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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koto_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koto_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Koto today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koto_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Koto (instrument)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="كوتو (آلة موسيقية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوتو (آلة موسيقية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Кото – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кото" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(instrument_musical)" title="Koto (instrument musical) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Koto (instrument musical)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Кото – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кото" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Κότο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κότο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoo" title="Kotoo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kotoo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2)" title="کوتو (ساز) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوتو (ساز)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3t%C3%B3" title="Cótó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cótó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%86%A0_(%EC%95%85%EA%B8%B0)" title="고토 (악기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고토 (악기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(alat_musik)" title="Koto (alat musik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koto (alat musik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95_(%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="קוטו (כלי נגינה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוטו (כלי נגינה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Кото – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кото" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B" title="കോട്ടോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോട്ടോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87)" title="كوتو (اله موسيقيه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوتو (اله موسيقيه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koto (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%8F" title="箏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="箏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(musikkinstrument)" title="Koto (musikkinstrument) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koto (musikkinstrument)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(instrument_muzical)" title="Koto (instrument muzical) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Koto (instrument muzical)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Кото – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кото" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="कोटो (वाद्यम्) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कोटो (वाद्यम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koto (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(glasbilo)" title="Koto (glasbilo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koto (glasbilo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Кото (инструмент) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кото (инструмент)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(soitin)" title="Koto (soitin) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koto (soitin)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koto (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(enstr%C3%BCman)" title="Koto (enstrüman) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koto (enstrüman)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Кото (музичний інструмент) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кото (музичний інструмент)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto_(nh%E1%BA%A1c_c%E1%BB%A5)" title="Koto (nhạc cụ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Koto (nhạc cụ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%AE%8F" title="日本箏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本箏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q289037#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese plucked string instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Koto</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Koto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A long, rectangular wood instrument with a slight horizontal curve, strung along its length with raised strings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Japanese_Koto.jpg/250px-Japanese_Koto.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Japanese_Koto.jpg/375px-Japanese_Koto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Japanese_Koto.jpg/500px-Japanese_Koto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">13-stringed koto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stringed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringed instrument">Stringed instrument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">312.22–6<br />(Heterochord half-tube <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a> sounded with three <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrums</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Kenjun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">16th century</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17-string_koto" title="17-string koto">17-string koto</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">Zheng</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yatga" title="Yatga">Yatga</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gayageum" title="Gayageum">Gayageum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tranh" title="Đàn tranh">Đàn tranh</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>koto</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AE%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:箏">箏</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%90%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:琴">琴</a></span></span>)</span> is a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">plucked</a> <a href="/wiki/Tube_zither#Half-tube_zithers" title="Tube zither">half-tube zither</a> instrument, and the national instrument of Japan. It is derived from the Chinese <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">zheng</a></i></span> and <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Se_(instrument)" title="Se (instrument)">se</a></i></span>, and similar to the Mongolian <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yatga" title="Yatga">yatga</a></i></span>, the Korean <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gayageum" title="Gayageum">gayageum</a></i></span> and <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ajaeng" title="Ajaeng">ajaeng</a></i></span>, the Vietnamese <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tranh" title="Đàn tranh">đàn tranh</a></i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <span title="Sundanese-language romanization"><i lang="su-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kacapi" title="Kacapi">kacapi</a></i></span> and the Kazakh <span title="Kazakh-language romanization"><i lang="kk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jetigen" title="Jetigen">jetigen</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koto are roughly 180 centimetres (71 in) in length, and made from <a href="/wiki/Paulownia" title="Paulownia">Paulownia wood</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Paulownia_tomentosa" title="Paulownia tomentosa">Paulownia tomentosa</a></i>, known as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kiri</i></span>). The most common type uses 13 strings strung over movable <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridges</a> used for tuning, different pieces possibly requiring different tuning. <a href="/wiki/17-string_koto" title="17-string koto">Seventeen-string koto</a> are also common, and act as <a href="/wiki/Bass_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (instrument)">bass</a> in ensembles. Koto strings are generally plucked using three <a href="/wiki/Fingerpicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerpicks">fingerpicks</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsume</i></span>), worn on the first three fingers of the right hand. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Koto_performance.ogg" title="File:Koto performance.ogg">Koto performance</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Koto_performance.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Koto_performance.ogg/Koto_performance.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Koto_performance.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">13-stringed koto performance of the song "<a href="/wiki/Sakura_Sakura" title="Sakura Sakura">Sakura Sakura</a>"</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_types">Names and types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto_(instrument)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The character for <i>koto</i> is <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AE%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:箏">箏</a></span></span>, although <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%90%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:琴">琴</a></span></span> is often used. However, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">琴</span></span> (<i>koto</i>) is the general term for all string instruments in the Japanese language,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kotobank-koto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kotobank-koto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including instruments such as the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kin no koto</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sō no koto</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yamato-goto</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">wagon</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">nanagen-kin</i></span>, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-kotobank-koto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kotobank-koto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When read as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kin</i></span>, it indicates the Chinese instrument <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">guqin</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is used today in the same way. </p><p>The term <i>koto</i> appears in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i></span> in reference to an ancient string instrument in this usage.<sup id="cite_ref-kotobank-koto_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kotobank-koto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations of the instrument were eventually created, and eventually a few of them would become the standard variations for modern day koto. The four types of koto (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gakuso, chikuso, zokuso, tagenso</i></span>) were all created by different subcultures, but also adapted to change the playing style.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One regional style of the koto is the <i>Tategoto</i> (竪琴) from the <a href="/wiki/Amami_Islands" title="Amami Islands">Amami Islands</a>. Unlike other varieties of the koto, it is held upright on the lap and played with one hand, may have more strings, is shorter, and is typically strung with steel strings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto_(instrument)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancestor of the koto was the Chinese <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">guzheng</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chime_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chime-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-howard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first introduced to Japan from China in the 7th and 8th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known version had five strings, which eventually increased to seven strings. The Japanese koto belongs to the Asian zither family that also comprises the Chinese <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zheng</i></span> (ancestral to the other <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zithers</a> in the family), the Korean <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gayageum" title="Gayageum">gayageum</a></i></span>, and the Vietnamese <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tranh" title="Đàn tranh">đàn tranh</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-chime_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chime-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This variety of instrument came in two basic forms, a zither that had bridges and a zither without bridges. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_playing_koto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lady_playing_koto.jpg/220px-Lady_playing_koto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lady_playing_koto.jpg/330px-Lady_playing_koto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lady_playing_koto.jpg/440px-Lady_playing_koto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4104" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>An 1878 depiction by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Settei_Hasegawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Settei Hasegawa (page does not exist)">Settei Hasegawa</a> of a woman playing the koto</figcaption></figure> <p>When the koto was first imported to Japan, the native word koto was a generic term for any and all Japanese stringed instruments. As the number of different stringed instruments in Japan grew, the once-basic definition of koto could not describe the wide variety of these instruments and so the meanings changed. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">azumagoto</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yamatogoto" title="Yamatogoto">yamatogoto</a></i></span> was called the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">wagon</i></span>, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kin no koto</i></span> was called the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">kin</a></i></span>, and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sau no koto</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sau</i></span> being an older pronunciation of <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">箏</span></span>) was called the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sō</i></span> or koto. </p><p>The modern koto originates from the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gakusō</i></span> used in Japanese court music (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">gagaku</a></i></span>). It was a popular instrument among the wealthy; the instrument was considered a romantic one. Some literary and historical records indicate that solo pieces for koto existed centuries before <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sōkyoku</i></span>, the music of the solo koto genre, was established. According to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese literature</a>, the koto was used as imagery and other extra music significance. In one part of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Genji" title="Hikaru Genji">titular character</a> falls deeply in love with a mysterious woman whom he has never seen before, after hearing her playing the koto from a distance. </p><p>The koto of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chikuso</i></span> was made for the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tsukushigato</i></span> tradition, originally intended only for blind men. Women were forbidden from playing the instrument in the professional world, nor were they allowed to teach it. When these strict rules were relieved, women began to play the koto, with the exception of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chikuso</i></span>, as its design for the blind led to a decline in use; other koto proved more useful. The two main koto varieties still used today are the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gakuso</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">zokuso</i></span>. These two have relatively stayed the same, with the exception of material innovations such as the use of plastic, as well as modern material for the strings. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tagenso</i></span> is the newest addition to the koto family, surfacing in the 19th century. It was purposefully created to extend the range of the instrument and advance the style of play. These were made with 17, 21, and 31 strings.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most important influence on the development of koto was <a href="/wiki/Yatsuhashi_Kengyo" title="Yatsuhashi Kengyo">Yatsuhashi Kengyo</a> (1614–1685). Yatsuhashi was a gifted blind musician from <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> who vastly extended the limited selection of only six traditional koto songs to a brand-new style of koto music which he called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kumi uta</i></span>. Yatsuhashi changed the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsukushi goto</i></span> tunings, which were based on the older <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">gagaku</a></i></span> ways of tuning; and with this change, a new style of koto was born. Yatsuhashi is now known as the "Father of Modern Koto".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A smaller influence in the evolution of the koto is found in the inspiration of a woman named Keiko Nosaka. Nosaka (a musician who won Grand Prize in Music from the Japanese Ministry of Culture in 2002), felt confined by playing a koto with just 13 strings, and created new versions of the instrument with 20 or more strings.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koto_by_Fumie_Hihara_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Koto_by_Fumie_Hihara_2016.png/220px-Koto_by_Fumie_Hihara_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Koto_by_Fumie_Hihara_2016.png/330px-Koto_by_Fumie_Hihara_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Koto_by_Fumie_Hihara_2016.png/440px-Koto_by_Fumie_Hihara_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>Fumie Hihara playing a 13-string koto</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese developments in bridgeless zithers include the one-stringed koto (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ichigenkin" title="Ichigenkin">ichigenkin</a></i></span>) and two-stringed koto (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">nigenkin</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yakumo goto</i></span>). Around the 1920s, Goro Morita created a new version of the two-stringed koto. On this koto, one would push down buttons above the metal strings like the western <a href="/wiki/Autoharp" title="Autoharp">autoharp</a>. It was named the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8Dgoto" title="Taishōgoto">taishōgoto</a></i></span> after the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō period">Taishō period</a>. </p><p>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Period">Meiji Period</a> (1868–1912), Western music was introduced to Japan. <a href="/wiki/Michio_Miyagi" title="Michio Miyagi">Michio Miyagi</a> (1894–1956), a blind composer, innovator, and performer, is considered to have been the first Japanese composer to combine western music and traditional koto music. Miyagi is largely regarded as being responsible for keeping the koto alive when traditional Japanese arts were being forgotten and replaced by Westernization. He wrote over 300 new works for the instrument before his death in a <a href="/wiki/Train_wreck" title="Train wreck">train accident</a> at the age of 62. He also invented the popular 17-string bass koto, created new playing techniques, advanced traditional forms, and most importantly increased the koto's popularity. He performed abroad and by 1928 his piece for koto and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haru_no_Umi" title="Haru no Umi">Haru no Umi</a></i></span> ("Spring Sea") had been transcribed for numerous instruments. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Haru no Umi</i></span> is even played to welcome each <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">New Year in Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Miyagi's time, many composers such as <a href="/wiki/Kimio_Eto" title="Kimio Eto">Kimio Eto</a> (1924–2012) and <a href="/wiki/Tadao_Sawai" title="Tadao Sawai">Tadao Sawai</a> (1937–1997) have written and performed works that continue to advance the instrument. Sawai's widow <a href="/wiki/Kazue_Sawai" title="Kazue Sawai">Kazue Sawai</a>, who as a child was Miyagi's favored disciple, has been the largest driving force behind the internationalization and modernization of the koto. Her arrangement of composer <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>'s prepared piano duet "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Dances (page does not exist)">Three Dances</a>" for four prepared bass koto was a landmark in the modern era of koto music. </p><p>For about 150 years after the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese shirked their isolationist ideals and began to openly embrace American and European influences, the most likely explanation for why the koto has taken on many different variations of itself.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto_(instrument)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koto_(sou)-ryubi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Koto_%28sou%29-ryubi.jpeg/220px-Koto_%28sou%29-ryubi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Koto_%28sou%29-ryubi.jpeg/330px-Koto_%28sou%29-ryubi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Koto_%28sou%29-ryubi.jpeg/440px-Koto_%28sou%29-ryubi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Detail of koto</figcaption></figure> <p>A koto is typically made of <a href="/wiki/Paulownia" title="Paulownia">Paulownia</a> wood (known as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kiri</i></span>), although treatment of the wood varies tremendously between artisans. A koto may or may not be adorned. Adornments include inlays of ivory and ebony, tortoise shell, metal figures, etc. The wood is also cut into two patterns, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">itame</i></span> (also called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">mokume</i></span>), which has a swirling pattern, or straight-lined <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">masame</i></span>. The straight lined pattern is easier to manufacture, so the swirl raises the cost of production, and is therefore reserved for decorative and elegant models.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body of a traditional koto is made of Paulownia wood.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every piece of the instrument comes with cultural significance, especially since the koto is the national instrument. The wood is dried and cut into precise measurements. The size of the soundboard on a standard modern koto has remained approximately 182 centimetres (72 in), where in the past it ranged from 152 to 194 centimetres (60 to 76 in). </p><p>The bridges (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ji</i></span>) used to be made of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, but nowadays are typically made of plastic, and occasionally made of wood. One can alter the pitch of a string by manipulating or moving the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-credoreference.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-credoreference.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some very low notes, there are small bridges made, as well as specialty bridges with three different heights, depending on the need of the tuning. When a small bridge is unavailable for some very low notes, some players may, as an emergency measure, use a bridge upside down, though this is unstable and not ideal. Bridges have been known to break during playing, and with some older instruments which have the surface where the bridges rest being worn due to much use, the bridges may fall during playing, especially when pressing strings. There are, of course, various sorts of patch materials sold to fill the holes which cause the legs of a bridge to rest on an unstable area. About 6 feet (1.8 m) long and 1 foot (0.30 m) wide, the koto is traditionally placed on the floor in front of the player, who kneels.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koto_(sou)-ji.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Koto_%28sou%29-ji.jpeg/170px-Koto_%28sou%29-ji.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Koto_%28sou%29-ji.jpeg/255px-Koto_%28sou%29-ji.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Koto_%28sou%29-ji.jpeg/340px-Koto_%28sou%29-ji.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ji</i></span> (bridge)</figcaption></figure> <p>The strings are made from a variety of materials. Various types of plastic strings are popular. <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a> strings, typically yellow in color, are still made, despite their higher price and lower durability than modern strings; some musicians prefer them, perceiving a difference in sound quality to modern strings. The strings are tied with a <a href="/wiki/Half_hitch" title="Half hitch">half hitch</a> to a roll of paper or cardboard, about the size of a cigarette butt, strung through the holes at the head of the koto, threaded through the holes at the back, tightened, and tied with a special knot. Strings can be tightened by a special machine, but often are tightened by hand, and then tied. One can tighten by pulling the string from behind, or sitting at the side of the koto, although the latter is much harder and requires much arm strength. Some instruments may have tuning pins (like a piano) installed, to make tuning easier. </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makura ito</i></span>, the silk thread used in the instrument, is a pivotal part of its construction. This feature was not seen on the speculated nobility-style instruments because they used a more tension of theirs and valued the relict nature of their instruments. The commoners did all the innovations that made the koto not only a sturdy instrument, but more sonically adept. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makura ito</i></span> was used in paper so the fine silk was in abundance in Japan. As of the beginning of the 19th century, an ivory called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makura zuno</i></span> became the standard for the koto.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For every part of the koto, there is a traditional name which connects with the opinion that the body of a koto resembles that of a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragon</a>. Thus, the top part is called the "dragon's shell"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竜甲</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūkō</i></span>)</span>, while the bottom part is called the "dragon's stomach"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竜腹</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūfuku</i></span>)</span>. One end of the koto, noticeable because of the removable colorful fabricshell, is known as the "dragon's head"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竜頭</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūzu</i></span>)</span>, consisting of parts such as the "dragon's horns"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竜角</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūkaku</i></span>)</span> – the saddle of the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridge</a> or the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurazono</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">枕角</span></span>)</span> – "dragon's tongue"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竜舌</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūzetsu</i></span>)</span>, "dragon's eyes"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竜眼</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūgan</i></span>, the holes for the strings)</span> and "dragon's forehead"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竜額</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūgaku</i></span>)</span> – the space above the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">makurazuno</i></span>. The other end of the koto is called the "dragon's tail"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竜尾</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryūbi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>; the <a href="/wiki/Nut_(string_instrument)" title="Nut (string instrument)">string nut</a> is called the "cloud horn"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">雲角</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">unkaku</i></span>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Koto_today">Koto today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto_(instrument)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Koto today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>a lot of unsourced and redlinked additions in this section to artists who possibly fail Wikipedia's notability criteria.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Koto_(instrument)" title="Special:EditPage/Koto (instrument)">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himejijo_Kangetsukai_Oct09_125.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Himejijo_Kangetsukai_Oct09_125.JPG/220px-Himejijo_Kangetsukai_Oct09_125.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Himejijo_Kangetsukai_Oct09_125.JPG/330px-Himejijo_Kangetsukai_Oct09_125.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Himejijo_Kangetsukai_Oct09_125.JPG/440px-Himejijo_Kangetsukai_Oct09_125.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Koto concert at <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Himejijo kangetsukai</i></span> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yagi_Michiyo_playing_koto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Yagi_Michiyo_playing_koto.jpg/220px-Yagi_Michiyo_playing_koto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Yagi_Michiyo_playing_koto.jpg/330px-Yagi_Michiyo_playing_koto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Yagi_Michiyo_playing_koto.jpg/440px-Yagi_Michiyo_playing_koto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Michiyo Yagi playing a 21-string koto</figcaption></figure> <p>The influence of Western pop music has made the koto less prominent in Japan, although it is still developing as an instrument. The <a href="/wiki/17-string_koto" title="17-string koto">17-string bass koto</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">jūshichi-gen</i></span>) has become more prominent over the years since its development by <a href="/wiki/Michio_Miyagi" title="Michio Miyagi">Michio Miyagi</a>. There are also 20-, 21-, and 25-string koto. Works are being written for 20- and 25-string koto and 17-string bass koto. <a href="/wiki/Reiko_Obata" title="Reiko Obata">Reiko Obata</a> has also made the koto accessible to Western music readers with the publication of two books for solo koto using Western notation. The current generation of koto players, such as American performers <a href="/wiki/Reiko_Obata" title="Reiko Obata">Reiko Obata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miya_Masaoka" title="Miya Masaoka">Miya Masaoka</a>, Japanese master <a href="/wiki/Kazue_Sawai" title="Kazue Sawai">Kazue Sawai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michiyo_Yagi" title="Michiyo Yagi">Michiyo Yagi</a>, are finding places for the koto in today's <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>. The members of the band <a href="/wiki/Rin%27" title="Rin'">Rin'</a> are popular 17-string koto players in the modern music scene. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=June_Kuramoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="June Kuramoto (page does not exist)">June Kuramoto</a> of the jazz fusion group <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_(band)" title="Hiroshima (band)">Hiroshima</a> was one of the first koto performers to popularize the koto in a non-traditional fusion style. Reiko Obata, founder of East West Jazz, was the first to perform and record an album of jazz standards featuring the koto. Obata also produced the first-ever English language koto instructional DVD, titled "You Can Play Koto". Obata is one of the few koto performers to perform concertos with United States orchestras, having done so on multiple occasions, including with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchestra_Nova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orchestra Nova (page does not exist)">Orchestra Nova</a> for San Diego's <a href="/wiki/KPBS_Public_Media" title="KPBS Public Media">KPBS</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other solo performers outside Japan include award-winning recording artist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Falconer" title="Elizabeth Falconer">Elizabeth Falconer</a>, who also studied for a decade at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawai_Koto_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawai Koto School (page does not exist)">Sawai Koto School</a> in Tokyo, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Kako_Caplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Kako Caplan (page does not exist)">Linda Kako Caplan</a>, Canadian <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">daishihan</i></span> (grandmaster) and member of Fukuoka's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chikushi_Koto_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chikushi Koto School (page does not exist)">Chikushi Koto School</a> for over two decades. Another Sawai disciple, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masayo_Ishigure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masayo Ishigure (page does not exist)">Masayo Ishigure</a>, holds down a school in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yukiko_Matsuyama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yukiko Matsuyama (page does not exist)">Yukiko Matsuyama</a> leads her KotoYuki band in Los Angeles. Her compositions blend the timbres of world music with her native Japanese culture. She performed on the Grammy-winning album <i><a href="/wiki/Miho:_Journey_to_the_Mountain" title="Miho: Journey to the Mountain">Miho: Journey to the Mountain</a></i> (2010) by the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Winter_Consort" title="Paul Winter Consort">Paul Winter Consort</a>, garnering additional exposure to Western audiences for the instrument. In November 2011, worldwide audiences were further exposed to the koto when she performed with <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a> at the Latin Grammy Awards. </p><p>In March 2010, the koto received widespread international attention when a video linked by the Grammy Award-winning hard rock band <a href="/wiki/Tool_(band)" title="Tool (band)">Tool</a> on its website became a viral hit. The video showed Tokyo-based ensemble <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soemon (page does not exist)">Soemon</a> playing member Brett Larner's arrangement of the Tool song "<a href="/wiki/Lateralus_(song)" title="Lateralus (song)">Lateralus</a>" for six bass and two bass koto. Larner had previously played koto with <a href="/wiki/John_Fahey_(musician)" title="John Fahey (musician)">John Fahey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_O%27Rourke_(musician)" title="Jim O'Rourke (musician)">Jim O'Rourke</a>, and members of indie rock groups including <a href="/wiki/Camper_Van_Beethoven" title="Camper Van Beethoven">Camper Van Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deerhoof" title="Deerhoof">Deerhoof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_O_Motherfucker" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackie O Motherfucker">Jackie O Motherfucker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mr._Bungle" title="Mr. Bungle">Mr. Bungle</a>. </p><p>In older pop and rock music, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> used a koto in the instrumental piece "<a href="/wiki/Moss_Garden_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss Garden (song)">Moss Garden</a>" on his album <i><a href="/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_album)" class="mw-redirect" title=""Heroes" (David Bowie album)">"Heroes"</a></i> (1977). The multi-instrumentalist, founder, and former guitarist of <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Jones" title="Brian Jones">Brian Jones</a> played the koto in the song "<a href="/wiki/Take_It_or_Leave_It_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Take It or Leave It (The Rolling Stones song)">Take It Or Leave It</a>" on the album <i><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath (The Rolling Stones album)">Aftermath</a></i> (1966). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilbert" title="Paul Gilbert">Paul Gilbert</a>, a popular <a href="/wiki/Guitar_virtuoso" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar virtuoso">guitar virtuoso</a>, recorded his wife Emi playing the koto on his song "Koto Girl" from the album <a href="/wiki/Alligator_Farm_(album)" title="Alligator Farm (album)"><i>Alligator Farm</i></a> (2000). Rock band <a href="/wiki/Kagrra," title="Kagrra,">Kagrra,</a> are well known for using traditional Japanese musical instruments in many of their songs, an example being <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Utakata"</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">うたかた</span></span>)</span>, a song in which the koto has a prominent place. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Tong" title="Winston Tong">Winston Tong</a>, the singer of <a href="/wiki/Tuxedomoon" title="Tuxedomoon">Tuxedomoon</a>, uses it on his 15-minute song "The Hunger" from his debut solo album <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretically_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theoretically Chinese (page does not exist)">Theoretically Chinese</a></i> (1985). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> used a (toy) koto in "<a href="/wiki/The_Prophet%27s_Song#The_Prophet's_Song" title="The Prophet's Song">The Prophet's Song</a>" on their 1975 album <i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_at_the_Opera_(Queen_album)" title="A Night at the Opera (Queen album)">A Night at the Opera</a></i>. Ex-<a href="/wiki/Genesis_(band)" title="Genesis (band)">Genesis</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Hackett" title="Steve Hackett">Steve Hackett</a> used a koto on the instrumental song "The Red Flower of Tachai Blooms Everywhere" from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Spectral_Mornings" title="Spectral Mornings">Spectral Mornings</a></i> (1979), and <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(band)" title="Genesis (band)">Genesis</a> keyboardist <a href="/wiki/Tony_Banks_(musician)" title="Tony Banks (musician)">Tony Banks</a> sampled a koto using an <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator" title="E-mu Emulator">Emulator</a> keyboard for the band's song "<a href="/wiki/Mama_(Genesis_song)" title="Mama (Genesis song)">Mama</a>". A koto played by Hazel Payne is featured in <a href="/wiki/A_Taste_of_Honey_(band)" title="A Taste of Honey (band)">A Taste of Honey</a>'s 1981 English cover of the Japanese song "<a href="/wiki/Sukiyaki_(song)" title="Sukiyaki (song)">Sukiyaki</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A synthesized koto appears in their cover of <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">The Miracles</a>' "<a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Try_Something_New_(song)" title="I'll Try Something New (song)">I'll Try Something New</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Howe" title="Steve Howe">Steve Howe</a> used a koto in the instrumental break of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(band)" title="Asia (band)">Asia</a>'s single "<a href="/wiki/Heat_of_the_Moment_(Asia_song)" title="Heat of the Moment (Asia song)">Heat of the Moment</a>", from their <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Asia_album)" title="Asia (Asia album)">self-titled 1982 album</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe also played a koto on the <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a> song "It Will Be a Good Day (The River)", from the 1999 album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladder_(Yes_album)" title="The Ladder (Yes album)">The Ladder</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a>'s 1999 album <i><a href="/wiki/2001_(Dr._Dre_album)" title="2001 (Dr. Dre album)">2001</a></i> prominently features a synthesized koto on two of its tracks, "<a href="/wiki/Still_D.R.E." title="Still D.R.E.">Still D.R.E.</a>" and "The Message".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A 2020 acoustic cover of <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Evermore" title="The Battle of Evermore">The Battle of Evermore</a>" by PianoRock feat. Dean McNeill<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also prominently features a synthesized koto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto_(instrument)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Silenziosa_Luna" title="Silenziosa Luna">Silenziosa Luna</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">沈黙の月</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chinmoku no Tsuki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> / ALM Records ALCD-76 (2008)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto_(instrument)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17-string_koto" title="17-string koto">17-string koto</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tranh" title="Đàn tranh">Đàn tranh</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">Guzheng</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gayageum" title="Gayageum">Gayageum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sundanese-language romanization"><i lang="su-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kacapi" title="Kacapi">Kacapi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Santur</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Se_(instrument)" title="Se (instrument)">Se</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8Dgoto" title="Taishōgoto">Taishōgoto</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto_(instrument)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9369409">"Koto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Koto&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9369409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoto+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(ja) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%90%B4_%28%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%29/">Digital Daijisen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kotobank-koto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kotobank-koto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kotobank-koto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kotobank-koto_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(ja) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%90%B4%E3%83%BB%E7%AE%8F-2039269#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8">Kotobank koto</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(ja) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%90%B4-53954">Kotobank kin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Henry (1996). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Koto" by Any Other name: Exploring Japanese Systems of Musical Instrument Classification". <i>Asian Music</i>. <b>49</b>: 38–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Music&rft.atitle=%22A+Koto%22+by+Any+Other+name%3A+Exploring+Japanese+Systems+of+Musical+Instrument+Classification&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=38-64&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoto+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeal2006" class="citation book cs1">Deal, William E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKr3XPabVQIC"><i>Handbook to life in medieval and early modern Japan</i></a>. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 266–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5622-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5622-6"><bdi>0-8160-5622-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+life+in+medieval+and+early+modern+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=266-267&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8160-5622-6&rft.aulast=Deal&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKr3XPabVQIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoto+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3pAVBPf0ub0C"><i>Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 2</i></a> (international ed.). Minnesota: Americana Corp. 1966. p. 400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Minnesota&rft.pages=400&rft.edition=international&rft.pub=Americana+Corp.&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3pAVBPf0ub0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoto+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chime-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chime_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chime_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan_Mei2005" class="citation journal cs1">Han Mei (2005). "Hugo's window on the world of Chinese zheng". CD REVIEWS. <i>Chime</i> (16–17). Leiden: European Foundation for Chinese Music Research: 242–245. <q>Throughout the centuries, the zheng became the parent instrument of the Asian zither family as it spread from China to a number of adjacent countries giving birth to the Japanese koto, the Korean kayagum and the Vietnamese dan tranh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chime&rft.atitle=Hugo%27s+window+on+the+world+of+Chinese+zheng&rft.issue=16%E2%80%9317&rft.pages=242-245&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Han+Mei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoto+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howard-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howard_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1995" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Keith (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanmusicalins00howa/page/38"><i>Korean musical instruments</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanmusicalins00howa/page/38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-586177-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-586177-8"><bdi>978-0-19-586177-8</bdi></a>. <q>The kayagum, the most popular South Korean instrument, is a 12-string half-tube plucked zither (H/S 312.22.5) (Plate 7). It resembles the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">guzheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazheng" title="Yazheng">yazheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Se_(instrument)" title="Se (instrument)">se</a>, Japanese koto, Korean <a href="/wiki/Gayageum" title="Gayageum">gayageum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajaeng" title="Ajaeng">ajaeng</a>, Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Yatga" title="Yatga">yatga</a>, Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tranh" title="Đàn tranh">đàn tranh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Kacapi" title="Kacapi">kacapi</a>. All these instruments descend from a common model, the ancient zheng.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+musical+instruments&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-586177-8&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreanmusicalins00howa%2Fpage%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoto+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeed2008" class="citation book cs1">Speed, Burgess (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlBxS4CXmxQC"><i>Japan: Your Passport to a New World of Music</i></a>. Alfred Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7390-4303-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7390-4303-5"><bdi>978-0-7390-4303-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+Your+Passport+to+a+New+World+of+Music&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Alfred+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7390-4303-5&rft.aulast=Speed&rft.aufirst=Burgess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlBxS4CXmxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoto+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Henry M. (1996). "Koto manufacture: The Instrument, Construction Process, and Aesthetic Considerations". <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i>. <b>49</b>: 38–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F842391">10.2307/842391</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/842391">842391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Koto+manufacture%3A+The+Instrument%2C+Construction+Process%2C+and+Aesthetic+Considerations&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=38-64&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F842391&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F842391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Henry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoto+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdriaansz1971" class="citation journal cs1">Adriaansz, Willem (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/932501">"The Yatsuhashi-Ryu. A Seventeenth Century School of Koto Music"</a>. <i>Acta Musicologica</i>. <b>43</b> (1/2): 55–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F932501">10.2307/932501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6241">0001-6241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/932501">932501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Musicologica&rft.atitle=The+Yatsuhashi-Ryu.+A+Seventeenth+Century+School+of+Koto+Music&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=55-93&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0001-6241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F932501%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F932501&rft.aulast=Adriaansz&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F932501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoto+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade, Bonnie C. Music in Japan: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. Oxford: Oxford Univ., 2005. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002055557/http://library.bowdoin.edu/branches/beckwith-music-library/koto.shtml">"sian Instrument Collection in the Beckwith Music Library"</a>. <i>Bowdoin</i>. Bowdoin College Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.bowdoin.edu/branches/beckwith-music-library/koto.shtml">the original</a> on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open.spotify.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Evermore+%28Acoustic+Piano+%26+Koto%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.spotify.com%2Falbum%2F2iYgLjCKLcpHdHDRleg21c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoto+%28instrument%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto_(instrument)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Edmonds, Richard Louis et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T043440pg38">"Japan". Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. July 30, 2008.</a></li> <li>Johnson, H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=18&pid=26504"><i>The Koto: A Traditional Instrument in Contemporary Japan.</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Amsterdam: Hotei.</li> <li>Malm, W. P. (2000). <i>Traditional Japanese Music and Musical Instruments.</i> (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Kodansha International.</li> <li>Sachs, C. (1940). <i>The History of Musical Instruments.</i> New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. Inc. Publishers.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto_(instrument)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kototraditionali0000john">The <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Koto</span></span>: A Traditional Instrument in Contemporary Japan</a>, by Henry Johnson (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Hotei</span></span>, 2004)</li> <li>The <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Kumiuta</span></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Danmono</span></span> Traditions of Japanese <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Koto</span></span> Music, by Willem Adriaansz (University of California Press, 1973)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto_(instrument)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Koto" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Koto">Koto</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/edop/ho_2007.194a-f.htm">Koto, early 17th century, Japan</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> at <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221185044/http://www.kotonokoto.org/">Koto no Koto</a> – Koto no koto: the website with general information</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Template:Traditional Japanese musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Traditional Japanese musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional Japanese musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Japanese musical instruments">Traditional Japanese musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">Biwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichigenkin" title="Ichigenkin">Ichigenkin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konghou" title="Konghou">Kugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">Sanshin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottan" title="Gottan">Gottan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankara_sanshin" title="Kankara sanshin">Kankara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamatogoto" title="Yamatogoto">Yamatogoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkori" title="Tonkori">Tonkori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koky%C5%AB" title="Kokyū">Kokyū</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fue_(flute)" title="Fue (flute)">Flutes and<br />oboes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gakubue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gakubue (page does not exist)">Gakubue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagurabue" title="Kagurabue">Kagurabue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komabue" title="Komabue">Komabue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minteki" title="Minteki">Minteki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nohkan" title="Nohkan">Nōkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABteki" title="Ryūteki">Ryūteki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinobue" title="Shinobue">Shinobue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokobue" title="Yokobue">Yokobue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hichiriki" title="Hichiriki">Hichiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchiku" title="Hotchiku">Hotchiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">Shakuhachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-reed<br />pipes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_(instrument)" title="Shō (instrument)">Shō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_(wind_instrument)" title="Yu (wind instrument)">Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Horns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horagai" title="Horagai">Horagai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakko_(instrument)" title="Kakko (instrument)">Kakko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuzumi" title="Ōtsuzumi">Ōtsuzumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shime-daiko" title="Shime-daiko">Shime-daiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuzumi" title="Tsuzumi">Tsuzumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuri-daiko" title="Tsuri-daiko">Tsuri-daiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikko_(drum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikko (drum)">Ikko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San-no-tsuzumi" class="mw-redirect" title="San-no-tsuzumi">San-no-tsuzumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den-den_daiko" title="Den-den daiko">Den-den daiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyoshigi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoshigi">Hyōshigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_fish" title="Wooden fish">Mokugyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasara">Sasara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ita-sasara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ita-sasara">Ita-sasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binzasara" title="Binzasara">Binzasara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokiriko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokiriko (page does not exist)">Kokiriko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakubyoshi" title="Shakubyoshi">Shakubyoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanba" title="Sanba">Sanba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gongs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dko_(instrument)" title="Shōko (instrument)">Shōko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagura_suzu" title="Kagura suzu">Kagura suzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(instrument)" title="Kane (instrument)">Kane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukkuri" title="Mukkuri">Mukkuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zithers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zithers" title="Template:Zithers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zithers" title="Template talk:Zithers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zithers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zithers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zithers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Zithers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaeng" title="Ajaeng">Ajaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tranh" title="Đàn tranh">Đàn tranh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayageum" title="Gayageum">Gayageum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomungo" title="Geomungo">Geomungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzheng" title="Guzheng">Guzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichigenkin" title="Ichigenkin">Ichigenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siter" title="Siter">Indonesian siter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kacapi" title="Kacapi">Kacapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khim" title="Khim">Khim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Koto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se_(instrument)" title="Se (instrument)">Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangqin" title="Yangqin">Yangqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanggeum" title="Yanggeum">Yanggeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazheng" title="Yazheng">Yazheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West and South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">Kanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuzhe" title="Nuzhe">Nuzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Indian santoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Persian santur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_santur" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi santur">Iraqi santur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarmandal" title="Swarmandal">Swarmandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoharp" title="Autoharp">Autoharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_psaltery" title="Bowed psaltery">Bowed psaltery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbalom" title="Cimbalom">Cimbalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinette_des_Vosges" title="Epinette des Vosges">Epinette des Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusli" title="Gusli">Gusli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">Hammered dulcimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hummel_(instrument)" title="Hummel (instrument)">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">Kantele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannel_(instrument)" title="Kannel (instrument)">Kannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankl%C4%97s" title="Kanklės">Kanklės</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokles">Kokles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusle" title="Kusle">Kusle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krez_(instrument)" title="Krez (instrument)">Krez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langeleik" title="Langeleik">Langeleik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langspil" title="Langspil">Langspil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalterium_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalterium (instrument)">Psalterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheitholt" title="Scheitholt">Scheitholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streichmelodion" title="Streichmelodion">Streichmelodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine_de_Bearn" title="Tambourine de Bearn">Tambourine de Bearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsymbaly" title="Tsymbaly">Tsymbaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violinzither" title="Violinzither">Violinzither</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer" title="Appalachian dulcimer">Appalachian dulcimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salterio_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salterio (Mexico)">Mexican salterio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremoloa" title="Tremoloa">Tremoloa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Factory_of_Riga" title="Musical Instrument Factory of Riga">Musical Instrument Factory of Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Schmidt_Inc." title="Oscar Schmidt Inc.">Oscar Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai_Gakki" title="Tōkai Gakki">Tōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289037#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136591-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576785">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="koto"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph536922&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000145273&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548349505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/274717c1-b2d8-4a6a-8eaf-eb0c1e11b757">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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