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GitHub - pirate/mesh-networking: :globe_with_meridians: LEGO blocks for networking, a Python library to help create and test flexible network topologies across real and simulated physical links.
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0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"security","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"security_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/security"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 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6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Review</div> Manage code changes </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg></button> </div> </div> </div> <scrollable-region data-labelled-by="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-body"> <div data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialogFlash"></div> <div hidden class="create-custom-scope-form" data-target="custom-scopes.createCustomScopeForm"> <!-- '"` --><!-- </textarea></xmp> --></option></form><form id="custom-scopes-dialog-form" data-turbo="false" action="/search/custom_scopes" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" value="4fN4DkWEqh9KGD2DbNtursk40OMf3Vm9YftQd5LRU7s+tzF4UUHyOCN3KzIb76Q2xEZt908tWUMjgqvxnM5+Gw==" /> <div data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialogFlash"></div> <input type="hidden" 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dir=\"auto\"\u003eMesh Networking \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/mesh-netwrking/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/471c7cab7fddbc8fa9f4ec957ffbc596cd45e0361604e7710198b9b0373b7b21/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f707970692f762f6d6573682d6e6574776f726b696e672e7376673f7374796c653d666c61742d737175617265\" alt=\"PyPI\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/mesh-networking.svg?style=flat-square\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/mesh-networking/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/ff8d11b5dfec049e8e4cb16ab07ccc951da225efd3154106f9af0138c9f27b04/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f707970692f707976657273696f6e732f6d6573682d6e6574776f726b696e672e7376673f7374796c653d666c61742d737175617265\" alt=\"PyPI\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/mesh-networking.svg?style=flat-square\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/thesquashSH\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/4f677ce944dfdeb7a8cd741560d35d006363ef6160adeb63ee3d8c73373b1f51/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f747769747465722f75726c2f687474702f736869656c64732e696f2e7376673f7374796c653d736f6369616c\" alt=\"Twitter URL\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/twitter/url/http/shields.io.svg?style=social\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-mesh-networking---\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Mesh Networking \" href=\"#mesh-networking---\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cg-emoji class=\"g-emoji\" alias=\"warning\"\u003e⚠️\u003c/g-emoji\u003e NOTE:\u003c/strong\u003e This project is no longer actively maintained, if I come back to it there's a lot of things I'd do better the second time around.\u003cbr\u003e\nFor now I recommend using it for small toy projects and tests only, not in a production situation or as a dependency in a package you release to other people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe mesh-networking library is to the network what FUSE is to filesystems.\u003cbr\u003e\nIt lets you simulate network interfaces and programs and direct traffic between them in any topology you like.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"apt install libdnet python-dumbnet # or `brew install --with-python libdnet`\npip install mesh-networking\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003eapt install libdnet python-dumbnet \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e or `brew install --with-python libdnet`\u003c/span\u003e\npip install mesh-networking\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is a library to help you create and test simulated network topologies. It provides\nsome simple building blocks like \"Nodes\", \"Links\", and \"Filters\" which help you build\nsimulated networks on a single computer, or real networks across any number of machines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt's intended both for mesh network simulations on a local machine, and connecting\nprograms across networks in real life. In a recent project, we used it as the peer discovery\nand communication layer for a \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/cowpig/blockchain\"\u003estorytelling\u003c/a\u003e blockchain project.\nIt works very well with \u003ccode\u003escapy\u003c/code\u003e for building and testing network protocols or networked apps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eScapy helps to build higher level network protocols, but it provides no utilities for simulating\ndifferent lower-level network layouts.* Thats where mesh-networking comes in, you can create\nvirtual machines with interfaces between them, script them to send and receive, and dynamically\nchange the shape of the network while nodes are connected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis library provides some simple primitives to represent different pieces of the network stack.\nEach layer is implemented as a thread with an \u003ccode\u003ein\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eout\u003c/code\u003e queue with some pure functions that\ndictate how traffic moves forward.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA \u003ccode\u003eNode\u003c/code\u003e (a computer) is a network connected device that can run \u003ccode\u003ePrograms\u003c/code\u003e and accepts traffic via \u003ccode\u003eFilters\u003c/code\u003e (like iptables)\nand \u003ccode\u003eLinks\u003c/code\u003e (like network interfaces).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsing these simple building blocks, you can simulate large network topologies on a single machine,\nor connect several machines and link nodes on them using real connections channels like ethernet, wifi, or even IRC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou could theoretically use this in production to build a virtual network on top of some physical links,\nbut it's written in python so I don't recommend using it for anything performance critical.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn example use case is building a small chat network, where you want nodes to auto-discover each\nother on a LAN and be able to chat in a room.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"from mesh.node import Node\nfrom mesh.link import UDPLink\nfrom mesh.programs import Printer\n\nlan = UDPLink('en0', 8080) # traffic will be sent using UDP-broadcast packets to all machines on your LAN\n\nnode1 = Node([lan], 'bob', Program=Printer) # programs are just threads with a send() and recv() method\nnode2 = Node([lan], 'alice', Program=Printer)\n\n(lan.start(), node1.start(), node2.start())\n\nnode1.send('hi alice!')\n# node2 gets \u0026gt; 'hi alice!''\n# Printer thread on node2 has its recv() method called with \u0026quot;hi alice!\u0026quot;\n\n# Next steps: try adding an IRCLink to let them communicate ouside the LAN!\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efrom\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emesh\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enode\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eimport\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eNode\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efrom\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emesh\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003elink\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eimport\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eUDPLink\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efrom\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emesh\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eprograms\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eimport\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003ePrinter\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003elan\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eUDPLink\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'en0'\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e8080\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# traffic will be sent using UDP-broadcast packets to all machines on your LAN\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enode1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eNode\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003elan\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'bob'\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eProgram\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003ePrinter\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# programs are just threads with a send() and recv() method\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enode2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eNode\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003elan\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'alice'\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eProgram\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003ePrinter\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003elan\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003estart\u003c/span\u003e(), \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enode1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003estart\u003c/span\u003e(), \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enode2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003estart\u003c/span\u003e())\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enode1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esend\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'hi alice!'\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# node2 gets \u0026gt; 'hi alice!''\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# Printer thread on node2 has its recv() method called with \"hi alice!\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# Next steps: try adding an IRCLink to let them communicate ouside the LAN!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eQuickstart Guide\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-quickstart-guide\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Quickstart Guide\" href=\"#quickstart-guide\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSet up a secret chat that auto-discovers all peers on your LAN:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"# install the package and clone the repo, then run several of these in different terminal windows, or on different computers\n# they will autodiscover any peers and let you chat over your LAN!\npython3 examples/lan_chat.py\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e install the package and clone the repo, then run several of these in different terminal windows, or on different computers\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e they will autodiscover any peers and let you chat over your LAN!\u003c/span\u003e\npython3 examples/lan_chat.py\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSimulate a small network topology with 6 nodes:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python3 examples/small_network.py\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython3 examples/small_network.py\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSimulate a larger network with randomized connections between nodes:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python3 examples/large_network.py\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython3 examples/large_network.py\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo get a feel for the API and capabilities, you can read the source and run some more intricate examples.\nNote that all examples require python3 to run, even though the library itself is compatible with python2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"# To run the examples above \u0026amp; install the package from source:\ngit clone https://github.com/pirate/mesh-networking\ncd mesh-networking\npython3 setup.py install\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e To run the examples above \u0026amp; install the package from source:\u003c/span\u003e\ngit clone https://github.com/pirate/mesh-networking\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecd\u003c/span\u003e mesh-networking\npython3 setup.py install\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" href=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/5dd8bd2ecdf6ab5d037b05f6d125d6776d1282857c707eb5585684ca00b99455/687474703a2f2f692e696d6775722e636f6d2f4e6871746b65642e706e67\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/5dd8bd2ecdf6ab5d037b05f6d125d6776d1282857c707eb5585684ca00b99455/687474703a2f2f692e696d6775722e636f6d2f4e6871746b65642e706e67\" alt=\"\" data-canonical-src=\"http://i.imgur.com/Nhqtked.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFeatures\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-features\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Features\" href=\"#features\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis project allows you to build networks of nodes in Python, and send traffic between them over various physical layers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimulate large network topologies by creating \u003ccode\u003enodes\u003c/code\u003e and connecting them together\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConnect nodes using \u003ccode\u003elinks\u003c/code\u003e, which can be virtual (connect only nodes on computer), UDP (connect all nodes within a LAN), or IRC (connect over the internet)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApply packet \u003ccode\u003efilters\u003c/code\u003e to traffic coming in and out of nodes (similar to iptables, but also supports stateful filters!)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRun arbitrary \u003ccode\u003eprograms\u003c/code\u003e on nodes, e.g. an echo program, a packet switch, or a webserver even\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003evisualize\u003c/code\u003e the network and create/link nodes with a d3.js graph UI (WIP)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor each of the \u003ccode\u003ehighlighted\u003c/code\u003e words you can look in the corresponding file for its code, e.g. \u003ccode\u003efilters.py\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eGoals\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-goals\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Goals\" href=\"#goals\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ:\u003c/strong\u003e Why is this library called \u003ccode\u003emesh-networking\u003c/code\u003e and not \u003ccode\u003epy-networking\u003c/code\u003e or something like that?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e The original goal of this project was to build a testing framework in order to work on developing a general mesh-network routing system that is secure, decentralized, and fast.\nI since decided to release this library as a general networking utility, and to work on the mesh routing stuff in a separate project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMesh Routing Development Progress\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-mesh-routing-development-progress\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Mesh Routing Development Progress\" href=\"#mesh-routing-development-progress\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSeveral components were copied from the OSI networking model, but used in different ways than they are now (IPV6, ARP). Other parts will have to be completely re-written (routing, DNS).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe first step is to create an abstact representation of nodes in the network that allows us to test our protocol, you will find this in \u003ccode\u003enode.py\u003c/code\u003e, and a controller that can spawn multiple nodes in \u003ccode\u003emultinode.py\u003c/code\u003e. You can link nodes to each other using real or virtual network interfaces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe second step is to agree on a common protocol for MESHP, and begin designing the routing algorithm between multiple computers. With a common spec to work off, we wont be limited to working in python. We can write clients in go or C in order to test different subtleties of the namecoin blockchain system and the meshp+mesharp routing systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor now, we use UDP broadcast packets to simulate a raw Ethernet BROADCAST-style connection between two nodes. The UDP header and ethernet frame are stripped on arrival. In the future, I'd like to write a wrapper around \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/SnabbCo/snabbswitch\"\u003esnabbswitch\u003c/a\u003e that allows us to directly manipulate network interfaces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eNotes:\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-notes\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Notes:\" href=\"#notes\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTUN/TAP tun0 beef:0/10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ecreate new loopback interfase lo2 IPV6 only, address beef::0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSOCKS5 \u0026gt; over tun0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003emeshpd attached to tun0, when user wants to send a packet to a mesh node, he sends it to the mesh IPV6 addr on tun0, and meshpd will pick it up, read the header, and route it accordingly over real en0, bt0, vlan0, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003elocal-\u0026gt;tun0:localhost packets to lo2:beef::0 so you can ping yourself\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003elocal-\u0026gt;tun0:broadcast packets go out to all mesh nodes in the same zone, and back to lo2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003elocal-\u0026gt;tun0:multicast: packets to individual hosts are routed based on zone mesh routes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003etun0:broadcast-\u0026gt;local: packets go to lo2:beef::0 (which userland programs can bind to, like httpd, ftp, etc.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003etun0:multicast-\u0026gt;local: packets go to lo2:beef::0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003etun0:localhost-\u0026gt;local: packets go to lo2:beef::0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe source and desination address information is stored in the MESHP header, and is read by meshpd whenever they hit tun0.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTUN (namely network TUNnel) simulates a network layer device and it operates with layer 3 packets like IP packets. TAP (namely network tap) simulates a link layer device and it operates with layer 2 packets like Ethernet frames. TUN is used with routing, while TAP is used for creating a network bridge.\nPackets sent by an operating system via a TUN/TAP device are delivered to a user-space program which attaches itself to the device. A user-space program may also pass packets into a TUN/TAP device. In this case TUN/TAP device delivers (or \"injects\") these packets to the operating-system network stack thus emulating their reception from an external source.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eGoals (Zooko's Triangle):\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-goals-zookos-triangle\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Goals (Zooko's Triangle):\" href=\"#goals-zookos-triangle\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDecentralized (No CAs, no SPOF DNS servers)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuman meaningful (provide DNS that securely resolves to our IPV6 mesh eeee:::::::01 address format)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSecure (packets go only to their intended destination)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBrand new tech:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-brand-new-tech\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Brand new tech:\" href=\"#brand-new-tech\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMESHP (replaces the IP layer, extends a custom baked IPv6 implementation)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMESHDNS (namecoin style)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMESHARP (needs major changes to prevent DDoSing the entire mesh when new nodes join)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMESHTRACEROUTE (shows more detail about the mesh hops taken to get to a host)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTechnologies to reimplement:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-technologies-to-reimplement\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Technologies to reimplement:\" href=\"#technologies-to-reimplement\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIPv6 (we're going to use a custom addressing scheme that follows IPv6 format eeee:::::::01)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIP tables and routing (by creating virtual networking interfaces that follow our own rules instead of the kernel's)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eARP\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDNS (namecoin style + public keys, allowing private key auth and certificates for SSL to be baked into dns)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTechnologies we're not reimplementing:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-technologies-were-not-reimplementing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Technologies we're not reimplementing:\" href=\"#technologies-were-not-reimplementing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe more existing pieces of the existing internet framework we can use, the easier it'll be to keep the real internet and our meshnet compatible:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEthernet\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTCP\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUDP\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eICMP\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTypical HTTP packet structure using MESHP:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-typical-http-packet-structure-using-meshp\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Typical HTTP packet structure using MESHP:\" href=\"#typical-http-packet-structure-using-meshp\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOur mesh protocol comes in and replaces the IP layer, leaving the other layers intact. The only other manipulation required to get it working is access to the kernel's routing table, allowing us to route traffic in the right direction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEthernet frame (normal ethernet with MAC addressing)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMESHP Header (instead of IP header)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTCP Header (normal TCP)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHTTP Header (normal HTTP)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eData\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIssues so far:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-issues-so-far\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Issues so far:\" href=\"#issues-so-far\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMac OS X does not allow you to read raw frames easily from a network interface.\nOn linux you can open a raw_socket and read to your heart's content:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"rawSocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_PACKET, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.htons(0x0003))\ndata = rawSocket.readto(1024)\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003erawSocket\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esocket\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esocket\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esocket\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAF_PACKET\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esocket\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSOCK_RAW\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esocket\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ehtons\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0x0003\u003c/span\u003e))\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003erawSocket\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ereadto\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn a Mac (or any FreeBSD-based system) this doesn't work because the AF_PACKET socket is not available.\nIt's possible to sniff packets going by using something like pcap or the BPF/tcpdump, but I don't believe it's possible to intercept them (correct me if I'm wrong here).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe're forced to specify a port to bind to by python's sockets, but we are able to share a port between multiple processes using \u003ccode\u003eSO_REUSEPORT\u003c/code\u003e, which is very cool. This allows two clients to both receive packets sent to that port. setblocking(0) is for convenience (just beware, you have to do some error handling to check if the socket is ready to read or write).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)\ns.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, 1)\ns.setblocking(0)\ns.bind(('',3003))\n\nready_to_read, ready_to_write, going_to_error_out = select.select([s], [s], [s], 1) # needed for nonblocking sockets\nif s in ready_to_read:\n data = s.recvfrom(1024)\n\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esocket\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAF_INET\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSOCK_DGRAM\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esetsockopt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSOL_SOCKET\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSO_REUSEPORT\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esetblocking\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebind\u003c/span\u003e((\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e3003\u003c/span\u003e))\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eready_to_read\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eready_to_write\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003egoing_to_error_out\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eselect\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eselect\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# needed for nonblocking sockets\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ein\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eready_to_read\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003es\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003erecvfrom\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI've had the best success so far with libdnet (rather than scapy or pypcap). dnet stands for \"dumb networking\", and that's exactly what it is. It's a stupid-simple api to access raw sockets and network interfaces. \u003ccode\u003ednet.iface('en1').send('HI')\u003c/code\u003e will literally write \"HI\" to the network interface (with no ethernet frame, no IP header, to TCP header, just 'hi'). In fact, you can use this to DDoS individual people, or your entire local network. Just run it in a \u003ccode\u003ewhile True:\u003c/code\u003e loop. The stream of meaningless malformed packets caused the wifi connection at hackerschool to slow to a dead stop within seconds. The full code for this style of attack can be found in \u003ccode\u003ebring_it_down.py\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnother issue I recently discovered is that most higher-end routers will cap broadcast UDP transmissions to their lowest possible transmit rate, to prevent flooding the LAN with traffic. This is to encourage devs to use proper multicast so packets can be directed only to interested receiving parties, instead of sending every packet to every LAN receiver. See this [Network Engineering Stack Exchange question] question](\u003ca href=\"http://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/1782/why-does-my-udp-broadcast-wireless-communication-is-capped-at-1mbs/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/1782/why-does-my-udp-broadcast-wireless-communication-is-capped-at-1mbs/\u003c/a\u003e) for more information about broadcast UDP transmit rate capping.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCool Things:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-cool-things\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Cool Things:\" href=\"#cool-things\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs I mentioned above, you can allow multiple processes to connect to the same socket on the same port, and they all recieve a duplicate of every packet sent to that socket. This is a simple socket option, but the implications are great. Now we can have multiple clients listen on the same port, meaning to the clients this is not longer a port, it's simply a broadcast interface. Every client gets every packet. Every client processes every packet, and filters out everything it doesn't care about.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"datagram_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)\ndatagram_socket.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, 1)\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edatagram_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)\ndatagram_socket.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, 1)\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnother cool thing is that you can create a virtual, virtual network interface that behaves like a real one in python. The setup below allows us to write and recieve broadcast UDP packets to any interface. In order to simulate our mesh networking protocol (which is at the IP layer, one level below UDP), we are going to simply cut off the IP, and UDP headers of every packet we recieve. Since UDP allows us to do broadcast networking, we can simulate being at the ethernet level on the same hardware link as another computer by pretending we arent getting any help with routing from the system through IP and UDP. We can then tack on our own routing protocol, I'm calling it \"MESHP\" for lack of a better name. MESHP extends IPv6 and allows for mesh-style adhoc packet routing, but I'll save that for another time. Below is the code for creating hard and virtual interfaces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"class HardLink:\n name = \u0026quot;en\u0026quot;\n readface = None\n writeface = None\n\n def __init__(self, iface=\u0026quot;en1\u0026quot;):\n self.name = iface\n\n self.writeface = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)\n self.writeface.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1)\n self.writeface.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, 1)\n self.writeface.setblocking(0)\n\n self.readface = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)\n self.readface.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, 1)\n self.readface.setblocking(0)\n self.readface.bind(('',3003))\n\n def send(self, indata):\n _1, ready_to_write, _2 = select.select([], [self.writeface], [], 1) # needed for nonblocking sockets\n if ready_to_write:\n self.writeface.sendto(indata, ('255.255.255.255', 3003))\n else:\n print(\u0026quot;NETWORK ERROR: WRITE FAILED\u0026quot;) # this should never happen unless the interface goes down or you run out of memory to buffer packets\n\n def recv(self):\n ready_to_read, _1, _2 = select.select([self.readface], [], [], 1) # needed for nonblocking sockets\n if ready_to_read:\n return self.readface.recvfrom(1024)\n else:\n return \u0026quot;\u0026quot;\n\nclass VirtualLink:\n name = \u0026quot;vlan\u0026quot;\n data = []\n\n def __init__(self, iface=\u0026quot;vlan0\u0026quot;):\n self.name = iface\n\n def send(self, indata):\n self.data.append(indata)\n\n def recv(self):\n if self.data:\n return self.data.pop()\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eHardLink\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"en\"\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ereadface\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eNone\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ewriteface\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eNone\u003c/span\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003e__init__\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eiface\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"en1\"\u003c/span\u003e):\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eiface\u003c/span\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ewriteface\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esocket\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAF_INET\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSOCK_DGRAM\u003c/span\u003e)\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ewriteface\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esetsockopt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSOL_SOCKET\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSO_REUSEADDR\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ewriteface\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esetsockopt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSOL_SOCKET\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSO_BROADCAST\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ewriteface\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esetblocking\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ereadface\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esocket\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eAF_INET\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSOCK_DGRAM\u003c/span\u003e)\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ereadface\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esetsockopt\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSOL_SOCKET\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eSO_REUSEPORT\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ereadface\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esetblocking\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e)\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ereadface\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebind\u003c/span\u003e((\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e''\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e3003\u003c/span\u003e))\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esend\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eindata\u003c/span\u003e):\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e_1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eready_to_write\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e_2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eselect\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eselect\u003c/span\u003e([], [\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ewriteface\u003c/span\u003e], [], \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# needed for nonblocking sockets\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eready_to_write\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ewriteface\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esendto\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eindata\u003c/span\u003e, (\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'255.255.255.255'\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e3003\u003c/span\u003e))\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eelse\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eprint\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"NETWORK ERROR: WRITE FAILED\"\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# this should never happen unless the interface goes down or you run out of memory to buffer packets\u003c/span\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003erecv\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e):\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eready_to_read\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e_1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e_2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eselect\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eselect\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ereadface\u003c/span\u003e], [], [], \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# needed for nonblocking sockets\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eready_to_read\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ereadface\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003erecvfrom\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1024\u003c/span\u003e)\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eelse\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-v\"\u003eVirtualLink\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"vlan\"\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e []\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003e__init__\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eiface\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"vlan0\"\u003c/span\u003e):\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ename\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eiface\u003c/span\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esend\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eindata\u003c/span\u003e):\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eappend\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eindata\u003c/span\u003e)\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003erecv\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e):\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003epop\u003c/span\u003e()\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSince these two Link types both have the same accessor methods, we can connect our nodes up to real interfaces or fake ones, and see how they behave. Nodes connected to both a real and a virtual can pass packets between the two, acting as a bridge for all the other nodes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"red, green, blue, purple = HardLink(\u0026quot;en1\u0026quot;), VirtualLink(), VirtualLink(), VirtualLink()\n\nnodes = [Node([red, green, blue]),\n Node([red, green]),\n Node([green, blue]),\n Node([purple]),\n Node([green, purple],\n Node([purple, red]))\n]\n\nfor node in nodes:\n node.start()\n\nnodes[0].send(\u0026quot;HELLO\u0026quot;)\n\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ered\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003egreen\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eblue\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epurple\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eHardLink\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"en1\"\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eVirtualLink\u003c/span\u003e(), \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eVirtualLink\u003c/span\u003e(), \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eVirtualLink\u003c/span\u003e()\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enodes\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eNode\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ered\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003egreen\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eblue\u003c/span\u003e]),\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eNode\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ered\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003egreen\u003c/span\u003e]),\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eNode\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003egreen\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eblue\u003c/span\u003e]),\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eNode\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epurple\u003c/span\u003e]),\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eNode\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003egreen\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epurple\u003c/span\u003e],\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eNode\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epurple\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ered\u003c/span\u003e]))\n]\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efor\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enode\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ein\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enodes\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enode\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003estart\u003c/span\u003e()\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003enodes\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e].\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esend\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"HELLO\"\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEach node accepts a list of links that it is connected to. All the nodes on one link work like a broadcast ethernet. You can visualize it as a bunch of serves connected to eachother using ethernet cables colored red, green, blue, and purple. Except the red link is actually a real link, allowing you to test your nodes over wifi, bluetooth, or any other hardware interface. Green, blue, and purple allow you to simulate branches of the network on your local computer in order to test topology. The cool part about this is that it allows you to simulate a complex 350 node network using a couple of laptops connected with an ethernet cable or wifi. To view the code for the class Node, check out \u003ccode\u003enode.py\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLinks:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-links\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Links:\" href=\"#links\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://dpk.io/blockchain\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://dpk.io/blockchain\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/squarezooko\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/squarezooko\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/uncensor\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/uncensor\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://squaretriangle.jottit.com/faq\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://squaretriangle.jottit.com/faq\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://libdnet.sourceforge.net/pydoc/public/frames.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://libdnet.sourceforge.net/pydoc/public/frames.html\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/SnabbCo/snabbswitch\"\u003ehttps://github.com/SnabbCo/snabbswitch\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/ewust\"\u003ehttps://github.com/ewust\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq\u003c/a\u003e (Shortest-Path-Bridging)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://developer.apple.com/reference/multipeerconnectivity\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://developer.apple.com/reference/multipeerconnectivity\u003c/a\u003e (Apple's mesh framework)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.secdev.org/projects/scapy/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://www.secdev.org/projects/scapy/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://battlemesh.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://battlemesh.org/\u003c/a\u003e (Mesh Networking Battle conf)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.zerotier.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.zerotier.com/\u003c/a\u003e (\"Mesh\" vlan that can scale up to millions of nodes using social routing)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://redecentralize.org/interviews/2013/07/30/02-adam-zerotierone.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://redecentralize.org/interviews/2013/07/30/02-adam-zerotierone.html\u003c/a\u003e (quick explanation of zerotier)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"Mesh Networking ","anchor":"mesh-networking---","htmlText":"Mesh Networking "},{"level":2,"text":"Quickstart Guide","anchor":"quickstart-guide","htmlText":"Quickstart Guide"},{"level":2,"text":"Features","anchor":"features","htmlText":"Features"},{"level":2,"text":"Goals","anchor":"goals","htmlText":"Goals"},{"level":2,"text":"Mesh Routing Development Progress","anchor":"mesh-routing-development-progress","htmlText":"Mesh Routing Development Progress"},{"level":3,"text":"Notes:","anchor":"notes","htmlText":"Notes:"},{"level":2,"text":"Goals (Zooko's Triangle):","anchor":"goals-zookos-triangle","htmlText":"Goals (Zooko's Triangle):"},{"level":2,"text":"Brand new tech:","anchor":"brand-new-tech","htmlText":"Brand new tech:"},{"level":2,"text":"Technologies to reimplement:","anchor":"technologies-to-reimplement","htmlText":"Technologies to reimplement:"},{"level":2,"text":"Technologies we're not reimplementing:","anchor":"technologies-were-not-reimplementing","htmlText":"Technologies we're not reimplementing:"},{"level":2,"text":"Typical HTTP packet structure using MESHP:","anchor":"typical-http-packet-structure-using-meshp","htmlText":"Typical HTTP packet structure using MESHP:"},{"level":2,"text":"Issues so far:","anchor":"issues-so-far","htmlText":"Issues so far:"},{"level":2,"text":"Cool Things:","anchor":"cool-things","htmlText":"Cool Things:"},{"level":2,"text":"Links:","anchor":"links","htmlText":"Links:"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fpirate%2Fmesh-networking"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE","repoName":"mesh-networking","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"MIT","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fpirate%2Fmesh-networking"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-9f8a877aa99f.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"copilot_conversational_ux_embedding_update":false,"copilot_smell_icebreaker_ux":true,"accessible_code_button":true}}}}</script> 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href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/mesh-netwrking/" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/471c7cab7fddbc8fa9f4ec957ffbc596cd45e0361604e7710198b9b0373b7b21/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f707970692f762f6d6573682d6e6574776f726b696e672e7376673f7374796c653d666c61742d737175617265" alt="PyPI" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/mesh-networking.svg?style=flat-square" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/mesh-networking/" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/ff8d11b5dfec049e8e4cb16ab07ccc951da225efd3154106f9af0138c9f27b04/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f707970692f707976657273696f6e732f6d6573682d6e6574776f726b696e672e7376673f7374796c653d666c61742d737175617265" alt="PyPI" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/mesh-networking.svg?style=flat-square" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/thesquashSH" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/4f677ce944dfdeb7a8cd741560d35d006363ef6160adeb63ee3d8c73373b1f51/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f747769747465722f75726c2f687474702f736869656c64732e696f2e7376673f7374796c653d736f6369616c" alt="Twitter URL" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/url/http/shields.io.svg?style=social" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></h1><a id="user-content-mesh-networking---" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Mesh Networking " href="#mesh-networking---"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <hr> <p dir="auto"><strong><g-emoji class="g-emoji" alias="warning">⚠️</g-emoji> NOTE:</strong> This project is no longer actively maintained, if I come back to it there's a lot of things I'd do better the second time around.<br> For now I recommend using it for small toy projects and tests only, not in a production situation or as a dependency in a package you release to other people.</p> <hr> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">The mesh-networking library is to the network what FUSE is to filesystems.<br> It lets you simulate network interfaces and programs and direct traffic between them in any topology you like.</p> </blockquote> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="apt install libdnet python-dumbnet # or `brew install --with-python libdnet` pip install mesh-networking"><pre>apt install libdnet python-dumbnet <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> or `brew install --with-python libdnet`</span> pip install mesh-networking</pre></div> <p dir="auto">This is a library to help you create and test simulated network topologies. It provides some simple building blocks like "Nodes", "Links", and "Filters" which help you build simulated networks on a single computer, or real networks across any number of machines.</p> <p dir="auto">It's intended both for mesh network simulations on a local machine, and connecting programs across networks in real life. In a recent project, we used it as the peer discovery and communication layer for a <a href="https://github.com/cowpig/blockchain">storytelling</a> blockchain project. It works very well with <code>scapy</code> for building and testing network protocols or networked apps.</p> <p dir="auto">Scapy helps to build higher level network protocols, but it provides no utilities for simulating different lower-level network layouts.* Thats where mesh-networking comes in, you can create virtual machines with interfaces between them, script them to send and receive, and dynamically change the shape of the network while nodes are connected.</p> <p dir="auto">This library provides some simple primitives to represent different pieces of the network stack. Each layer is implemented as a thread with an <code>in</code> and <code>out</code> queue with some pure functions that dictate how traffic moves forward.</p> <p dir="auto">A <code>Node</code> (a computer) is a network connected device that can run <code>Programs</code> and accepts traffic via <code>Filters</code> (like iptables) and <code>Links</code> (like network interfaces).</p> <p dir="auto">Using these simple building blocks, you can simulate large network topologies on a single machine, or connect several machines and link nodes on them using real connections channels like ethernet, wifi, or even IRC.</p> <p dir="auto">You could theoretically use this in production to build a virtual network on top of some physical links, but it's written in python so I don't recommend using it for anything performance critical.</p> <p dir="auto">An example use case is building a small chat network, where you want nodes to auto-discover each other on a LAN and be able to chat in a room.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="from mesh.node import Node from mesh.link import UDPLink from mesh.programs import Printer lan = UDPLink('en0', 8080) # traffic will be sent using UDP-broadcast packets to all machines on your LAN node1 = Node([lan], 'bob', Program=Printer) # programs are just threads with a send() and recv() method node2 = Node([lan], 'alice', Program=Printer) (lan.start(), node1.start(), node2.start()) node1.send('hi alice!') # node2 gets > 'hi alice!'' # Printer thread on node2 has its recv() method called with "hi alice!" # Next steps: try adding an IRCLink to let them communicate ouside the LAN!"><pre><span class="pl-k">from</span> <span class="pl-s1">mesh</span>.<span class="pl-s1">node</span> <span class="pl-k">import</span> <span class="pl-v">Node</span> <span class="pl-k">from</span> <span class="pl-s1">mesh</span>.<span class="pl-s1">link</span> <span class="pl-k">import</span> <span class="pl-v">UDPLink</span> <span class="pl-k">from</span> <span class="pl-s1">mesh</span>.<span class="pl-s1">programs</span> <span class="pl-k">import</span> <span class="pl-v">Printer</span> <span class="pl-s1">lan</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">UDPLink</span>(<span class="pl-s">'en0'</span>, <span class="pl-c1">8080</span>) <span class="pl-c"># traffic will be sent using UDP-broadcast packets to all machines on your LAN</span> <span class="pl-s1">node1</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">Node</span>([<span class="pl-s1">lan</span>], <span class="pl-s">'bob'</span>, <span class="pl-v">Program</span><span class="pl-c1">=</span><span class="pl-v">Printer</span>) <span class="pl-c"># programs are just threads with a send() and recv() method</span> <span class="pl-s1">node2</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">Node</span>([<span class="pl-s1">lan</span>], <span class="pl-s">'alice'</span>, <span class="pl-v">Program</span><span class="pl-c1">=</span><span class="pl-v">Printer</span>) (<span class="pl-s1">lan</span>.<span class="pl-c1">start</span>(), <span class="pl-s1">node1</span>.<span class="pl-c1">start</span>(), <span class="pl-s1">node2</span>.<span class="pl-c1">start</span>()) <span class="pl-s1">node1</span>.<span class="pl-c1">send</span>(<span class="pl-s">'hi alice!'</span>) <span class="pl-c"># node2 gets > 'hi alice!''</span> <span class="pl-c"># Printer thread on node2 has its recv() method called with "hi alice!"</span> <span class="pl-c"># Next steps: try adding an IRCLink to let them communicate ouside the LAN!</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Quickstart Guide</h2><a id="user-content-quickstart-guide" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Quickstart Guide" href="#quickstart-guide"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><strong>Set up a secret chat that auto-discovers all peers on your LAN:</strong></p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="# install the package and clone the repo, then run several of these in different terminal windows, or on different computers # they will autodiscover any peers and let you chat over your LAN! python3 examples/lan_chat.py"><pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> install the package and clone the repo, then run several of these in different terminal windows, or on different computers</span> <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> they will autodiscover any peers and let you chat over your LAN!</span> python3 examples/lan_chat.py</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><strong>Simulate a small network topology with 6 nodes:</strong></p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python3 examples/small_network.py"><pre>python3 examples/small_network.py</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><strong>Simulate a larger network with randomized connections between nodes:</strong></p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python3 examples/large_network.py"><pre>python3 examples/large_network.py</pre></div> <p dir="auto">To get a feel for the API and capabilities, you can read the source and run some more intricate examples. Note that all examples require python3 to run, even though the library itself is compatible with python2.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="# To run the examples above & install the package from source: git clone https://github.com/pirate/mesh-networking cd mesh-networking python3 setup.py install"><pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> To run the examples above & install the package from source:</span> git clone https://github.com/pirate/mesh-networking <span class="pl-c1">cd</span> mesh-networking python3 setup.py install</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/5dd8bd2ecdf6ab5d037b05f6d125d6776d1282857c707eb5585684ca00b99455/687474703a2f2f692e696d6775722e636f6d2f4e6871746b65642e706e67"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/5dd8bd2ecdf6ab5d037b05f6d125d6776d1282857c707eb5585684ca00b99455/687474703a2f2f692e696d6775722e636f6d2f4e6871746b65642e706e67" alt="" data-canonical-src="http://i.imgur.com/Nhqtked.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Features</h2><a id="user-content-features" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Features" href="#features"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This project allows you to build networks of nodes in Python, and send traffic between them over various physical layers.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Simulate large network topologies by creating <code>nodes</code> and connecting them together</li> <li>Connect nodes using <code>links</code>, which can be virtual (connect only nodes on computer), UDP (connect all nodes within a LAN), or IRC (connect over the internet)</li> <li>Apply packet <code>filters</code> to traffic coming in and out of nodes (similar to iptables, but also supports stateful filters!)</li> <li>Run arbitrary <code>programs</code> on nodes, e.g. an echo program, a packet switch, or a webserver even</li> <li><code>visualize</code> the network and create/link nodes with a d3.js graph UI (WIP)</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">For each of the <code>highlighted</code> words you can look in the corresponding file for its code, e.g. <code>filters.py</code>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Goals</h2><a id="user-content-goals" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Goals" href="#goals"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><strong>Q:</strong> Why is this library called <code>mesh-networking</code> and not <code>py-networking</code> or something like that?</p> <p dir="auto"><strong>A:</strong> The original goal of this project was to build a testing framework in order to work on developing a general mesh-network routing system that is secure, decentralized, and fast. I since decided to release this library as a general networking utility, and to work on the mesh routing stuff in a separate project.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Mesh Routing Development Progress</h2><a id="user-content-mesh-routing-development-progress" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Mesh Routing Development Progress" href="#mesh-routing-development-progress"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Several components were copied from the OSI networking model, but used in different ways than they are now (IPV6, ARP). Other parts will have to be completely re-written (routing, DNS).</p> <p dir="auto">The first step is to create an abstact representation of nodes in the network that allows us to test our protocol, you will find this in <code>node.py</code>, and a controller that can spawn multiple nodes in <code>multinode.py</code>. You can link nodes to each other using real or virtual network interfaces.</p> <p dir="auto">The second step is to agree on a common protocol for MESHP, and begin designing the routing algorithm between multiple computers. With a common spec to work off, we wont be limited to working in python. We can write clients in go or C in order to test different subtleties of the namecoin blockchain system and the meshp+mesharp routing systems.</p> <p dir="auto">For now, we use UDP broadcast packets to simulate a raw Ethernet BROADCAST-style connection between two nodes. The UDP header and ethernet frame are stripped on arrival. In the future, I'd like to write a wrapper around <a href="https://github.com/SnabbCo/snabbswitch">snabbswitch</a> that allows us to directly manipulate network interfaces.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Notes:</h3><a id="user-content-notes" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Notes:" href="#notes"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto">TUN/TAP tun0 beef:0/10</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">create new loopback interfase lo2 IPV6 only, address beef::0</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">SOCKS5 > over tun0</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">meshpd attached to tun0, when user wants to send a packet to a mesh node, he sends it to the mesh IPV6 addr on tun0, and meshpd will pick it up, read the header, and route it accordingly over real en0, bt0, vlan0, etc.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto">local->tun0:localhost packets to lo2:beef::0 so you can ping yourself</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">local->tun0:broadcast packets go out to all mesh nodes in the same zone, and back to lo2</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">local->tun0:multicast: packets to individual hosts are routed based on zone mesh routes</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">tun0:broadcast->local: packets go to lo2:beef::0 (which userland programs can bind to, like httpd, ftp, etc.)</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">tun0:multicast->local: packets go to lo2:beef::0</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">tun0:localhost->local: packets go to lo2:beef::0</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p dir="auto">The source and desination address information is stored in the MESHP header, and is read by meshpd whenever they hit tun0.</p> <blockquote> <p dir="auto">TUN (namely network TUNnel) simulates a network layer device and it operates with layer 3 packets like IP packets. TAP (namely network tap) simulates a link layer device and it operates with layer 2 packets like Ethernet frames. TUN is used with routing, while TAP is used for creating a network bridge. Packets sent by an operating system via a TUN/TAP device are delivered to a user-space program which attaches itself to the device. A user-space program may also pass packets into a TUN/TAP device. In this case TUN/TAP device delivers (or "injects") these packets to the operating-system network stack thus emulating their reception from an external source.</p> </blockquote> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Goals (Zooko's Triangle):</h2><a id="user-content-goals-zookos-triangle" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Goals (Zooko's Triangle):" href="#goals-zookos-triangle"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ol dir="auto"> <li>Decentralized (No CAs, no SPOF DNS servers)</li> <li>Human meaningful (provide DNS that securely resolves to our IPV6 mesh eeee:::::::01 address format)</li> <li>Secure (packets go only to their intended destination)</li> </ol> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Brand new tech:</h2><a id="user-content-brand-new-tech" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Brand new tech:" href="#brand-new-tech"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>MESHP (replaces the IP layer, extends a custom baked IPv6 implementation)</li> <li>MESHDNS (namecoin style)</li> <li>MESHARP (needs major changes to prevent DDoSing the entire mesh when new nodes join)</li> <li>MESHTRACEROUTE (shows more detail about the mesh hops taken to get to a host)</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Technologies to reimplement:</h2><a id="user-content-technologies-to-reimplement" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Technologies to reimplement:" href="#technologies-to-reimplement"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>IPv6 (we're going to use a custom addressing scheme that follows IPv6 format eeee:::::::01)</li> <li>IP tables and routing (by creating virtual networking interfaces that follow our own rules instead of the kernel's)</li> <li>ARP</li> <li>DNS (namecoin style + public keys, allowing private key auth and certificates for SSL to be baked into dns)</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Technologies we're not reimplementing:</h2><a id="user-content-technologies-were-not-reimplementing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Technologies we're not reimplementing:" href="#technologies-were-not-reimplementing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The more existing pieces of the existing internet framework we can use, the easier it'll be to keep the real internet and our meshnet compatible:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Ethernet</li> <li>TCP</li> <li>UDP</li> <li>ICMP</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Typical HTTP packet structure using MESHP:</h2><a id="user-content-typical-http-packet-structure-using-meshp" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Typical HTTP packet structure using MESHP:" href="#typical-http-packet-structure-using-meshp"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Our mesh protocol comes in and replaces the IP layer, leaving the other layers intact. The only other manipulation required to get it working is access to the kernel's routing table, allowing us to route traffic in the right direction.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Ethernet frame (normal ethernet with MAC addressing)</li> <li>MESHP Header (instead of IP header)</li> <li>TCP Header (normal TCP)</li> <li>HTTP Header (normal HTTP)</li> <li>Data</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Issues so far:</h2><a id="user-content-issues-so-far" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Issues so far:" href="#issues-so-far"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Mac OS X does not allow you to read raw frames easily from a network interface. On linux you can open a raw_socket and read to your heart's content:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="rawSocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_PACKET, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.htons(0x0003)) data = rawSocket.readto(1024)"><pre><span class="pl-s1">rawSocket</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">socket</span>.<span class="pl-c1">socket</span>(<span class="pl-s1">socket</span>.<span class="pl-c1">AF_PACKET</span>, <span class="pl-s1">socket</span>.<span class="pl-c1">SOCK_RAW</span>, <span class="pl-s1">socket</span>.<span class="pl-c1">htons</span>(<span class="pl-c1">0x0003</span>)) <span class="pl-s1">data</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">rawSocket</span>.<span class="pl-c1">readto</span>(<span class="pl-c1">1024</span>)</pre></div> <p dir="auto">On a Mac (or any FreeBSD-based system) this doesn't work because the AF_PACKET socket is not available. It's possible to sniff packets going by using something like pcap or the BPF/tcpdump, but I don't believe it's possible to intercept them (correct me if I'm wrong here).</p> <p dir="auto">We're forced to specify a port to bind to by python's sockets, but we are able to share a port between multiple processes using <code>SO_REUSEPORT</code>, which is very cool. This allows two clients to both receive packets sent to that port. setblocking(0) is for convenience (just beware, you have to do some error handling to check if the socket is ready to read or write).</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM) s.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, 1) s.setblocking(0) s.bind(('',3003)) ready_to_read, ready_to_write, going_to_error_out = select.select([s], [s], [s], 1) # needed for nonblocking sockets if s in ready_to_read: data = s.recvfrom(1024) "><pre><span class="pl-s1">s</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">socket</span>(<span class="pl-c1">AF_INET</span>, <span class="pl-c1">SOCK_DGRAM</span>) <span class="pl-s1">s</span>.<span class="pl-c1">setsockopt</span>(<span class="pl-c1">SOL_SOCKET</span>, <span class="pl-c1">SO_REUSEPORT</span>, <span class="pl-c1">1</span>) <span class="pl-s1">s</span>.<span class="pl-c1">setblocking</span>(<span class="pl-c1">0</span>) <span class="pl-s1">s</span>.<span class="pl-c1">bind</span>((<span class="pl-s">''</span>,<span class="pl-c1">3003</span>)) <span class="pl-s1">ready_to_read</span>, <span class="pl-s1">ready_to_write</span>, <span class="pl-s1">going_to_error_out</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">select</span>.<span class="pl-c1">select</span>([<span class="pl-s1">s</span>], [<span class="pl-s1">s</span>], [<span class="pl-s1">s</span>], <span class="pl-c1">1</span>) <span class="pl-c"># needed for nonblocking sockets</span> <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">s</span> <span class="pl-c1">in</span> <span class="pl-s1">ready_to_read</span>: <span class="pl-s1">data</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">s</span>.<span class="pl-c1">recvfrom</span>(<span class="pl-c1">1024</span>)</pre></div> <p dir="auto">I've had the best success so far with libdnet (rather than scapy or pypcap). dnet stands for "dumb networking", and that's exactly what it is. It's a stupid-simple api to access raw sockets and network interfaces. <code>dnet.iface('en1').send('HI')</code> will literally write "HI" to the network interface (with no ethernet frame, no IP header, to TCP header, just 'hi'). In fact, you can use this to DDoS individual people, or your entire local network. Just run it in a <code>while True:</code> loop. The stream of meaningless malformed packets caused the wifi connection at hackerschool to slow to a dead stop within seconds. The full code for this style of attack can be found in <code>bring_it_down.py</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">Another issue I recently discovered is that most higher-end routers will cap broadcast UDP transmissions to their lowest possible transmit rate, to prevent flooding the LAN with traffic. This is to encourage devs to use proper multicast so packets can be directed only to interested receiving parties, instead of sending every packet to every LAN receiver. See this [Network Engineering Stack Exchange question] question](<a href="http://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/1782/why-does-my-udp-broadcast-wireless-communication-is-capped-at-1mbs/" rel="nofollow">http://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/1782/why-does-my-udp-broadcast-wireless-communication-is-capped-at-1mbs/</a>) for more information about broadcast UDP transmit rate capping.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Cool Things:</h2><a id="user-content-cool-things" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Cool Things:" href="#cool-things"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">As I mentioned above, you can allow multiple processes to connect to the same socket on the same port, and they all recieve a duplicate of every packet sent to that socket. This is a simple socket option, but the implications are great. Now we can have multiple clients listen on the same port, meaning to the clients this is not longer a port, it's simply a broadcast interface. Every client gets every packet. Every client processes every packet, and filters out everything it doesn't care about.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="datagram_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM) datagram_socket.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, 1)"><pre class="notranslate"><code>datagram_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM) datagram_socket.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, 1) </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Another cool thing is that you can create a virtual, virtual network interface that behaves like a real one in python. The setup below allows us to write and recieve broadcast UDP packets to any interface. In order to simulate our mesh networking protocol (which is at the IP layer, one level below UDP), we are going to simply cut off the IP, and UDP headers of every packet we recieve. Since UDP allows us to do broadcast networking, we can simulate being at the ethernet level on the same hardware link as another computer by pretending we arent getting any help with routing from the system through IP and UDP. We can then tack on our own routing protocol, I'm calling it "MESHP" for lack of a better name. MESHP extends IPv6 and allows for mesh-style adhoc packet routing, but I'll save that for another time. Below is the code for creating hard and virtual interfaces.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="class HardLink: name = "en" readface = None writeface = None def __init__(self, iface="en1"): self.name = iface self.writeface = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM) self.writeface.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1) self.writeface.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, 1) self.writeface.setblocking(0) self.readface = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM) self.readface.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, 1) self.readface.setblocking(0) self.readface.bind(('',3003)) def send(self, indata): _1, ready_to_write, _2 = select.select([], [self.writeface], [], 1) # needed for nonblocking sockets if ready_to_write: self.writeface.sendto(indata, ('255.255.255.255', 3003)) else: print("NETWORK ERROR: WRITE FAILED") # this should never happen unless the interface goes down or you run out of memory to buffer packets def recv(self): ready_to_read, _1, _2 = select.select([self.readface], [], [], 1) # needed for nonblocking sockets if ready_to_read: return self.readface.recvfrom(1024) else: return "" class VirtualLink: name = "vlan" data = [] def __init__(self, iface="vlan0"): self.name = iface def send(self, indata): self.data.append(indata) def recv(self): if self.data: return self.data.pop()"><pre><span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-v">HardLink</span>: <span class="pl-s1">name</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s">"en"</span> <span class="pl-s1">readface</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1">None</span> <span class="pl-s1">writeface</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1">None</span> <span class="pl-k">def</span> <span class="pl-en">__init__</span>(<span class="pl-s1">self</span>, <span class="pl-s1">iface</span><span class="pl-c1">=</span><span class="pl-s">"en1"</span>): <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">name</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">iface</span> <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">writeface</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">socket</span>(<span class="pl-c1">AF_INET</span>, <span class="pl-c1">SOCK_DGRAM</span>) <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">writeface</span>.<span class="pl-c1">setsockopt</span>(<span class="pl-c1">SOL_SOCKET</span>, <span class="pl-c1">SO_REUSEADDR</span>, <span class="pl-c1">1</span>) <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">writeface</span>.<span class="pl-c1">setsockopt</span>(<span class="pl-c1">SOL_SOCKET</span>, <span class="pl-c1">SO_BROADCAST</span>, <span class="pl-c1">1</span>) <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">writeface</span>.<span class="pl-c1">setblocking</span>(<span class="pl-c1">0</span>) <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">readface</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">socket</span>(<span class="pl-c1">AF_INET</span>, <span class="pl-c1">SOCK_DGRAM</span>) <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">readface</span>.<span class="pl-c1">setsockopt</span>(<span class="pl-c1">SOL_SOCKET</span>, <span class="pl-c1">SO_REUSEPORT</span>, <span class="pl-c1">1</span>) <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">readface</span>.<span class="pl-c1">setblocking</span>(<span class="pl-c1">0</span>) <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">readface</span>.<span class="pl-c1">bind</span>((<span class="pl-s">''</span>,<span class="pl-c1">3003</span>)) <span class="pl-k">def</span> <span class="pl-en">send</span>(<span class="pl-s1">self</span>, <span class="pl-s1">indata</span>): <span class="pl-s1">_1</span>, <span class="pl-s1">ready_to_write</span>, <span class="pl-s1">_2</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">select</span>.<span class="pl-c1">select</span>([], [<span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">writeface</span>], [], <span class="pl-c1">1</span>) <span class="pl-c"># needed for nonblocking sockets</span> <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">ready_to_write</span>: <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">writeface</span>.<span class="pl-c1">sendto</span>(<span class="pl-s1">indata</span>, (<span class="pl-s">'255.255.255.255'</span>, <span class="pl-c1">3003</span>)) <span class="pl-k">else</span>: <span class="pl-en">print</span>(<span class="pl-s">"NETWORK ERROR: WRITE FAILED"</span>) <span class="pl-c"># this should never happen unless the interface goes down or you run out of memory to buffer packets</span> <span class="pl-k">def</span> <span class="pl-en">recv</span>(<span class="pl-s1">self</span>): <span class="pl-s1">ready_to_read</span>, <span class="pl-s1">_1</span>, <span class="pl-s1">_2</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">select</span>.<span class="pl-c1">select</span>([<span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">readface</span>], [], [], <span class="pl-c1">1</span>) <span class="pl-c"># needed for nonblocking sockets</span> <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">ready_to_read</span>: <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">readface</span>.<span class="pl-c1">recvfrom</span>(<span class="pl-c1">1024</span>) <span class="pl-k">else</span>: <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s">""</span> <span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-v">VirtualLink</span>: <span class="pl-s1">name</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s">"vlan"</span> <span class="pl-s1">data</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> [] <span class="pl-k">def</span> <span class="pl-en">__init__</span>(<span class="pl-s1">self</span>, <span class="pl-s1">iface</span><span class="pl-c1">=</span><span class="pl-s">"vlan0"</span>): <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">name</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">iface</span> <span class="pl-k">def</span> <span class="pl-en">send</span>(<span class="pl-s1">self</span>, <span class="pl-s1">indata</span>): <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">data</span>.<span class="pl-c1">append</span>(<span class="pl-s1">indata</span>) <span class="pl-k">def</span> <span class="pl-en">recv</span>(<span class="pl-s1">self</span>): <span class="pl-k">if</span> <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">data</span>: <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">self</span>.<span class="pl-c1">data</span>.<span class="pl-c1">pop</span>()</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Since these two Link types both have the same accessor methods, we can connect our nodes up to real interfaces or fake ones, and see how they behave. Nodes connected to both a real and a virtual can pass packets between the two, acting as a bridge for all the other nodes.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="red, green, blue, purple = HardLink("en1"), VirtualLink(), VirtualLink(), VirtualLink() nodes = [Node([red, green, blue]), Node([red, green]), Node([green, blue]), Node([purple]), Node([green, purple], Node([purple, red])) ] for node in nodes: node.start() nodes[0].send("HELLO") "><pre><span class="pl-s1">red</span>, <span class="pl-s1">green</span>, <span class="pl-s1">blue</span>, <span class="pl-s1">purple</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">HardLink</span>(<span class="pl-s">"en1"</span>), <span class="pl-en">VirtualLink</span>(), <span class="pl-en">VirtualLink</span>(), <span class="pl-en">VirtualLink</span>() <span class="pl-s1">nodes</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> [<span class="pl-en">Node</span>([<span class="pl-s1">red</span>, <span class="pl-s1">green</span>, <span class="pl-s1">blue</span>]), <span class="pl-en">Node</span>([<span class="pl-s1">red</span>, <span class="pl-s1">green</span>]), <span class="pl-en">Node</span>([<span class="pl-s1">green</span>, <span class="pl-s1">blue</span>]), <span class="pl-en">Node</span>([<span class="pl-s1">purple</span>]), <span class="pl-en">Node</span>([<span class="pl-s1">green</span>, <span class="pl-s1">purple</span>], <span class="pl-en">Node</span>([<span class="pl-s1">purple</span>, <span class="pl-s1">red</span>])) ] <span class="pl-k">for</span> <span class="pl-s1">node</span> <span class="pl-c1">in</span> <span class="pl-s1">nodes</span>: <span class="pl-s1">node</span>.<span class="pl-c1">start</span>() <span class="pl-s1">nodes</span>[<span class="pl-c1">0</span>].<span class="pl-c1">send</span>(<span class="pl-s">"HELLO"</span>)</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Each node accepts a list of links that it is connected to. All the nodes on one link work like a broadcast ethernet. You can visualize it as a bunch of serves connected to eachother using ethernet cables colored red, green, blue, and purple. Except the red link is actually a real link, allowing you to test your nodes over wifi, bluetooth, or any other hardware interface. Green, blue, and purple allow you to simulate branches of the network on your local computer in order to test topology. The cool part about this is that it allows you to simulate a complex 350 node network using a couple of laptops connected with an ethernet cable or wifi. To view the code for the class Node, check out <code>node.py</code>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Links:</h2><a id="user-content-links" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Links:" href="#links"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="http://dpk.io/blockchain" rel="nofollow">http://dpk.io/blockchain</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/squarezooko" rel="nofollow">http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/squarezooko</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/uncensor" rel="nofollow">http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/uncensor</a></li> <li><a href="https://squaretriangle.jottit.com/faq" rel="nofollow">https://squaretriangle.jottit.com/faq</a></li> <li><a href="http://libdnet.sourceforge.net/pydoc/public/frames.html" rel="nofollow">http://libdnet.sourceforge.net/pydoc/public/frames.html</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/SnabbCo/snabbswitch">https://github.com/SnabbCo/snabbswitch</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/ewust">https://github.com/ewust</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq</a> (Shortest-Path-Bridging)</li> <li><a href="https://developer.apple.com/reference/multipeerconnectivity" rel="nofollow">https://developer.apple.com/reference/multipeerconnectivity</a> (Apple's mesh framework)</li> <li><a href="http://www.secdev.org/projects/scapy/" rel="nofollow">http://www.secdev.org/projects/scapy/</a></li> <li><a href="http://battlemesh.org/" rel="nofollow">http://battlemesh.org/</a> (Mesh Networking Battle conf)</li> <li><a href="https://www.zerotier.com/" rel="nofollow">https://www.zerotier.com/</a> ("Mesh" vlan that can scale up to millions of nodes using social routing)</li> <li><a href="http://redecentralize.org/interviews/2013/07/30/02-adam-zerotierone.html" rel="nofollow">http://redecentralize.org/interviews/2013/07/30/02-adam-zerotierone.html</a> (quick explanation of zerotier)</li> </ul> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="/S7j8pv302VKwEDRvE76cIcp67x/oihLO5TLU26UpUF+PXsVokY8bkJKHJWLI3zEbIhoS/oePDRjNwOl9sEFng==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> 🌐 LEGO blocks for networking, a Python library to help create and test flexible network topologies across real and simulated physical links. </p> <h3 class="sr-only">Topics</h3> <div class="my-3"> <div class="f6"> <a href="/topics/python" title="Topic: python" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> python </a> <a href="/topics/osint" title="Topic: osint" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> osint </a> <a href="/topics/mesh-networks" title="Topic: mesh-networks" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> mesh-networks </a> <a href="/topics/network-topology" title="Topic: network-topology" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> network-topology </a> <a href="/topics/packets" title="Topic: packets" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> packets </a> <a href="/topics/tun" title="Topic: tun" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> tun </a> <a href="/topics/sockets" title="Topic: sockets" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> sockets </a> <a href="/topics/ipv6" title="Topic: ipv6" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> ipv6 </a> <a href="/topics/ipsec" title="Topic: ipsec" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> ipsec </a> </div> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Resources</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Repository Overview","action":"click","label":"location:sidebar;file:readme"}" href="#readme-ov-file"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" 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