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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Christianization of Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianization_of_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Retirement and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relics_and_veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantium_and_the_Orthodox_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Byzantium and the Orthodox world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantium_and_the_Orthodox_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy_and_the_Catholic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_and_the_Catholic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Italy and the Catholic world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_and_the_Catholic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican_Communion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_Communion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Anglican Communion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican_Communion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gregory the Illuminator</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="غريغوريوس المستنير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غريغوريوس المستنير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D._%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Ս. Գրիգոր Լուսաւորիչ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ս. Գրիգոր Լուսաւորիչ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Григорий Просветител – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Григорий Просветител" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori_l%27Il%C2%B7luminador" title="Gregori l'Il·luminador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gregori l'Il·luminador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eho%C5%99_Osv%C4%9Btitel" title="Řehoř Osvětitel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řehoř Osvětitel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Lysbringeren" title="Gregor Lysbringeren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gregor Lysbringeren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_der_Erleuchter" title="Gregor der Erleuchter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gregor der Erleuchter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_I_el_Iluminador" title="Gregorio I el Iluminador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gregorio I el Iluminador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_la_Iluminanto" title="Gregorio la Iluminanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gregorio la Iluminanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="گریگور روشنگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گریگور روشنگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Ier_l%27Illuminateur" title="Grégoire Ier l'Illuminateur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grégoire Ier l'Illuminateur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoarius_de_Ferljochter" title="Gregoarius de Ferljochter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gregoarius de Ferljochter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EB%AA%BD%EC%9E%90_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4" title="계몽자 그레고리오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계몽자 그레고리오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grgur_Prosvjetitelj" title="Grgur Prosvjetitelj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grgur Prosvjetitelj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_sang_Pencerah" title="Gregorius sang Pencerah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gregorius sang Pencerah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B3_%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сыгъдæг Хъизæмаргæнæг Григори – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сыгъдæг Хъизæмаргæнæг Григори" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Illuminatore" title="Gregorio Illuminatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gregorio Illuminatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8" title="גרגוריוס המאיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרגוריוס המאיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გრიგოლ განმანათლებელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრიგოლ განმანათლებელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori_Mletamwanga" title="Gregori Mletamwanga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gregori Mletamwanga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A1gos%C3%ADt%C3%B3_Szent_Gergely" title="Világosító Szent Gergely – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Világosító Szent Gergely" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%C3%B4rio_Mpanazava" title="Gregôrio Mpanazava – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gregôrio Mpanazava" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جريجريوس المستنير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جريجريوس المستنير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_de_Verlichter" title="Gregorius de Verlichter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gregorius de Verlichter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Серлонча Григори – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Серлонча Григори" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Lysbringeren" title="Gregor Lysbringeren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gregor Lysbringeren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_O%C5%9Bwieciciel" title="Grzegorz Oświeciciel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzegorz Oświeciciel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%C3%B3rio,_o_Iluminador" title="Gregório, o Iluminador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gregório, o Iluminador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigore_Lumin%C4%83torul" title="Grigore Luminătorul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grigore Luminătorul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Григорий Просветитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Григорий Просветитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santu_Gregoriu_Illuminadore" title="Santu Gregoriu Illuminadore – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Santu Gregoriu Illuminadore" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Patron saint of the Armenian Apostolic Church (c.257–c.331)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Gregory the Illuminator<br />Գրիգոր Լուսաւորիչ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_on_Pammakaristos_Church_in_Constantinople.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_on_Pammakaristos_Church_in_Constantinople.jpg/250px-Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_on_Pammakaristos_Church_in_Constantinople.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_on_Pammakaristos_Church_in_Constantinople.jpg/375px-Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_on_Pammakaristos_Church_in_Constantinople.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_on_Pammakaristos_Church_in_Constantinople.jpg/500px-Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_on_Pammakaristos_Church_in_Constantinople.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1070" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A 14th century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics" title="Byzantine mosaics">Byzantine mosaic</a> of Gregory at the <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a> in Constantinople (today Fethiye Camii, Istanbul)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966390_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966390-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan198445_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan198445-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Catholicos of All Armenians</a><br />(Patriarch of Armenia)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 328<br /><a href="/wiki/Daranali" title="Daranali">Daranali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a><br /><small>(present-day <a href="/wiki/Kemah,_Erzincan" title="Kemah, Erzincan">Kemah, Erzincan</a>, Turkey)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">February 20 (Nardò, Italy)<br />March 23 (Anglican Church)<br />Saturday before fourth Sunday after Pentecost (Armenian Apostolic Church – discovery of relics)<br /> Last Saturday of Lent (Armenian Apostolic Church – descent into dungeon)<br /> Saturday before second Sunday after Pentecost (Armenian Apostolic Church – deliverance from dungeon)<br />September 30 (Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, Catholic Church),<br />October 1 (Catholic Church- 1962 Roman Missal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nard%C3%B2" title="Nardò">Nardò</a>, Italy</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Oriental Orthodoxy"> a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy"><span style="color:7a2cfe;font-size:14pt">Oriental Orthodoxy</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristCopticArt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/100px-ChristCopticArt.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png 1.5x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#7a2cfe; color:#FFFFFF;"> Oriental Orthodox churches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independent churches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Autonomous churches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>: <a href="/wiki/French_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="French Coptic Orthodox Church">French Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">History of Oriental Orthodoxy</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Coptic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Timeline of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Ecumenical Councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Ephesus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Third Council of Ephesus">Ephesus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Dvin" title="First Council of Dvin">Dvin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Dvin" title="Second Council of Dvin">Dvin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Dvin" title="Third Council of Dvin">Dvin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Dvin" title="Fourth Council of Dvin">Dvin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Manzikert" title="Council of Manzikert">Manzikert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Capharthutha" title="Council of Capharthutha">Capharthutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Shirakavan" title="Council of Shirakavan">Shirakavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hromkla" title="Council of Hromkla">Hromkla</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Theology:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Theology">Oriental Orthodox Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgy and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li>Anaphora & Rites:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_of_Saint_Gregory" title="Anaphora of Saint Gregory">Anaphora of Saint Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurobo" title="Holy Qurobo">Holy Qurobo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Calendars:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Armenian_Apostolic_Church)" title="Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Bible:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Bible">Coptic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Bible">Armenian Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Tewahedo Bible">Orthodox Tewahedo Bible</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Cross:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Coptic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_cross" title="Saint Thomas Christian cross">St. Thomas Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cross" title="Ethiopian cross">Ethiopian cross</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa" title="Addai of Edessa">Mor Addai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar V</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Saints" title="Nine Saints">Nine Saints of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Awgin" title="Mar Awgin">Mar Awgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana of Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenoute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_(Copt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham (Copt)">Abraham of Farshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yared" title="Yared">Yared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Tanner" title="Simon the Tanner">Simon the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerses_IV_the_Gracious" title="Nerses IV the Gracious">Nerses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giyorgis_of_Segla" title="Giyorgis of Segla">Giyorgis of Segla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Mar_Gregorios_of_Parumala" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala">Geevarghese Gregorios</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuna" title="Abuna">Abuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_India" title="Catholicos of India">Catholicos of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch"> Patriarch of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">Maphrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Ethiopian ecclesiastical titles">Ethiopian titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church-Ordinance" title="Apostolic Church-Ordinance">Apostolic Church-Ordinance</a></li> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oriental_Orthodox_sidebar" title="Template:Oriental Orthodox sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oriental_Orthodox_sidebar" title="Template talk:Oriental Orthodox sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oriental_Orthodox_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oriental Orthodox sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gregory the Illuminator</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian_orthography" title="Classical Armenian orthography">Classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Գրիգոր Լուսաւորիչ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_orthography_reform" title="Armenian orthography reform">reformed spelling</a>: Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ, <i>Grigor Lusavorich</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 257</span> – <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 328</span>) was the founder and first official <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">head</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He converted <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Zoroastrianism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the early fourth century (traditionally dated to 301), making Armenia the first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion. He is venerated as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in the Armenian Apostolic Church and in some other churches. </p><p>Gregory is said to have been the son of a <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Anak_the_Parthian" title="Anak the Parthian">Anak</a>, who assassinated the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid</a> king of Armenia <a href="/wiki/Khosrov_II_of_Armenia" title="Khosrov II of Armenia">Khosrov II</a>. The young Gregory was saved from the extermination of Anak's family and was raised as a Christian in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_(Mazaca)" title="Caesarea (Mazaca)">Caesarea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Gregory returned to Armenia as an adult and entered the service of King <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III</a>, who had Gregory tortured after he refused to make a sacrifice to a pagan goddess. After discovering Gregory's true identity, Tiridates had him thrown into a deep pit well called <a href="/wiki/Khor_Virap" title="Khor Virap">Khor Virap</a> for 14 years. Gregory was miraculously saved from death and released after many years with the help of Tiridates' sister <a href="/wiki/Khosrovidukht_(sister_of_Tiridates_III_of_Armenia)" title="Khosrovidukht (sister of Tiridates III of Armenia)">Khosrovidukht</a>. Gregory then converted the King to Christianity, and Armenia then became the first country to adopt Christianity as a state religion in 301 AD. Gregory, the Illuminator, then healed King Tiridates, who the hagiographical sources say had been transfomed into a boar for his sins, and preached Christianity in Armenia. He was consecrated bishop of Armenia at Caesarea, baptized King Tiridates and the Armenian people, and traveled throughout Armenia, destroying pagan temples and building churches in their place. </p><p>Gregory eventually gave up the patriarchate to live as a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/St._Aristaces_I" title="St. Aristaces I">Aristaces</a>. Gregory's descendants, called the <a href="/wiki/Gregorids" title="Gregorids">Gregorids</a>, hereditarily held the office of Patriarch of Armenia with some interruptions until the fifth century. It is in Gregory's honor that the Armenian Church is sometimes called <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">lusavorchʻakan</i></span> ("of the Illuminator") or Gregorian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Armenian tradition, the standard version of the life of Gregory the Illuminator derives from the fifth-century <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographic</a> history attributed to <a href="/wiki/Agathangelos" title="Agathangelos">Agathangelos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199415_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199415-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Agathangelos's account, Gregory was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> nobleman <a href="/wiki/Anak_the_Parthian" title="Anak the Parthian">Anak</a>; the later Armenian historian <a href="/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi" title="Movses Khorenatsi">Movses Khorenatsi</a> identifies Anak as a member of the Parthian noble house of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Suren" title="House of Suren">Suren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1970155–156_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1970155–156-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989347_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989347-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the incitation of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a>, who promised to return Anak his domain as a reward, the Parthian nobleman went to Armenia and assassinated the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid</a> king of Armenia <a href="/wiki/Khosrov_II_of_Armenia" title="Khosrov II of Armenia">Khosrov II</a> after gaining his confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199772_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199772-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anak was then put to death by the Armenian nobles along with his entire family․<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199772_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199772-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anak's son Gregory narrowly escaped execution with the help of his nurse, whom Khorenatsi calls Sophy, sister of a Cappadocian notable named Euthalius (Ewtʻagh).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory was taken to <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_(Mazaca)" title="Caesarea (Mazaca)">Caesarea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, where he received a Christian upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199415–16_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199415–16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Thierry" title="Jean-Michel Thierry">Jean-Michel Thierry</a> described him as of "<a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocian culture and religion</a>" and credited him with having introduced "Greek civilization to Armenia."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Khorenatsi, upon coming of age, Gregory married <a href="/wiki/Julitta_of_Armenia" title="Julitta of Armenia">Mariam</a>, daughter of a Christian named David.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228–229_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228–229-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxi–xxxii_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxi–xxxii-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two children with Mariam: <a href="/wiki/St._Aristaces_I" title="St. Aristaces I">Aristaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Vrtanes_I" title="St. Vrtanes I">Vrtanes</a>, who would later succeed Gregory as patriarchs of Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228–229_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228–229-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxi–xxxii_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxi–xxxii-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianization_of_Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianization of Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Gregorio_Armeno_gettato_nel_pozzo_(dettaglio)_-_F._Fracanzano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/San_Gregorio_Armeno_gettato_nel_pozzo_%28dettaglio%29_-_F._Fracanzano.png/220px-San_Gregorio_Armeno_gettato_nel_pozzo_%28dettaglio%29_-_F._Fracanzano.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/San_Gregorio_Armeno_gettato_nel_pozzo_%28dettaglio%29_-_F._Fracanzano.png/330px-San_Gregorio_Armeno_gettato_nel_pozzo_%28dettaglio%29_-_F._Fracanzano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/San_Gregorio_Armeno_gettato_nel_pozzo_%28dettaglio%29_-_F._Fracanzano.png/440px-San_Gregorio_Armeno_gettato_nel_pozzo_%28dettaglio%29_-_F._Fracanzano.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1694" /></a><figcaption>St. Gregory of Armenia is cast into the pit by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Fracanzano" title="Francesco Fracanzano">Francesco Fracanzano</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the birth of their sons, <a href="/wiki/Julitta_of_Armenia" title="Julitta of Armenia">Mariam</a> and Gregory separated, and Gregory went to Armenia to enter the service of King <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III</a>, son of the assassinated king Khosrov II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxi–xxxii_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxi–xxxii-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Gregory refused to sacrifice to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Anahit" title="Anahit">Anahit</a>, the king had Gregory imprisoned and subjected to many tortures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xlii–xliii_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xlii–xliii-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once Tiridates discovered that Gregory was the son of his father's killer, he had Gregory thrown into a deep pit called <a href="/wiki/Khor_Virap" title="Khor Virap">Khor Virap</a> near <a href="/wiki/Artaxata" title="Artaxata">Artaxata</a>, where he remained for thirteen (or fifteen) years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1970156_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1970156-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1984_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1984-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Agathangelos's history, Gregory is miraculously saved and brought out from the pit after Tiridates' sister <a href="/wiki/Khosrovidukht_(sister_of_Tiridates_III_of_Armenia)" title="Khosrovidukht (sister of Tiridates III of Armenia)">Khosrovidukht</a> sees a vision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory then healed the king, who, Agathangelos writes, had been transformed into a wild boar for his sinful behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiridates and his court accepted Christianity, making Armenia the first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199416_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199416-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg/220px-Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg/330px-Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>The Baptism of the Armenian People</i> (1892), by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After being released, Gregory preached the Christian faith in Armenia and erected shrines to the martyrs <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gayane_Church" title="Saint Gayane Church">Gayane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hripsime" title="Hripsime">Hripsime</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vagharshapat" title="Vagharshapat">Vagharshapat</a> on a spot indicated to him in a vision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vagharshapat would later become home to the <a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">mother church</a> of Armenian Christianity and, by medieval times, called Ejmiatsin ("descent of the only-begotten") in reference to Gregory's vision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976478_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976478-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory, sometimes accompanied by Tiridates,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199419_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199419-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> went around Armenia destroying pagan <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>, defeating the armed resistance of the pagan priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2004358_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2004358-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory then went to Caesarea with a retinue of Armenian princes and was consecrated bishop of Armenia by <a href="/wiki/Leontius_of_Caesarea" title="Leontius of Caesarea">Leontius of Caesarea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the death of <a href="/wiki/Nerses_I" title="Nerses I">Nerses I</a> in the late fourth century, Gregory's successors would go to Caesarea to be confirmed as bishops of Armenia, and Armenia remained under the titular authority of the metropolitans of Caesarea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976lxxix_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976lxxix-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning to Armenia, Gregory raised churches in place of the destroyed pagan temples and seized their estates and wealth for the Armenian Church and his house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199419_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199419-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the site of the destroyed temple to <a href="/wiki/Vahagn" title="Vahagn">Vahagn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ashtishat" title="Ashtishat">Ashtishat</a>, Gregory raised a church which became the original center of the Armenian Church and remained so until after the partition of the country in 387.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781–82_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781–82-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199419_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199419-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory met King Tiridates near the town of <a href="/wiki/Bagavan" title="Bagavan">Bagavan</a> and baptized the Armenian king, army and people in the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781–82_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781–82-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In two non-Armenian versions of Agathangelos's history, Gregory also baptizes together with Tiridates the kings of <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a>/Abkhazia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976lxviii–lxix_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976lxviii–lxix-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded schools for the Christian education of children, where the languages of instruction were <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976375_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976375-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established the ecclesiastical structure of Armenia, appointing as bishops some of the children of pagan priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976p._379:_"He_took_some_of_the_pagan_priests'_children_and_brought_them_up_in_his_own_sight_and_under_his_own_care,_giving_them_instruction_and_raising_them_with_spiritual_care_and_fear._Those_who_were_worthy_of_attaining_the_rank_of_bishop_received_ordination_from_him"_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976p._379:_"He_took_some_of_the_pagan_priests'_children_and_brought_them_up_in_his_own_sight_and_under_his_own_care,_giving_them_instruction_and_raising_them_with_spiritual_care_and_fear._Those_who_were_worthy_of_attaining_the_rank_of_bishop_received_ordination_from_him"-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory is also said to have journeyed to Rome with King Tiridates in an embassy to the recently converted <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, but scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Thomson" title="Robert W. Thomson">Robert W. Thomson</a> views this as fictional.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199416_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199416-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion of Armenia to Christianity is traditionally dated to 301, but modern scholarship considers a later date, approximately 314, to be a more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the history of Agathangelos depicts the spread of Christianity of Armenia as having occurred practically entirely within Gregory's lifetime, when, in fact, it was a more gradual process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199422_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199422-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782–83_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782–83-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some time after converting Armenia to Christianity, Gregory appointed his younger son Aristaces as his successor and went to live an ascetic life in the "cave of Manē" in the district of <a href="/wiki/Daranali" title="Daranali">Daranali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Armenia" title="Upper Armenia">Upper Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989375_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989375-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Patriarchate of Armenia would be held as a hereditary office, with some interruptions, by the house of Gregory, called the <a href="/wiki/Gregorids" title="Gregorids">Gregorids</a>, until the death of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Armenia" title="Isaac of Armenia">Isaac</a> in the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199783_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199783-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerian200576_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerian200576-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Movses Khorenatsi, Gregory sometimes came out from his hermitage and traveled around the country until Aristaces returned from the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> (325), after which Gregory never appeared to anyone again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1978248–249_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1978248–249-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in seclusion in the cave of Manē and was buried nearby by shepherds who did not know who he was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1978249–250_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1978249–250-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the sources indicate that Gregory's death occurred not long after the Council of Nicaea; <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff" title="Cyril Toumanoff">Cyril Toumanoff</a> gives 328 as the year of Gregory's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1969268_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1969268-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_assessment">Historical assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a>, philologist and Armenia's first president, postulates that Gregory and <a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a> had the most influence on the course of Armenian history.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_R._Russell" title="James R. Russell">James R. Russell</a> argues that both Gregory and Mashtots were visionaries, found a champion for their program in the king, looked to the West, had very strong <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">pro-Hellenic</a> bias, trained the children of pagan priests and assembled their own disciples to spread the faith through learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2004605–606_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2004605–606-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relics_and_veneration">Relics and veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relics and veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his death his corpse was removed to the village of Thodanum (T'ordan, modern <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fank%C3%B6y,_Kemah" title="Doğanköy, Kemah">Doğanköy, Kemah</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Erzincan</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mother_See_of_Holy_Etchmiadzin" title="Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin">Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholicosate_of_the_Great_House_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia">Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> each claim to have relics from the right arm of the saint, in an arm-shaped reliquary.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholicosate" title="Catholicosate">catholicosates</a> of Etchmiadzin and Cilicia use the arm relic for the blessing of the <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">Holy Myron</a> every seven years. </p><p>In the calendar of the Armenian Church, the discovery of the relics of St. Gregory is an important feast and is commemorated on the Saturday before the Fourth Sunday after Pentecost.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other feast days in the Armenian Apostolic Church are devoted to St. Gregory: the feast of his entry into <a href="/wiki/Khor_Virap" title="Khor Virap">Khor Virap</a>, the 'deep pit or dungeon' (commemorated on the last Saturday of Lent) and his deliverance from Khor Virap (commemorated on the Saturday before the second Sunday after Pentecost).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depictions_in_Armenian_art">Depictions in Armenian art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Depictions in Armenian art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory has been depicted widely in Armenian art since the early Middle Ages on various media. He is most likely the figure, a saint, carved on a seventh-century stele in <a href="/wiki/Talin,_Armenia" title="Talin, Armenia">Talin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci201847_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci201847-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is depicted next to John the Baptist, the prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, and most likely Thaddeus, <a href="/wiki/James_of_Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="James of Nisibis">James of Nisibis</a>, and the apostle Bartholomew on the east façade of the tenth-century <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Aghtamar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Aghtamar">Aghtamar Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci201870_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci201870-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixteen scenes depicting Gregory's life are painted in the <a href="/wiki/Ani#The_church_of_St_Gregory_of_Tigran_Honents" title="Ani">Church of Tigran Honents</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a> (1215), that contains the most complete painted interior of all medieval Armenian monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018131–132_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018131–132-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory is depicted on the silver reliquary of Skevra (1293), the best known work of precious metal from <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Cilicia">Armenian Cilicia</a>, along with Saint Thaddeus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018121_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018121-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the reliquary of the Holy Sign (1300), another significant piece of Armenian metalwork made at the <a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" class="extiw" title="hy:Խոտակերաց վանք">Monastery of Khotakerats</a>, along with John the Baptist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018152_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018152-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory is depicted with King Trdat on the left and Hripsime on a 1448 processional banner of embroidered silk kept at the Treasury of Etchmiadzin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018181–3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018181–3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Vank_Cathedral" title="Vank Cathedral">Vank Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Julfa" title="New Julfa">New Julfa</a>, the Armenian district of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, Iran, Gregory's martyrdom was painted in a European style by the Italian-trained <a href="/wiki/Hovhannes_M%27rkuz_Ju%C5%82ayeci" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovhannes M'rkuz Jułayeci">Hovhannes M'rkuz Jułayeci</a> in 1646.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018195_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018195-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Armenian depictions of Gregory</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Gr%C3%A9goire_et_la_foule,_1569.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A miniature of Gregory and Trdat (as a boar) by Vardan Baghishetsi on a manuscript from Baghesh, Vaspurakan, c. 1569–70[53]"><img alt="A miniature of Gregory and Trdat (as a boar) by Vardan Baghishetsi on a manuscript from Baghesh, Vaspurakan, c. 1569–70[53]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Saint_Gr%C3%A9goire_et_la_foule%2C_1569.jpg/153px-Saint_Gr%C3%A9goire_et_la_foule%2C_1569.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Saint_Gr%C3%A9goire_et_la_foule%2C_1569.jpg/229px-Saint_Gr%C3%A9goire_et_la_foule%2C_1569.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Saint_Gr%C3%A9goire_et_la_foule%2C_1569.jpg/305px-Saint_Gr%C3%A9goire_et_la_foule%2C_1569.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8896" data-file-height="13104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Armenian_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Armenian illuminated manuscripts">miniature</a> of Gregory and Trdat (as a boar) by <a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB_(%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9)" class="extiw" title="hy:Վարդան Բաղիշեցի (մանրանկարիչ)">Vardan Baghishetsi</a> on a manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Baghesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghesh">Baghesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaspurakan" title="Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1569–70</span><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etchmiadzin_Cathedral_Gregory_the_Illuminator_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral, 17th century"><img alt="Etchmiadzin Cathedral, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral_Gregory_the_Illuminator_relief.jpg/226px-Etchmiadzin_Cathedral_Gregory_the_Illuminator_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral_Gregory_the_Illuminator_relief.jpg/340px-Etchmiadzin_Cathedral_Gregory_the_Illuminator_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral_Gregory_the_Illuminator_relief.jpg/452px-Etchmiadzin_Cathedral_Gregory_the_Illuminator_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1085" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">Etchmiadzin Cathedral</a>, 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 74px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 72px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9,_18-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 18th century painting by an unknown author"><img alt="An 18th century painting by an unknown author" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9%2C_18-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg/108px-%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9%2C_18-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9%2C_18-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg/162px-%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9%2C_18-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9%2C_18-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg/215px-%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9%2C_18-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 18th century painting by an unknown author</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Baptism of the Armenian People. Gregory the Illuminator by Ivan Aivazovsky (1892)"><img alt="The Baptism of the Armenian People. Gregory the Illuminator by Ivan Aivazovsky (1892)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg/138px-Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg/207px-Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg/276px-Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Baptism of the Armenian People. Gregory the Illuminator</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a> (1892)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 73.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 71.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BD._%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A painting by Vardges Sureniants"><img alt="A painting by Vardges Sureniants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BD._%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg/107px-%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BD._%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BD._%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg/161px-%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BD._%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BD._%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg/215px-%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BD._%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="962" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A painting by <a href="/wiki/Vardges_Sureniants" title="Vardges Sureniants">Vardges Sureniants</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantium_and_the_Orthodox_world">Byzantium and the Orthodox world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Byzantium and the Orthodox world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory is commemorated on September 30 by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, which styles him "Holy Hieromartyr Gregory, Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia." </p><p>His relics were scattered near and far in the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Emperor">Eastern Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan198441_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan198441-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relic fragments are found at the <a href="/wiki/Karakallou_Monastery" title="Karakallou Monastery">Karakallou Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iviron_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Iviron Monastery">Iviron Monastery</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Gregoriou_Monastery" title="Gregoriou Monastery">Gregoriou Monastery</a> claims to have the saint's skull.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veneration of Gregory began in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in the late 9th century with the ascend of <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>. A 9th century mosaic of Gregory was uncovered in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> under a layer of plaster in 1847–49 during the restoration by the <a href="/wiki/Fossati_brothers" title="Fossati brothers">Fossati brothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoHawkins19726_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoHawkins19726-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located in the south <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a>, next to the <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of the Church">Fathers of the Church</a>, it shows Gregory standing in bishop robes, blessing with one hand and holding the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Gospels">Book of the Gospels</a> with the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966386_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966386-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosaic, thought to have been destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/1894_Istanbul_earthquake" title="1894 Istanbul earthquake">1894 earthquake</a>, survives in drawing by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Salzenberg" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Salzenberg">Wilhelm Salzenberg</a> and the Fossati brothers. <a href="/wiki/Sirarpie_Der_Nersessian" title="Sirarpie Der Nersessian">Sirarpie Der Nersessian</a> argued that his inclusion in the series of the Church Fathers is explained by the myth of the Arsacid origin of Basil I, likely fabricated by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966389_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966389-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoHawkins197238_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoHawkins197238-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory is depicted in two prominent Byzantine illuminated manuscripts—the <i><a href="/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II" title="Menologion of Basil II">Menologion of Basil II</a></i> (c. 1000)<sup id="cite_ref-Menologion_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menologion-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Psalter" title="Theodore Psalter">Theodore Psalter</a></i> (1066)<sup id="cite_ref-BLcontent_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLcontent-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and in a number of Byzantine churches and monasteries, most notably <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a> (11th century),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangoHawkins197225_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangoHawkins197225-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Church of Panagia Chalkeon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> (11th century), and the <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a> in Constantinople (14th century).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966390_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966390-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the sections of Moscow's iconic <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a> is named after Gregory the Armenian (<i>Tserkov Grigoriya Armyanskogo</i>). It is dedicated to the capture of Ars Tower of the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Kremlin" title="Kazan Kremlin">Kazan Kremlin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kazan" title="Siege of Kazan">Siege of Kazan</a> on September 30, 1552, on his feast day.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Byzantine depictions of Gregory</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_by_Wilhelm_Salzenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lost mosaic from Hagia Sophia (9th century)[j]"><img alt="Lost mosaic from Hagia Sophia (9th century)[j]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_by_Wilhelm_Salzenberg.jpg/170px-Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_by_Wilhelm_Salzenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_by_Wilhelm_Salzenberg.jpg/256px-Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_by_Wilhelm_Salzenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_by_Wilhelm_Salzenberg.jpg/341px-Gregory_the_Illuminator_mosaic_in_Hagia_Sophia_by_Wilhelm_Salzenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lost mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> (9th century)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menologion_of_Basil_038.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="in the Menologion of Basil II (c. 1000)[60]"><img alt="in the Menologion of Basil II (c. 1000)[60]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Menologion_of_Basil_038.jpg/333px-Menologion_of_Basil_038.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Menologion_of_Basil_038.jpg/500px-Menologion_of_Basil_038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Menologion_of_Basil_038.jpg/666px-Menologion_of_Basil_038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">in the <i><a href="/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II" title="Menologion of Basil II">Menologion of Basil II</a></i> (c. 1000)<sup id="cite_ref-Menologion_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menologion-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Psalter._Gregory_brings_Tiridates_to_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="in the Theodore Psalter (1066)[k]"><img alt="in the Theodore Psalter (1066)[k]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Theodore_Psalter._Gregory_brings_Tiridates_to_Christ.jpg/262px-Theodore_Psalter._Gregory_brings_Tiridates_to_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Theodore_Psalter._Gregory_brings_Tiridates_to_Christ.jpg/394px-Theodore_Psalter._Gregory_brings_Tiridates_to_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Theodore_Psalter._Gregory_brings_Tiridates_to_Christ.jpg/525px-Theodore_Psalter._Gregory_brings_Tiridates_to_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">in the <i><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Psalter" title="Theodore Psalter">Theodore Psalter</a></i> (1066)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Chiesa_Pammacaristos_(Fetiye_camii)_-_San_Gregorio_armeniaco_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mosaic at the Pammakaristos Church (14th century)[1]"><img alt="A mosaic at the Pammakaristos Church (14th century)[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Istanbul_-_Chiesa_Pammacaristos_%28Fetiye_camii%29_-_San_Gregorio_armeniaco_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg/300px-Istanbul_-_Chiesa_Pammacaristos_%28Fetiye_camii%29_-_San_Gregorio_armeniaco_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Istanbul_-_Chiesa_Pammacaristos_%28Fetiye_camii%29_-_San_Gregorio_armeniaco_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg/451px-Istanbul_-_Chiesa_Pammacaristos_%28Fetiye_camii%29_-_San_Gregorio_armeniaco_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Istanbul_-_Chiesa_Pammacaristos_%28Fetiye_camii%29_-_San_Gregorio_armeniaco_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg/600px-Istanbul_-_Chiesa_Pammacaristos_%28Fetiye_camii%29_-_San_Gregorio_armeniaco_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mosaic at the <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a> (14th century)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966390_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966390-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_and_the_Catholic_world">Italy and the Catholic world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italy and the Catholic world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_the_Illuminator,_of_Armenia_statue,_St._Peter%27s_Basilica,_Rome,_Vatican4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gregory_the_Illuminator%2C_of_Armenia_statue%2C_St._Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_Vatican4.jpg/220px-Gregory_the_Illuminator%2C_of_Armenia_statue%2C_St._Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_Vatican4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gregory_the_Illuminator%2C_of_Armenia_statue%2C_St._Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_Vatican4.jpg/330px-Gregory_the_Illuminator%2C_of_Armenia_statue%2C_St._Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_Vatican4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gregory_the_Illuminator%2C_of_Armenia_statue%2C_St._Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_Vatican4.jpg/440px-Gregory_the_Illuminator%2C_of_Armenia_statue%2C_St._Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_Vatican4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="3550" /></a><figcaption>A statue of St. Gregory in Vatican's <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> inaugurated in 2005. </figcaption></figure> <p>In the 8th century, the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a> decrees in Greece caused a number of religious orders to flee the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and seek refuge elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/San_Gregorio_Armeno" title="San Gregorio Armeno">San Gregorio Armeno</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> was built in that century over the remains of a Roman temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>, by a group of nuns escaping from the Byzantine Empire with the relics of Gregory,<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including his skull, arms, a femur bone, his staff, the leather straps used in his torture and the manacles that held the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The femur and manacles were returned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> to Catholicos <a href="/wiki/Karekin_II" title="Karekin II">Karekin II</a> and are now enshrined at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gregory_the_Illuminator_Cathedral,_Yerevan" title="Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan">Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 20, 1743, <a href="/wiki/Nard%C3%B2" title="Nardò">Nardò</a>, Italy was hit by a devastating earthquake that destroyed almost the entire city. The only structure to survive intact after the quake was the city's statue of St. Gregory the Illuminator. According to the city's registers, only 350 out of the city's 10,000 inhabitants died in the earthquake, leading the inhabitants to believe that St. Gregory saved the city. Every year, they mark the anniversary of the earthquake by holding three days of celebrations in his honor. Two relics of the saint are at <a href="/wiki/Nard%C3%B2_Cathedral" title="Nardò Cathedral">Nardò Cathedral</a>: one is kept in a silver bust of the saint,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is carried in processions, and the other, the metacarpus, is kept within a silver arm-shaped reliquary.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The feast day of Saint Gregory the Illuminator is on September 30 according to both the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Form" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary Form">Ordinary Form</a> and the 1956 Roman Martyrology<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_Form" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary Form">Extraordinary Form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>; however, the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its previous editions list the feast day of "Saint Gregory, Bishop of Greater Armenia and Martyr" on October 1. </p><p>A 5.7 m (19 ft) tall statue of Gregory in the <a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a> was installed in the north courtyard of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> in January 2005. Sculpted by France-based Lebanese-Armenian sculptor Khatchik Kazandjian, the statue was inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. Gregory is depicted holding a cross in one hand and the Bible in the other.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> inaugurated the area as <a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_the_Illuminator,_of_Armenia_courtyard,_St._Peter%27s_Basilica,_Rome,_Vatican.jpg" title="File:Gregory the Illuminator, of Armenia courtyard, St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Vatican.jpg">St. Gregory the Illuminator Courtyard</a> in February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Church of <a href="/wiki/San_Gregorio_Armeno" title="San Gregorio Armeno">San Gregorio Armeno</a> is a church and a monastery in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> named after the Gregory the Illuminator </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglican_Communion">Anglican Communion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anglican Communion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He is honored with a <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church in the United States of America)">liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA)</a> on March 23.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stgregoryilluminator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="14th-century Byzantine icon of St. Gregory"><img alt="14th-century Byzantine icon of St. Gregory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Stgregoryilluminator.jpg/168px-Stgregoryilluminator.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Stgregoryilluminator.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">14th-century Byzantine icon of St. Gregory</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Right_Hand_of_St_Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Right Arm of Gregory in the museum of the Holy See of Cilicia in Antelias, Lebanon"><img alt="The Right Arm of Gregory in the museum of the Holy See of Cilicia in Antelias, Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Right_Hand_of_St_Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg/162px-The_Right_Hand_of_St_Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Right_Hand_of_St_Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg/243px-The_Right_Hand_of_St_Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Right_Hand_of_St_Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg/324px-The_Right_Hand_of_St_Gregory_the_Illuminator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1695" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Right Arm of Gregory in the museum of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Holy See of Cilicia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antelias" title="Antelias">Antelias</a>, Lebanon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Armenian_cathedral_Gregory,_Trdat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A relief depicting Gregory the Illuminator and Tiridates III in Armenian Cathedral of Moscow"><img alt="A relief depicting Gregory the Illuminator and Tiridates III in Armenian Cathedral of Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moscow_Armenian_cathedral_Gregory%2C_Trdat.jpg/450px-Moscow_Armenian_cathedral_Gregory%2C_Trdat.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moscow_Armenian_cathedral_Gregory%2C_Trdat.jpg/675px-Moscow_Armenian_cathedral_Gregory%2C_Trdat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moscow_Armenian_cathedral_Gregory%2C_Trdat.jpg/900px-Moscow_Armenian_cathedral_Gregory%2C_Trdat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A relief depicting Gregory the Illuminator and <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral_of_Moscow" title="Armenian Cathedral of Moscow">Armenian Cathedral of Moscow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Erywa%C5%84,_Katedra_%C5%9Bw._Grzegorza_O%C5%9Bwieciciela_(05)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan, completed in 2001, contains the remains of Gregory"><img alt="Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan, completed in 2001, contains the remains of Gregory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Katedra_%C5%9Bw._Grzegorza_O%C5%9Bwieciciela_%2805%29_cropped.jpg/406px-2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Katedra_%C5%9Bw._Grzegorza_O%C5%9Bwieciciela_%2805%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Katedra_%C5%9Bw._Grzegorza_O%C5%9Bwieciciela_%2805%29_cropped.jpg/609px-2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Katedra_%C5%9Bw._Grzegorza_O%C5%9Bwieciciela_%2805%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Katedra_%C5%9Bw._Grzegorza_O%C5%9Bwieciciela_%2805%29_cropped.jpg/812px-2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Katedra_%C5%9Bw._Grzegorza_O%C5%9Bwieciciela_%2805%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3891" data-file-height="2876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Gregory_the_Illuminator_Cathedral,_Yerevan" title="Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan">Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan</a>, completed in 2001, contains the remains of Gregory</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorids" title="Gregorids">Gregorids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a>, similarly named saint venerated by Armenian Christians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardapet" title="Vardapet">Vardapet</a>, Armenian preaching monks</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He is less commonly known as <b>Gregory the Enlightener</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside Armenia, he is often known as <b>Gregory of Armenia</b> or <b>Gregory the Armenian</b>. In Armenian, he is sometimes referred to as <b>Gregory the Parthian</b> (Գրիգոր Պարթեւ, <i>Grigor Part’ev</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a>: <i>Krikor Lusavorich</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Armenian Apostolic Church, as its name suggests, traces its founding to the apostles <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Thaddeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a>, who are said to have preached Christianity in Armenia in the first century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1970155_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1970155-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One Greek version of Agathangelos tells a significantly different story of Gregory's wife, who is called <a href="/wiki/Julitta_of_Armenia" title="Julitta of Armenia">Julitta</a>. In this version, Gregory's wife and sons are implied to have followed him to Armenia, but fled back to Caesarea after Gregory's imprisonment. After Gregory was released from imprisonment, his wife went to Armenia to join him, leaving behind their sons in Caesarea, but Gregory refused to return to married life, instead asking the king to put his wife in charge of the holy virgins and temporarily lead the Christians in worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxii–xxxiii_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxii–xxxiii-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interpretations that favor an earlier date for Tiridates' conversion argue that the Armenian king had grown disillusioned with his alliance with Rome and stopped following <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s anti-Christian policy, instead adopting Christianity to strengthen the state and further separate Armenia from Rome and Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who favor the later date of 314 argue that Tiridates, as a loyal client-king of Rome, could not have set up Christianity as Armenia's state religion in contradiction to Rome's anti-Christian policy at the time, and place the conversion after the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Thomson" title="Robert W. Thomson">Robert W. Thomson</a> notes that, although Vagharshapat-Ejmiatsin had "clearly been a holy shrine" from early on in Christian Armenian history, the association of Gregory with Vagharshapat dates from after the partition of Armenia in 387, when the mother see of the Armenian Church moved to Eastern Armenia. The actual original center of the Armenian Church was at <a href="/wiki/Ashtishat" title="Ashtishat">Ashtishat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1984_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1984-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199419_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199419-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The figure who appears to Gregory was later identified with Christ in the Armenian tradition, although this is not explicitly stated in Agathangelos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199419_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199419-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the fifth-century history attributed to <a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustus of Byzantium">Faustus of Byzantium</a>, by the time of Gregory's descendant Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Nerses_I" title="Nerses I">Nerses I</a>, the domains of the Gregorid house amounted to fifteen districts (<i>gawaṛ</i>s).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989139_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989139-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agathangelos writes that King Tiridates sent for Aristaces and Vrtanes and had them brought to Armenia from Caesarea after Gregory went to live in seclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976393–397_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976393–397-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As reproduced by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Salzenberg" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Salzenberg">Wilhelm Salzenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"St. Gregory brings Tiridates to Christ. (Gregory has purple tunic, pink cloak, and white stole w. black crosses)."<sup id="cite_ref-BLcontent_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLcontent-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966390-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966390_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966390_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Nersessian1966390_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDer_Nersessian1966">Der Nersessian 1966</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan198445-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan198445_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyvazyan1984">Ayvazyan 1984</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830075745/https://armenianchurch.us/the-saints/st-gregory-the-enlightener/">"St. Gregory the Enlightener"</a>. <i>armenianchurch.us</i>. Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianchurch.us/the-saints/st-gregory-the-enlightener/">the original</a> on 30 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armenianchurch.us&rft.atitle=St.+Gregory+the+Enlightener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenianchurch.us%2Fthe-saints%2Fst-gregory-the-enlightener%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a> (1867). <i>From Constantine the Great to Gregory the Great, A.D. 311-600, Volume III</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner and Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BNOAAAAYAAJ&dq=Gregory+the+Enlightener&pg=PA779">779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Constantine+the+Great+to+Gregory+the+Great%2C+A.D.+311-600%2C+Volume+III&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=779&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner+and+Company&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1970155-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1970155_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1970">Lang 1970</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977">"Grigor I Lusavorichʻ," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199415-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199415_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1970155–156-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1970155–156_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1970">Lang 1970</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989347-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989347_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoïan1989">Garsoïan 1989</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199772-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199772_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199772_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoïan1997">Garsoïan 1997</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1978">Thomson 1978</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199415–16-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199415–16_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThierryDonabédian1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Thierry" title="Jean-Michel Thierry">Thierry, Jean-Michel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Donab%C3%A9dian" title="Patrick Donabédian">Donabédian, Patrick</a> (1989) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thierry-1989-armenian-art/"><i>Armenian Art</i></a>. Translated by Celestine Dars. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thierry-1989-armenian-art/page/49/mode/1up?view=theater&q=cappadocian">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-0625-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-0625-2"><bdi>0-8109-0625-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8109-0625-2&rft.aulast=Thierry&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft.au=Donab%C3%A9dian%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthierry-1989-armenian-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228–229-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228–229_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1978228–229_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1978">Thomson 1978</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxi–xxxii-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxi–xxxii_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxi–xxxii_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxi–xxxii_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1976">Thomson 1976</a>, pp. xxxi–xxxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoïan1997">Garsoïan 1997</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxii–xxxiii-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xxxii–xxxiii_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1976">Thomson 1976</a>, pp. xxxii–xxxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xlii–xliii-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976xlii–xliii_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1976">Thomson 1976</a>, pp. xlii–xliii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1970156-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1970156_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1970">Lang 1970</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1984-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1984_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1984_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1984">Thomson 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199416-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199416_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199416_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoïan1997">Garsoïan 1997</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199419-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199419_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199419_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199419_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199419_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199419_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976478-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976478_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1976">Thomson 1976</a>, p. 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2004358-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2004358_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2004">Russell 2004</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976lxxix-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976lxxix_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1976">Thomson 1976</a>, p. lxxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989139-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989139_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoïan1989">Garsoïan 1989</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781–82-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781–82_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199781–82_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoïan1997">Garsoïan 1997</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976lxviii–lxix-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976lxviii–lxix_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1976">Thomson 1976</a>, pp. lxviii–lxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976375-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976375_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1976">Thomson 1976</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976p._379:_"He_took_some_of_the_pagan_priests'_children_and_brought_them_up_in_his_own_sight_and_under_his_own_care,_giving_them_instruction_and_raising_them_with_spiritual_care_and_fear._Those_who_were_worthy_of_attaining_the_rank_of_bishop_received_ordination_from_him"-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976p._379:_"He_took_some_of_the_pagan_priests'_children_and_brought_them_up_in_his_own_sight_and_under_his_own_care,_giving_them_instruction_and_raising_them_with_spiritual_care_and_fear._Those_who_were_worthy_of_attaining_the_rank_of_bishop_received_ordination_from_him"_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1976">Thomson 1976</a>, p. 379: "He took some of the pagan priests' children and brought them up in his own sight and under his own care, giving them instruction and raising them with spiritual care and fear. Those who were worthy of attaining the rank of bishop received ordination from him".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199422-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199422_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782–83-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199782–83_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoïan1997">Garsoïan 1997</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989375-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan1989375_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoïan1989">Garsoïan 1989</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1976393–397-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1976393–397_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1976">Thomson 1976</a>, pp. 393–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199783-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan199783_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoïan1997">Garsoïan 1997</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETerian200576-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerian200576_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTerian2005">Terian 2005</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1978248–249-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1978248–249_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1978">Thomson 1978</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1978249–250-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1978249–250_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1978">Thomson 1978</a>, pp. 249–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1969268-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1969268_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToumanoff1969">Toumanoff 1969</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730184426/https://www.ilur.am/news/view/76624.html">"Լևոն Տեր-Պետրոսյանի նոր գիրքը [Levon Ter-Petrosyan's new book]"</a>. <i>ilur.am</i> (in Armenian). 27 July 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilur.am/news/view/76624.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ilur.am&rft.atitle=%D4%BC%D6%87%D5%B8%D5%B6+%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%80-%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80+%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A8+%5BLevon+Ter-Petrosyan%27s+new+book%5D&rft.date=2019-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilur.am%2Fnews%2Fview%2F76624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2004605–606-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2004605–606_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2004">Russell 2004</a>, pp. 605–606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouymjian2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kouymjian, Dickran (2005). Borgeaud and Youri Volokhine, Philippe; Volokhine, Youri (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18448087">"The Right Hand of St. Gregory and other Armenian Arm Relics"</a>. <i>Les objets de la mémoire. Pour une approche comparatiste des reliques et de leur culte</i>: 215–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+objets+de+la+m%C3%A9moire.+Pour+une+approche+comparatiste+des+reliques+et+de+leur+culte&rft.atitle=The+Right+Hand+of+St.+Gregory+and+other+Armenian+Arm+Relics&rft.pages=215-240&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kouymjian&rft.aufirst=Dickran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F18448087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianchurchsydney.org.au/discovery-of-the-relics-of-st-gregory-the-illuminator/">"Discovery of the Relics of St Gregory the Illuminator – Armenian Apostolic Church of Holy Resurrection"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Relics+of+St+Gregory+the+Illuminator+%E2%80%93+Armenian+Apostolic+Church+of+Holy+Resurrection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenianchurchsydney.org.au%2Fdiscovery-of-the-relics-of-st-gregory-the-illuminator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domar: the calendrical and liturgical cycle of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, Armenian Orthodox Theological Research Institute, 2002, pp. 391, 427–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci201847-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci201847_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaranci2018">Maranci 2018</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci201870-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci201870_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaranci2018">Maranci 2018</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018131–132-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018131–132_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaranci2018">Maranci 2018</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018121-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018121_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaranci2018">Maranci 2018</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018152-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018152_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaranci2018">Maranci 2018</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018181–3-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018181–3_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaranci2018">Maranci 2018</a>, pp. 181–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018195-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaranci2018195_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaranci2018">Maranci 2018</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illuminated by Vardan of Baghesh (Vardan Baghishets‘i; act. 1569–1578). Scribe: Hakob the deacon (sarkawag) (act. second half 16th century). Tempera and ink on paper; 353 folios. <a href="/wiki/Matenadaran" title="Matenadaran">Matenadaran</a>, Yerevan, Armenia (ms 1920) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiñon2018" class="citation book cs1">Piñon, Erin (2018). "Revival of Early Narratives in Manuscripts". In <a href="/wiki/Helen_C._Evans" title="Helen C. Evans">Evans, Helen C.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Armenia_Art_Religion_and_Trade_in_the_Middle_Ages"><i>Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezNtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA210">210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-660-0"><bdi>978-1-58839-660-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028910888">1028910888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revival+of+Early+Narratives+in+Manuscripts&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+Art%2C+Religion%2C+and+Trade+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+and+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028910888&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-660-0&rft.aulast=Pi%C3%B1on&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FArmenia_Art_Religion_and_Trade_in_the_Middle_Ages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan198441-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan198441_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyvazyan1984">Ayvazyan 1984</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agiamarinaalykou.gr/%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9/%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B7-30-%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85-2021/">"Άγιος Γρηγόριος ο Ιερομάρτυρας επίσκοπος της Μεγάλης Αρμενίας"</a>. <i>Ιερό Προσκύνημα Αγίας Μαρίνας Αλυκού</i>. 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+martyrology%2C+in+which+are+to+be+found+the+eulogies+of+the+saints+and+blessed+approved+by+the+Sacred+Congregation+of+Rites+up+to+1961&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=The+Newman+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanmartyrology0000cath%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf"><i>Missale Romanum 1962</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missale+Romanum+1962&rft.pages=204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.musicasacra.com%2Fpdf%2Fmissale62.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207183756/https://asbarez.com/vatican-unveils-monument-of-saint-gregory-the-illuminator/">"Vatican Unveils Monument of Saint Gregory the Illuminator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asbarez" title="Asbarez">Asbarez</a></i>. January 19, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asbarez.com/vatican-unveils-monument-of-saint-gregory-the-illuminator/">the original</a> on 7 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asbarez&rft.atitle=Vatican+Unveils+Monument+of+Saint+Gregory+the+Illuminator&rft.date=2005-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2Fvatican-unveils-monument-of-saint-gregory-the-illuminator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207185114/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/2872/pope-extends-special-greeting-to-armenian-patriarch">"Pope extends special greeting to Armenian Patriarch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. January 18, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/2872/pope-extends-special-greeting-to-armenian-patriarch">the original</a> on 7 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+extends+special+greeting+to+Armenian+Patriarch&rft.date=2005-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F2872%2Fpope-extends-special-greeting-to-armenian-patriarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208154741/https://www.panarmenian.net/eng/politics/news/11920/">"Monument To Grigor Enlightener To Be Erected"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PanARMENIAN.Net" title="PanARMENIAN.Net">PanARMENIAN.Net</a>. January 17, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panarmenian.net/eng/politics/news/11920/">the original</a> on 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Monument+To+Grigor+Enlightener+To+Be+Erected&rft.date=2005-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panarmenian.net%2Feng%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2F11920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207185111/https://www.byzcath.org/forums/ubbthreads.php/topics/2488/Re:_St._Gregory_Finds_a_Niche_">"St. Gregory Finds a Niche at a Vatican: Pope Blesses Statue of Apostle of Armenia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zenit_News_Agency" title="Zenit News Agency">Zenit News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.byzcath.org/forums/ubbthreads.php/topics/2488/Re:_St._Gregory_Finds_a_Niche_">the original</a> on 7 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=St.+Gregory+Finds+a+Niche+at+a+Vatican%3A+Pope+Blesses+Statue+of+Apostle+of+Armenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.byzcath.org%2Fforums%2Fubbthreads.php%2Ftopics%2F2488%2FRe%3A_St._Gregory_Finds_a_Niche_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207183752/https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2008/february/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20080222_san-gregorio.html">"Address of His Holiness Benedict XVI During the Inauguration of A Plaque of St Gregory the Illuminator in the North Courtyard of the Vatican Basilica"</a>. <i>vatican.va</i>. <a href="/wiki/Libreria_Editrice_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Libreria Editrice Vaticana">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 22 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2008/february/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20080222_san-gregorio.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Address+of+His+Holiness+Benedict+XVI+During+the+Inauguration+of+A+Plaque+of+St+Gregory+the+Illuminator+in+the+North+Courtyard+of+the+Vatican+Basilica&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Fspeeches%2F2008%2Ffebruary%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_spe_20080222_san-gregorio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3e7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 2019-12-01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7"><bdi>978-1-64065-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-234-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3e7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConybeare1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis_Conybeare" title="Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare">Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gregory the Illuminator"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gregory_the_Illuminator">"Gregory the Illuminator" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 565–566.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gregory+the+Illuminator&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=565-566&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Conybeare&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Cornwallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsoïan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Garso%C3%AFan" title="Nina Garsoïan">Garsoïan, Nina</a> (1997). "The Aršakuni Dynasty". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hovannisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (ed.). <i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</i>. Vol. 1. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-10169-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-10169-4"><bdi>0-312-10169-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ar%C5%A1akuni+Dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-312-10169-4&rft.aulast=Garso%C3%AFan&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsoïan1989" class="citation book cs1">Garsoïan, Nina G. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSnXAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Epic Histories Attributed to Pʻawstos Buzand (Buzandaran Patmutʻiwnkʻ)</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-25865-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-25865-7"><bdi>0-674-25865-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+Histories+Attributed+to+P%CA%BBawstos+Buzand+%28Buzandaran+Patmut%CA%BBiwnk%CA%BB%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-674-25865-7&rft.aulast=Garso%C3%AFan&rft.aufirst=Nina+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSnXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Grigor_I_Lusavorichʻ,"_Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia1977" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://hy.wikisource.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BB:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia)_3.djvu/212">"Grigor I Lusavorichʻ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia">Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran</a></i> (in Armenian). Vol. 3. Yerevan. 1977. p. 212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grigor+I+Lusavorich%CA%BB&rft.btitle=Haykakan+sovetakan+hanragitaran&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=212&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhy.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D4%25B7%25D5%25BB%3A%25D5%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%258D%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BE%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A3%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%28Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia%29_3.djvu%2F212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1970" class="citation book cs1">Lang, David Marshall (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniacradleofc0000lang"><i>Armenia, Cradle of Civilization</i></a>. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-956007-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-956007-7"><bdi>0-04-956007-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+Cradle+of+Civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-04-956007-7&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=David+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniacradleofc0000lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2004" class="citation book cs1">Russell, James R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yW0bAQAAIAAJ&q=gregory+the+illuminator+house+of+suren"><i>Armenian and Iranian Studies</i></a>. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935411-19-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935411-19-5"><bdi>978-0-935411-19-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+and+Iranian+Studies&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Department+of+Near+Eastern+Languages+and+Civilizations%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-935411-19-5&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyW0bAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgregory%2Bthe%2Billuminator%2Bhouse%2Bof%2Bsuren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerian2005" class="citation book cs1">Terian, Abraham (2005). <i>Patriotism and Piety in Armenian Christianity: The Early Panegyrics On Saint Gregory</i>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-293-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-293-2"><bdi>978-0-88141-293-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriotism+and+Piety+in+Armenian+Christianity%3A+The+Early+Panegyrics+On+Saint+Gregory&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-293-2&rft.aulast=Terian&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thomson, R. W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/agathangelos">"Agathangelos"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/6: Afghanistan–Ahriman</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 607–608. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-095-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-095-9"><bdi>978-0-71009-095-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agathangelos&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+I%2F6%3A+Afghanistan%E2%80%93Ahriman&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=607-608&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-095-9&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fagathangelos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Thomson" title="Robert W. Thomson">Thomson, Robert W.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomson-1980-agatangeghos">"Agathangelos"</a>. In Greppin, John A. C. (ed.). <i>Studies in Classical Armenian Literature</i>. Delmar, New York: Caravan Books. pp. 15–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agathangelos&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Classical+Armenian+Literature&rft.place=Delmar%2C+New+York&rft.pages=15-26&rft.pub=Caravan+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomson-1980-agatangeghos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Thomson" title="Robert W. Thomson">Thomson, Robert W.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofarmenia0000agat"><i><span></span></i>Agathangelos<i>, History of the Armenians</i></a>. Albany: SUNY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-323-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-323-1"><bdi>0-87395-323-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agathangelos%2C+History+of+the+Armenians&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=SUNY&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87395-323-1&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofarmenia0000agat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Thomson" title="Robert W. Thomson">Thomson, Robert W.</a> (1978). <i><span></span></i>Moses Khorenatsʻi<i>, History of the Armenians</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39571-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39571-9"><bdi>0-674-39571-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moses+Khorenats%CA%BBi%2C+History+of+the+Armenians&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-674-39571-9&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff" title="Cyril Toumanoff">Toumanoff, Cyril</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toumanoff1969arsacids">"The Third-Century Armenian Arsacids: A Chronological and Genealogical Commentary"</a>. <i>Revue des études arméniennes</i>. <b>6</b>: 233–281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+arm%C3%A9niennes&rft.atitle=The+Third-Century+Armenian+Arsacids%3A+A+Chronological+and+Genealogical+Commentary&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=233-281&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoumanoff1969arsacids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDer_Nersessian1966" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sirarpie_Der_Nersessian" title="Sirarpie Der Nersessian">Der Nersessian, Sirarpie</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169213">"Les portraits de Grégoire l'Illuminateur dans l'art byzantin [Portraits of Gregory the Illuminator in Byzantine Art]"</a>. <i>Byzantion</i> (in French). <b>36</b> (2): 386–395. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169213">44169213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantion&rft.atitle=Les+portraits+de+Gr%C3%A9goire+l%27Illuminateur+dans+l%27art+byzantin+%5BPortraits+of+Gregory+the+Illuminator+in+Byzantine+Art%5D&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=386-395&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44169213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Der+Nersessian&rft.aufirst=Sirarpie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44169213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangoHawkins1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Mango, Cyril</a>; Hawkins, Ernest J. W. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291315">"The Mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul. The Church Fathers in the North Tympanum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers" title="Dumbarton Oaks Papers">Dumbarton Oaks Papers</a></i>. <b>26</b>: 1–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291315">10.2307/1291315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291315">1291315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Mosaics+of+St.+Sophia+at+Istanbul.+The+Church+Fathers+in+the+North+Tympanum&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=1-41&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291315%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Ernest+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyvazyan1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ayvazyan, Gh. V. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/268361/edition/245832/content">"Գրիգոր Լուսավորչի պաշտամունքը Բյուզանդական կայսրությունում [The Cult of Gregory the Illuminator in the Byzantine Empire]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_(magazine)" title="Etchmiadzin (magazine)">Etchmiadzin</a></i> (in Armenian). <b>41</b> (6): 40–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Etchmiadzin&rft.atitle=%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80+%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%AB+%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A8+%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%5BThe+Cult+of+Gregory+the+Illuminator+in+the+Byzantine+Empire%5D&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=40-47&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ayvazyan&rft.aufirst=Gh.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farar.sci.am%2Fdlibra%2Fpublication%2F268361%2Fedition%2F245832%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaranci2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Maranci" title="Christina Maranci">Maranci, Christina</a> (2018). <i>The Art of Armenia: An Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026900-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026900-5"><bdi>978-0-19-026900-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Armenia%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026900-5&rft.aulast=Maranci&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_the_Illuminator&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gregory_the_Illuminator" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/St Gregory the Illuminator"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/St_Gregory_the_Illuminator">"St Gregory the Illuminator" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Gregory+the+Illuminator&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/agathangelos/en/AGATHANGELOS.html"><i>Agathangelos: History of St. Gregory and the Conversion of Armenia</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Gregory, St."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Gregory,_St.">"Gregory, St." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gregory%2C+St.&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+the+Illuminator" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandzasar.com/">Gandzasar Monastery, Nagorno Karabakh</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">New creation</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholicoi_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Catholicoi of Armenia">Catholicos of the Holy See of St. Echmiadzin and All Armenians</a> </b><br />288–325 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/St._Aristaces_I" title="St. Aristaces I">St. Aristaces I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309953#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309953#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118936557">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gregory, the Illuminator, Saint, approximately 240-approximately 332"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50081659">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb159918806">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb159918806">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gregorius : Illuminator <santo>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV079030">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=45124">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cgxlh5rgs1bg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810533631205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/18289">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279067305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118936557.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118936557">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/133823962">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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