaced and then some.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e36dj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMALIK THOMPSON\u003c/b\u003e (Aerospace Materials Engineer, NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e We’re going back to space to stay. We’ve proven that we can live in space for long periods in the International Space Station, and now we’re pushing the envelope again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ctccd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eA variety of companies are eager to join this new phase of space habitation, which holds promise for scientific breakthroughs.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"68ge8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBETH LICAVOLI\u003c/b\u003e (Softgoods Program Manager, Sierra Space)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It’s really Sierra Space’s mission to fill that gap, fill that void, have an opportunity to have a platform in space.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cvfmo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eNASA contracted Sierra Space to develop a new generation of inflatable habitats, designed and built to allow humans to live and work in space, as well as on the moon, and eventually on Mars. The habitat is called LIFE, for Large Integrated Flexible Environment. Today’s engineering challenge is to destroy it.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6fnqj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e We’re here at Marshall Space Flight Center. For today’s event, we’re doing what’s called an ultimate burst test. We’re going to take this article and we’re going to pressurize it until it fails: huge explosion, equal to 150 sticks of dynamite. It’s going to be epic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5f2fl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKENNETH HARRIS, II\u003c/b\u003e (Senior Project Engineer, The Aerospace Corporation)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e They are in the exciting process of watching their program intentionally fail. They’re in that learning mode where, you know, they go out and say, “We’re going to blow this thing up.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"21cra\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eOne unique feature of the LIFE habitat is that it can be compressed to fit into a single rocket’s payload housing and then inflated, by a factor of six, when deployed in space.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e4jb5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMALIK THOMPSON:\u003c/b\u003e We have these goals of going to the moon or going to Mars. A lot of focus is being there. Not everyone’s thinking about actually living there. And so, this is where we start to fill in those gaps.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"alb04\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e A LIFE article is 300 cubic meters. We can put three floors inside this, have up to six people live inside this, for months on months.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"26jc6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAt the core of the life habitat’s technology are what are known as “softgoods,” flexible, immensely strong materials that can be tightly packed down and then inflated. The life habitat is made up of four different layers, each with its own purpose, such as holding in air, providing insulation and repelling dangerous micrometeorites, which can travel at tens of thousands of miles per hour and are common in outer space. But the most critical layer of the life habitat is the restraint layer, or primary structural shell, which the company is testing here. The restraint layer is composed of hand-sewn pieces of fabric made of a high-strength synthetic space-age material called Vectran™.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9eh50\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Vectran is a chemically spun material made to be harder than steel. So it comes in a thread, and then that thread is woven into a strap. You could hang seven cars on this strap, and that strap would never break.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6ebbv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eLike so many modern technologies, at its core, the habitat and its Vectran webbing depend on age-old knowledge. In this case, on the art and science of making baskets out of plant fibers.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cb400\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e When you’re designing structural systems, you don’t start from scratch. And basket weaving has been around for thousands of years, but we’ve applied it so you can use it in space.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e8it2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eToday’s test is crucial for assessing how the LIFE habitat manages the air pressure introduced in space. At sea level, on Earth, the average air pressure is around 15 p.s.i., pounds per square inch. That’s the normal pressure that will fill the habitat. However, the structure has to withstand significantly higher pressures to prevent any risk of a disastrous explosion. That’s where today’s test comes in.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b7vb1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKENNETH HARRIS:\u003c/b\u003e Humans are very squishy, and they don’t play well outside of their own environment, being Earth. So, when a new habitat is developed, a lot of intentionality goes into it, so that the human body is not exposed to things like radiation, extreme temperatures, lack of oxygen and anything that could be flying around out there in space.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3602c\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e The LIFE habitat is following the NASA guidelines for operating pressure safety, which is a times four safety factor. So we have a 15.2 p.s.i. operating pressure. We times that by four. It gives us a 60.8.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ajqdk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTo reach the desired pressure of 60.8 p.s.i., the habitat will be connected to air pumps regulated by valves controlling the flow of air. The team will monitor the habitat’s inflation from a control room, more than a quarter mile away.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2paof\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e We have sensors on the top and the bottom of the article, which are going to give us what we call strain data. All those thousands and thousands of data points, our analysts are going to take and take a look at it, so that we can validate on Earth how our modules operate, along with validating it in space.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"998au\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eToday’s test will be the first ever of such a large inflatable structure. But the team has already done several smaller burst tests.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8ud90\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e You want to build articles fast, test, get that data. Prior to this we did four articles, which gave us that data to catapult us and give us the confidence to go on to our first full-scale burst.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1rspk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eCentral to the habitat concept by NASA and Sierra Space is the vision that multiple structures can be sent into space gradually and linked together, like buildings along a city block.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"djo2g\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMALIK THOMPSON:\u003c/b\u003e Modularity is key to this concept. If you have a modular design that you can configure any way you need to.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2pptf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e You’ll have a medical facility. You’re going to have exercise. You’re going to have a place for people to live, to enjoy themselves in space.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7cod7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAs the team prepares for the evening’s burst test, Beth Licavoli makes her final checks on the LIFE habitat’s vast array of wires and sensors.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aipo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBETH LICAVOLI:\u003c/b\u003e We’re pretty much looking ready for burst.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bmnvl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSafely watching from the control room, the team monitors the test in front of a dozen screens that will capture the burst.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dlpf0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e So, right now, we’re inside the test room, and we’re taking a look at what is happening on the screens, and we’re preparing everything for the test. So, the site’s been closed down. Everything is good to go.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5vkak\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe habitat sits out under the lights at one p.s.i., but that soon changes.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4vs8h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONAH BURGIN:\u003c/b\u003e We are pressuring to 15 p.s.i., for a five minute hold.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9qqi3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBETH LICAVOLI:\u003c/b\u003e Oh, you can hear it. Yeah. Go time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8md3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONAH BURGIN:\u003c/b\u003e Thirty-five p.s.i. On the way to burst.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"143g5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Here we go. Let’s do this.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a1urp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONAH BURGIN:\u003c/b\u003e Fifty P.S.I., 50 p.s.i.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"627dt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut about half an hour into the test, something is going wrong. The flow of air has started to slow.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6fon\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBETH LICAVOLI:\u003c/b\u003e We’re slowing down.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cqn9d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut the team still hopes they can meet their goal.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"60ubk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Sixty-one, got to hit 61.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fkkqu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBETH LICAVOLI:\u003c/b\u003e This is where it gets dicey.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3pop3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Hear a little movement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fpo22\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBETH LICAVOLI:\u003c/b\u003e Come on. Any second now.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8vjig\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONAH BURGIN:\u003c/b\u003e Sixty-one p.s.i.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"85g1r\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Well done. Oh. Fantastic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b9lst\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBETH LICAVOLI:\u003c/b\u003e Let’s keep going, though.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e1i43\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e That is amazing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7e2sg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThey’ve reached NASA’s target p.s.i., but the habitat is not filling as fast as expected.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3qfbl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Are we fighting it now? Yeah, yeah, yeah.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1a696\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eOne potential explanation, a leak. That could be disastrous in space.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dhdkn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Are we still dropping?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eigis\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTEAM MEMBER:\u003c/b\u003e Yeah.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"apeip\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAbout an hour into the test, they decide to end it, short of their ultimate goal.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5j6i4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONAH BURGIN:\u003c/b\u003e ROV. 311. Closed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"14i77\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCOMMS:\u003c/b\u003e ROV. 311. Closed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aislv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Close it. Let it leak down.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"clha4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe lack of an explosion is a major disappointment. Testing to failure is crucial to understanding the habitat’s ability to withstand pressure. After the habitat is depressurized and safe, the team gathers to determine the source of the leak.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ffvp9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTEAM MEMBER:\u003c/b\u003e All those straps want to be aligned with the bottom of the plate. So there is nothing pushing on that bladder or doing anything like, I would highly doubt there’s a leak right there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"36pfe\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTEAM MEMBER:\u003c/b\u003e Okay.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"664nr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e There’s an air of excitement, and then there’s air of like, I wanted a big burst. You know, you want to take it to that failure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e979t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBETH LICAVOLI:\u003c/b\u003e This valve seemed like our culprit. We over-pressurized it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ahqsa\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAs air pressure built up in the valve, it overcame the force of the spring holding it closed, allowing air to escape.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7h156\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e When we found out that it was the valve, a little bit of a sense of relief, you know, knowing that the design of the structure was very viable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hvff\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThey decide to shut the problem valve off. Fortunately, the remaining working valve is still able to inflate the habitat. The following night, the group is back in the control room.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c17j9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONAH BURGIN:\u003c/b\u003e Twenty-five p.s.i., 25 p.s.i.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8akh8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Get our fill rate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aqsrr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBETH LICAVOLI:\u003c/b\u003e 2922 p.s.i. per minute.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"64qv6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONAH BURGIN:\u003c/b\u003e Ramp to burst.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6naob\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTEAM MEMBER:\u003c/b\u003e Keep going.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fqs4h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONAH BURGIN:\u003c/b\u003e Fifty-five p.s.i., 55 p.s.i.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8onjm\"\u003eSixty-three p.s.i., 63 p.s.i.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"21nok\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThey have reached the same pressure as the failed test the night before.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4e5sd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Keep going. Going to burst.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b14c9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd it keeps rising.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6bvlh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONAH BURGIN:\u003c/b\u003e Seventy, 75 p.s.i. 76 p.s.i.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8i2n0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e This is insane. I heard a little pop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9ub5m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONAH BURGIN:\u003c/b\u003e This is insane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"63api\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Oh, oh. Well done. Oh. Yeah.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4rl7n\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e That was awesome. All right.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f83q7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e Well done, guys.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fv8t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBETH LICAVOLI:\u003c/b\u003e This is the first one that we can really feel the ground shake in this control room, which is incredible. To see it, to really be here, it’s kind of surreal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"83ih8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd now they know the habitat’s limit: 77 p.s.i.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"74q91\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHAWN BUCKLEY:\u003c/b\u003e It was just an amazing moment. It’s one of those things you don’t forget in your career, and you always talk about it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"frc5o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWe’re constantly on the move, expanding our reach upward, outward and toward new horizons.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3blov\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEHEMIAH MABRY:\u003c/b\u003e Engineering is a process that you take the baton and continue to engineer our world and to build things further, bigger, better, more efficient and more valuable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8dm5s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eALI HAJIMIRI:\u003c/b\u003e The whole human experience is, you could say, is an experiment in engineering of a society that’s better. And that’s why everything that we do is built upon what has been done in the past.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f8a00\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThroughout history, we’ve never been content to stay put.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9mhol\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKENNETH HARRIS:\u003c/b\u003e Engineering is not a modern day thing. Engineering is something that expanded way into our past. And I think it comes from curiosity. It comes from the need for survival.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fknsp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAs we continue building on what has come before, who knows what we’ll innovate next,…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1u91m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSETOR ZILEVU\u003c/b\u003e (User Experience Researcher, Meta)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e When we look at our lives and we look at technology a hundred years ago versus now, we couldn’t imagine some of the things that we see today.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"171rh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…building stuff, to reach beyond.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","public_until":"2024-12-19T04:59:59+00:00","passport_start":"2024-11-20T11:01:00+00:00","passport_end":"2027-11-20T04:59:59+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"e8yz3\"\u003eHumans are born to roam. See how engineers are inventing new ways to explore and extend our range.\u003c/p\u003e","availability":{"public":{"end":"2024-12-19T04:59:59Z","start":"2024-11-20T11:01:00Z","countries":[{"id":"6a9df090-8ede-44c0-8781-5ddbb942966b","code":"US","name":"United States","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.190936Z"},{"id":"9a9c8e4e-a700-4713-85f4-b3ee31a27879","code":"MP","name":"Northern Mariana Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.372517Z"},{"id":"f3c41bf8-f17c-4b55-a540-0e74c80c2cce","code":"PR","name":"Puerto Rico","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.377009Z"},{"id":"c54cfde7-42cb-49df-bb72-d355332d50c9","code":"AS","name":"American Samoa","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.381542Z"},{"id":"4f9b354c-7ada-4d83-9085-fcb6c887a5b5","code":"GU","name":"Guam","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.386117Z"},{"id":"eefe903e-3af4-4b31-a796-3a4b6dd19214","code":"VI","name":"U.S. Virgin 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data-block-key=\"bgupz\"\u003eIs engineering humanity’s superpower? See how we can amplify our natural abilities in amazing ways.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"k3kfo\"\u003eAround the world, engineers are finding ingenious ways to amplify our abilities and senses – allowing us to access and shape the world way beyond our natural gifts. From helping a blind man see without the use of his eyes to building a sling so powerful it can shoot rockets into space, see why engineering just might be the closest thing to a superpower we humans have. \u003cb\u003ePremiered November 13, 2024 at 9 pm on PBS.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"85s3f\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eBuilding Stuff: Boost It!\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d4tie\"\u003ePublished: November 13, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"doc4g\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWe live in a built world: engineering and technology built upon innovations and inventions, stretching back thousands of years. Some, like machines, boost our bodies’ abilities. Others help us reach outside our comfort zones. We have left an indelible mark on the planet, and now the time has come to use our skills to make a better world, like turbocharging the ancient sling…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3amj6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONATHAN YANEY\u003c/b\u003e (Founder, SpinLaunch)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e The idea is 50,000 years old.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"faqvi\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…to launch satellites, in a way we’ve never done before. A device that boosts our sense of touch to share a dance…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"46de3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eDECODED RHYTHMS\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e AUDIENCE MEMBER:\u003c/b\u003e I felt I was moving along with you.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2k2ml\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…or aid in movement; a machine to boost a human experience and inspire a new generation;…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2g24q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI\u003c/b\u003e (Viam)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Oh, my gosh. So good.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4du1m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…or even recreating a sense,…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f5ea5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Good to go.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"anacc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…to replace something that was lost.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1ess6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD\u003c/b\u003e (Research Participant)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e That was the first time in years that I had a sensation of vision.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9i3sg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e Building Stuff: Boost It!,\u003ci\u003e right now, on NOVA.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"529rn\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eEarth is home to more than eight-billion people, living in a world full of human invention.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5bu21\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eADAM STELTZNER\u003c/b\u003e (Chief Engineer, Mars Sample Return Campaign, NASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Certainly, in our modern world, we don’t really appreciate how saturated with engineering it is. Every pen you pick up to write something with has been engineered. The paper on which you write has been engineered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6p538\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFRANCISCO VALERO CUEVAS\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Electrical and Medical Engineering, University of Southern California)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Humans are engineers at heart. Now, you see a problem, and then you identify a solution. And we’ve been doing that forever.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aq68v\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThis thing we call engineering, what is it? Where does this impulse to make things come from? Anthropologists tell us that the roots of invention reach deeper into our past than we ever imagined. According to our best records, some 3.3-million years ago our ancestors figured out how to sharpen a certain kind of rock, creating a tool for cutting much better than our teeth, boosting the chances for survival.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"24ve3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKENNETH HARRIS\u003c/b\u003e (Senior Project Engineer, The Aerospace Corporation): Humans, dating way, way back in time, have been inventing things that help efficiency. They help their survival, that help drive them forward, based on the needs of that time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"am5m8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARIA C. YANG\u003c/b\u003e (Deputy Dean of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It’s an innate desire to make things better through making tools.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3hqgl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd ever since, one idea has led to another. And every invention around us today can be traced back to those first tools.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6rt59\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eSince the 1950s, rockets have been our go-to workhorse for sending people and payloads into orbit. They are some of the most complex machines ever built; the ultimate boost into the sky. But they aren’t exactly new. Even modern rockets have historic roots. Going back in time, some ancient projectiles were powered by chemical explosives, like gunpowder. In 1232, Chinese soldiers repelled a Mongol army using flaming arrows, likely propelled by simple rockets.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"99dv7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMISSION CONTROL:\u003c/b\u003e Three, two, one, zero.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ciel4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eToday, rockets are far more powerful, able to send humans to the moon and the International Space Station, but rockets have limitations.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"88op7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eADAM STELTZNER:\u003c/b\u003e Putting things in orbit is hard. It takes a lot of energy. Rockets are hard. They take a lot of energy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9p0m5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHIARA DARAIO\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Basically, the amount of fuel required for rockets to reach, you know, the outer reach of our atmosphere is the limiting factor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"867ed\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONATHAN YANEY:\u003c/b\u003e Something like 92, 93 percent of the mass of any rocket is fuel, leaving about five or six percent for the actual structure and only two percent for the payload.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"blsp3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKENNETH HARRIS:\u003c/b\u003e There is a high demand to put things into space, but there are limited means of getting it there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"66i7o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut that may soon change, if engineers at a company called SpinLaunch can make the dream imagined in this promotional video a reality.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8o8s8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONATHAN YANEY:\u003c/b\u003e SpinLaunch is a highly unique way to get to space. The idea itself goes back to caveman times. It’s a sling.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7ui11\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eA sling is an ancient hunter’s weapon. It’s an improvement on the arm and shoulder’s ability to throw a stone. Archeologists have found ancient evidence of slings, some at least 12,000 years old. For Jonathan Yaney, the sling is an inspiration.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"49gk5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONATHAN YANEY:\u003c/b\u003e It rotates. And at the end of, of a rotational element, you have really, really high speed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3p1bs\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSo, Jonathan embraced a radical idea: use that speed to launch a spacecraft into orbit.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c41l9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEHEMIAH MABRY\u003c/b\u003e (Chief Executive Officer and Founder, STEMedia)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e A sling is something you spin around, and basically the more you can spin it, the more force you can basically put on the release of whatever you’re slinging out. But if you scale this up, that same principle has the ability to launch a rocket into orbit. That’s incredible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c69ak\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThat idea has been met with skepticism, so the SpinLaunch team has much to prove.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6kete\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID WRENN\u003c/b\u003e (Chief Executive Officer and Former Vice President of Engineering, SpinLaunch)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It is one of those ideas that just sounds too crazy. I think it’s good to look at things from, from a place of skepticism, at the outset. But then you have to be objective about looking at, well, what are the underlying physics and what might really be possible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ch73o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe SpinLaunch team is using electricity to generate rotational speed, faster than the speed of sound. The proposed payload, a satellite encased in a bullet-shaped shell, must withstand up to 10,000 Gs, or 10,000 times the force of Earth’s gravity, until it is released, at just the right moment. Once the aeroshell gets around 40 miles up, the casing would separate to allow two small rocket engines to propel the payload the rest of the way to low Earth orbit.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cuvig\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEHEMIAH MABRY:\u003c/b\u003e The arm, itself, that’s actually spinning around, needs to be able to withstand it to a certain degree, as well. So, you have a need to not only make sure that it is structurally sound, but there needs to be precision in the timing, in the programming of that actual release point.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"52em\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONATHAN YANEY:\u003c/b\u003e I don’t have any classical training as an engineer. I self-educate. I read a lot of books, lots of books, and then I read them again because I didn’t really understand them the first time. I became an engineer along the way.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c2ovq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe team’s first goal was to build a proof-of-concept mass accelerator at one-eighth scale, to validate the key technologies and use it as a testbed to spin potential space-bound components at many times the force of Earth’s gravity.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ahmd0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID WRENN:\u003c/b\u003e Also known as, as G forces. And a G represents one unit of Earth gravity. When a pilot pulls up on the yoke of their jet and they make a hard turn, they’ll feel the equivalent of multiple times Earth gravity, upwards of eight Gs, for example.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ehl13\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut SpinLaunch payloads will have to withstand forces orders of magnitude stronger, as many as 10,000 Gs. So, the team is working on building and testing components that can survive such extreme acceleration.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"95ght\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eADAM STELTZNER:\u003c/b\u003e You know, in some ways we humans are sort of timid. We feel most comfortable with things that look like things we’re used to. So, you can’t really tell, at the outset, whether the thing that you’re doing that’s outlandish is really going to work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c7iil\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eToday the SpinLaunch team is asking a critical question: can a payload like a CubeSat survive 10,000 Gs?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"35alq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEV SANDOMIRSKY\u003c/b\u003e (Satellite Product Lead, SpinLaunch)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e So, a CubeSat is this miniaturization of satellites, literally making them into these little cube components. So, this 10-centimeter by 10-centimeter by 10-centimeter unit is one piece that can be added on top of each other, like Lego® blocks. So, we have some of the most critical subsystems that you would see on any satellite.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fbqee\"\u003eWe have a solar cell here. It generates a current that charges this battery up. And then the battery stores that energy, right, and distributes it to all of the critical subsystems that require electricity. So, the O.B.C. or the onboard computer is one of them. This is the, the brains of the satellite.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"g3ep\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe team’s confident the CubeSat as a whole will survive, but so far they’ve only tested individual components and never the whole system.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cclis\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDEB CHACHRA\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Engineering, Olin College)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e You know, it’s a very, very common strategy in engineering to say we’re going to break this problem into small parts; we’re going to solve each of the original parts; and then we’re going to put it back together again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2sctf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe team aims to test some of the components that are typically found on CubeSats, starting with the computer.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1t9j9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJUSTIN WILLIAMS\u003c/b\u003e (Embedded Software Engineer, SpinLaunch)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e So, this is saying, effectively, its power rails are all working correctly. It looks to be talking to the world just fine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3eo18\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSo far, they know that the battery pack is particularly vulnerable. A pretest of the battery pack system didn’t make it out of the accelerator in one piece.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bloob\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEV SANDOMIRSKY:\u003c/b\u003e This gave us a great benchmark, when it hit 7,650 Gs, that it was pretty darn close. And we didn’t have to do all that much to make it compatible with our launch environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2miqt\"\u003eThe batteries aren’t designed for 10,000 Gs, natively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"evr9u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe SpinLaunch engineering team had to figure out how to make the batteries more resistant to the high G forces.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9lto8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID WRENN:\u003c/b\u003e So, this is the original.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6u0hu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEV SANDOMIRSKY:\u003c/b\u003e We saw these batteries laying on top of each other. The concern, there, is that when you’re on the bottom of the stack, you’re getting three batteries worth of mass squished on to plus your own mass.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c39da\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThis orientation of the battery cells didn’t work out so well in the spinner.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1nsdd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID WRENN:\u003c/b\u003e Yep, so G forces are going this way. And you can even see the bolts are embedded, indent into the base, here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eioas\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEV SANDOMIRSKY:\u003c/b\u003e One of the things that we did is turn it sideways. Yep. Let each battery support itself and itself only.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dsjd4\"\u003eSo, we’re going to fully populate this satellite with all of the key subsystems that we’re testing out here. This is the pre-spin test of the solar cell 1.2V. And then, after we’re done with the test, we will check it out again and make sure that it’s still getting a similar voltage reading. This is going to be the first time that this unit, with everything in it the battery pack, the computer, is spinning up to 10,000 Gs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4o6pa\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eReaching the acceleration required for launch is itself a difficult engineering problem. At those speeds, friction, just from the air, would be intense. So, the inside of the accelerator is actually a giant vacuum chamber.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aerv2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONATHAN YANEY:\u003c/b\u003e If you can pull all of the air out of it, then there’s no more air resistance and, consequently, heat on the rotational structure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f7h7e\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEV SANDOMIRSKY:\u003c/b\u003e There we go. Now, we’re going to let the vacuum chamber draw down the pressure. And then we can spin up.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4gbrc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARK SIPPERLY\u003c/b\u003e: Accelerating system…9,000…95, 96, 97, 98. 10,000. 10,000 Gs coming down.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"48inf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEV SANDOMIRSKY:\u003c/b\u003e Yeah.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b8fcn\"\u003eCome on, baby. Well, look at that. I don’t hear any rattles. It looks like it’s intact.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1ij4p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eADAM STELTZNER:\u003c/b\u003e The pressure one feels when you’re hoping for success is mostly about the incredible personal human investment that’s gone in and not wanting to let down all of your colleagues when the moment of truth comes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"70cs7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEV SANDOMIRSKY:\u003c/b\u003e Let’s crack it open.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1s79e\"\u003eI’m going to test voltage on the solar cell. Yeah. So 0.8. That’s in a reasonable range.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f4d5h\"\u003eOkay, so now we will take out the computer. Looks like it is intact.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7qltb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJUSTIN WILLIAMS:\u003c/b\u003e It’s still responding when we send it messages, so it looks pretty good.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b2j38\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEV SANDOMIRSKY:\u003c/b\u003e I would say that that was a successful test. Pretty cool. Woohoo!\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9kam0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSpinLaunch has done what engineers do, methodically design, test, evaluate and repeat, as they step their way up to a system big enough to send payloads into low Earth orbit.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"37l54\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONATHAN YANEY:\u003c/b\u003e We went to the desert of New Mexico to build a flight test system, you know, at a large scale, that would allow us to essentially prove that we had not only the technology validated, we could test our own ability to, to construct and to execute on a system of this magnitude and scale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"561u3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eLaunching at one-third scale was a powerful milestone, spinning the payload to more than 1,000 miles per hour.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cm1vb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJONATHAN YANEY:\u003c/b\u003e It was an emotional moment for the team. You have to have a little bit of faith to bring something like this to that level and to that, that scale. We’ve conducted 10 successful back-to-back flight tests; we haven’t had a single failure. And I think that’s a testament to the practicality of the technology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"clbdi\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEV SANDOMIRSKY:\u003c/b\u003e This will be, for the first time since we’ve gone to space as a species, that we’ll be doing it differently.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dls6i\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIt’s common for engineers to build on an old technology, transforming it with new materials, to scale their way to innovation.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"575a1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEV SANDOMIRSKY:\u003c/b\u003e It’s with a spinning arm that’s throwing satellites into space. That’s totally new. How could that not be exciting?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2nkb5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKENNETH HARRIS:\u003c/b\u003e So, when you look at cutting edge technology today, you can see that it’s just being built upon the things that we’ve already seen from the past.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7skrs\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSometimes, we boost technology from the more recent past. Consider something we take for granted in everything from cell phones to cars to video games. It’s called “haptics.” Vibrations and other physical sensations that enable our technology to talk back to us through our sense of touch. At Harvard, scientist and engineer Shriya Srinivasan is thinking about those physical feedback loops every time she performs an ancient dance.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eufpf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDR. SHRIYA SRINIVASAN\u003c/b\u003e (Assistant Professor of Bioengineering, Harvard University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e I’ve been dancing since I was very young. The ideas around movement and sensory feedback have been percolating in my brain for a long time. When I dance, of course, I’m intimately aware of my body and its movements. What the audience feels, however, may be limited by their conditioning or what they can perceive visually.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3rpnr\"\u003eI am a biomedical engineer by training, and, at some point, I started to wonder, can we use the receptors in our skin to communicate the complexity of the rhythms that are embedded within the choreography? And would that enable them to experience the dance to a higher dimension?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1saad\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eShriya turned her curiosity into an engineering problem: could she share the rhythmic complexity of the choreography, as she feels it in her body, with the audience? To find out, she and her dance company co-founder, Joshua George, are conducting trials at Harvard’s motion capture lab.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"44rgm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKRITHIKA SWAMINATHAN\u003c/b\u003e (Ph.D. Candidate, Harvard University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e So, we’re going to grab this metatarsal point.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2s9pc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe motion capture system reads and records the position of the dots placed on Joshua, in order to create a digital version of his movements and understand the biomechanics of the dance.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"815g3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHRIYA SRINIVASAN:\u003c/b\u003e But more importantly, we’re interested in capturing what’s not readily visible to the eye, so, muscle activation, for example, or forces to the ground.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2603v\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAudience members can see the movements, but they can’t feel the force of a step or a jump.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b8bpa\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFRANCISCO VALERO CUEVAS:\u003c/b\u003e If you think about how humans interact, we like shaking hands, we like hugging. So, being able to tap into that sense of touch, or as it’s sometimes called, “embodiment,” is a gateway into allowing you to be and experience something that you’re not immediately doing, for example, it’d be great to feel how a dancer moves.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9gv8o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHRIYA SRINIVASAN:\u003c/b\u003e So, as you flex the bicep, you can see, in yellow, the activation of that muscle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bd6k9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKRITHIKA SWAMINATHAN:\u003c/b\u003e We have these reflective markers that we put on someone. We have them do a certain movement. We take that information and, kind of, convert that into body movement, quantitative data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e1cj1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWhat we think of as haptics embedded in technology has roots in aviation. As planes advanced, pilots no longer felt mechanical vibrations in the controls when the plane was about to stall, so haptics were used to replace these vibrations artificially, preserving the warning.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"55u74\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSETOR ZILEVU\u003c/b\u003e (User Experience Researcher, Meta)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Haptics is super critical and very innovative in the design process, because it has the ability to really blend the physical world with the digital world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ilh9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eADAM STELTZNER:\u003c/b\u003e In our analog world, haptics were everywhere. Things felt. You pushed a button on your radio, and the button went “sha-clank,” and you could feel it. My brain is evolved to sense whether that action that I’ve taken with my finger has resulted in a, an actual, an effect.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e21mt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eShriya’s team is applying this concept to dance.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5qcqn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHRIYA SRINIVASAN:\u003c/b\u003e Take a feel, and see what you think.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dd0eg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd the team is using modern technology to develop it.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1rtpv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eISABELLA GOMEZ\u003c/b\u003e-\u003cb\u003eHJERTHEN\u003c/b\u003e (Student, Researcher, Harvard University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e At the moment, we’re using two different types of haptics on the phone. So, we can set them at different intensities, different sharpness. We can also vary how long they are. We’re able to then assign a haptic pattern or a vibration pattern to that move and have it happen at that time, during the song or during the performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7ori5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThey are under pressure to work out the kinks. They’re giving a performance the next day, and they hope to work with the audience to test the system.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7aq2k\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKRITHIKA SWAMINATHAN:\u003c/b\u003e Okay. Yeah, I think we’re set for Friday.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5td7o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBesides enhanced dance performances, Shriya’s lab is also using haptics to do research to help medical patients with muscle spasticity move more smoothly. They’re asking if vibration feedback can reduce the symptoms of spasticity, a condition that causes muscles to stiffen, making them difficult to move, often as result of spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, A.L.S., multiple sclerosis or cerebral palsy. Patrick Pariseau, a Ph.D. candidate, is one of Shriya’s students.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1en8a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK PARISEAU\u003c/b\u003e (Ph.D. Candidate, Harvard University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e With spasticity, it feels like someone is holding your limb in place. Any time you want to move, you have to struggle against yourself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2tg70\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIn the motion capture lab, Shriya is working on a potential solution.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bh2jj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHRIYA SRINIVASAN:\u003c/b\u003e The nervous system is kind of like an orchestra. And conducting it is the brain, sending signals, but also receiving feedback about which parts are playing what. And having them work together is the key to executing movement and moving seamlessly in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eu70k\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIn typical arm motion, the bicep contracts to bend the arm at the elbow while the tricep relaxes, and the tricep contracts to straighten the arm while the bicep relaxes. The device that they’re building is designed to pick up activation of one muscle and then, mechanically, tell the opposite muscle to relax.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bcag7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHRIYA SRINIVASAN:\u003c/b\u003e In a patient with spasticity, for example, there’s co-contraction, so, as your bicep contracts, your tricep is also contracting, and that causes that movement to be rigid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fbqkp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK PARISEAU:\u003c/b\u003e So, we’re targeting the biceps and triceps with this part of the system. Let me know if it’s too tight.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fgsg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHIARA DARAIO:\u003c/b\u003e Biomedical engineering requires a fundamental understanding not only of the basic engineering principles like mechanics, electronics and computer science, but also of the fundamental properties of the biology of the human body.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8tbdq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eStep one: put the prototype system on student volunteer Anni and use it to collect data with a simple reflex test.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1ugs5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK PARISEAU:\u003c/b\u003e We’ve attached E.M.G. sensors. So E.M.G. is “electromyography.” We’re going to record the activation of her muscles and then display it on this laptop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1pijf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANNI LIU\u003c/b\u003e (Graduate Student, Research Participant, Harvard University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Yeah, I think that was…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4iir8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK PARISEAU:\u003c/b\u003e Oh, yeah. I mean, yeah, that was a strong one.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7p9ec\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eStep two: measure the amount of muscle activation when the device vibrates, to see if the activation goes down.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2five\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK PARISEAU:\u003c/b\u003e So, now we are going to turn on the vibration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c3hjh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHRIYA SRINIVASAN:\u003c/b\u003e Here, what we’re looking at is can we apply the vibratory stimuli at just the right time and at the right amount and the right parameters to relax the relevant muscles to allow for more free movement?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6s1o5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANNI LIU:\u003c/b\u003e Yeah, I think that’s all right.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3snd3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK PARISEAU:\u003c/b\u003e So, now it should be stimulating on the bicep. Can you feel it on your bicep?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b0son\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANNI LIU:\u003c/b\u003e Yes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8jbnu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK PARISEAU:\u003c/b\u003e Right there. All right. Great.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"27nju\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe next step? Preliminary analysis of the motions. The hope is that vibration reduces unwanted muscle activation, so they can use vibrations in their device to relax the targeted muscles. If they can demonstrate that, then eventually they plan to build a device that will detect activation in one muscle and determine which other muscle to deactivate, boosting flexibility and restoring motion.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cvmiu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK PARISEAU:\u003c/b\u003e Begin. Two, three, four, five, relax.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cr3fe\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIn today’s test, the device is giving them encouraging data. Confirming vibration as an effective strategy for relaxing specific muscles brings them one step closer developing a therapeutic device for spasticity.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9e2or\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK PARISEAU:\u003c/b\u003e The feeling that we were able to, what appears to be, successfully relax those muscles with vibration was a very good feeling, because it means that we’re one step closer to help people with spasticity move more easily.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"19nta\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eFrom one test to another,…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3liib\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHRIYA SRINIVASAN:\u003c/b\u003e Good evening, everybody. Welcome to \u003ci\u003eDecoded Rhythms\u003c/i\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6hv0c\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…the first opportunity for Shriya and her dance company to add a layer to the performance through haptic feedback.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9usch\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHRIYA SRINIVASAN:\u003c/b\u003e Sensation is the gateway to the human experience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dlg3c\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAudience members download an app, and as they watch and listen, they’ll feel synchronized vibrations,…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3k4dc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKRITHIKA SWAMINATHAN:\u003c/b\u003e We’re hoping that the audience can be more in tune with the performance by giving them this, sort of, understanding haptically, what the dancers are doing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"81q4c\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHRIYA SRINIVASAN:\u003c/b\u003e I thought it was a good work-in-progress demo. Most of the technology aspects worked well. Everything synced, and it was exciting to just see people’s initial reactions to it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5h6vr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eDECODED RHYTHMS\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e PERFORMANCE ATTENDEE:\u003c/b\u003e I love this. I’m an ex-ballet dancer. There’s something about having this motion and movement in my hands. I felt I was moving along with you, and that was really cool.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c0sek\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…combining two worlds, each adding a bit to the other.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e13hs\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHRIYA SRINIVASAN:\u003c/b\u003e I would say that the data that we’re gathering from the dance work, the biomechanics, the ability to classify movements, to interpret intent, all of those higher level insights that will guide us in the development of patterns for patients with spasticity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"66ece\"\u003eTwo, three, four, five.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9uli6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICK PARISEAU:\u003c/b\u003e Relax.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ccr2m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWe all have physical limits. But tools of all kinds help us go beyond what our bodies can do on their own. Simple machines, like levers and pulleys and screws, boost our strength. But we also make tools just for fun.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cq62r\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eEvery invention starts with an idea.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"flvrh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Penn State College of Engineering)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e We’re trying to see how much play there is…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1nie0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eFor Tahira Reid Smith, her idea comes from a childhood passion: Double Dutch.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9hvho\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Growing up in Bronx, New York, in the 1980s, Double Dutch was just what you did, as a little girl.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eivj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThis double rope version of jump rope was brought to New York by Dutch settlers in the 17th century. More recently, it became popular, particularly among black girls, in cities across the U.S. There are even fiercely competitive national competitions, and in some high schools it is recognized as a varsity sport. To play, Double Dutch requires two people spinning ropes in opposite directions and at least one person to jump. Tahira dreamed of a machine that would allow her, an only child at the time, to play Double Dutch whenever she wanted. In third-grade, she won a contest for that concept. And in the years that followed, she never gave up on that dream.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5suta\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Major passion project, talking about an idea I’ve had for decades.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a3pc9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eToday, she’s a mechanical engineer and professor, working in human-machine systems. And she’s building to her ultimate dream, to create an affordable version of her invention that people everywhere could enjoy. Meanwhile, another engineer, Sky Leilani, is working on her own Double Dutch prototype. Sky works at a robotics software company.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cq67g\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e When I was in college, I found Doctor Reid’s Double Dutch machine, at a point where I was feeling like I couldn’t get where I wanted to go. I was just surrounded by a lot of people who didn’t look like me. I saw she was from the Bronx, which is kind of similar to where I’m from, and that really inspired me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c2iht\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEHEMIAH MABRY:\u003c/b\u003e Problems that matter, that are informed by culture, then informed by background, can stimulate the desire to get into engineering, to desire to go about this process of creating something that didn’t previously exist. The problems which we decide are important enough to solve are influenced by someone’s background and someone’s culture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"811kr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTahira has come to Viam robotics in New York City to collaborate with Sky, bringing along her goddaughter, Sa’nai, part of the latest generation interested in engineering Double Dutch.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4p2gm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e When I first learned about Sky, it really touched me deeply, because I didn’t know that people were watching me from afar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bh9jc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWhen I was looking at your designs, I was like, “Wow.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"93v58\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e I was very encouraged by it. I was also impressed by her passion and her excitement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"77jm0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSky isn’t a mechanical engineer like Tahira is.\u003c/i\u003e \u003ci\u003eShe’s iterated on Tahira’s design, adding computer controlled motors and a software interface to control the two ropes.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3amf7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHIARA DARAIO:\u003c/b\u003e What are the traits of an engineer? I think, I think it’s hard to generalize. I feel like there’s many different kinds of engineering. There’s many different kinds of skills required in the different types of engineering.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d4as1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e She’s modernized it, writing code to control it. There’s vision for even an app. And doing everything largely through computer software and electronics, very little mechanical engineering.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ebm8s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAs Sky describes her approach, Tahira sees that Sky is running into a familiar problem: synchronizing the ropes. The ropes need to extend in a high arc, turning in opposite directions and staying 180 degrees out of phase with each other. In other words, when one rope is on the ground, the other should be directly overhead. As they rotate, they need to maintain a regular rhythm to truly create Double Dutch. It looks easy when a person does it, but as Tahira and Sky know firsthand, it’s anything but simple to engineer.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3uumi\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e That was wrong.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"et6hm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e The motor is always the most challenging aspect, and that is how it was with us. With Double Dutch, the biomechanics that people use - it looks so seamless. But trying to recreate that in a robot…?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"53l77\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e Yes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8v0aq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFRANCISCO VALERO CUEVAS:\u003c/b\u003e We have to ask ourselves how does the biology do it, with materials and information processing units that no engineer would dream of using? How is it that we can move both ropes so well at the same time but a robot can’t? So, then the question is, what do we need to do to replicate that?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dfnis\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e Look to your left.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d1th1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSA’NAI\u003c/b\u003e: That’s so cool.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8tj2n\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSky has chosen motors that are powerful enough to swing the ropes, with an added feature.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5b9hu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e The motor for the Double Dutch machine is from a hoverboard. They’re D.C. motors with encoders in them, so they can track the position.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bcpb4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe encoder setup uses magnetic poles mounted on the motor’s shaft. A nearby sensor detects the changes in magnetic field, as the motor spins, tracking the motor’s rotational position and speed with precision. That information can then be sent to a computer, to adjust the spin in real time, at least, in theory.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a2s80\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e A and C running right now.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bt2hr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e Not B. B isn’t running. See?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b3hod\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eFor now, only three of Sky’s four motors are spinning.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5dves\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e If these are two people’s arms, it’s like you step to the right.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dco6k\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThey decide to align two working motors, so they can work with one spinning rope for now.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5ebv3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Let’s just turn them on. Let’s just see. Yeah, this is slow enough to where I could actually just walk into it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"70ce9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIt’s an impressive milestone. The two arms turning the rope are perfectly in sync.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4m2p2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e Oh. Oh! Oh, my gosh.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2oaoq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Now, can I get out? Okay. Stop it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1qpa4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e Oh, my gosh. So good. I haven’t seen anybody use it or anything…ahh!\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9gqkj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARIA YANG:\u003c/b\u003e So, it’s really important, especially in, sort of engineering projects where there’s a consumer, is to, sort of, take prototypes and actually test them with your end users to see what their feedback is.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8iiss\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e That’s what I love so much about this project is Double Dutch is collaborative, and then robotics, as an entire field, it combines three types of engineering: mechanical, electrical and software engineering.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3adam\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAfter making some tweaks to the code, they decide to try a true Double Dutch jump.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"el17u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e You want to hear a pat, pat, pat, pat, pat, pat. Okay, can you take it over for me?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"flj92\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith two of the working motors, Tahira guides Sky to be a stand-in turner.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"23kq0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Just snatch it from me. Snatch it. There we go, okay. I’ll just try…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3839t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith Sky’s assistance, the motors are leading the way. And they’re working like a charm.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fb811\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e Oh, that’s so satisfying. Oh, my gosh.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9bidc\"\u003eThank you so much, Dr. Reid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dlnr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e You are so welcome. This was fun.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"anrh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSKY LEILANI:\u003c/b\u003e Working with Dr. Reid today was incredible. It was actually a dream for me. I felt like, if I continue with this project, then I’m going to see myself as a different person, who’s capable of more than I used to think I was.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e6sm5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eMeanwhile, after decades, Tahira is finally taking her own Double Dutch design to the next level. She’s partnering with a product design company to turn her prototype into an affordable, consumer-ready version.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"edpie\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Historically, what has been difficult has been how to design the system in such a way that it’s fully functional and also cost-effective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9hheb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWhich is why she still thinks that the most practical approach is to use only mechanical means to synchronize the motors. Tahira and director of industrial design, Steve Escobar, are deep in the proof-of-concept stage. For now, they’re working with a rudimentary plywood model, to answer a few basic design questions.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"baa8b\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANDREA ARMANI\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California and the Ellison Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Once you have an idea, how are you going to actually execute the idea? How are you going to design the idea so that people will actually want to use it? How are you going to make it accessible, both from a cost perspective, but also, from a user interface perspective?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"98r2p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThis first iteration of the design uses just one motor on each side plus some good old-fashioned mechanical hardware, like gears, sprockets and chains. Already, they’re facing a few familiar challenges,…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9rh5f\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Looks like it’s in sync, actually.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aosnr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…including getting the ropes in sync.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e2o67\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e It’s starting to go out of sync. Okay.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1nokm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith years of Double Dutch experience, Tahira knows exactly what the ropes should sound like.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"m6hb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e We need to be able to hear a really consistent pat, pat. But we’re hearing pat, pat. It’s very rhythmic. That’s why when stuff’s out of beat, it’s just like, it’s just wrong.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"90kjn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSTEVE ESCOBAR\u003c/b\u003e (Principal Industrial Designer, Speck Design)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e If anything slips, it would be a tooth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dj422\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eUsing gears is a common sense way to keep the rotation of the ropes in sync, but something is wrong.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"541is\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e We think the weight of the rope was throwing this off.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qgql\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSTEVE ESCOBAR:\u003c/b\u003e When it’s in motion, it’s actually creating too much force for these arms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bokr9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Let’s take some of these off and let’s see what happens. Let’s see. Let me just listen for it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"13lkj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMICHAEL SPRAUVE\u003c/b\u003e (President, Speck Design)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e How’s it going?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a2ckm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Yeah, it’s coming along.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bl982\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eMichael Sprauve, president of Speck Design, stops in to see how things are progressing.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7h0p6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMICHAEL SPRAUVE:\u003c/b\u003e Where are we at, guys?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ahvbm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAs a team, they talk about the day’s testing and how to improve the design.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7nb2r\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Well, there’s still a lot to think about with some of the play that’s still in the arms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8ckmv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMICHAEL SPRAUVE:\u003c/b\u003e Your visit with Sky was very inspirational to us. And that was switching from a single motor with gears to two motors at each end. When you shared that with us, it really, kind of, turned a light bulb on.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dmvjd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eALI HAJIMIRI\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Electrical and Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It’s extremely important to have different people who can see things from a different angle, because each one of us have our own blind spots.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3es5i\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTahira’s initial designs were rooted in her experience with mechanics, but collaborating with Sky has expanded the possibilities for realizing the machine.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4ghj3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eADAM STELTZNER:\u003c/b\u003e The best moments of ideation are, in my experience, collaborative. And they involve ideas bouncing off one another, being folded over, the negative of that idea being turned in, into the positive of this other idea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dpa43\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWorking together across different fields, what engineers call interdisciplinary collaboration, can be a powerful multiplier. Though a lot more troubleshooting remains, Tahira’s project is finally coming to life, after decades of work.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9p40e\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTAHIRA REID SMITH:\u003c/b\u003e Semi-surreal, exciting, it’s a lot. It’s heartwarming. It’s, I’m just glad there’s a message behind this product when it gets on the market. There’s a story to inspire young girls, young inventors, young minds, dreamers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f93u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTahira dreamt of a machine that could recreate the motions of another person’s arms, but what happens when engineers take aim at a biological system that is far more complex, like vision, restoring the ability to see with an idea that once seemed like science fiction?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ajok4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e The \u003ci\u003eSix Million Dollar Man\u003c/i\u003e, I have to say, if there was any inspiration, that that show was.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2v6vf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRICHARD ANDERSON:\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWe can rebuild him. We have the technology.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b56tq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e When I was an undergraduate, I became interested in how electronics could be mated with the human body.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6scsd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eFor more than 20 years Phil Troyk and his interdisciplinary research group have been pioneering a technology designed to restore some vision to those who have lost the ability to see. We’ve been using prosthetics to restore our bodies’ abilities for thousands of years.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"et1ss\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFRANCISCO VALERO CUEVAS:\u003c/b\u003e One of the most useful prosthetics has been the very humble glasses, right? So, you have a sense you have a sense of sight, but then there’s a distortion in the curvature of your eye. So, then you use a lens to compensate for that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6q29\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut this new device takes visual prosthetics to the next level.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8kh2i\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e The idea is to take the information you capture from a camera, and bypass the eyes and optic nerve, and go directly to the brain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4s1t3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFRANCISCO VALERO CUEVAS:\u003c/b\u003e The state of neuro-engineering is at its infancy, with very, very promising avenues for growth. One that has been for a very long time a dream of engineers is to be able to interface with the nervous system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fhl9m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003ePhil’s group is the first to receive F.D.A. permission to implant, into the brain of a blind person, a network of wireless stimulators, each just 5 millimeters across.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7gs2p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e You see the electrodes sticking out there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cls1s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICIA GRANT\u003c/b\u003e (Vice President of Research, The Chicago Lighthouse)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Even if they meet the criteria, the visual, the medical criteria, they have to be willing to embark on brain surgery. It’s hard to find someone that fits into all of that criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2umb1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe team has qualified their first participant, Brian Bussard, who completely lost his vision several years ago. Brian agreed to have a group of these stimulators surgically implanted in his visual cortex.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7migh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANDREA ARMANI:\u003c/b\u003e When you’re considering designing something that will be implanted in a person, one of the safety checks is making sure that whatever that thing is, it doesn’t actually harm a person.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eh4tv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRESEARCH ASSISTANT\u003c/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e: And how did you sleep last night? On a scale of 1-10?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7r6bf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Seven.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"12a8l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eFor the trial, he is referred to as the “participant,” not the “patient,” as his collaboration with the entire team is essential.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d37ib\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e I was going to be the first one. In my lifetime, I get to be the first of something that could change people’s lives later on. You know? Like who was the first person to walk on the moon?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ae7vo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEIL ARMSTRONG\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003e:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8b4u1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANDREA ARMANI:\u003c/b\u003e Artificial vision has really been enabled by advances in imaging technology. The development of incredibly tiny detectors and incredibly tiny communication signaling transmitters have enabled these implantable devices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2u6ec\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe implants in Brian’s brain are receivers for signals that in turn stimulate the brain. The coil transmits signals that they hope the brain will interpret as visual information.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fjph0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMICHAEL BARRY\u003c/b\u003e (Associate Director for Translational Research, Illinois Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Each of those 25 arrays has 16 electrodes that we can stimulate on command. And the goal is to use those electrodes to activate the healthy neurons that are still there and just haven’t been receiving normal visual input for a while.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8n5l0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e What do I see? Probably the closest thing, I would say, is if you had blips on a radar screen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8a9dj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe process requires creating a new kind of visual language.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6c8a4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eGISLIN DAGNELIE\u003c/b\u003e (Professor of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Imagine getting these funny flashing lights, from either a retinal or a cortical prostheses, that don’t look anything like what vision used to be. And then your brain is beginning to discover there’s a message to the madness. There are some patterning here, and if I can try to find out how things hang together, and then I can learn to understand what’s around me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7sget\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFRANCISCO VALERO CUEVAS:\u003c/b\u003e People used to think, well, we need to recreate the signals from the eyes into that same neural code. But we’ve seen examples where if you establish an interface with those areas, and you give them a consistent input, the brain will adapt and interpret those as best as it can.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1diik\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAs Brian continues to adapt, the work has progressed from the chair to a smaller, cart-sized version of the system, connected by a cord, with researcher Michael Barry pushing the cart and following behind.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4u4hk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e So, we’re putting on the visible light glasses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"87c59\"\u003eThe basic idea is to capture images with a camera, technologically, somehow convert those images to the commands that go to each of these little modules.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c8mj0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMICHAEL BARRY:\u003c/b\u003e Stand up slowly, but to your left.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1ul80\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e The first real exciting thing for me was when we added a camera to it. I went like this with my hand, and then I went like, oh, there’s my thumb. So, that was the first time in probably six years that I had a sensation of vision. That was exciting. It gave me a system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fs3qk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICIA GRANT:\u003c/b\u003e So, what we’re going to work on today is a task of finding an open chair. Can you identify which chair is open?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"73b97\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Right there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6oq33\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICIA GRANT:\u003c/b\u003e Great job.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c4r6l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e What we’re providing is really a targeting system. It says, “for whatever the camera is detecting, is something there?” It says where something is, but you don’t know what it is.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7ba91\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Let me find the cart. That way we don’t pull the cords.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"uet9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e Hey, so do you want to try something infrared?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"90vv5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe team decides to expand the testing to include a camera that can see wavelengths of light beyond what humans can see, infrared.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7njb1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMICHAEL BARRY:\u003c/b\u003e So, now we have the thermal sensor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2n6cp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANDREA ARMANI:\u003c/b\u003e Why should you limit your wavelengths to the visible range? Why not allow someone to see in the thermal range?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9rovj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith his limited vision, infrared allows Brian to distinguish people and animals by their body heat.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f19a4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICIA GRANT:\u003c/b\u003e For this task, you’ll find there’s one occupied chair.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eihut\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Well, there’s Grace, right there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3ovsk\"\u003eHi, Grace. Nice to meet you.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bqlbo\"\u003eBut you still have the big donut in the back of your head. You still have the wires for the camera. If you walk too fast, well, we can pull the coil. We lose signal and you got to stop and reset.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2448h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARIA YANG:\u003c/b\u003e So, there are a lot of technologies that work beautifully in the lab, right? Where you have a lot of space, it’s dedicated, and everything works well. But the reality is people move. They have their lives, they want to live the way they want to live and be mobile.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"23k5d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Nice to meet you.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"50fpa\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith the basic technology working, the team has been building a system that condenses an entire cart of equipment into a wearable device, so Brian can go mobile. The camera records images that are translated by a mini-computer into signals his brain can understand. These are then sent through a transmitter and beamed into Brian’s implants, reaching his visual cortex.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7q4k8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e Okay. So, I’m going to put this on your belt. Okay. You should be good to go. Well, good. You’re freed up.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6seg8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Trish was right there. She moved. Now she’s right there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dg0g7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICIA GRANT:\u003c/b\u003e I just got to tell you, you can walk to me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"61ing\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e I was going to say she’s right there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7id0j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICIA GRANT:\u003c/b\u003e Yeah, I’m right here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"etk8d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Okay, so I’m guessing this is tables over here or somebody or something.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dnq18\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICIA GRANT:\u003c/b\u003e Well, what do you think?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3bs0i\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRACY BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e So, as soon as he didn’t have that starting and stopping of trying to keep the cart right behind him, yeah, he just decided to just walk around the room and see what all was here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"36erp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e I’m free!\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"70orm\"\u003eBecoming untethered was a big step. It gave me the flexibility to move and try and figure it out quicker or on my own.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6cmj8\"\u003eOkay, there’s something here. This is another table.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"55jt6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMICHAEL BARRY:\u003c/b\u003e Yeah. So, now we have the thermal sensor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"40aqc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e There’s somebody right there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d4011\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTRACY BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e You found me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ap318\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Yay!\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dr6ep\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWatching Brian see his wife, without his eyes, is a powerful validation of all their hard work.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ml7g\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePATRICIA GRANT:\u003c/b\u003e But the moment today, when he had on the mobile unit and he walked to his wife and saw her, I just thought that was really a special moment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3nb3v\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e She didn’t make a sound, but you went to her. You found her in the room.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c03kb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARIA YANG:\u003c/b\u003e You think, “Oh, my gosh, this man has lost his vision, and now he can see something with the help of this engineering system strapped to him.” All of these things have come together, all that iteration and testing and protocols. It’s pretty, it’s pretty amazing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3q86f\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e This person is volunteering themselves. They’re putting themselves at risk, and they’re doing so not because they expect to get vision back. It’s for advancement of knowledge. It’s for what we learn now will make possible what will become standard of care 100 years from now.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9qbs4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e There’s somebody right there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d6ck8\"\u003eJust from a human standpoint, I think we should be wired that we want to leave the world a better place than it was when we got here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1bhmg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe following day the team gathers to review their progress with the mobile system.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9tlq2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e Did it accomplish the goal of making you feel more autonomous and liberated?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7m6in\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Well, full disclosure, if it would have been nice out yesterday, it would have been “Oops!” I made a left hand turn to go out the door.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a0ppu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e Now it’s okay. Well, what do we prioritize next?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"47g05\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Probably, the next step would be as if we can combine either the two cameras into one, or even adding the second visual camera so we can get, depth into it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d95cc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e From an engineering perspective, engineering is not just a technology stemming from math and science. And the question we’re asking is how can an artificial interface like this be used to provide useful sensory information for someone who has blindness?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cese4\"\u003eWe do have now the interface, albeit in somewhat simpler form than some would like. But we do have the interface, and we are now answering the questions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5to3q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARIA YANG:\u003c/b\u003e It’s such a high risk, high payoff engineering challenge. Giving vision to someone who’s visually impaired is just such a Holy Grail engineering strategy. And they’ve done it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1idjp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eADAM STELTZNER:\u003c/b\u003e Our aspirations are high, and we only get there by making step by step incremental progress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1cn42\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e There he is. Hi, buddy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e5jc1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e I think we’re proud of the fact that maybe we got there first.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ejvek\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRIAN BUSSARD:\u003c/b\u003e Good boy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6pmra\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL TROYK:\u003c/b\u003e I think we’re done.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"61j6p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWe’re here, today, with the world around us as it is, because we are hard-wired to invent, design and build tools. As we continue to boost our abilities with technology, it’s anyone’s guess what we’ll create in the future.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7mrfk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eADAM STELTZNER:\u003c/b\u003e When we go to create something new, we’re stepping into the unknown.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6khe0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith creativity and collaboration, we can solve even the most difficult problems,…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d0na5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANDREA ARMANI:\u003c/b\u003e Science fiction has always inspired the world. And it is the job of engineers to convert that inspiration into innovation and invent the solutions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"62rnv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…building stuff to benefit all.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","public_until":"2024-12-12T04:59:59+00:00","passport_start":"2024-11-13T11:01:00+00:00","passport_end":"2027-11-13T04:59:59+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"bgupz\"\u003eIs engineering humanity’s superpower? 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the Universe: Quantum","topic":"space","brand":"nova","content_type":"episodepage","length":3220,"publish_date":"2024-09-16","hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"Quantum entangled 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data-block-key=\"2zpaq\"\u003eDive into the universe at the tiniest – and weirdest – of scales.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"j13cv\"\u003eWhen we look at the world at the tiniest scales in the subatomic realm, things get weird – \u003ci\u003every\u003c/i\u003e weird. Welcome to the quantum universe, where particles can spin in two directions at once, observing something changes it, and something on one side of the galaxy can instantly affect something on the other, as if the space between them didn’t exist. Buckle up for a wild ride through the discoveries that proved all of this to be true and paved the way for the digital technologies we enjoy today – and the powerful quantum sensors and computers of tomorrow. \u003cb\u003ePremiered November 6, 2024 at 9 pm on PBS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"74rav\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eDecoding the Universe: Quantum\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"asl0s\"\u003ePublished: November 6, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9aee8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnnouncer:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e The following NOVA program contains scenes of quantum physics,\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c08dk\"\u003e\u003ci\u003ewhich is known to cause confusion, anxiety, and even heartbreak.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f8fh4\"\u003e\u003ci\u003ePlease see your physicist if symptoms persist.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5pslk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eQuantum physics. It’s the science of the very small, but it punches far above its weight.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4llff\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI\u003c/b\u003e (George Mason University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Quantum physics has not just been important, it’s been revolutionary.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ehnjt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIt’s the most successful scientific theory of the last one hundred years.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4sugb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNADYA MASON\u003c/b\u003e (University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Quantum mechanics already permeates everything we do.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a28mo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eEverything from your computer or cellphone to how we keep time depends on our understanding of the quantum world.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e4viu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID KAISER\u003c/b\u003e (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e We can say now we live in a quantum age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"878eb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd it’s behind one of the greatest discoveries in the history of science: gravitational waves, tiny ripples in the fabric of space-time itself.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cfnsv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN CARROLL\u003c/b\u003e (Johns Hopkins University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Gravitational waves give us a whole new way to look at the universe.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bl7d3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd yet, beyond the mathematics, quantum physics makes a shocking claim, that, at its deepest level, reality plays like a game of chance.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"59cm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eELBA ALONSO-MONSALVE\u003c/b\u003e (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Probabilities are not a measure of what we don’t know. They’re just intrinsic to the quantum theory, with mind-boggling behaviors like superposition and entanglement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7b34t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e This is weird, it’s strange.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"53ajo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWhat quantum physics really means remains deeply mysterious, but it’s created the world we live in today.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7amtg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNADYA MASON:\u003c/b\u003e Quantum physics actually governs everything around us.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"clp41\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTARA FORTIER\u003c/b\u003e (National Institute of Standards and Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It’s not some weird outpost of physics that’s far away.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"85b06\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e It’s completely changed the way we used to live into the way we live now.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7v3do\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e Decoding the Universe: Quantum\u003ci\u003e, right now, on NOVA.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f2d12\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eDecember 12th, 1970, NASA launches a Scout B rocket from a former oil drilling platform off Kenya’s coast. Its payload is a small satellite named Uhuru, a Swahili word meaning “freedom.” Uhuru is the first space telescope dedicated to observing X-rays, high-energy light waves invisible to our eyes. Powerful sources of X-rays constantly bombard Earth, but our atmosphere blocks them.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3v1f1\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eWith this groundbreaking telescope, a new vista for exploration opens. But buried in the data collected from Uhuru is something ominous.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a8s9j\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eIn 1971, scientists reveal that the constellation Cygnus, “The Swan,” contains what, until then, was more of a mythical mathematical beast: a black hole.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"70dch\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eELBA ALONSO-MONSALVE:\u003c/b\u003e Black holes are the most mysterious objects in the universe, also the most violent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ofjb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJANNA LEVIN\u003c/b\u003e (Barnard College of Columbia University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Even Einstein didn’t think nature would allow such a crazy object.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4fids\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBlack holes are fearsome monsters, capable of devouring whole planets, whole stars and even each other. A black hole is created when gravitational forces bring together enough mass to put a rip into the fabric of space-time.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ek5ul\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID KAISER:\u003c/b\u003e Some of them are genuinely monstrous. I mean, millions, billions, maybe even 10-billion times the mass of our own sun.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8t232\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eELBA ALONSO-MONSALVE:\u003c/b\u003e We don’t actually have laws of physics to predict what’s going to happen to us when we go in. Hopefully, none of us will experience it any time soon.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b2719\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIn the decades since the first sighting, science has learned a lot about these menacing and mysterious objects of destruction. They aren’t that rare.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6l9j2\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eSupermassive black holes sit at the center of most large galaxies. We have one in ours. But it turns out these cosmic behemoths also may have an Achilles heel. First predicted by Stephen Hawking, in 1974, scientists thought of a black hole as a one-way trip to oblivion, that, past its event horizon, nothing could escape. But Hawking disagreed. He theorized something did escape from these mighty giants: radiation, ironically, the end result of physics at the tiniest of scales, “quantum physics.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7h7c1\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eClifford Johnson is a nonfiction graphic author and also a theoretical physicist.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1s7pg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCLIFFORD JOHNSON\u003c/b\u003e (University of California, Santa Barbara)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e One of the key things that was discovered in quantum physics is that empty space, itself, is not empty. It’s seething with possibility.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"chsiv\"\u003eInstead of having empty space, here, a particle and its antiparticle can appear, dance around a little bit, and then annihilate back into empty space. Now imagine that happening near a black hole horizon, which we’re told is a one way door. What if one of those particles falls in? And now the partner doesn’t have anything to annihilate with, so it will actually fly off. And a distant observer will see that particle as radiation coming from the black hole.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fgcu8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWithout consuming more matter, if it emits radiation, it will gradually shrink in size.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"69urg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJANNA LEVIN:\u003c/b\u003e The black hole actually begins to evaporate. Now, this is a completely stunning revelation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1d4i9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/b\u003e Known as Hawking Radiation, its existence is still only a theory, but perhaps, given enough time, and it is a very, very, very long time\u003cb\u003e.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2pdva\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID KAISER:\u003c/b\u003e For many black holes, longer than the current age of the universe.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1snq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eEven a supermassive black hole, like the one at the heart of the Milky Way, may evaporate and disappear, vanquished by the quantum world and the physics of the very small.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d2ned\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe quantum world is often cast as “weird,” and it sure can look that way in the movies.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ds81i\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eEVANGELINE LILLY:\u003c/b\u003e You’re sending a signal down to the quantum realm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a4fa3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePAUL RUDD:\u003c/b\u003e Cassie!\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aoln9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKATHRYN NEWTON:\u003c/b\u003e Where are we?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cmok\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut what is quantum physics? It arose as the solution to a problem.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dr3vo\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eScience, during the 19th century, had investigated smaller and smaller amounts of matter and energy. But by the first two decades of the 20th century, the existing line between the physics of particles and the physics of waves had grown murky, especially when trying to understand the fundamental nature of light.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5lkgv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID KAISER:\u003c/b\u003e Sometimes it really is important to describe light as a wave, as an extended object that sort of waves in space and travels over time, analogously to an ocean wave in the water.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cok9s\"\u003eOther times, as people like Albert Einstein and others began to, to find, they really, really had to describe aspects of light as if it was a collection of particles that traveled almost like miniature billiard balls.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8n81g\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eUltimately, the answer was a new kind of physics, quantum mechanics, which included an amalgam of ideas about both particles and waves.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"390fk\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eIts earliest formulation dates back roughly 100 years. This 1927 conference in Brussels is where the world’s leading physicists met to discuss the newly formed theory. And there was a lot to discuss, because quantum mechanics represented a radical departure from the previous paradigm of physics, what we call today, “classical physics.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dta1m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN CARROLL:\u003c/b\u003e In classical physics, handed down by Newton, we had determinism. We had the clockwork universe.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"doua6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOLIVIA LANES\u003c/b\u003e (IBM)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e So, if you throw a ball, that is a classical object with the same force, the same speed, same angle, it is always going to go to the same place, right?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"elbnp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN CARROLL:\u003c/b\u003e In principle, if you knew exactly the state of the whole world all at once, and you knew the laws of physics, you could exactly predict what everything was going to do, arbitrarily, far in the future and into the past.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dpi3p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIn classical physics, even events that we think of as random aren’t really.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b0pc1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e There are things that appear random in our everyday lives, like rolling dice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"euaah\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOLIVIA LANES:\u003c/b\u003e It looks random, right?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"97v69\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHOHINI GHOSE\u003c/b\u003e (Wilfrid Laurier University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e But, actually, it is a deterministic set of events which leads to whatever outcome the dice shows.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"abpeu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOLIVIA LANES:\u003c/b\u003e If I told you exactly how I was going to roll the dice or flip the coin…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5gdf2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e You could predict, based on that initial throw, what the final outcome is going to be. It’s a very hard mathematical problem, but it’s not intractable. Quantum mechanically that’s not the case.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"30cr7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eQuantum mechanics tossed out the certainty of the classical clockwork universe for one that only allowed for probabilistic predictions about potential observations.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5bl64\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJOHN PRESKILL\u003c/b\u003e (California Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Probability in quantum physics is different, because, even if we have the most complete description that the laws of physics will allow us to have, typically, we’re unable to predict precisely what we’ll see when we observe a quantum system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3doao\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN CARROLL:\u003c/b\u003e Quantum mechanics says we can know everything there is to know about the setup right now, and still, when we want to make a measurement of it in the future, the best we can do is say there’s a 50 percent chance of getting this outcome, 30 percent chance of that, 20 percent chance of that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5q698\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eELBA ALSONSO-MONSALVE:\u003c/b\u003e In the quantum theory, probabilities are not a measure of what we don’t know. They’re just intrinsic to the quantum theory. We cannot get around them. That is impossible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1j2l0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSome physicists, raised on determinism, had trouble accepting this new probabilistic view. Albert Einstein famously said that he didn’t believe God plays dice with the universe. But there is another related, even stranger aspect to quantum mechanics.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b37db\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eIn classical physics, external reality is independent of the observer: looking at the moon doesn’t change the moon. And if you look away, the deterministic laws of physics continue to guide the moon on its path.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d0qc4\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eBut in quantum mechanics, things are weirder.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2gqu0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN CARROLL:\u003c/b\u003e The basic idea of quantum mechanics, the thing that we really struggle with, to get our heads around, even as professional physicists, is that, unlike any other version of physics, quantum mechanics separates what happens in a system when we’re not observing it from what we see when we measure it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"95icu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eA few rare exceptions aside, quantum mechanics says that we can’t know the position of a particle, like an electron, when we’re not observing it. At best it can only be described mathematically as a wave, its exact position given in probabilities.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"50mq5\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eBut at the moment that the particle is observed, the probabilistic wave function collapses to one specific location. To the observer, who never sees this wave-like quality, it is like the particle was a particle all along.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3ig35\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN CARROLL:\u003c/b\u003e That opens up a whole world of questions, you know? What happens to the observational outcomes that are not observed? What picks out which outcome is going to happen? This is still what we’re thinking about today.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f2ed9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDuring that mysterious period, when the particle is considered neither here nor there, it is said to be in “superposition,” in a sense, a combination of all the possible outcomes. But what does that really mean?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cke6e\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHOHINI GHOSE:\u003c/b\u003e Is the electron everywhere at the same time? Is it nowhere at all? Is it at one place and we just don’t know. All of those questions are actually outside of what quantum theory itself actually can answer. It’s not part of the theory at all. So, if you ask me, your guess is as good as mine. Unfortunately, that’s the best I can do.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"evcup\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eFor most people, quantum mechanics remains deeply unintuitive, and yet it has proven itself again and again, by making predictions with uncanny accuracy. In practical terms, it is the most successful theory science has ever produced, and it has shaped our modern life.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"93lvf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e Quantum physics has not just been important, it has been revolutionary. It has completely changed the way we used to live into the way we live now.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1pme8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTake our sense of time: perhaps there is no better illustration of our intimate relationship with it than music and dance.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bnnno\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTARA FORTIER:\u003c/b\u003e The underlying movement of tango is reliant on the beat, which is reliant on timing, which creates synchronization. To create a truly smooth dance, it’s not enough to just be synchronized on the beat. It’s also the synchronicity between the beats that’s important. That’s the real beauty in it, in finding that connection through stretching out that second.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3jmr5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTara Fortier is a tango professional and a physicist deeply involved in the science of time.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d71po\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTARA FORTIER:\u003c/b\u003e So, we have a number of systems in this lab.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ch48c\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eShe works here,…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9mmkf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTARA FORTIER:\u003c/b\u003e These systems are used to characterize atomic clocks and also compare atomic clocks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6vb68\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…at the Boulder Colorado laboratories of the National Institute of Standards and Technology or NIST, home to some of the atomic clocks that help set the official time for the country.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bn49m\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eOver the centuries, we’ve tracked time a variety of ways: by the sun’s movement, the swing of pendulums, the oscillations of springs, and, in the 20th century, the vibrations of quartz crystals.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"auide\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eBut since the 1960s, time has been officially determined using atomic clocks and the quantum characteristics of atoms.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ch7gt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTARA FORTIER:\u003c/b\u003e And the idea is that the laws of physics are unchanging, unlike something like the rotation of the earth. The rotation of the earth itself can change because of plate tectonics, because the moon is moving away from the earth. Its physics is not truly fundamental.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"doccj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJUN YE\u003c/b\u003e (JILA/National Institute of Standards and Technology/University of Colorado Boulder)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e The reason why we love atomic clocks is that it is universally defined time. No matter who does the experiment, no matter where you do the experiment, in principle, once you corrected for all the systematic effects, you should produce the same time, no matter where.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bsim1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe consistency of atomic clocks arises from the very nature of atoms.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ed011\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCLIFFORD JOHNSON:\u003c/b\u003e Atomic clocks depend, crucially, on the quantum physics of atoms. You have a nucleus, around which there are electrons in certain energy levels, and these energy levels are possible energy states that the electron can have inside the atom.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bd8of\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSince an electron can only be at certain energy levels and not in between, to get to a higher level it needs to encounter a very specific helping hand, such as a particular photon.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kgks\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCLIFFORD JOHNSON:\u003c/b\u003e If it were to absorb an incoming photon, it would have to be of just the right energy to jump from one level to a higher level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7dfs1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThat special relationship between the electrons of a particular atom and a photon of specific energy level is a unique signature for that atom. It’s called a “resonant frequency.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cb82l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCLIFFORD JOHNSON:\u003c/b\u003e So, this characteristic signature of this atom gives us a very specific frequency standard that we can use to build a time-keeping device.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5qbb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAtomic clocks work in different ways, but they all use a specific type of atom or molecule as a reference to lock in the frequency of an electromagnetic wave whose oscillations provide the “ticking” of the clock. Today, a second is officially defined by counting the oscillations of the primary “resonant” frequency of a cesium-133 atom. That’s over nine- billion oscillations per second. And you interact with that time reference more than you might think, for example, through the Global Positioning System, G.P.S.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dvad\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eG.P.S. VOICE:\u003c/b\u003e Turn left.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ck661\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTARA FORTIER:\u003c/b\u003e I think that G.P.S. is actually kind of crazy when you think about it. How do we do anything before G.P.S.?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bktmg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe U.S.-based G.P.S. system uses over 30 dedicated orbiting satellites, each with multiple atomic clocks.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3tehm\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eWhen you use the G.P.S. on your cell phone, its receiver checks the signals from four or more satellites. The signal contains information about the satellite’s position and the time it sent the signal. That time stamp is critical. Your phone uses it to calculate how long it took to receive the signal, and from that, knows the distance to the satellite.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6oqo1\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eWith that information from multiple satellites, it is possible to triangulate the phone’s position within a few yards. But the whole system depends on knowing the time.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a1e2b\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTARA FORTIER:\u003c/b\u003e In the end, I find it amazing, how strongly committed and tied to atomic clocks and how much we take it for granted.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cbuo8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJUN YE:\u003c/b\u003e Even though I build atomic clocks…but when I’m driving, being guided by this G.P.S. service, you don’t really become aware of how much atomic clock technology has permeated everywhere in modern life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"42f5o\"\u003eHave you had a chance to look at more systematically varying the V-Z?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"977s2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eJun Ye is a physicist with joint appointments with NIST, the University of Colorado Boulder and their joint institute, JILA.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8qoku\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJUN YE:\u003c/b\u003e What if you lock exactly on top of each other and see if that peak disappears completely.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5l9ke\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eHe works on the new generation of atomic clocks, known as “optical” atomic clocks. While cesium clocks use microwaves, optical clocks use lasers, which run at higher frequencies. That also means using a different atom. Instead of cesium, Jun’s work mostly uses strontium atoms, along with a laser carefully tuned to one of strontium’s resonant frequencies. It puts one of the strontium’s electrons into superposition, so it is both excited and unexcited at the same time, creating what Jun calls a “quantum pendulum.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dtq6a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJUN YE:\u003c/b\u003e This pendulum is swinging at a speed of nearly one-million-billion cycles per second. It’s going back and forth, back and forth. And this superposition creates this quantum pendulum.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"60ssh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd when it comes to accuracy, more swings or higher frequency equals more precision.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5ndfj\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eIf you think of swings as marks on a ruler, the more marks you have, the more exactly you can measure. So, compared to a cesium clock, Jun’s strontium clock is around 100,000 times more precise. And that much sensitivity makes all the more apparent some of the stranger aspects of time, including one first predicted by Einstein, “gravitational time dilation.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3tus\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eIn the movie\u003c/i\u003e Interstellar\u003ci\u003e, part of the crew of a spaceship descends in a shuttle to a planet orbiting a supermassive black hole.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5jn0a\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eWhen the shuttle returns, those on the mission feel they’ve only been gone for three hours, but not the crew member who remained in orbit.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5eqsc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANNE HATHAWAY\u003c/b\u003e (as Brand, \u003ci\u003eInterstellar\u003c/i\u003e)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Hello, Rom.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"emjsr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID GIYASI\u003c/b\u003e (as ROM, \u003ci\u003eInterstellar\u003c/i\u003e\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e I’ve waited years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3f899\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJOSH STEWART\u003c/b\u003e (Voice of CASE Robot, \u003ci\u003eInterstellar\u003c/i\u003e)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It’s 23 years, four months, eight days.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ekk3a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe difference in time is another effect of the black hole’s warping of the fabric of space-time. The warping not only means gravity gets stronger closer to the black hole, but time gets slower too. And you don’t need a black hole to be able to measure it.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bitqo\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eEven on Earth, gravity varies, and so does time, based on the distance from the planet’s center. So, a person at the top of the Empire State Building experiences weaker gravity and time going faster than a person at street level, where gravity is stronger.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bko5l\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eBut all that happens imperceptibly. Our wristwatches just aren’t accurate enough to show the difference.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3mme\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eBut Jun’s optical clocks are so accurate that even a small difference in elevation between two clocks will reveal a discrepancy in the passage of time.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2holh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJUN YE:\u003c/b\u003e When the clock changes elevation by a few hundred microns, basically size of a human hair, you will start to be able to see the time is actually running differently.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8tm75\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith that much accuracy, a clock transforms into something more than a timepiece, it becomes a new window into the nature of the universe.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4l0sn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJUN YE:\u003c/b\u003e Making a clock is much more than just a piece to keep time. It is a sensor to explore fundamental physics, to expand our curiosity, to build new technologies that can connect to quantum computing, quantum information processing and communication.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e8u0m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eCentral to making Jun’s precision atomic clocks work are ultra-stable lasers, which themselves are also a quantum technology. They date back to the 1960s.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2v8jl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eGERT FRÖBE\u003c/b\u003e (As Auric Goldfinger, \u003ci\u003eGoldfinger\u003c/i\u003e)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e You are looking at an industrial laser, which emits an extraordinary light not to be found in nature. I will show you.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9bqep\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThis scene from 1964’s\u003c/i\u003e Goldfinger\u003ci\u003e is said to be one of the first popular depictions of this new cutting edge tech.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1ejfh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN CONNERY\u003c/b\u003e (As James Bond, \u003ci\u003eGoldfinger\u003c/i\u003e)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e I think you’ve made your point, Goldfinger. Thank you for the demonstration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"v7hl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eToday, lasers are everywhere. There are medical lasers to correct vision; lasers at the checkout counter; lasers for cutting, communicating, entertaining cats; and, of course, for light shows, which encourage us all “to trip the light fantastic,” which may be why experimental physicist Rana Adhikari is “laser focused” on lasers.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"94pit\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANA X. ADHIKARI\u003c/b\u003e (California Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e When I talk about how, how beautiful the laser is as an instrument, I don’t want to gush about it too much. Like, I’m in love with lasers. I don’t know, I feel like a weirdo fanatic or something like that, but they’re just, there’s something about them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4tgoh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTo understand what makes laser light so special, it makes sense to look at an ordinary light bulb, the old fashioned kind, with a tungsten filament. It produces light through “thermal radiation.” An electric current, passing through the filament, heats it up.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e2hmu\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eIts tungsten atoms become excited and vibrate at different speeds, which causes them to emit photons in all directions, across a variety of wavelengths. Compared to a laser, this is chaos.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"449c1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANA ADHIKARI:\u003c/b\u003e The way you should think about a light bulb is something like they’re just a mob of people, all singing a different pitch. So, it’s like a rock concert audience. But a laser, a laser is more like, if you go to Juilliard or Berklee School of Music, and you go to a concert, and it’s like a choir of people who have got perfect pitch, but it’s a choir of something like, a million-trillion people singing at the same time, the same tone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3br8r\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCONCERT FOOTAGE:\u003c/b\u003e “We will, we will rock you!”\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"co929\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCONCERT FOOTAGE:\u003c/b\u003e [Choir singing, one note]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"22sbp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/b\u003e That’s because laser light is generated in an entirely different way, a fact hidden in its name.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"69qcf\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eCaption\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"43b96\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eLight Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"33gse\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCLIFFORD JOHNSON:\u003c/b\u003e Let’s say we have, inside an atom, an electron that’s at some excited state, some higher energy level, and now, a photon of just the right frequency passes by the atom. It triggers the atom to do something interesting. The electron loses energy and goes to a lower energy and emits a photon of precisely the same frequency as the one that came in. It’s going in the same direction and it has the same phase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2ns70\"\u003eSo, what we have there is a quantum mechanical amplification process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"etd0p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIf we place a group of those same excited atoms inside a chamber with mirrors at both ends, the emitted photons will bounce back and forth, continuing to stimulate the emission of more photons, which, in turn, stimulate even more photons. One of the mirrors is only partially reflective. It allows some of the light to escape.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2dqp3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCLIFFORD JOHNSON:\u003c/b\u003e Now, that light is very special. It’s composed of photons that are all the same frequency, so, the same color, and they’re all the same phase, and all going in the same direction. So, you have this intense pure beam of light, and that’s the laser.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"clvtq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eLasers have proven to be an extremely versatile tool including for measuring distance. Rana’s work with stable high frequency lasers takes that to an extreme.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eqenq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANA ADHIKARI:\u003c/b\u003e When you use them, you’re in a whole different realm of measurement than has to do with rulers and any of that other stuff. Anybody who is like a real pro, knows that the only thing that you ever measure is frequency. If you’re measuring anything else, you’re kind of an amateur.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4q30a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThanks to the fixed speed of light, the beam of a high frequency laser has an incredibly short wavelength. Perfect for measuring extremely small changes in distance.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e1jkq\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eSince 1996, Rana has been part of a project that uses laser light to measure something incredibly, unimaginably small and weird: tiny fluctuations in the fabric of space and time itself.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4v8ml\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANA ADHIKARI:\u003c/b\u003e Space and time ripple; they’re not fixed things. And so, the distance between my two hands is not always going to be this, if I hold them steady.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"14dqj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe idea, like so many, goes back to Einstein. In the early 20th century, his work led to the merging of space and time into one concept, “space-time.” And he theorized that gravity was the warping of that space-time fabric by the mass of objects.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3s2m6\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eBut that carried a startling implication that the acceleration of objects with mass, would create ripples in space-time that spread at the speed of light, “gravitational waves.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9jtsl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIFFANY NICHOLS\u003c/b\u003e (Northeastern University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Gravitational waves were first predicted by Einstein, and he didn’t believe it at first. So, he went back and forth through, I believe, the mid-thirties. But his first prediction was they were too minute to ever be detected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7jban\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBy the 1980s, that sentiment had changed, And LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory was founded as a joint CalTech and MIT project. Part of Rana’s work at Caltech has been to continuously improve the essential art of LIGO: laser interferometry.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"et4p0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANA ADHIKARI:\u003c/b\u003e This is the, where it all begins. I’m going to show you the whole laser interferometer. In here, that’s a prototype of the LIGO system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"breks\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe basic design is easy to understand. The LIGO interferometer has two arms at right angles to each other. A very stable infrared laser feeds into a beam splitter, which directs half the beam down each arm.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5pas8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANA ADHIKARI:\u003c/b\u003e Half of the light goes one way and half goes the other way. And then you have mirrors at the ends and they reflect the light back.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6di4t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe phase of one arm of the laser is the reverse of the other. If all is normal, when recombined, they will cancel each other out, resulting in no signal. But if a gravitational wave passes through, distorting space-time, the length of each arm will change, shifting the phase of the two beams. For a brief moment, the equipment will register a signal.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"frq5h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANA ADHIKARI:\u003c/b\u003e Instead of having exact cancellation and destructive interference, you have a little bit of light leaking out. And that little bit of light that leaks out is what we detect.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"due9s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut there is a key difference between Rana’s working testbed and the real deal: size.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"clk09\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eThis is one of two LIGO installations in the United States. While the arms of the Caltech instrument are about 44 yards long, the ones here cover about two-and-a-half miles each. Costing hundreds of millions of dollars, LIGO was a huge gamble on an unproven idea that paid off.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"96kkh\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eIn 2015, a signal was detected. And it was a doozy.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cfl4j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJANNA LEVIN:\u003c/b\u003e The first event that LIGO detected was the most powerful event human beings had recorded since the Big Bang itself. More power came out of that collision of those two black holes than was emanated by all the stars in the universe combined. All of that power came out in the ringing of the drum of space-time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ek3n3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSince the original event, LIGO has confirmed the detection of more than 80 others.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8r5hj\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eIt is hard to overstate the significance of the discovery.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9qauf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e LIGO is massive. Albert Einstein predicted that gravitational waves should exist, and now we measure them. This is the most direct observation of black holes that we’ve ever had. This is a complete revolution in science.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fhdo7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd it’s all possible because of that quantum technology that has become completely embedded in our lives: the laser.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4nfng\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANA ADHIKARI:\u003c/b\u003e The more stable your laser is, the more things in the universe you can measure. And there’s no limit to it. So, every year, when we get lasers better and better, we’ll be able to see further out into the universe and see tinier things in the microscopic nature of, reality, matter, space and time, anything like that. You just have to keep working on this one tool and make it better and better.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3ojqf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eArguably the most important change in quantum physics in recent decades is a deeper understanding of a special kind of shared state called “quantum entanglement.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"binrb\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eImagine a machine that spits out pairs of coins which, on the surface, look like ordinary coins. If you flip one, it comes up heads or tails about 50 percent of the time; nothing strange there.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8tlec\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eBut, using a pair of coins fresh out of the machine, you flip one, it comes up heads, and then the other, it also comes up heads. That could just be luck.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ckq0r\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eSo, then you do the same thing with another fresh pair. This time, the first coin is tails and so is the second, agreement again. So, you flip another pair and then another and another and another. Pair after pair, the two coins always agree on the first flip.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eobmr\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eWhat’s going on?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bigtd\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eMaybe the first flipped coin, once it comes up heads or tails, is somehow “telling” the other coin how to behave. To make sure that can’t happen, you separate the coins, by flying one to the moon, and flip them at the same time, so no message could possibly travel between them. Still, they come up in agreement. It all sounds too strange to be true, but particles really can behave like those coins. In quantum physics, it’s called entanglement.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2joq4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID KAISER:\u003c/b\u003e Entanglement is really just the stubborn, stubborn, exciting and or frustrating fact that takes a long time to try to get our heads around.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"felk8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHOHINI GHOSE:\u003c/b\u003e Entanglement is certainly the most interesting and the most confusing aspect of quantum.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6kcgn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID AWSCHALOM\u003c/b\u003e (University of Chicago)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It’s one of these things we don’t see, you know, naively, in the world around us, but it is taking place deep in the materials that exist around us every day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1i12d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd while you probably won’t come across a coin entangler anytime soon, in the lab, scientists routinely generate pairs of entangled particles that share a quantum state so fully they can be thought of as one quantum object.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dab1t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNADYA MASON:\u003c/b\u003e You simply can’t differentiate between them. It’s just one pure state.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cf84a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID AWSCHALOM:\u003c/b\u003e As though you have a single entity that’s spatially separated without a physical connection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5dtd6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eEntangled particles remain connected even when they are separated by hundreds of miles and likely far more.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9ug2s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID KAISER:\u003c/b\u003e So, does that mean it can go between here and Andromeda? Probably. The equations give us no reason to think it wouldn’t.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4gatf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eEntanglement sounds bizarre. Einstein derided the idea as “spooky action at a distance.” But, since the 1970s, experiment after experiment has confirmed entanglement is a real quantum phenomenon.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ckega\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID KAISER:\u003c/b\u003e Now, of course, many, many decades later, we know that entanglement is undeniably a part of the world. It’s how the world works at the quantum mechanical level. We better get used to that and now see what can we do with it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"agtm6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHOHINI GHOSE:\u003c/b\u003e Because it’s powerful, let’s try to use it. It’s become this new tool.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9qp0d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID AWSCHALOM:\u003c/b\u003e Being able to create and control it might be arguably thought of as one of the biggest scientific and engineering developments of the 21st century.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9hna3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd that’s happening on several fronts. Entanglement has been put to work in quantum cryptography and quantum communication, in atomic clocks and in continuing improvements to LIGO, but perhaps with the greatest fanfare in quantum computing.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9brqh\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnd that starts with this, the qubit.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9be0\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe qubit gets its name from its cousin in classical computing, the binary bit. Like its name suggests, a binary bit can only be set to zero or one. But from such humble beginnings much has flowed, more or less all the computing that makes up the modern world.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fdm8c\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHOHINI GHOSE:\u003c/b\u003e All the calculations, all emails, whether you’re talking to your friend or whether you are a NASA scientist doing some rocket calculation, all of that can boil down to just zeros and ones switching inside your computer, which is kind of amazing that it’s that universal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6nbr3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDespite its many successes, the binary bit is the equivalent of a light switch: on or off. The qubit is far more subtle.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7bhkp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eELBA ALONSO-MONSALVE:\u003c/b\u003e The special thing about a qubit is that it operates by the laws of quantum mechanics. It doesn’t have to be just in the zero state or just in the one state. It can be in a superposition of both.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3uhjq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThat superposition creates a mathematical space often represented by a sphere.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2dmh1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSOPHIE HERMANS\u003c/b\u003e (California Institute of Technology)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Where classical bits can only sit on the south pole or the north pole, a quantum bit can be anywhere on the surface of the sphere.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9tean\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eELBA ALONSO-MONSALVE:\u003c/b\u003e It opens up a whole new array of possibilities of mathematical operations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8hhbq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut a single qubit will only take you so far in computing.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7h10s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOLIVIA LANES:\u003c/b\u003e One qubit, by itself, is not a computer. Or it would be the world’s smallest, most useless computer. But when you combine them, it can provide enough computation and calculations that you can get something on the other end.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"13oin\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eUsing several qubits together opens up the power of entanglement and unleashes mind-boggling levels of complexity.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1h1nc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJOHN PRESKILL:\u003c/b\u003e If I wanted to give a complete description of what’s happening with just a few hundred qubits, very highly entangled with one another, I would have to write down more bits than the number of atoms in the visible universe. And it’s that extravagance of the quantum language that we wish to exploit in a quantum computer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9fbkt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBeyond the work being done at universities, there are almost a hundred companies developing qubits and quantum computing hardware. Major players include Google, Microsoft, Amazon and IBM.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6scqf\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eIts hardware development effort is centered here, at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, in Yorktown Heights, outside New York City.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cr4om\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAY GAMBETTA\u003c/b\u003e (IBM)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Okay, let me introduce you to our IBM Quantum System Two. Actually, inside here, is three quantum processors, and the team is working on how you investigate algorithms that use multiple different processors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3uktp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIBM’s qubits employ small loops of superconducting metal. Since superconductors require cold temperatures to operate, the center section of the computer is a refrigeration unit. In fact, the cooling unit of a quantum computer can look so cool, it’s often confused for the star of the show.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2vp17\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOLIVIA LANES:\u003c/b\u003e So, this is a dilution refrigerator. A lot of people think this entire cool shiny machine here is a quantum computer, but that’s actually not the case. This is not a quantum computer. This is a quantum computer: this tiny little chip, down here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"m4b6\"\u003eThis is a freezer, basically. But you can’t deny that it is amazing looking.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a0ru3\"\u003eAll of these other fancy shiny parts are just plumbing parts and cables designed to keep the quantum computer insanely cold. I mean, it’s like 400-something degrees Fahrenheit. Like, there’s absolute zero; we are .015 above that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e0ii2\"\u003eIt has to be so insanely cold, because we use superconductors to make our qubits. And then, furthermore, we want to remove any type of noise or thermal excitations, which can disturb the qubits and make them behave in ways that we don’t like.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"63ml6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSince 2016, IBM has made its Quantum Computers accessible to the public over the internet. Anyone can come up with a quantum algorithm, akin to a classical computer program, and submit it to be run.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bb1s4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAY GAMBETTA:\u003c/b\u003e Since we first put it on the cloud, people have run over three-trillion jobs on the quantum computers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4j76l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eRunning an algorithm on a quantum computer involves setting the initial state of the qubits and then manipulating them in a series of steps. To do that on its systems, IBM uses microwave pulses.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3qdar\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAY GAMBETTA:\u003c/b\u003e These microwave pulses, essentially, either flip the qubit, create it in a superposition, or measure it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1kvae\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAfter all the manipulation, the qubits are read, collapsing their quantum state into either a zero or one. But there’s a catch.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"63s0u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOLIVIA LANES:\u003c/b\u003e On a quantum computer, the chip can spontaneously decay from the excited state or the one state into the zero state, when we don’t want it to. And this can occur, you know, about every millisecond or so.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b3jrf\"\u003eThese errors are basically inherent to the quantum nature of the device.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cgml4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eCorrecting these errors is one of the built-in challenges of quantum computing. The current generation of quantum computers are not yet able to do it themselves, so there’s one final step.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"81b6b\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAY GAMBETTA:\u003c/b\u003e The information then comes back out. Then it gets sent over to a computer where we do things like error mitigation, post-process the results, correct for any extra noise, and then we send it back through the cloud.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dfv9l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIt is easy to imagine that quantum computing is the next phase of classical computing, that soon you’ll see a box that says “New qubitium chip inside!”\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8d755\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOLIVIA LANES:\u003c/b\u003e The most common question people always ask me, which is, like, when will I be able to play Minecraft? When will I be able to play Doom on my quantum computer?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bio51\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSOPHIE HERMANS\u003c/b\u003e (California Institute of Technology, Institute for Quantum Information and Matter)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Quantum computers are not good for everything. In the future, there won’t be quantum PowerPoint, there won’t be quantum Word.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1rc4e\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOLIVIA LANES:\u003c/b\u003e We don’t need to do that, because we have classical computers and Xboxes that are perfectly suitable for those types of applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dj5au\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eQuantum computers function very differently and are aimed at very different tasks. Experts see a role for quantum computers in areas like simulation of quantum behaviors in chemistry and materials, or optimization of complex systems, ranging from energy distribution to database searches.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"40fs9\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eIn any case, the future of quantum computing is far from written.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"29clv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHOHINI GHOSE:\u003c/b\u003e So, because things are really speeding up all over the world, I think we’re going to very quickly see a demonstration of a task that’s been done with a quantum computer that just is well, well outside the capability of current computers. And that’ll probably happen within the next five to 10 years, I would say.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"de083\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJAY GAMBETTA:\u003c/b\u003e The future of computing is going to have classical accelerators. It’s going to have A.I. accelerators, and it’s going to have quantum computing accelerators all working together. And for me, that’s one of the most exciting things, is how do we actually take advantage of all these different accelerators?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9f9tq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN CARROLL:\u003c/b\u003e I think that a well-functioning quantum computer will be able to do certain things much, much faster. But number one, we don’t know for sure. And number two, it might turn out, the pessimistic view of this, that those problems are kind of limited, that they’re very, very specialized. But that’s all exciting, fun work in progress. That’s what makes it interesting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a1ouu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe roots of quantum physics go back 100 years. But only in recent decades have we started to gain control over the quantum realm. And that has already transformed the way we live.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4d1t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCLIFFORD JOHNSON:\u003c/b\u003e There has been astonishing change in the kinds of quantum systems we can build and manipulate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5h3lp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNADYA MASON:\u003c/b\u003e Quantum mechanics itself already permeates everything we do. They’re part of how we manipulate the world. They’re part of every transistor and every computer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5camo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOLIVIA LANES:\u003c/b\u003e It’s about how things interact on a fundamental level, but it turns out we need to know how things interact on a fundamental level to do big things, as well.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"be71d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID KAISER:\u003c/b\u003e There’s still deep mysteries to puzzle with. That part hasn’t gone away. What’s increased in a way that I still find remarkable, is that these same curious, mind-boggling quantum features are now built into how people navigate the world every single day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5oi8d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut what about the future? What will quantum technology offer in the coming decades?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dveiq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEY:\u003c/b\u003e Just like we can tell our kids, “Oh, yeah, you know, I was born before the internet. That was born before smartphones.” Fifty years from now, people are going to be telling stories about technologies that are normal, that, today, we can’t even fathom.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5tctd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID AWSCHALOM:\u003c/b\u003e I believe, 50 years from now, people growing up won’t think twice about entanglement, superposition. I think that will be commonplace.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a59t6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNADYA MASON:\u003c/b\u003e One of the things I love about quantum mechanics is that it seems non-intuitive to us. It tells us that, that there’s something beyond just what we think we understand. We can’t always rely on our intuition. We have to rely on our understanding to make progress. And quantum mechanics just shows us that so clearly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","public_until":"2024-12-05T04:59:59+00:00","passport_start":"2024-11-06T11:01:00+00:00","passport_end":"2027-11-06T03:59:59+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"2zpaq\"\u003eDive into the universe at the tiniest – and weirdest – of scales.\u003c/p\u003e","availability":{"public":{"end":"2024-12-05T04:59:59Z","start":"2024-11-06T11:01:00Z","countries":[{"id":"6a9df090-8ede-44c0-8781-5ddbb942966b","code":"US","name":"United States","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.190936Z"},{"id":"9a9c8e4e-a700-4713-85f4-b3ee31a27879","code":"MP","name":"Northern Mariana Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.372517Z"},{"id":"f3c41bf8-f17c-4b55-a540-0e74c80c2cce","code":"PR","name":"Puerto Rico","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.377009Z"},{"id":"c54cfde7-42cb-49df-bb72-d355332d50c9","code":"AS","name":"American 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System: Wandering Worlds","topic":"space","brand":"nova","content_type":"episodepage","length":3214,"publish_date":"2024-09-13","hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"Colorful lights above a rocky planet 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data-block-key=\"j1jmg\"\u003eMeet the surprising, oddball worlds moving around our solar system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"mykyz\"\u003eThe classic view of our solar system contains eight orderly planets, some with moons in neat orbits – but when we look closer, we discover a bunch of stuff missing from this simple, clockwork model. Wandering worlds that seem out of place, found in the gaps between and beyond the planets, offer clues that our cosmic neighborhood is far more dynamic than we once thought. From the meteorites that impact Earth, to a moon that orbits backwards, to an imposter lurking in the asteroid belt, these wandering worlds are rewriting what we know – and even how we think about – our solar system. \u003cb\u003ePremiering October 30 at 9 pm on PBS.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"ufjwp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eSolar System: Wandering Worlds\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6go6i\"\u003ePremiered: October 29, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2g5em\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eOur solar system is filled with mysterious worlds, wandering between and beyond the planets,…\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2e8gc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMALENA RICE\u003c/b\u003e (Yale University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e The objects that lie between the planets are actually the key to understanding how our solar system formed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"45m6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003e…imposters and oddballs, rewriting our understanding of our place in space.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"69cp6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJESSICA SUNSHINE\u003c/b\u003e (University of Maryland)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It is two pieces that are stuck together. It was really quite remarkable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2c336\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eQUEENIE HOI SHAN CHAN\u003c/b\u003e (Royal Holloway, University of London)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It is possible that after 30-million years, Mars might have a ring of its own.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e775j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eStudying these wandering worlds allows scientists to explore regions of the solar system we have no chance of visiting.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bv5ga\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWANDA DÍAZ MERCED\u003c/b\u003e (Universidad del Sagrado Corazón and French National Centre for Scientific Research)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e I cannot go to the asteroid belt, so when a meteorite lands on Earth, we will have a chunk of history right on our hands.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4ir4u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eASHLEY KING\u003c/b\u003e (Natural History Museum, London)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e The Winchcombe meteorite, it’s like a little treasure box for planetary scientists.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cjl74\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd the misfits of our solar system are full of surprises.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bjqba\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVERONICA BRAY DURFEY\u003c/b\u003e (University of Arizona)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e There are many, many worlds out there that we are yet to discover and that we haven’t even imagined yet.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"82csf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSCOTT SHEPPARD\u003c/b\u003e (Carnegie Institution for Science)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e It’s like a box of chocolates. You never know what you’re going to get in our images.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"55qom\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNANCY CHABOT\u003c/b\u003e (Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e This model of the solar system, it’s missing all of the most interesting bits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6bdnn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWhat secrets do these wandering worlds reveal about our solar system? And what else is lurking out there, in the dark?\u003c/i\u003e Solar System: Wandering Worlds\u003ci\u003e, right now, on NOVA.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fcb6f\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eThere’s something out there, in the darkness. We don’t know for sure where it came from or how long it’s been there, but we know it’s not alone. It was discovered in 2018, a world with no official name, so distant it has been called simply “FarFarOut.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"257st\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSCOTT SHEPPARD:\u003c/b\u003e FarFarOut, as its name implies, is very far away. So, it’s just a very faint point of light that we discovered with one of the largest telescopes in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9h7lu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJANE LUU\u003c/b\u003e (University of Oslo)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Its notoriety comes from the fact that it’s the most distant object that we have found in the solar system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7527p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSCOTT SHEPPARD:\u003c/b\u003e And the big question is, what do we call the next one? Do we just add another “far” or not?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ahvnc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJANE LUU:\u003c/b\u003e “Extremely far out,” and then “stupendously far out,” and it just keeps going.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dt16a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTwelve-billion miles from the sun, FarFarOut is not alone. Out here, there could be countless other worlds yet to be discovered, wandering in the dark. Even closer to home, we are only just beginning to explore the vast spaces between the planets. Home to a myriad of worlds, many too small or too dark to see.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cgt4l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNANCY CHABOT:\u003c/b\u003e When we think about our solar system, we think about the sun. It’s in the center, everything else is kind of going around it. And we’ve got the big planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and the most important planet, Earth. But there’s so many more secrets and mysteries than just these planets that are shown in the model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eeg5j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSARA RUSSELL\u003c/b\u003e (Natural History Museum, London)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e So, to me, the most exciting thing about studying the solar system is not the planets themselves, but it’s all the bits in between the planets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fjgg7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThese worlds could provide clues to our own planet’s story.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6so16\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMALENA RICE:\u003c/b\u003e In a lot of ways, studying the solar system is a way of trying to understand ourselves. How did we come to be in the first place? And what does it mean that we’re on this rock that is sailing through space?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"clob4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith distances so vast, there’s still much to discover.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"27jj5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eASHLEY KING:\u003c/b\u003e There’s so much stuff that we just don’t know about our solar system. And what we do know is it is constantly surprising us. We need to go out there, look at these wandering worlds.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cn9m8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnd many questions remain unanswered.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4uukr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNNAE QUICK\u003c/b\u003e (NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Are these lost and wandering worlds worthy of exploration, in their own right?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e3hd0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNANCY CHABOT:\u003c/b\u003e How far do these dark regions extend? Beyond, to the edge of our solar system?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7c54j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eQUEENIE HOI SHAN CHAN:\u003c/b\u003e Are there more planets in the dark region, waiting to be discovered?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5evu7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIt was the sound that most people noticed, a sonic boom in the night. But this was no fighter jet. Travelling at around 30,000 miles per hour, it tore through the atmosphere, broke up, and rained down across the fields, a visitor from a distant realm. One of the biggest chunks landed on a driveway, in front of a house.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"32oeo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eASHLEY KING:\u003c/b\u003e When I first saw it, it was kind of a splat. And it’s so soft, it, kind of, just made a powder and threw fragments all over the driveway.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2ko8s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSARA RUSSELL:\u003c/b\u003e The Winchcombe meteorite fall was the first U.K. meteorite fall recovered for 30 years. So, we’ve been waiting such a long time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4oe8a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eASHLEY KING:\u003c/b\u003e I couldn’t believe that we had a new meteorite in the U.K. It was incredibly exciting. And all meteorites are scientifically priceless.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ai7dl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSARA RUSSELL:\u003c/b\u003e I feel amazed and privileged to be able to hold something that may tell us about the secrets of the origins of our solar system and how we got to be here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ecfga\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIt’s estimated as many as 50 meteorites hit Earth every day. Many burn up in our atmosphere, creating shooting stars and meteor showers. But some of the largest ones do make it to Earth. In 2018, the Hamburg meteor fireball streaked across the American midwest sky.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"68os2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSARA RUSSELL:\u003c/b\u003e It’s particularly pristine, ’cause it landed on a frozen lake. So, that keeps it in cold storage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jp7t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWANDA DÍAZ MERCED:\u003c/b\u003e It was like the meteor selected where to land because it wanted to be studied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"74c4o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eA few years later, a meteorite the weight of a grand piano exploded in the skies near McAllen, Texas.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aesep\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWANDA DÍAZ MERCED:\u003c/b\u003e Ah. It’s like a, like an explosion of dynamite. That big explosion, that was a sonic boom.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4h4i3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe cows weren’t the only witnesses that night in Winchcombe. Doorbell and C.C.T.V. cameras never sleep. And networks of dedicated meteor cameras captured it from different angles. That meant it was possible to calculate its trajectory, back over the skies of England, out of Earth’s atmosphere, past the orbit of Mars, into the dark. This is where the meteorite’s journey began: a mysterious realm of countless rocky worlds, rubble left over from the formation of the solar system, asteroids.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e59kk\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eThere could be at least a million out here. But they’re so dark, reflecting little light, they’re incredibly difficult to detect. But asteroids don’t always stay in the asteroid belt. When two collide, they blast fragments in all directions, sending some out of the asteroid belt forever, sometimes wreaking havoc on planets they encounter, including our own. And asteroids that leave the belt can transform planets nearby.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3ake1\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eA planet covered in scars from the asteroid belt is Mars. Around 80 fresh impact sites are found on Mars every year. And some amazing meteorites have even been snapped by Mars’s rovers.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"durg8\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eBut there’s another dark rock here, imaged by the Perseverance Rover. Not on Mars’s surface, but orbiting overhead. Captured during an eclipse, as it passed in front of the sun, this is Mars’s moon, Phobos. Today, the orbiting probe Mars Express regularly flies between Mars and Phobos. Its high-resolution camera captured incredibly detailed images of Phobos, showing a surface covered in strange grooves.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6g969\"\u003e\u003ci\u003ePhobos looks like someone has ridden a giant bike all over it. Astrophysicist Sean Raymond is investigating how objects like Phobos could’ve formed.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dk37a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN RAYMOND\u003c/b\u003e (Bordeaux Astrophysical Laboratory)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Phobos is a strange-looking moon. Like this beach, it’s covered in grooves. You might say it’s the grooviest moon in the solar system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5h24t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe magnificent grooves here, in Spain, are formed by geological processes and erosion from relentless crashing waves.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a0qj4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN RAYMOND:\u003c/b\u003e It’s so cool. The grooves are amazing here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fmice\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut Phobos isn’t anything like Earth, so what’s going on?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"15cgk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN RAYMOND:\u003c/b\u003e Phobos certainly looks like an asteroid. It’s covered in craters, and it’s dark in colour. So, you might think it’s just an asteroid that got too close to Mars and then was captured in orbit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6n6rf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIt turns out, it’s not that simple.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3lspu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN RAYMOND:\u003c/b\u003e Phobos orbits Mars in an almost perfect circle, right along Mars’s equator. And this makes us question whether Phobos is really the asteroid it appears to be, because captured asteroids usually orbit planets on very elliptical orbits that sometimes take them very far from their planet, and sometimes being much closer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"618t8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eSo, if it’s not an asteroid, where did this funny little moon come from?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dtc2j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNANCY CHABOT:\u003c/b\u003e So, in planetary science, the joke is that you just add an impact event, and an impact event can explain everything. That might actually be true in this case, though. It’s this one-off event. And it might’ve been that an object hit Mars, and Phobos is the result of that impact collision between those objects. And that’s what we’re seeing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e4q62\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003ePhobos may not be a captured asteroid at all, but formed from debris thrown into orbit after a massive asteroid impact. However, this still doesn’t explain why it’s covered in grooves. Phobos is about 3,700 miles from Mars’s surface, and every hundred years moves closer by about six feet. And as it does, the tidal forces caused by Mars’s gravity become stronger.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"40nf0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEAN RAYMOND:\u003c/b\u003e So, just like the moon pulls on the earth, dragging the oceans and causing the tide, Mars pulls on Phobos, causing tides, as well. So, as you can see behind me right now, the tide is coming in, as the moon is pulling on the water on the earth. The same process happens on Phobos, due to Mars, except on Phobos, it’s sand and rock that’s moving instead of water.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9kigk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThose tidal forces are pulling Phobos apart. And with every orbit, the grooves widen and deepen. Eventually, Phobos will drift so close, Mars’s gravity will destroy it. As Phobos breaks apart, most of the debris will fall to the surface of Mars. But the rest will remain in close orbit, spreading out to encircle the entire planet, giving Mars a wispy ring.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cj8tq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eQUEENIE HOI SHAN CHAN:\u003c/b\u003e It would be quite impressive. I love ring planets. I love Saturn, and it’s not bad to have another ring planet in our solar system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"450og\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIt seems Mars will one day be transformed by the asteroid belt. But the asteroid belt itself is still an enigma. We’ve flown several spacecraft through this mysterious region, but only one has orbited the rocks in the asteroid belt itself: NASA’s Dawn probe. Most of these ancient remnants are misshapen boulders. But one stands out. Ceres is much bigger than the others, and almost perfectly spherical.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fto0o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNNAE QUICK:\u003c/b\u003e I joined the Dawn mission right after it reached Ceres, and it was so exciting. Dawn collected thousands of images of Ceres. They showed us areas of the surface that we’d never seen before.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"de3c4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRUTU PAREKH\u003c/b\u003e (NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e We thought that it’s kind of a dead planetary body. Looking at those images, we could not, basically, believe our eyes, and was like, “What’s going on over there?”\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6uvt2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAt first, it appears dark and heavily cratered, like its fellow asteroids. But Ceres is different. Its surface is peppered with white crystals. But what are they? Clues come from another planet in our solar system, where white crystals are also found on the surface: Earth.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bset8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI\u003c/b\u003e (George Mason University)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e This mountain is made up almost entirely of sea salt, the exact same stuff that you put on your food at the dinner table.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dbs9c\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eForty-million years ago, this whole area was under an ancient sea. Over time, it dried out, leaving behind a layer of salt a mile thick.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c4t7t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e Holy moly! Whoa!\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dnb9d\"\u003eIt’s definitely salty. And the thing about salt deposits like this is that they’re only formed in the presence of water. So, that raises an intriguing possibility. Could the white spots on Ceres also be salts that were deposited by water?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3d186\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eFinding water on Ceres today would be an astonishing discovery. Dawn made tight orbits of Ceres, and by bouncing light off the crystal deposits, it determined what they were made of: sodium carbonate, a common type of salt. A tantalizing sign that Ceres, which is 13 times smaller than Earth, had an ocean in the past. Flying just over 20 miles from the surface, Dawn finds something else in the white spots, hydrohalite crystals. Another salt found on Earth in the presence of water. Could Ceres still be a water world today?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"78lc7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eQUEENIE HOI SHAN CHAN:\u003c/b\u003e So, “hydro” is water, and “halite” is salt, table salt. So, if you imagine a table salt that’s got water molecules in the structure, that’s what hydrohalite is.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"p5um\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNNAE QUICK:\u003c/b\u003e It was very surprising that there were hydrohalites on the surface of Ceres.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vug8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eQUEENIE HOI SHAN CHAN:\u003c/b\u003e Hydrohalite would be very unstable at the surface of Ceres. At that pressure, the water molecule would have been vaporized.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"40mhs\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNNAE QUICK:\u003c/b\u003e That implies that water was recently emplaced on Ceres, bound to salt crystals within the past few hundred years. This replenishment of hydrohalite at Ceres’ surface leads us to wonder if Ceres might be an ocean world that’s masquerading as an asteroid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"641po\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eScientists suspect that pools of salty water exist about 25 miles underground, raising another question: how did these salts end up on the surface. A clue lies in Ceres’ location, right in the heart of the asteroid belt, where collisions are common, and incoming asteroids can form cracks in the surface, reaching the pools below. Exposed to the vacuum of space, the water vaporizes, leaving its cargo of salt behind, and peppering Ceres with white spots.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6sjk0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNNAE QUICK:\u003c/b\u003e There’s still one big twist to the story of Ceres’ past. The Dawn spacecraft found ammonia salts on the surface.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"buj5f\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAmmonia salts could be traces of ammonia ices that once covered Ceres’ surface. Frozen ammonia is common in colder parts of the solar system, but not here.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e0b22\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eQUEENIE HOI SHAN CHAN:\u003c/b\u003e Ammonia doesn’t really exist as ice at, where Ceres is now. It has to be formed at a distance further away from the sun, where the distance is cold enough for ammonia to exist as ice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ep0vt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLYNNAE QUICK:\u003c/b\u003e This suggests that Ceres didn’t form where it stands currently in our solar system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2s6n6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eInstead, scientists think it formed much farther out, and as it wandered towards the sun, the ammonia ices melted, leaving behind the ammonia salts we see today; an imposter lurking in the asteroid belt, exposed by its salty secrets.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4a5iv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eQUEENIE HOI SHAN CHAN:\u003c/b\u003e Ceres has a journey of relocation just written all across the surface.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7hpca\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut just how did Ceres end up where it is today?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5427a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e The best explanation is that it wandered, well, actually, it was pulled. So, let’s say this is Ceres, okay? We think that Ceres formed beyond what is known as the “ice line” for ammonium ices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fpal9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBeyond this ice line, ammonia freezes. And this is where Ceres likely started forming, alongside Neptune and Uranus.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ctjk9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e And here we have Saturn and Jupiter. Now, normally, these planets aren’t lined up like this, they’re moving around the solar system. And what happens is, as Ceres orbited the solar system, Jupiter tugged on it with its gravity, and Ceres ended up right there, in the asteroid belt, where we find it today.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4hfre\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIn the heart of the asteroid belt, Ceres, once a much icier world, has migrated far from where it formed, evidence that our solar system is ever changing. Ceres isn’t the only displaced world.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aligu\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eFarther from the sun, there is another icy world that doesn’t seem to belong where it’s found today. Beyond Jupiter, the space between the planets gets wider and wider and temperatures plummet. And a billion miles past Uranus, we finally reach the farthest planet from the sun: Neptune.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dc254\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eWrapped in a dense blue blanket, Neptune has no detectable surface, with clouds of methane and ammonia. But there are rocky worlds nearby. Neptune has at least 16 moons, and one is very unusual. Triton is the largest of Neptune’s moons. Its surface is coated with ice. And, unlike the other moons, Triton is an active world.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6sdum\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeyser-like plumes of gas and dust stretch five miles high into Triton’s atmosphere, which flattens them abruptly by 90 degrees, creating a vista so strange it’s hard to believe it’s real. How did a moon 2.8-billion miles from the sun become so active? A clue lies with how the planets and moons move around each other in the solar system.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6mbdh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARLY HOWETT\u003c/b\u003e (University of Oxford)\u003cb\u003e:\u003c/b\u003e Every day the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, and the moon follows the same course. And there’s a reason for that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c8q6r\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTo understand why, we need to go all the way back to the birth of the solar system.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9h8ja\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVERONICA BRAY DURFEY:\u003c/b\u003e In the beginning of our solar system, the sun was surrounded by a disk of dust and gas. And it was within this spinning disk that the planets formed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"47bqg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRUTU PAREKH:\u003c/b\u003e So, that’s the reason the planets and the moon continued orbiting also, in the same direction, around the sun.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ffp8k\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eMoons that form around their planets tend to follow this pattern, orbiting and spinning in the direction of the planet’s rotation. But while the inner moons orbit Neptune in the same direction, Triton goes the other way, suggesting it didn’t form alongside Neptune, but came from elsewhere.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3915f\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARLY HOWETT:\u003c/b\u003e What a planet’s made from can tell you where it formed in our solar system. And that’s because in our early solar system, the ingredients that a planet could be built from varied as the distance from the sun. So, if we take Earth, for example, it’s got a lot of rocks and metals too: aluminium and iron. And Mars is pretty similar: iron, metals and other rocks. So, these can be paired together. If we do the same thing for the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, with big atmospheres made of hydrogen, helium and a bit of methane, they’re huge, too. So, we can pair those together. So, how does Triton fit in?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"83vc4\"\u003eWell, its surface is mainly nitrogen ice, and it’s much smaller. It doesn’t fit with either of these two groupings. To understand where it could fit, we have to look to Pluto. Pluto has a nitrogen ice surface with methane, carbon monoxide and water ice, and it’s about the same size as Triton too. These are a good pairing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f4e98\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWith such similar ingredients, Triton and Pluto could’ve formed in the same place, but they aren’t anywhere near each other today.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4aam2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARLY HOWETT:\u003c/b\u003e Triton’s located one-billion miles from Pluto. So, how did that happen?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"45ihp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eNeptune might be the farthest planet from the sun, but it’s not the edge of our solar system, not even close. Almost a billion miles farther out lies Pluto. And it’s not alone. There are hundreds of thousands of other worlds out here. This is the Kuiper Belt, a vast, doughnut-shaped ring of icy bodies, billions of miles wide, so dark and distant, it remained undiscovered, until 1992.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ekhdp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJANE LUU:\u003c/b\u003e We had been searching for the Kuiper Belt for five years before we finally found it. So, when we spotted the first Kuiper Belt object, 1992 QB1, there was jumping up and down, and there was, I think we gave each other a high five.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3aqhp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVERONICA BRAY DURFEY:\u003c/b\u003e The discovery of the Kuiper Belt helped us to better understand our solar system as it is now and, also, its history.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d3maq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJANE LUU:\u003c/b\u003e The Kuiper Belt is really the frontier, if you want to understand the solar system. But it is very difficult to study it, because it is so far away.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"96jdg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDespite the challenges, more than 4,000 Kuiper Belt objects have been discovered to date, and scientists estimate there may be 200 dwarf planets. Some have rings and moons. Some are bizarre and misshapen. But they all share one thing in common: they’re made of icy materials, similar to Triton. This is where Triton belongs. So, how did it end up around a billion miles away, in orbit around Neptune?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7e6oe\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARLY HOWETT:\u003c/b\u003e So, to understand Triton, you have to understand the Kuiper belt. If this is our sun, the one population of Kuiper Belt objects orbit it in a nice circle. Another population of Kuiper Belt objects have a highly elliptical orbit. So, the question is, why are these so different? What caused them to be in this weird orbit? Well, the answer is some of these objects are in resonance with another planet, Neptune. A resonance is when two objects have paths that meet up occasionally, and we see this throughout the solar system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3kgj5\"\u003eIf you look, for example, at Pluto, it’ll go round on this elliptical orbit twice, in the same time Neptune has gone round three times. And this resonance is an important clue in understanding how disruptive Neptune is to Kuiper Belt objects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"71rfg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eScientists think Neptune formed much closer to the sun, then slowly drifted out. Its huge gravity disrupted the orbits of the Kuiper Belt worlds it encountered, kicking them into the elliptical orbits we see today.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9uatp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVERONICA BRAY DURFEY:\u003c/b\u003e The early solar system was complete chaos, filled with small bodies growing larger and smashing into each other, sometimes destroying…complete chaos.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fqn1o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eDuring all the commotion, Triton became trapped by Neptune’s gravity, slipping into its backward orbit. And being this close to a giant has consequences. Just as our moon raises tides on Earth, Neptune raises tides on Triton, stretching and squashing it like a stress ball, heating it up.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7g0gq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARLY HOWETT:\u003c/b\u003e Triton being captured by Neptune fundamentally changed how it works. On Earth, we experience energy every day. You might be able to hear it in the roar that comes from the tide coming in underneath us. Tidal energy can force water up through cracks in the earth, like the one in front of us, creating plumes erupting up to the sky.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2oul7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eOn Triton, the plumes are even more spectacular.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"128tq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARLY HOWETT:\u003c/b\u003e The plumes on Triton would be magnificent to behold, erupting from the surface cracks, like this, but going five miles into the sky. I mean, it’d just be absolutely phenomenal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3vik2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWhat creates Triton’s plumes is a mystery, but one theory lies in its unusual orbit.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3qq9e\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARLY HOWETT:\u003c/b\u003e It’s highly tilted, and Triton orbits backwards, meaning as it goes around Neptune, its pull and push that it receives from Neptune and its moon changes. This creates a kind of friction, similar to the one you get when you rub your hands together on a cold day. Your hands warm up, and so might Triton. We call that kind of energy “tidal heating.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9h2gn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAs Neptune’s gravity stretches and squashes its giant moon, the tidal heating produced melts Triton’s frozen interior, powering its spectacular plumes.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"63g13\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVERONICA BRAY DURFEY:\u003c/b\u003e Triton is a great example of how interconnected our solar system is. And it also serves as a good example of how a large giant planet straying into a belt of objects can really mess up your system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"emrju\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eTriton was plucked from the Kuiper Belt, a distant realm filled with mysterious worlds, so far away we can’t make them out in much detail. But we have sent one spacecraft. It took over nine years for New Horizons to get here and home in on its primary target.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"foup\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe tiny spacecraft captured the first close-up images of this Kuiper Belt world, revealing unexpectedly complex and dynamic surface features: mountains as high as the Alps, made from water, frozen as hard as granite. But there’s something else odd out here: another world, close by.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d543\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eHow did Charon and Pluto end up almost touching?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2i6k4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMALENA RICE:\u003c/b\u003e Charon orbits about 12,000 miles from the surface of Pluto, which sounds like a really large number, but is actually really close for the scale of the Kuiper Belt.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3spgu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVERONICA BRAY DURFEY:\u003c/b\u003e It’s very common in our solar system for moons that are close enough to their parent body to become tidally locked. And that is where one orbit will also be one spin, so that the same face of that moon is presented to the planet at all times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6gsli\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAll large moons in the solar system, including our own, are tidally locked, only showing one face to their parent planet. But, in the case of Pluto and Charon, it isn’t just Charon that is tidally locked to Pluto. Pluto is also tidally locked to Charon. Both worlds constantly face each other at all times.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8c1if\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMALENA RICE:\u003c/b\u003e And what that means is, if you’re on the side of Pluto where you’re able to see Charon, then it’ll look like it’s just hanging there all the time. It’s not going to rise, it’s not going to set. It’s just going to constantly be in your sky.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2375p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eThis isn’t just a dwarf planet and its moon, but a binary pair.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"41jnn\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eNew Horizons is still studying Kuiper Belt worlds today. During the most distant flyby in history, it encountered Arrokoth, a bizarre snowman-shaped object.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"908br\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJESSICA SUNSHINE:\u003c/b\u003e It is two pieces that are stuck together, and those two pieces must have come together very gently. To actually see it was really quite remarkable. Any time you see a new world, it’s remarkable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3hvq3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWhy do the worlds out here in the Kuiper Belt form these partnerships?\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9erri\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJANE LUU:\u003c/b\u003e Things become slower and slower as you go further away from the sun. In the Kuiper Belt, things might collide at the speed of a few hundred feet per second.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3rnn1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVERONICA BRAY DURFEY:\u003c/b\u003e They occur at such low impact velocity that a lot of the collisions are constructive rather than destructive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9dsa0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAt some point in their history, Pluto and Charon collided. But their slow movements meant this was less of an impact, and more of an embrace. The Kuiper Belt is so vast and far from the sun that many mysteries still remain.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9j836\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMALENA RICE:\u003c/b\u003e I am often pretty amazed that we’re actually able to study things like the big bang, and the early universe, and distant galaxies, and yet we still, actually, don’t know everything that there is to know about our own solar system and our own backyard.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b7eqt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVERONICA BRAY DURFEY:\u003c/b\u003e I’m very confident that there are many, many worlds out there that we are yet to discover, and that we haven’t even imagined yet.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6bpj4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWe can see distant stars in the night sky because they burn so bright. Telescopes can detect planets as they pass in front of their parent stars. Seeing worlds in our own solar system is much harder, but not impossible. In 2018, a faint point of light was detected about 12-billion miles from the sun. It’s thought to be a dwarf planet, nicknamed “FarFarOut.” This is the most distant object yet seen in our solar system, by some of our most powerful telescopes. But it’s not the limit of what could be out there.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"epsqs\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e How far do you expect the solar system to extend? You may imagine that it ends at the last major planet, Neptune. However, that’s not exactly the case, and let me show you why. Here, I’m going to make a model of the solar system. This rock is my sun, and I’m going to place it right there, and an inch away, I’m going to place the earth. And so, this will be my scale. One inch equals the average distance between the earth and the sun. So, now, if I go a second inch, I arrive at the asteroid belt. And to get to the most distant major planet, Neptune, that’s going to be about 30 inches.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8ae5\"\u003eNow, we have to keep going and going, because out here is the most distantly observed object ever in the history of our solar system, 11 feet away from the sun, 132 inches, 12-billion miles, is FarFarOut.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a27d2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eBut the solar system doesn’t end here.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"onvp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e I have to walk another 50 paces, another 186-billion miles, and now we’ve reached our destination. A vast region known as the Oort Cloud.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1o5p9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eClinging on, at the very edge of the sun’s gravitational influence, the Oort Cloud is our solar system’s largest and most mysterious realm. It’s so deep into the darkness, it’s almost impossible to imagine, let alone see, filled with billions upon billions of strange worlds. Most are thought to be icy objects the size of mountains. But it’s likely some are made of rock. And if we were able to go there, we’d discover they are pristine. Barely changed since the dawn of the solar system. It’s thought some could be older than the sun.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"di9eh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHAKEEM OLUSEYI:\u003c/b\u003e The Oort Cloud’s existence is hypothetical, but science doesn’t deal in fairytales. So, how do we know it’s actually there, if we’ve never seen it?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dqcoq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eFor as long as we’ve been looking into the night sky, we’ve seen signs that the Oort Cloud is real. And this is one of them. For hundreds of years, it’s been locked in a deep, frozen slumber. But now it stirs. As it nears the sun, warm rays bathe its surface, and it begins to thaw.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"424c4\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eSo much debris is torn from the surface, it stretches out, forming a tail around 14-million miles long. This is the comet Nishimura. It’s visible from Earth for just a few weeks, before eventually heading back into the darkness. Just the latest in a long line of icy visitors. Hale-Bopp, NEOWISE. They lit up our skies for weeks, or even months, on end.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"51oi3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJESSICA SUNSHINE:\u003c/b\u003e Humans have been captivated by comets, because, frankly, they’re spectacular.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ctj6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNANCY CHABOT:\u003c/b\u003e And the fact that they do wander around the solar system, from time to time, really is a unique scientific opportunity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"920o7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWhen scientists followed the trajectories of these comets back, they discovered they came from the same region, more than 200-billion miles from the sun.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7unn5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJESSICA SUNSHINE:\u003c/b\u003e If you calculate where the orbit took you back to, it was way out, unbelievably far out, what we now call the Oort Cloud.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8ddgk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eIt’s thought the gravity of other objects in the galaxy can occasionally knock these icy objects inwards.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fmd1k\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJESSICA SUNSHINE:\u003c/b\u003e But the really interesting thing was that they were coming from all directions in space, and there had to be a cloud.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6lcha\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eAlthough we can’t see this far out, comets with orbits starting in the Oort Cloud streak across our skies.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"en7b2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMALENA RICE:\u003c/b\u003e The Oort Cloud is kind of incredible. No one’s actually been there, no one’s actually observed anything within the Oort Cloud. They’ve only seen the wanderers that have escaped from the Oort Cloud for a brief moment, which I think is what makes it so spectacular and so exciting to me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5iohq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNANCY CHABOT:\u003c/b\u003e If I could visit one of those dark regions, I would have to choose the Oort Cloud. We don’t know that region at all. We haven’t ever explored it. So, for me, that would be the most exciting place to go.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ek3s2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003eNARRATOR:\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003ci\u003eWe think of the solar system as the sun and all the planets. But that’s just what’s close to Earth. As wandering worlds give us rare glimpses into what is beyond and technology improves, we’re discovering more and more.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e69pk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSARA RUSSELL:\u003c/b\u003e We’re really only scratching the surface. So, there are millions of these tiny bodies out there, and we still have so many secrets to unlock from them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a4p0p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWANDA DÍAZ MERCED:\u003c/b\u003e There is so much information in darkness. If we pay more attention and we trust what we perceive with all our senses, we will gain much more information from those dark regions, of not only our solar system, but of the universe.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"au5bf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNANCY CHABOT:\u003c/b\u003e This model of the solar system, it’s missing all of the most interesting bits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","public_until":"2024-11-28T04:59:59+00:00","passport_start":"2024-10-30T10:01:00+00:00","passport_end":"2032-09-30T03:59:59+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"j1jmg\"\u003eMeet the surprising, oddball worlds moving around our solar system.\u003c/p\u003e","availability":{"public":{"end":"2024-11-28T04:59:59Z","start":"2024-10-30T10:01:00Z","countries":[{"id":"6a9df090-8ede-44c0-8781-5ddbb942966b","code":"US","name":"United States","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.190936Z"},{"id":"9a9c8e4e-a700-4713-85f4-b3ee31a27879","code":"MP","name":"Northern Mariana 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US \u0026 Territories","updated_at":"2017-05-10T13:26:00.972203Z"}}}}]},{"label":"What's New","carousel":[{"slug":"creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine","title":"Creating a Robotic Double Dutch Machine","topic":"tech","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":308,"publish_date":"2024-11-19T00:41:31.295977+00:00","tags":["physics","Engineer","Science","robot","engineering","design","machine design","double dutch","mechanical engineering","robotics","innovation"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"6b212\"\u003eBlending innovation and culture, engineers bring a robotic Double Dutch machine to life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"piuag\"\u003eDouble Dutch is a jump rope game that requires two people spinning ropes in opposite directions and at least one person to jump. Engineers Tahira Reid Smith and Sky Leilani are building a machine that would allow a single person to play whenever they wanted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"0znxf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCreating a Robotic Double Dutch Machine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"23mn5\"\u003ePublished: November 18, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fss0a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e Every invention starts with an idea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cg1hl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e We\u0026#x27;re trying to see how much play there is.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c2ioe\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e For Tahira Reid Smith, her idea comes from a childhood passion, Double Dutch.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5c88g\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e Growing up in Bronx, New York in the 1980s, double Dutch was just what you did as a little girl.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6h62t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e This double roped version of jump rope was brought to New York by Dutch settlers in the 17th century. More recently, it became popular, particularly among black girls in cities across the US. To play, double Dutch requires two people spinning ropes in opposite directions, and at least one person to jump. Tahira dreamed of a machine that would allow her, an only child at the time, to play double Dutch whenever she wanted. In third grade, she won a contest for that concept, and in the years that followed, she never gave up on that dream.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d7u1v\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e Major passion project, talking about an idea that I\u0026#x27;ve had for decades.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6e2fl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e Today, she\u0026#x27;s a mechanical engineer and professor working in human machine systems, and she\u0026#x27;s building to her ultimate dream to create an affordable version of her invention that people everywhere could enjoy. After decades, Tahira is finally taking her own double Dutch design to the next level,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6f1e9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e And when we\u0026#x27;ve done small tests-\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5pvc6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e She\u0026#x27;s partnering with a product design company to turn her prototype into an affordable consumer-ready version.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f3bc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e Historically, what has been difficult has been how to design this system in such a way that it\u0026#x27;s fully functional and also cost-effective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2mvpg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e Which is why she still thinks that the most practical approach is to use only mechanical means to synchronize the motors. Tahira and Director of Industrial Design, Steve Escobar, are deep in the proof-of-concept stage. For now, they\u0026#x27;re working with a rudimentary plywood model to answer a few basic design questions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bo8cv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrea Armani:\u003c/b\u003e Once you have an idea, how are you going to actually execute the idea? How are you going to design the idea so that people will actually want to use it? How are you going to make it accessible, both from a cost perspective, but also from a user interface perspective?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"58ul5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e This first iteration of the design uses just one motor on each side, plus some good old-fashioned mechanical hardware like gears, sprockets, and chains. Already, they\u0026#x27;re facing a few familiar challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"16n39\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e Looks like it\u0026#x27;s in sync, actually.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8065t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e Including getting the ropes in sync.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"723v7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e It\u0026#x27;s starting to go out of sync. Okay.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8mmi1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e With years of double Dutch experience, Tahira knows exactly what the ropes should sound like.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bl62g\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e We need to be able to hear a consistent pat, pat, pat, pat, but we\u0026#x27;re hearing... It\u0026#x27;s very rhythmic. That\u0026#x27;s why when stuff\u0026#x27;s out of beat, it\u0026#x27;s just wrong.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ap0hp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSteve Escobar:\u003c/b\u003e If anything slips, it would be a tooth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"98ojp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e Using gears is a common-sense way to keep the rotation of the ropes in sync, but something is wrong.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hfv2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e We think the weight of the rope is throwing this off.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"edl2e\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e When it\u0026#x27;s in motion, it\u0026#x27;s actually creating too much force for these arms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2gsih\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e Let\u0026#x27;s take some of these off and let\u0026#x27;s see what happens. Let\u0026#x27;s see. Let me just listen for it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"15nlb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMichael Sprauve:\u003c/b\u003e So how\u0026#x27;s it going?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"38rli\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e Yeah, it\u0026#x27;s coming along.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"67p6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e Michael Sprauve, president of Spec Design, stops in to see how things are progressing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9var9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMichael Sprauve:\u003c/b\u003e Where are we at guys? How are we doing so far?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5gfbv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e As a team, they talk about the day\u0026#x27;s testing and how to improve the design.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2ebc3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e There\u0026#x27;s a lot to think about with some of the play that\u0026#x27;s still in the arms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8mqe9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAli Hajimiri:\u003c/b\u003e It\u0026#x27;s extremely important to have different people who can see things from a different angle because each one of us have our own blind spots.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7tf2j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdam Steltzner:\u003c/b\u003e The best moments of ideation are, in my experience, collaborative, and they involve ideas bouncing off one another, being folded over. The negative of that idea being turned in into the positive of this other idea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4tkg1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e Though a lot more troubleshooting remains, Tahira\u0026#x27;s project is finally coming to life after decades of work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9054p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTahira Reid Smith:\u003c/b\u003e Semi-surreal, exciting. It\u0026#x27;s a lot. It\u0026#x27;s heartwarming. I\u0026#x27;m just glad. There\u0026#x27;s a message behind this product. When it gets on the market, there\u0026#x27;s a story to inspire young girls, young inventors, young minds, dreamers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2024-11-18T21:50:47+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"6b212\"\u003eBlending innovation and culture, engineers bring a robotic Double Dutch machine to life.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Creating a Robotic Double Dutch Machine","slug":"creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/creating-a-robotic-double-dutch-machine-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},{"slug":"cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite","title":"Cameras Capture Earthbound Meteorite","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":99,"publish_date":"2024-11-11T04:46:44.013969+00:00","tags":["wandering worlds","meteor","comet","meteorites"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"pz12f\"\u003eSome large meteorites survive their descent through our atmosphere and land on Earth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"x26ox\"\u003eIn 2021, cameras recorded the fall of the Winchcombe meteorite, allowing scientists to trace its cosmic origin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"si6iy\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCameras Capture Earthbound Meteorite\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1gg95\"\u003ePublished: November 10, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"19ola\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e It\u0026#x27;s estimated as many as 50 meteorites hit Earth every day. Many burn up in our atmosphere, creating shooting stars and meteor showers. But some of the largest ones do make it to earth. In 2018, the Hamburg meteor fireball streaked across the American Midwest sky.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d6u7l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e It\u0026#x27;s particularly pristine \u0026#x27;cause it landed on a frozen lake, so that keeps it in cold storage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3vv8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e It was like the meteor selected where to land because it wanted to be studied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5082r\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e A few years later, a meteorite, the weight of a grand piano exploded in the skies near McAllen, Texas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ctl57\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e It\u0026#x27;s like an explosion of dynamite. That big explosion, that was a sonic boom.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"amh78\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e The cows weren\u0026#x27;t the only witnesses that night in Winchcombe. Doorbell and CCTV cameras never sleep, and networks of dedicated meteor cameras captured it from different angles. That meant it was possible to calculate its trajectory. Back over the skies of England, out of Earth\u0026#x27;s atmosphere, past the orbit of Mars into the dark. This is where the meteorite\u0026#x27;s journey began. A mysterious realm of countless rocky worlds, rubble left over from the formation of the solar system, asteroids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2024-11-08T23:01:05+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"pz12f\"\u003eSome large meteorites survive their descent through our atmosphere and land on Earth.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Cameras Capture Earthbound Meteorite","slug":"cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/cameras-capture-earthbound-meteorite-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},{"slug":"could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day","title":"Could Mars Have a Ring Around It One Day?","topic":"space","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":136,"publish_date":"2024-11-11T04:43:47.448391+00:00","tags":["wandering worlds","mars","solar system","mars ring","space","phobos"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"xhh2n\"\u003eThe moon Phobos has a mysterious origin but a certain expiration date.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"mfffo\"\u003ePhobos, one of Mars\u0026#x27; moons, has an uncertain origin, but its surface grooves show that tidal forces are pulling it apart. In time, Mars\u0026#x27; gravity will shatter it entirely, creating a ring of debris around the planet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"mr8s4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCould Mars Have a Ring Around It One Day?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9g50o\"\u003ePublished: November 10, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c3eb9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Phobos orbits Mars in an almost perfect circle right along Mars\u0026#x27;s equator, and this makes us question whether Phobos is really the asteroid it appears to be because captured asteroids usually orbit planets on very elliptical orbits that sometimes take them very far from their planet and sometimes being much closer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"92sdp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e So if it\u0026#x27;s not an asteroid, where did this funny little moon come from?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3gm2t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e So in planetary science, the joke is that you just add an impact event, and an impact event can explain everything. That might actually be true in this case, though, it\u0026#x27;s this one-off event, and it might\u0026#x27;ve been that an object hit Mars, and Phobos is the result of that impact collision between those objects, and that\u0026#x27;s what we\u0026#x27;re seeing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dkvdq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e Phobos may not be a captured asteroid at all, but formed from debris thrown into orbit after a massive asteroid impact. However, this still doesn\u0026#x27;t explain why it\u0026#x27;s covered in grooves. Phobos is about 3,700 miles from Mars\u0026#x27;s surface, and every a hundred years moves closer by about six feet, and as it does, the tidal forces caused by Mars gravity becomes stronger.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1i5th\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e So just like the moon pulls on the earth, dragging the oceans and causing the tide, Mars pulls on Phobos causing tides as well. So as you can see behind me right now, the tide is coming in as the moon is pulling on the water on the Earth. The same process happens on Phobos due to Mars, except on Phobos it\u0026#x27;s sand and rock that\u0026#x27;s moving instead of water.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6oip\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator:\u003c/b\u003e Those tidal forces are pulling Phobos apart, and with every orbit, the grooves widen and deepen. Eventually, Phobos will drift so close, Mars\u0026#x27;s gravity will destroy it. As Phobos breaks apart, most of the debris will fall to the surface of Mars, but the rest will remain in close orbit, spreading out to encircle the entire planet, giving Mars a wispy ring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2024-11-08T23:02:20+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"xhh2n\"\u003eThe moon Phobos has a mysterious origin but a certain expiration date.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Could Mars Have a Ring Around It One Day?","slug":"could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-mars-have-a-ring-around-it-one-day-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},{"slug":"could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa","title":"This Moon May Have the Ingredients for Life","topic":"space","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":134,"publish_date":"2024-11-11T04:36:51.159359+00:00","tags":["icy worlds","jupiter","Europa","europa moon","solar system","space"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-h.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-h.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-h.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-h.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"lynqw\"\u003eThe ocean beneath Europa’s icy shell might be an ideal environment for life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"gvw0n\"\u003eEuropa is such a strong candidate for life that NASA launched a mission to explore the moon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"4o3nk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCould Life Exist on Jupiter’s Icy Moon Europa?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1qfmf\"\u003ePublished: November 10, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2nlqf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e The key ingredient from the ocean below surges up through the cracks and give Europa\u0026#x27;s markings their distinctive red.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"airrc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e So the red marks that we see on Europa\u0026#x27;s surface, these cracks and lines are salts that have come up from below the surface.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1lnk4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Suggesting a tantalizing possibility. This criss-crossing system of salty canyons means we might find life in the ocean underneath Europa\u0026#x27;s icy shell.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dfhem\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e Life as we know it needs three basic things, water, a source of energy, and also essential elements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"23hkp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Europa has an ocean and a source of energy from tidal movements, but it\u0026#x27;s missing the final key ingredient, some essential elements. However, with a little help from its neighboring moon, Io, these elements can be found on Europa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5kulb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e IO is an extremely volcanically active place, and these volcanoes emit sulfur and other sulfur products. And these make it all the way onto Europa. And sulfur is one of those essential elements that life on earth uses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2tp3q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e All of the sulfur that\u0026#x27;s coming from Io and landing on Europa\u0026#x27;s surface is interacting with the salts and water that\u0026#x27;s coming up from underneath Europa\u0026#x27;s icy crust.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8a193\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Chemical reactions between the sulfur from Io and the salts on Europa create essential molecules needed for life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"l49j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e And this allows for this perfect breeding ground for potential life to form and evolve.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e766s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Europa is such a strong candidate for life, that NASA is already preparing to explore the moon. The goal is to study Europa\u0026#x27;s surface in more detail so that a future mission can one day land and explore beneath its icy crust. And scientists like Sam are already testing ideas for studying Europa\u0026#x27;s watery world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5gi3t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSam:\u003c/b\u003e What we\u0026#x27;re doing is we\u0026#x27;re deploying a robotic probe into the ice and under it to explore what this lake environment is like. We might have the opportunity in my own lifetime, to answer a question that\u0026#x27;s intrinsic to all of us. Are we alone in our universe? Are we alone in our solar system? And one of the most exciting aspects of exploring Europa is the potential of someday knowing whether or not there\u0026#x27;s life in our own solar system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2024-11-08T22:59:56+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"lynqw\"\u003eThe ocean beneath Europa’s icy shell might be an ideal environment for life.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"This Moon May Have the Ingredients for Life","slug":"could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-h.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-h.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-h.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-h.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-life-exist-on-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},{"slug":"could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life","title":"Could This Icy Moon’s Ocean Support Life?","topic":"space","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":81,"publish_date":"2024-11-11T04:32:56.569821+00:00","tags":["volcano worlds","frozen moon","volcano moon","astronomy","space science","solar system","space","Enceladus"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"zg6v1\"\u003eHydrothermal vents in Enceladus’ ocean may hold the promise of life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"bl2wo\"\u003eEnceladus has jets rich in phosphates and likely hydrothermal vents in its ocean. With the key ingredients for life on its surface, the moon may serve as an incubator for life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"q1npv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCould This Icy Moon’s Ocean Support Life?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7kvve\"\u003ePublished: November 10, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4qqvj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e I think the chances are pretty high that there are hydrothermal vents at the bottom of Enceladus Ocean. Just like Earth\u0026#x27;s Ocean, Enceladus Ocean sits right on top of its rocky mantle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1fmhq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e And with probable hydrothermal vents, an exciting possibility for life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5l4no\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e We think that life could have originated on earth in hydrothermal vents, and these hydrothermal vents have those ingredients that are essential for life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4u3s0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e And it isn\u0026#x27;t just the possibility of heat that makes Enceladus a compelling incubator for life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"flqk5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 4:\u003c/b\u003e There are three key ingredients to a habitable environment: liquid water, chemical nutrients, and an energy source to use. And now we know that Enceladus has all three within its ocean.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5404p\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e A 2023 study showed that Enceladus jets have phosphates in them anywhere from a hundred to a thousand times the amount of phosphates that we find in Earth\u0026#x27;s. Phosphates, we know, are a key component of DNA, which is the building block of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8785m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e Does that mean that we found life? Well, we don\u0026#x27;t know. Just because we found phosphate, it\u0026#x27;s a potential ingredient, but it\u0026#x27;s not a slam dunk. And so we need to go back and really explore in more detail to see what is the origin of this phosphate?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2024-11-05T21:45:47+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"zg6v1\"\u003eHydrothermal vents in Enceladus’ ocean may hold the promise of life.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Could This Icy Moon’s Ocean Support Life?","slug":"could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/could-this-icy-moons-ocean-support-life-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},{"slug":"enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptions","title":"Enceladus: A Frozen Moon With Explosive Eruptions","topic":"space","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":116,"publish_date":"2024-11-11T04:27:31.326756+00:00","tags":["volcano worlds","frozen moon","solar system","space","Enceladus"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptions-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptio.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptio.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptio.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptio.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-erupti.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-erupti.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-erupti.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"zd1t2\"\u003eEnceladus’ small size and icy surface is no limitation to its extreme volcanism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"n6c5f\"\u003eEnceladus erupts over 660 pounds of water per second, with jets reaching up to 6,000 miles into space. These massive plumes far exceed the size of the moon itself.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"ms63m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnceladus: A Frozen Moon With Explosive Eruptions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1oqa4\"\u003ePublished: November 10, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1tc8e\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e With a hard frozen exterior Enceladus\u0026#x27; surface averages a chilly -330 degrees Fahrenheit. It\u0026#x27;s one of the coldest places in the Saturn system, an ice world where we\u0026#x27;d expect everything to be completely still, frozen and unchanging. But in 2005, NASA\u0026#x27;s Cassini spacecraft traveled to the South Pole and discovered that stillness shattered. It captured explosive jets constantly erupting from the surface.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"172q9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e So when we first saw those plumes coming out of Enceladus, it was just mind-boggling that to see this tiny world spewing material out indicating that it was geologically active.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4800r\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e Discovering the jets at Enceladus\u0026#x27; South Pole completely changed the way that we see icy worlds. It changed the way that we see small, icy worlds in particular.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ekrhv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Giant plumes, far bigger than the moon they erupt from are an incredible site. But how is it possible to have such powerful eruptions on a frozen moon? Over 660 pounds of water erupt from the surface of Enceladus every second, creating visible eruptions that can thrust up to 6,000 miles into space. It\u0026#x27;s called cryovolcanism. Cryo from the Greek for cold.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fko58\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 4:\u003c/b\u003e Cryovolcanism is absolutely volcanism. When we study the planets, we learned that even though they have different chemistry or slight differences, that these processes are common throughout the planets, and volcanism is one of them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ads9d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 5:\u003c/b\u003e What is surprising is not only the presence of those jets, but their size, the fact that this is an extreme cryovolcanism coming from such a small body.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2024-11-05T21:45:08+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"zd1t2\"\u003eEnceladus’ small size and icy surface is no limitation to its extreme volcanism.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Enceladus: A Frozen Moon With Explosive Eruptions","slug":"enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptions","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptions-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptio.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptio.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptio.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-eruptio.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-erupti.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-erupti.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/enceladus-a-frozen-moon-with-explosive-erupti.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},{"slug":"how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers-restore-energy","title":"How the Martian Atmosphere Helped Nasa’s Rovers Restore Energy","topic":"space","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":179,"publish_date":"2024-11-11T04:18:06.825751+00:00","tags":["martian atmosphere","nasa rover","mars","space","rover","space rover"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers-restore-energy-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rover.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rover.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rover.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"9he8x\"\u003eMartian dust devils may have helped NASA’s rovers restore power during mission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"yj121\"\u003eNASA\u0026#x27;s Spirit and Opportunity rovers exceeded their expected lifespan on Mars. Unique Martian weather conditions may have played a role in restoring their energy levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"mc5t1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow the Martian Atmosphere Helped Nasa’s Rovers Restore Energy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"11dks\"\u003ePublished: November 10, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3fmfj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e In January 2004, Spirit and Opportunity began to investigate Mars, but their mission wasn\u0026#x27;t expected to last very long.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ed7ad\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e Mars is covered in dust. It gets everywhere, including on the solar panels of Mars rovers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"34r5h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e As the solar panels got dustier and dustier, the power levels that the rover would have would get lower and lower and lower, and eventually, they would just stop working.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"45v7t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e The team hoped the rovers would last at least three months, a feat they surpassed. But as the months wore on, the power levels continued to drop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d2kb5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e What was really exciting was at one point in the mission, as we were seeing the power levels getting lower and lower and lower, all of a sudden, the power levels were back up high again, almost as high as they were when the rovers had landed. And you can take a look at the before and after pictures, and you can see that it looks like the solar panels have just been wiped clean. You could call up AAA and send them to Mars with the rag to clean everything off. They couldn\u0026#x27;t have done a better job.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"do374\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Finally, a clue to what might be happening was spotted by Spirit\u0026#x27;s nav cam. In the mid-afternoon sun, heating of the Martian surface creates towering vortices, which can grow miles high. Dust devils.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5kqbe\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e I imagine it would be absolutely terrifying to be standing on the surface of Mars and see one of these dust devils coming straight at you.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"300rt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e You might think that there was this tornado-force wind coming towards the rover, and it might pick the rover up and spin them around and do all sorts of horrible things. But in reality, the Martian atmosphere is actually very, very thin. And so you can have a dust devil pass over you, and you would barely even notice it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7tpna\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 4:\u003c/b\u003e But even though a Martian dust devil might not be able to pick you up, it can certainly pick dust up.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bm7gv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e It\u0026#x27;s thought that as these whirlwinds traveled over the rovers, they sucked dust off the solar panels like a vacuum. So a mission expected to last just a few months was extended again and again and again. But the cleaning power of the dust devils doesn\u0026#x27;t just work on rovers. As they travel, these huge vortices suck up dust from Mars\u0026#x27;s surface, exposing the darker bedrock beneath, leaving trails so large, you can see them clearly from space. There are no Martians creating the lines. The culprit is the Martian atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2024-11-05T21:39:47+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"9he8x\"\u003eMartian dust devils may have helped NASA’s rovers restore power during mission.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"How the Martian Atmosphere Helped Nasa’s Rovers Restore Energy","slug":"how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers-restore-energy","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers-restore-energy-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rovers.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rover.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rover.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-the-martian-atmosphere-helped-nasas-rover.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},{"slug":"why-do-comets-have-tails","title":"Why Do Comets Have Tails?","topic":"space","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":55,"publish_date":"2024-11-06T04:09:08.849192+00:00","tags":["comet tails","icy worlds","comets","solar system","meteorite"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"alfsu\"\u003eAs comets cross the invisible boundary known as the ice line, their ice starts turning into gas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"niw2h\"\u003eWorlds that exist close to the warmth of the sun, like the rocky worlds of Mars, Earth and our moon, have relatively little ice, because they lie inside what is known as the ice line.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"d5cx5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhy Do Comets Have Tails?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dnobr\"\u003ePublished: November 5, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3fkm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e You can\u0026#x27;t see the ice line, but you can see its effects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"i5oq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e When small bodies that are primarily composed of ice cross inside of the ice line, the ice within them begins to vaporize.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"59o3a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e Sometimes, icy rocks are ejected from the frigid outer regions of the solar system and pulled towards the Sun. These are known as comets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fs80e\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Comets are basically dirty snowballs, mostly water ice with a little bit of dust. And as they come into the inner solar system, they get heated up by the Sun.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1kf8s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e As comets cross this invisible ice line, their ice starts turning into gas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8s83o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e And that\u0026#x27;s what forms these long tails that we can see when you look at a comet. And those tails stream away from the Sun as the comet moves in towards it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1nm4s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e Inside the ice line, ice is rare, but there are places where it can hang on.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2024-11-06T00:26:29+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"alfsu\"\u003eAs comets cross the invisible boundary known as the ice line, their ice starts turning into gas.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Why Do Comets Have Tails?","slug":"why-do-comets-have-tails","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/why-do-comets-have-tails-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},{"slug":"this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse","title":"This Tiny Moon Is a Volcanic Powerhouse","topic":"space","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":165,"publish_date":"2024-11-06T04:04:10.445902+00:00","tags":["volcanic moon","volcano worlds","Io","moons","moon"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"x1xsz\"\u003eIo’s intense volcanic activity defies all expectations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"suew5\"\u003eJupiter’s small moon Io is the most volcanically active body in our solar system, with constant eruptions reshaping its surface daily.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"1f4g2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eThis Tiny Moon Is a Volcanic Powerhouse\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"88ntp\"\u003ePublished: November 5, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ehlmo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e About the size of our moon, Io orbits closer to Jupiter than any other moon of its size. Since 2016, the space probe Juno has been our eyes on Jupiter and its moons with an elongated orbit. It has made regular flybys past Io, witnessing violent eruptions, which shoot out columns of gas and dust that reach far out into space and send rivers of lava pouring across the landscape. Creating a surface dotted with lakes of lava. Io is a volcanic powerhouse, defying all expectations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f05p9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e Considering how small Io is, the heat sources like we have on earth, the heat of formation, and the radioactive decay, those should be essentially completely gone on Io by now.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"987qs\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e This little, tiny, small world of Io, you\u0026#x27;d expect it to be geologically inactive. Instead, it\u0026#x27;s the most volcanically active body in our solar system. That\u0026#x27;s a surprise.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"cub7s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Eruptions continue day in, day out across the entire surface, a world like no other in our solar system. But similarities can be found by taking a closer look beneath the surface inside volcanoes here on earth. Astrophysicist Jen Gupta is entering a chamber created by a volcanic eruption over 4,000 years ago.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"111mf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJen Gupta:\u003c/b\u003e The incredible thing about this place is that as the magma drained away, it left behind these colors that we can see here on the walls from elements and minerals that were dragged up from the interior of the earth during that volcanic eruption. The one that immediately grabs my attention is the yellow. This is from sulfates and sulfur, and these are the exact same colors that we see covering the entire surface of Io.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fr9bl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Images of Io are dominated by its yellow surface, created by the same sulfates and sulfur that line the chamber walls here in Iceland.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"338ve\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJen Gupta:\u003c/b\u003e The scale of this place is just astonishing, and to think that there are chambers like this under the surface of Io filled with molten magma ready to erupt out, it\u0026#x27;s easy to think that earth, our home planet, is completely unique. But the more we discover about the solar system, the more we see these remarkable similarities like having volcanoes on Io.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2024-11-05T21:44:02+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"x1xsz\"\u003eIo’s intense volcanic activity defies all expectations.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"This Tiny Moon Is a Volcanic Powerhouse","slug":"this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/this-tiny-moon-is-a-volcanic-powerhouse-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},{"slug":"how-a-walnut-shaped-moon-help-shape-saturns-rings","title":"How a Walnut-Shaped Moon Help Shape Saturn’s Rings","topic":"space","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":155,"publish_date":"2024-11-06T03:59:00.495218+00:00","tags":["saturn's rings","walnut moon","moons","saturn","moon"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/how-a-walnut-shaped-moon-help-shape-saturns-rings-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-a-walnut-shaped-moon-help-shape-saturns-ri.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-a-walnut-shaped-moon-help-shape-saturns-ri.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-a-walnut-shaped-moon-help-shape-saturns-ri.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-a-walnut-shaped-moon-help-shape-saturns-ri.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-a-walnut-shaped-moon-help-shape-saturns-r.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-a-walnut-shaped-moon-help-shape-saturns-r.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/how-a-walnut-shaped-moon-help-shape-saturns-r.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"8xmp6\"\u003eFor millions of years, a tiny moon has made a significant impact on the structure of Saturn’s rings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"2r2on\"\u003eShaped by gravitational forces over millions of years, Saturn\u0026#x27;s rings are incredibly complex. A tiny moon named Pan, just 17 miles wide, has notably influenced their structure by creating the Encke Gap.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"db6m7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow a Walnut-Shaped Moon Help Shape Saturn’s Rings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"o67d\"\u003ePublished: November 5, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"74is\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Saturn\u0026#x27;s rings are amazingly complex.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"64a4a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e And the more we zoom into them, the more complex they seem to be.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4psu5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e It is one of the wonders of the solar system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"95r5q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 4:\u003c/b\u003e Scientists think the rings may have first formed when a moon strayed too close to Saturn was pulled apart by its gravity, creating a jumble of trillions of individual fragments of rock and ice. So what turns such chaos into the ordered beauty we see today? NASA\u0026#x27;s Cassini spacecraft gave us the best view of the rings we\u0026#x27;ve ever had.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c05m8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 5:\u003c/b\u003e The photographs from Cassini gave us Saturn\u0026#x27;s rings at all angles. We saw them reflecting light from the sun, we saw Cassini look through them toward the sun, just the spectacular beauty of them, just mind-blowing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a3jg7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 4:\u003c/b\u003e And lurking among the loops of rock and ice, Cassini imaged one of the most startling moons in the entire Saturn system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e5m03\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e So Pen is this weird tiny object, it is only 17 miles across and it looks for me like a walnut.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"abvmc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e And it looks like it has a dusting of material around it that could easily break off if you were to touch it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"515ff\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 4:\u003c/b\u003e Despite its small size, Pen has a big impact on the structure of the rings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"damcb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 1:\u003c/b\u003e Pen is a great example of how gravitational interactions can shape Saturn\u0026#x27;s rings and create the gaps that we see.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f9ddq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 4:\u003c/b\u003e Pen orbits inside a wide track within Saturn\u0026#x27;s rings called the Encke Gap.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1gms0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 3:\u003c/b\u003e We think Pan created the Encke Gap by cleaning the orbit and by accumulating all this ring material, dust and ice around it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fq9o7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 2:\u003c/b\u003e This ring material has settled specifically on Pen\u0026#x27;s equator again and again and again, and that meant there is this large ridge around Pen itself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"alckf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 5:\u003c/b\u003e It looks like an empanada because so much water and ice from the rings have built up around its equator.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"39oka\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpeaker 4:\u003c/b\u003e For millions of years, Pen has been nibbling away, clearing particles out of its orbit and creating this pathway, only that can\u0026#x27;t be the full story.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2024-11-05T21:40:33+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"8xmp6\"\u003eFor millions of years, a tiny moon has made a significant impact on the structure of Saturn’s rings.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"How a Walnut-Shaped Moon Help Shape Saturn’s 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