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قوميت - وڪيپيڊيا

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type="application/rsd+xml" href="//sd.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sd"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="وڪيپيڊيا اڻو روان رسد" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-قوميت rootpage-قوميت skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">مواد ڏانھن هلو</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="سائيٽ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="مک مينيو" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">مک مينيو</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مک مينيو</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">سائڊبار ڏانھن چوريو</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">لڪايو</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> رھنمائي </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88" title="مک صفحو گھمو [z]" accesskey="z"><span>مک صفحو</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ھن رٿا بابت، توھان ڇا ٿا ڪري سگهو، شيون ڪٿي ڳولھجن"><span>اوطاق</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88%DA%AA%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A7" title="تازن واقعن تي تفصيلي ڄاڻ لھو"><span>هاڻوڪا واقعا</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ھن وڪيءَ ۾ تازين تبديلين جي فھرست [r]" accesskey="r"><span>تازيون تبديليون</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="ڪو بلاترتيب صفحو اتاريو [x]" accesskey="x"><span>بلاترتيب صفحو</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ڳولي لھڻ جي جاءِ"><span>مدد</span></a></li><li id="n-sandboxlink-portlet-label" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88"><span>مشق پٽي</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="وڪيپيڊيا" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-sd.svg" style="width: 6.8125em; height: 1.75em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sd.svg" width="135" height="23" style="width: 8.4375em; height: 1.4375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="۾ ڳوليو وڪيپيڊيا [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ڳولا</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڳوليو" aria-label="وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڳوليو" autocapitalize="sentences" title="۾ ڳوليو وڪيپيڊيا [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="خاص:ڳولا"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ڳوليو</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ذاتي اوزار"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ڏيک"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ڏيک" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ڏيک</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_sd.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=sd" class=""><span>امداد ڏيو</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88&amp;returnto=%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="کاتو کولڻ ۽ داخل ٿيڻ تي توھان کي ھمٿايو وڃي ٿو؛ جيتوڻيڪ، اهو ضروري ناھي" class=""><span>کاتو کوليو</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86&amp;returnto=%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="توھان کي ھمٿائجي ٿو تہ توهان داخل ٿيو؛ بھرحال، اھو لازمي ناھي [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>داخل ٿيو</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="وڌيڪ چارا" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ذاتي اوزار" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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ٿو؛ جيتوڻيڪ، اهو ضروري ناھي"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>کاتو کوليو</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86&amp;returnto=%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="توھان کي ھمٿائجي ٿو تہ توهان داخل ٿيو؛ بھرحال، اھو لازمي ناھي [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>داخل ٿيو</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ٻاھر نڪتل سنواريندڙن لاءِ صفحا <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" aria-label="سنوارڻ بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻيو"><span>وڌيڪ ڄاڻيو</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">فھرست</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">سائڊبار ڏانھن چوريو</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">لڪايو</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">تعارف</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-حوالا" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالا"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>حوالا</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-حوالا-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="فھرست" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="عنوانن جي فھرست کي ٽوگل ڪريو" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">عنوانن جي فھرست کي ٽوگل ڪريو</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">قوميت</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ڪنھن مضمون ڏانھن ڪنھن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ وڃو. 66 ٻولين ۾ موجود آھي" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 ٻوليون</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جنسية – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جنسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جنسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalid%C3%A1" title="Nacionalidá – اسٽورين" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nacionalidá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="اسٽورين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliyy%C9%99t" title="Milliyyət – آزربائيجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milliyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="آزربائيجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Милләт – ڪينيڊا" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Милләт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ڪينيڊا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="জাতীয়তা – بنگلا" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাতীয়তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگلا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk" title="Folk – بريٽن" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Folk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="بريٽن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalnost" title="Nacionalnost – بوسنيائي" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nacionalnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسنيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalitat" title="Nacionalitat – ڪيٽالان" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nacionalitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ڪيٽالان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95" title="ڕەگەزنامە – مرڪزي ڪردش" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەگەزنامە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="مرڪزي ڪردش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodnost" title="Národnost – چيڪ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چيڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenedligrwydd" title="Cenedligrwydd – ويلش" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cenedligrwydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalitet" title="Nationalitet – ڊينش" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nationalitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ڊينش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalit%C3%A4t" title="Nationalität – جرمن" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationalität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality – انگريزي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nationality" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انگريزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacieco" title="Nacieco – ايسپرانٽو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacieco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ايسپرانٽو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalidad" title="Nacionalidad – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nacionalidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalitate" title="Nazionalitate – باسق" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazionalitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="تابعیت – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تابعیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansallisuus" title="Kansallisuus – فنش" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فنش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalit%C3%A9" title="Nationalité – فرانسيسي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nationalité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسيسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonaliteit" title="Nasjonaliteit – مغربي فريشن" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nasjonaliteit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="مغربي فريشن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalidade" title="Nacionalidade – گليشئين" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nacionalidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="گليشئين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoonaght" title="Ashoonaght – مينڪس" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ashoonaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="مينڪس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D" title="לאום – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="राष्ट्रीयता – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राष्ट्रीयता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalnost" title="Nacionalnost – ڪروشيائي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ڪروشيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyonalite" title="Nasyonalite – هيٽي ڪرولي" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nasyonalite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيٽي ڪرولي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetis%C3%A9g" title="Nemzetiség – هنگري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetiség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنگري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ազգություն – ارماني" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազգություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ارماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebangsaan" title="Kebangsaan – انڊونيشي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebangsaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انڊونيشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalit%C3%A0" title="Nazionalità – اطالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazionalità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="اطالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%B1%8D" title="国籍 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国籍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ეროვნება – جارجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეროვნება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جارجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%81" title="국적 – ڪوريائي" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국적" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ڪوريائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalit%C3%A8%C3%A8t" title="Nationalitèèt – لمبرگش" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nationalitèèt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautyb%C4%97" title="Tautybė – ليٿونيائي" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tautybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليٿونيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zom-pirenena" title="Zom-pirenena – ملاگاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zom-pirenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملاگاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Националност – ميسي ڊونيائي" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Националност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ميسي ڊونيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerakyatan" title="Kerakyatan – ملي" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerakyatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaliteit" title="Nationaliteit – ڊچ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationaliteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ڊچ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalitet" title="Nasjonalitet – نارويائي بوڪمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nasjonalitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="نارويائي بوڪمال" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalitat" title="Nacionalitat – آڪسيٽن" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nacionalitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="آڪسيٽن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodowo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Narodowość – پولش" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narodowość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="مليت – پشتو" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مليت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="پشتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalidade" title="Nacionalidade – پورٽگليز" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nacionalidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورٽگليز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C8%9Bionalitate" title="Naționalitate – روماني" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Naționalitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="روماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Национальность – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Народность – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Народность" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalnost" title="Nacionalnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="ජාතිකත්වය – سنهالا" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාතිකත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سنهالا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nationality" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadanimo" title="Wadanimo – سومالي" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wadanimo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="سومالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komb%C3%ABsia" title="Kombësia – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kombësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Националност – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Националност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalitet" title="Nationalitet – سويڊش" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationalitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سويڊش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="สัญชาติ – ٿائي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัญชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ٿائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabansaan" title="Kabansaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabansaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliyet" title="Milliyet – ترڪش" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Milliyet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترڪش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Національність – يوڪراني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="يوڪراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="قومیت – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قومیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BB%8Bch" title="Quốc tịch – ويتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc tịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ويتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%B1%8D" title="国籍 – وو چيني" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国籍" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D" title="國籍 – چيني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國籍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-che%CC%8Dk" title="Kok-che̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-che̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D" title="國籍 – ڪينٽونيز" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國籍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ڪينٽونيز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q231002#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="بين‌الزباني ڳنڍڻا سنواريو" class="wbc-editpage">ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نانءُپولارَ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nationality" hreflang="en"><span>وڪيميڊيا العام</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q231002" title="اعدادخاني ۾ موجود لاڳاپيل اسم سان ڳنڍيو [g]" accesskey="g"><span>وڪيڊيٽا اسم</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="صفحاتِي اوزار"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ڏيک"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ڏيک</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">سائڊبار ڏانھن چوريو</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">لڪايو</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="sd" dir="rtl"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Russian_birth_certificate_of_Michael_Lucas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_birth_certificate_of_Michael_Lucas.JPG/220px-Russian_birth_certificate_of_Michael_Lucas.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_birth_certificate_of_Michael_Lucas.JPG/330px-Russian_birth_certificate_of_Michael_Lucas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russian_birth_certificate_of_Michael_Lucas.JPG/440px-Russian_birth_certificate_of_Michael_Lucas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>روسي پيدائش جو سرٽيفڪيٽ</figcaption></figure> <p>پئداواري ذريعن جي اوسر سان گڏ سماجي لاڳاپا پڻ ترقي ڪندا ۽ بدلجندا رهيا. جڏهن پيداواري قوتن گهڻي ترقي ڪئي ۽ ڌاتوءَ جا اوزار ٺهڻ ڪري <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان">انسان</a> جون پئداواري صلاحيتون وڌي ويون ته انسان پنهنجي ضرورتن کان وڌيڪ شيون پئدا ڪرڻ لڳو. ان جو لازمي نتيجو اهو نڪتو جو کپت کان حاصلات وڌيڪ ٿيڻ لڳي ۽ ڪن قبيلن جي اڳواڻن وٽ اها واڌو حاصلات جمع ٿيڻ لڳي. جنهن ڪري وڌيل پئداوار گڏ ٿيڻ لڳي. اهڙي طرح سماج ۾ ذاتي ملڪيت جو بنياد پيو، گڏيل محنت ۽ گڏيل استعمال جو طريقو ختم ٿي ويو. ان جي جاءِ فرد جي محنت ۽ فرد جي معاوضي ورتي ۽ انسان جو انسان هٿان ڦرجڻ جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو. اهڙيءَ طرح قديم راڄوڻي نظام غلام داري سماج ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو. پئداوار ٻن شاخن زراعت ۽ حرفت ۾ ورهائجي وئي ۽ شيون واپار لاءِ تيار ٿيڻ لڳيون. </p><p>طبقاتي معاشري پنهنجا اثر قبيلن ۽ قبيلائي اتحاد تي ڇڏڻ شروع ڪيا. قبيلن کي پنهنجي پيداوار وڌائڻي پئي ۽ هنن کي ڪم جي باقاعدي ورهاست ڪرڻي پئي. قبيلن جا ماڻهو شيون نه صرف ذاتي استعمال لاءِ تيار ڪرڻ لڳا پر هاڻ هو شيون واپار ۽ ٻين قبيلن سان مٽاسٽا لاءِ به تيار ڪرڻ لڳا. واپار هڪ قبيلي کان نڪري مختلف قبيلن تائين ڦهليو. جنهن ڪري هڪ مخصوص جاگرافيائي خطي جي قبيلن جي وچ ۾ رشتا ۽ ناتا وڌڻ لڳا ۽ ميل جول ٿيڻ ڪري هو هڪ ٻئي جي وڌيڪ ويجهو اچڻ لڳا. ملڪيت جي واڌ ۽ ضرورتن قبيلن کي پنهنجو ڌار وجود قائم رکڻ نه ڏنو. ڇو جو هرهڪ قبيلو ڪنهن نه ڪنهن اقتصاديات، معاشيات، هنر ۽ ڪاريگري ۾ خود ڪفيل هو. ان ڪري ٻئي قبيلي کي ان جي مدد جي اشد ضرورت پئي. قبيلا پري پري رهڻ بدران زمين جي هڪ خاص هنڌ تي هڪ ٻئي جي ويجهو رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ لڳا، جيئن هو ٻاهرين حملي آورن کي گڏجي منهن ڏئي سگهن ۽ هڪ ٻئي جي تجربن ۽ حاصلاتن مان فائدو حاصل ڪري سگهن. ان ڪري قبيلن جو اتحاد وسيع ٿي ويو. قبيلن جي وچ ۾ پيدا ٿيل معاشي رابطن ۽ هڪ علائقي جي اشتراڪ ڪري قبيلا پاڻ ۾ گهڻي وقت تائين فقط خانداني بنياد تي رابطا قائم رکي نه سگهيا ۽ خوني رشتيداري جي رابطي جي جڳهه علائقائي رابطي ۽ ويجهڙائي ورتي. علائقائي اشتراڪ اهڙن ماڻهن کي ڳنڍڻ شروع ڪيو، جيڪي پاڻ ۾ فقط خون جي بنياد تي مائٽ نه هئا. اهڙيءَ طرح وطن جي تصور جنم ورتو ۽ علائقائي مفاد قبيلائي مفادن مٿان غالب پوڻ لڳا. انساني سماج ۾ رياست جو ظهور ٿيو، علائقائي حڪومتون يا بادشاهتون، قبيلائي سردارين جي جاءِ والارڻ لڳيون. علائقائي اشتراڪ، معاشي ترقي جي عمل ۾ سڀ کان گهڻو ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. </p><p>جڏهن مختلف قبيلا هڪ مخصوص جاگرافيائي خطي اندر رهڻ لڳا ته هو هڪ ئي خطي اندر پنهنجون ڌار ڌار زبانون ۽ رسمون رواج جاري رکي نه ٿي سگهيا. ان ڪري اڳتي هلي سندن وچ مان مختلف قبيلائي ٻولين ۽ رسم رواجن جا سنڌا ختم ٿيڻ لڳا ۽ منجهن هڪ گڏيل ٻولي ۽ ثقافت اڀرڻ لڳي. </p><p>اهڙيءَ طرح مختلف قبيلن جي هڪ گڏيل جاگرافيائي وطن، ٻولي ۽ گڏيل ثقافت جي بنياد تي غلام داري ۽ جاگيرادري سماج ۾ انسانن جي هڪ نئين قسم جي برادري قوميت جنم ورتو. جيڪا ڪٽنب ۽ قبيلي جي بدران ۽ خوني رشتن بدران گڏيل علائقي ۽ ثقافت تي ٻڌل هئي. </p><p>هر انساني برادريءَ کي سماجي بنياد تي پنهنجو هڪ خاص طبقاتي ڍانچو هوندو آهي. ان ڪري غلام داري سماج جي قوميت جا بنيادي طبقا غلام ۽ آقا هئا. جڏهن ته جاگيرداراڻي قوميت ڏسڻ ۾ ته گهڻن طبقن ۾ ورهايل پئي نظر آئي، پر پوءِ به ان جي اندر بنيادي طبقاتي تضاد هاري ۽ جاگيردار جي وچ ۾ هئا. </p><p>قوميت (Qomeeyat)، قوم جي ڀيٽ ۾ ماڻهن جي گهڻي مستحڪم برادري ڪانه هئي. ڇو جو غلام داري ۽ جاگيرداري سماج تحت هڪ اهڙي معاشي برادري تشڪيل وٺي نه پئي سگهي، جيڪا سڄي ملڪ تي ڇائنيل هجي. ان ڪري ئي قوميت انسانن جي وچ ۾ ايترا ويجها ۽ گهرا لاڳاپا پيدا نه ڪري سگهي. جنهن تحت پراڻا خانداني ۽ قبيلائي اثر ۽ نشان ختم ڪري سگهجن. غلام داري ۽ جاگيرداري سماج ۾ واپاري مرڪزن ۽ جنسن جي مٽا سٽا محدود ۽ مقامي نوعيت جي هئي، اها سڄي ملڪ تي ڪنٽرول ڪري نه پئي سگهي. جنهن ڪري سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد گهرو ۽ مضبوط نه پئي ٿي سگهيو. </p><p>سماج ۾ قوميت جو معاشي اتحاد سڄي ملڪ تي ٻڌل نه هجڻ ڪري مڪمل طرح قبائلي اثر ختم نه ڪري سگهيو. ان دور ۾ قبائلي ٻولين جي جڳهه هڪ گڏيل زبان ورتي، جنهن جي رسم الخط شرع ٿيڻ سان ان جو ادبي معيار قائم ٿيو ۽ ان چڱي خاص ترقي ڪئي. پوءِ به ان گڏيل زبان تان قبيلائي ٻولين جا اثر مڪمل طرح ختم ٿي نه سگهيا. ملڪ جي مختلف خطن ۾ ان جو لهجو ۽ روپ بدليل رهيو. </p><p>قبيلائي ريتن رسمن گڏجي هڪ گڏيل ثقافت کي جنم ڏنو. جيڪا سماجي حالتن جي اثر هيٺ طبقاتي ثقافت هئي ۽ اها سماج جي مٿين طبقن جي حالات زندگي جو عڪس هئي. ان گڏيل ثقافت تي به قديم دور جي خاندانن ۽ قبيلن جي ريتن رسمن ۽ رواجن جو عڪس چٽيءَ طرح نقش ٿيل هو. ان کان سواءِ ان ثقافت تي خاص علائقائي اثر به پيا، جنهن جو خاص سبب قبيلن وچ ۾ معاشي رابطن وڌڻ ڪري علائقي جي مختلف حصن ۾ تعلقات وڌڻ ۽ اتان جي رهواسين جو هڪ ٻئي جي ويجهو اچڻ هو.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالا"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7"></span>حوالا</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: حوالا"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=491">ڪتاب؛ قومون ۽ قومي تحريڪ آزادي، ليکڪ؛ رُڪ سنڌي</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029142636/https://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=491">آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا</a> 2020-10-29 حوالو موجود آهي <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%DA%AA_%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="وي بيڪ مشين">وي بيڪ مشين</a>. پاران سنڌسلامت ڊاٽ ڪام</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitaab: Qomoon aein qoumi thahreek e Aazaadi, Laikkhak: Ruk Sindhi</span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐67d7d6bbb‐5lp5n Cached time: 20241105122207 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.029 seconds Real 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