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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alphabets related to Etruscan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabets_related_to_Etruscan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabets related to Etruscan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabets_related_to_Etruscan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etruscan_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etruscan_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Etruscan alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etruscan_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nucerian_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucerian_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nucerian alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucerian_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhaetic_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhaetic_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rhaetic alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhaetic_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venetic_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venetic_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Venetic alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venetic_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camunic_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camunic_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Camunic alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camunic_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Picene_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Picene_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>South Picene alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Picene_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Italiese_alfabette" title="Oud-Italiese alfabette – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oud-Italiese alfabette" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antics_alfabets_it%C3%A0lics" title="Antics alfabets itàlics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antics alfabets itàlics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaick%C3%A1_latinka" title="Archaická latinka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Archaická latinka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitalisches_Alphabet" title="Altitalisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altitalisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetos_it%C3%A1licos" title="Alfabetos itálicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabetos itálicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الفبای ایتالیایی باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای ایتالیایی باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieil_italique" title="Vieil italique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vieil italique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="고대 이탈리아 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 이탈리아 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Italik_Kuno" title="Alfabet Italik Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Italik Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forn%C3%ADtal%C3%ADskt_stafr%C3%B3f" title="Fornítalískt stafróf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornítalískt stafróf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_etrusca#Alfabeto" title="Lingua etrusca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua etrusca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Italische_schriften" title="Oud-Italische schriften – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oud-Italische schriften" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="古イタリア文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古イタリア文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigas_escritas_it%C3%A1licas" title="Antigas escritas itálicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antigas escritas itálicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vechea_scriere_italic%C4%83" title="Vechea scriere italică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vechea scriere italică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroitalska_pisava" title="Staroitalska pisava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Staroitalska pisava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="อักษรอิตาลีเก่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรอิตาลีเก่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_%C4%B0talik_alfabeler" title="Eski İtalik alfabeler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski İtalik alfabeler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="古意大利字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古意大利字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4891256#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Old+Italic+scripts%22">"Old Italic scripts"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Old+Italic+scripts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Old+Italic+scripts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Old+Italic+scripts%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Old+Italic+scripts%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Old+Italic+scripts%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Old Italic<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsiliana_tablet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marsiliana_tablet.svg/220px-Marsiliana_tablet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marsiliana_tablet.svg/330px-Marsiliana_tablet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marsiliana_tablet.svg/440px-Marsiliana_tablet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">An inscription from the Marsiliana tablet, around 700 BC</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> Alphabet </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7th century – 1st century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">Right-to-left script</a>, left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4891256?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Old Italic</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Ital</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(210)</span>, Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, etc.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Old Italic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10300.pdf">U+10300–U+1032F</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Old Italic scripts</b> are a family of ancient <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> between about 700 and 100 BC, for various languages spoken in that time and place. The most notable member is the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>, which was the immediate ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> used by more than 100 languages today, including <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic alphabets</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> are believed to have been separately derived from one of these alphabets by the 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Old Italic alphabets ultimately derive from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, but the general consensus is that the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a> was imported from the <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboean</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia (Pithekoūsai)</a> situated in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Naples" title="Gulf of Naples">Gulf of Naples</a> in the 8th century BC; this <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets#Euboean" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Euboean alphabet</a> is also called 'Cumaean' (after Cumae), or 'Chalcidian' (after its <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">metropolis</a> <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Banti_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banti-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cumaean hypothesis is supported by the 1957–58 excavations of <a href="/wiki/Veii" title="Veii">Veii</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_School_at_Rome" title="British School at Rome">British School at Rome</a>, which found pieces of Greek pottery indicating that contacts between the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan city</a> of Veii and the Greek colonies of Cumae and Ischia have existed ever since the second half of the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Banti_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banti-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars posit a different hypothetical Western Greek alphabet that was even older than those attested to have given rise to the Etruscan letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Banti_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banti-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the case, the Etruscans added the <i>c</i>, the <i>q</i> and the combination of <i>vh</i> or <i>hv</i> (for /f/) in order to spell sounds that did not exist in Ancient Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development and usage of their own Greek-derived alphabet arguably marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a> and ushered in the Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalising period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>As the Etruscans were the leading civilization of Italy in that period, it is widely accepted that they spread their alphabet across the peninsula, and the other Old Italic scripts were derived from theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars provide three reasons: Etruscans and non-Etruscans had strong contacts in the 8th and 7th centuries, surviving inscriptions from other languages appear later (after the end of the 8th century) than the earliest Etruscan ones (first amongst the <a href="/wiki/Umbrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrians">Umbrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faliscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Faliscans">Faliscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latins" title="Latins">Latins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a> to the south, in the 6th century also in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> and amongst the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Celtic" title="Cisalpine Celtic">Cisalpine Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Raetic tribes</a>), and the letters used in these texts are evidently based on the Etruscan version of the Western Greek alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some of them, including the Latin alphabet, retained certain Greek letters that the Etruscans themselves dropped at a rather early stage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Old Italic alphabets were used for various different languages, which included some <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> ones (predominantly from the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> branch, but also in <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> and probably in inscriptions interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>) and some non-Indo-European ones (such as <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> itself).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabets_related_to_Etruscan">Alphabets related to Etruscan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alphabets related to Etruscan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the ancient Italic scripts that are presumed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be related to the Etruscan alphabet. Symbols that are assumed to be correspondent are placed on the same column. Many symbols occur with two or more variant forms in the same script; only one variant is shown here. The notations <b>[←]</b> and <b>[→]</b> indicate that the shapes shown were used when writing right-to-left and left-to-right, respectively. </p><p><b>Warning: For the languages marked [?] the appearance of the "Letters" in the table is whatever one's browser's <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> font shows for the corresponding code points in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_(Unicode_block)" title="Old Italic (Unicode block)">Old Italic Unicode block</a>. The same code point represents different symbol shapes in different languages; therefore, to display those glyph images properly one needs to use a Unicode font specific to that language.</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="31" style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Letter [←] </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/12px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/18px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/24px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_beth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/12px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/18px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/24px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_gimel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/12px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/18px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/24px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_daleth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/12px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/18px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/24px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/12px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/18px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/24px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/12px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/18px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/24px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/12px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/18px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/24px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_heth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/12px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/18px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/24px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_teth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/12px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/18px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/24px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_yodh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/12px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/18px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/24px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/12px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/18px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/24px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_lamedh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/12px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/18px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/24px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_mem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/12px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/18px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/24px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_nun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/12px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/18px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/24px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_samekh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/12px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/18px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/24px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/12px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/18px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/24px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_pe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/12px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/18px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/24px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/12px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/18px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/24px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_qoph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/12px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/18px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/24px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_res.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/12px-Phoenician_res.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/18px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/24px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/12px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/18px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/24px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_taw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/12px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/18px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/24px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Value </th> <td>ʾ</td> <td>b</td> <td>g</td> <td>d</td> <td>h</td> <td>w</td> <td>z</td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>y</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>s</td> <td>ʿ</td> <td>p</td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>š</td> <td>t</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="31" style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Greek_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Greek alphabet">Western Greek</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirchhoff1877[httpsarchiveorgdetailsstudienzurgeschi00kircpagen179_168]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirchhoff1877[httpsarchiveorgdetailsstudienzurgeschi00kircpagen179_168]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Letter [→] </th> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/13px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/19px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/26px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/13px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/19px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/26px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB0B0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB0B0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Value </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>g</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>w</td> <td>zd</td> <td>h</td> <td>tʰ</td> <td>i</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td></td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>s</td> <td>k</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>ks</td> <td>pʰ</td> <td>kʰ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transcription </th> <td>Α</td> <td>Β</td> <td>Γ</td> <td>Δ</td> <td>Ε</td> <td>Ϝ</td> <td>Ζ</td> <td>Η</td> <td>Θ</td> <td>Ι</td> <td>Κ</td> <td>Λ</td> <td>Μ</td> <td>Ν</td> <td>Ξ</td> <td>Ο</td> <td>Π</td> <td>Ϻ</td> <td>Ϙ</td> <td>Ρ</td> <td>Σ</td> <td>Τ</td> <td>Υ</td> <td>X</td> <td>Φ</td> <td>Ψ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="31" style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></b> – from 7th century BC<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Marsiliana [←] </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/9px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/13px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/17px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanB-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EtruscanB-01.svg/9px-EtruscanB-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EtruscanB-01.svg/13px-EtruscanB-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EtruscanB-01.svg/17px-EtruscanB-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanC-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EtruscanC-01.svg/9px-EtruscanC-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EtruscanC-01.svg/13px-EtruscanC-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EtruscanC-01.svg/17px-EtruscanC-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanD-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EtruscanD-01.svg/9px-EtruscanD-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EtruscanD-01.svg/13px-EtruscanD-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EtruscanD-01.svg/17px-EtruscanD-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanE-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/9px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/13px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/17px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanF-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanF-01.svg/9px-EtruscanF-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanF-01.svg/13px-EtruscanF-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanF-01.svg/17px-EtruscanF-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanZ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EtruscanZ-01.svg/9px-EtruscanZ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EtruscanZ-01.svg/13px-EtruscanZ-01.svg.png 1.5x, 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<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanM-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EtruscanM-01.svg/13px-EtruscanM-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EtruscanM-01.svg/20px-EtruscanM-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EtruscanM-01.svg/27px-EtruscanM-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanN-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EtruscanN-01.svg/9px-EtruscanN-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EtruscanN-01.svg/13px-EtruscanN-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EtruscanN-01.svg/17px-EtruscanN-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic_grid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_Xi_archaic_grid.svg/10px-Greek_Xi_archaic_grid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_Xi_archaic_grid.svg/15px-Greek_Xi_archaic_grid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greek_Xi_archaic_grid.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_archaic_grid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/10px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/15px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanP-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EtruscanP-01.svg/9px-EtruscanP-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EtruscanP-01.svg/13px-EtruscanP-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EtruscanP-01.svg/17px-EtruscanP-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanSH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EtruscanSH-01.svg/9px-EtruscanSH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EtruscanSH-01.svg/13px-EtruscanSH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EtruscanSH-01.svg/17px-EtruscanSH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanQ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EtruscanQ-01.svg/9px-EtruscanQ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EtruscanQ-01.svg/13px-EtruscanQ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EtruscanQ-01.svg/17px-EtruscanQ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanR-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EtruscanR-01.svg/9px-EtruscanR-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EtruscanR-01.svg/13px-EtruscanR-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EtruscanR-01.svg/17px-EtruscanR-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/10px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/15px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanT-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EtruscanT-01.svg/9px-EtruscanT-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EtruscanT-01.svg/13px-EtruscanT-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EtruscanT-01.svg/17px-EtruscanT-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanV-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/EtruscanV-01.svg/9px-EtruscanV-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/EtruscanV-01.svg/13px-EtruscanV-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/EtruscanV-01.svg/17px-EtruscanV-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanX-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/9px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/13px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/17px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanPH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/EtruscanPH-01.svg/9px-EtruscanPH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/EtruscanPH-01.svg/13px-EtruscanPH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/EtruscanPH-01.svg/17px-EtruscanPH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanKH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EtruscanKH-01.svg/9px-EtruscanKH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EtruscanKH-01.svg/13px-EtruscanKH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EtruscanKH-01.svg/17px-EtruscanKH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Archaic (to 5th c.) [←] </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/9px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/13px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/17px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanC-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EtruscanC-01.svg/9px-EtruscanC-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EtruscanC-01.svg/13px-EtruscanC-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EtruscanC-01.svg/17px-EtruscanC-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanE-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/9px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/13px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/17px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanF-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanF-01.svg/9px-EtruscanF-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanF-01.svg/13px-EtruscanF-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanF-01.svg/17px-EtruscanF-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanZ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EtruscanZ-01.svg/9px-EtruscanZ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EtruscanZ-01.svg/13px-EtruscanZ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EtruscanZ-01.svg/17px-EtruscanZ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanH-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EtruscanH-02.svg/9px-EtruscanH-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EtruscanH-02.svg/13px-EtruscanH-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EtruscanH-02.svg/17px-EtruscanH-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanTH-03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/EtruscanTH-03.svg/12px-EtruscanTH-03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/EtruscanTH-03.svg/19px-EtruscanTH-03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/EtruscanTH-03.svg/25px-EtruscanTH-03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanI-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/EtruscanI-01.svg/9px-EtruscanI-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/EtruscanI-01.svg/13px-EtruscanI-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/EtruscanI-01.svg/17px-EtruscanI-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanK-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanK-01.svg/9px-EtruscanK-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanK-01.svg/13px-EtruscanK-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanK-01.svg/17px-EtruscanK-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanL-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/EtruscanL-01.svg/9px-EtruscanL-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/EtruscanL-01.svg/13px-EtruscanL-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/EtruscanL-01.svg/17px-EtruscanL-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanM-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EtruscanM-01.svg/13px-EtruscanM-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EtruscanM-01.svg/20px-EtruscanM-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EtruscanM-01.svg/27px-EtruscanM-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanN-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EtruscanN-01.svg/9px-EtruscanN-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EtruscanN-01.svg/13px-EtruscanN-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EtruscanN-01.svg/17px-EtruscanN-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanP-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EtruscanP-01.svg/9px-EtruscanP-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EtruscanP-01.svg/13px-EtruscanP-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EtruscanP-01.svg/17px-EtruscanP-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanSH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EtruscanSH-01.svg/9px-EtruscanSH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EtruscanSH-01.svg/13px-EtruscanSH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EtruscanSH-01.svg/17px-EtruscanSH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanQ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EtruscanQ-01.svg/9px-EtruscanQ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EtruscanQ-01.svg/13px-EtruscanQ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EtruscanQ-01.svg/17px-EtruscanQ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanR-03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/EtruscanR-03.svg/9px-EtruscanR-03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/EtruscanR-03.svg/13px-EtruscanR-03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/EtruscanR-03.svg/17px-EtruscanR-03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanS-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/EtruscanS-02.svg/9px-EtruscanS-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/EtruscanS-02.svg/13px-EtruscanS-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/EtruscanS-02.svg/17px-EtruscanS-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanT-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EtruscanT-01.svg/9px-EtruscanT-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EtruscanT-01.svg/13px-EtruscanT-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EtruscanT-01.svg/17px-EtruscanT-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanV-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/EtruscanV-01.svg/9px-EtruscanV-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/EtruscanV-01.svg/13px-EtruscanV-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/EtruscanV-01.svg/17px-EtruscanV-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanX-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/9px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/13px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/17px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanPH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/EtruscanPH-01.svg/9px-EtruscanPH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/EtruscanPH-01.svg/13px-EtruscanPH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/EtruscanPH-01.svg/17px-EtruscanPH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanKH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EtruscanKH-01.svg/9px-EtruscanKH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EtruscanKH-01.svg/13px-EtruscanKH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EtruscanKH-01.svg/17px-EtruscanKH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanF-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EtruscanF-02.svg/9px-EtruscanF-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EtruscanF-02.svg/13px-EtruscanF-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EtruscanF-02.svg/17px-EtruscanF-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neo (4th to 1st c.)[←] </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/9px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/13px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EtruscanA-01.svg/17px-EtruscanA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanC-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EtruscanC-01.svg/9px-EtruscanC-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EtruscanC-01.svg/13px-EtruscanC-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/EtruscanC-01.svg/17px-EtruscanC-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanE-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/9px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/13px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/EtruscanE-01.svg/17px-EtruscanE-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanF-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanF-01.svg/9px-EtruscanF-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanF-01.svg/13px-EtruscanF-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EtruscanF-01.svg/17px-EtruscanF-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanZ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EtruscanZ-01.svg/9px-EtruscanZ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EtruscanZ-01.svg/13px-EtruscanZ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EtruscanZ-01.svg/17px-EtruscanZ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EtruscanH-01.svg/9px-EtruscanH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EtruscanH-01.svg/13px-EtruscanH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EtruscanH-01.svg/17px-EtruscanH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanTH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EtruscanTH-01.svg/12px-EtruscanTH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EtruscanTH-01.svg/19px-EtruscanTH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EtruscanTH-01.svg/25px-EtruscanTH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanI-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/EtruscanI-01.svg/9px-EtruscanI-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/EtruscanI-01.svg/13px-EtruscanI-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/EtruscanI-01.svg/17px-EtruscanI-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanL-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/EtruscanL-01.svg/9px-EtruscanL-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/EtruscanL-01.svg/13px-EtruscanL-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/EtruscanL-01.svg/17px-EtruscanL-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanM-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/EtruscanM-02.svg/9px-EtruscanM-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/EtruscanM-02.svg/13px-EtruscanM-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/EtruscanM-02.svg/17px-EtruscanM-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanN-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/EtruscanN-02.svg/9px-EtruscanN-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/EtruscanN-02.svg/13px-EtruscanN-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/EtruscanN-02.svg/17px-EtruscanN-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanP-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EtruscanP-01.svg/9px-EtruscanP-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EtruscanP-01.svg/13px-EtruscanP-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EtruscanP-01.svg/17px-EtruscanP-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanSH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EtruscanSH-01.svg/9px-EtruscanSH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EtruscanSH-01.svg/13px-EtruscanSH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EtruscanSH-01.svg/17px-EtruscanSH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanR-04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EtruscanR-04.svg/9px-EtruscanR-04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EtruscanR-04.svg/13px-EtruscanR-04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EtruscanR-04.svg/17px-EtruscanR-04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanS-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/EtruscanS-02.svg/9px-EtruscanS-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/EtruscanS-02.svg/13px-EtruscanS-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/EtruscanS-02.svg/17px-EtruscanS-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanT-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/EtruscanT-02.svg/9px-EtruscanT-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/EtruscanT-02.svg/13px-EtruscanT-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/EtruscanT-02.svg/17px-EtruscanT-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanU-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/EtruscanU-02.svg/9px-EtruscanU-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/EtruscanU-02.svg/13px-EtruscanU-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/EtruscanU-02.svg/17px-EtruscanU-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanPH-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EtruscanPH-02.svg/12px-EtruscanPH-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EtruscanPH-02.svg/19px-EtruscanPH-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EtruscanPH-02.svg/25px-EtruscanPH-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanKH-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/EtruscanKH-02.svg/9px-EtruscanKH-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/EtruscanKH-02.svg/13px-EtruscanKH-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/EtruscanKH-02.svg/17px-EtruscanKH-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanF-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EtruscanF-02.svg/9px-EtruscanF-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EtruscanF-02.svg/13px-EtruscanF-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EtruscanF-02.svg/17px-EtruscanF-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Value </th> <td>a </td> <td> </td> <td>k </td> <td> </td> <td>e </td> <td>w </td> <td>ts </td> <td>h </td> <td>t<sup>h</sup> </td> <td>i </td> <td>k </td> <td>l </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>p </td> <td>ʃ </td> <td>k </td> <td>r </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td>u </td> <td>s </td> <td>p<sup>h</sup> </td> <td>k<sup>h</sup> </td> <td>f </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transcription </th> <td>a </td> <td> </td> <td>c </td> <td> </td> <td>e </td> <td>v </td> <td>z </td> <td>h </td> <td>θ </td> <td>i </td> <td>k </td> <td>l </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>p </td> <td>ś </td> <td>q </td> <td>r </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td>u </td> <td>ṡ </td> <td>φ </td> <td>χ </td> <td>f </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="31" style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a></b> – from 5th century BC<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Letter [←] </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_A3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Oscan_A3.svg/10px-Oscan_A3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Oscan_A3.svg/15px-Oscan_A3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Oscan_A3.svg/20px-Oscan_A3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="208" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_B1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Oscan_B1.svg/5px-Oscan_B1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Oscan_B1.svg/7px-Oscan_B1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Oscan_B1.svg/10px-Oscan_B1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="37" data-file-height="87" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_C1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oscan_C1.svg/6px-Oscan_C1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oscan_C1.svg/10px-Oscan_C1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oscan_C1.svg/13px-Oscan_C1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="89" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_D1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oscan_D1.svg/7px-Oscan_D1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oscan_D1.svg/11px-Oscan_D1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oscan_D1.svg/15px-Oscan_D1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="57" data-file-height="91" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_E1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Oscan_E1.svg/7px-Oscan_E1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Oscan_E1.svg/11px-Oscan_E1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Oscan_E1.svg/15px-Oscan_E1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="87" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_F2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Oscan_F2.svg/8px-Oscan_F2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Oscan_F2.svg/12px-Oscan_F2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Oscan_F2.svg/16px-Oscan_F2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="95" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_Z1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Oscan_Z1.svg/7px-Oscan_Z1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Oscan_Z1.svg/11px-Oscan_Z1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Oscan_Z1.svg/15px-Oscan_Z1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="109" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_H1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Oscan_H1.svg/7px-Oscan_H1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Oscan_H1.svg/11px-Oscan_H1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Oscan_H1.svg/15px-Oscan_H1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="113" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_I1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oscan_I1.svg/1px-Oscan_I1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oscan_I1.svg/2px-Oscan_I1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oscan_I1.svg/3px-Oscan_I1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="84" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_K2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oscan_K2.svg/7px-Oscan_K2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oscan_K2.svg/11px-Oscan_K2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oscan_K2.svg/15px-Oscan_K2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_L2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Oscan_L2.svg/7px-Oscan_L2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Oscan_L2.svg/11px-Oscan_L2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Oscan_L2.svg/15px-Oscan_L2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="84" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_M1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oscan_M1.svg/13px-Oscan_M1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oscan_M1.svg/19px-Oscan_M1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oscan_M1.svg/25px-Oscan_M1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="109" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_N1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Oscan_N1.svg/8px-Oscan_N1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Oscan_N1.svg/12px-Oscan_N1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Oscan_N1.svg/16px-Oscan_N1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="109" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_P1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Oscan_P1.svg/9px-Oscan_P1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Oscan_P1.svg/13px-Oscan_P1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Oscan_P1.svg/17px-Oscan_P1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_R1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Oscan_R1.svg/7px-Oscan_R1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Oscan_R1.svg/10px-Oscan_R1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Oscan_R1.svg/14px-Oscan_R1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="114" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_S1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Oscan_S1.svg/9px-Oscan_S1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Oscan_S1.svg/13px-Oscan_S1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Oscan_S1.svg/18px-Oscan_S1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="108" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_T2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Oscan_T2.svg/13px-Oscan_T2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Oscan_T2.svg/19px-Oscan_T2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Oscan_T2.svg/25px-Oscan_T2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="55" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_U1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Oscan_U1.svg/12px-Oscan_U1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Oscan_U1.svg/17px-Oscan_U1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Oscan_U1.svg/23px-Oscan_U1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="104" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_F3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Oscan_F3.svg/8px-Oscan_F3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Oscan_F3.svg/12px-Oscan_F3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Oscan_F3.svg/16px-Oscan_F3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="110" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_U3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oscan_U3.svg/10px-Oscan_U3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oscan_U3.svg/16px-Oscan_U3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oscan_U3.svg/21px-Oscan_U3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="115" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscan_I2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Oscan_I2.svg/5px-Oscan_I2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Oscan_I2.svg/7px-Oscan_I2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Oscan_I2.svg/10px-Oscan_I2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="84" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Value </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>g</td> <td>d</td> <td>ɛ<sup id="cite_ref-zair2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zair2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>w</td> <td>ts</td> <td>h</td> <td></td> <td>i</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td>o</td> <td>e<sup id="cite_ref-zair2016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zair2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transcription </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>g</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>v</td> <td>z</td> <td>h</td> <td></td> <td>i</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td>ú</td> <td>í</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="31" style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></b> – 7th to 5th century BC </td></tr> <tr> <th>Letter [?][→] </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866748597">.mw-parser-output .script-old-italic{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Italica Vetus","Italica Vetus SN",Cardo,FreeMono,"DejaVu Sans","Noto Sans Old Italic","Quivira","Aegean","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-old-italic[style*="direction: rtl"]{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Italica Vetus SN","Italica Vetus",Cardo,FreeMono,"DejaVu Sans","Noto Sans Old Italic","Quivira","Aegean","Segoe UI Historic"}</style><span class="script-old-italic">𐌀</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌄</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌅</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌆</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌈</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌉</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌊</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌋</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌌</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌍</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌏</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌐</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌑</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌓</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌔</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌕</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌖</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌗</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <th>Transcription </th> <td>A</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>E</td> <td>V</td> <td>Z</td> <td></td> <td>Θ</td> <td>I</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td></td> <td>O</td> <td>P</td> <td>Ś</td> <td></td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td>X</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="31" style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/South_Picene_language" title="South Picene language">South Picene</a></b> – from 6th century BC </td></tr> <tr> <th>Letter [?][→] </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌀</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌁</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌂</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌃</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌄</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌅</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌇</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌉</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌊</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌋</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌌</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌍</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌏</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌐</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌒</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌓</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌔</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌕</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌖</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌚</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌞</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌝</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <th>Transcription </th> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>G</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>V</td> <td></td> <td>H</td> <td></td> <td>I</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td></td> <td>O</td> <td>P</td> <td></td> <td>Q</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>F</td> <td>Ú</td> <td>Í</td> <td>* </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-zair2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zair2016_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zair2016_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zair (2016) uses /ɛ/ for <<b>e</b>> and /e/ for <<b>í</b>> as phonemic symbols.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buck (1904), p. 22: «The <b>í</b> is used to indicate an open <i>i</i>-sound, representing etymologically a short <i>i</i>, an <i>ē</i>, a short <i>e</i> in hiatus and occurring regularly in <i>i</i>-diphthongs and in the combination <b>ií</b> representing <i>ī</i>».</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venetic_Raetic_Camunic_Lepontic_alphabets.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Venetic_Raetic_Camunic_Lepontic_alphabets.png/290px-Venetic_Raetic_Camunic_Lepontic_alphabets.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Venetic_Raetic_Camunic_Lepontic_alphabets.png/435px-Venetic_Raetic_Camunic_Lepontic_alphabets.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Venetic_Raetic_Camunic_Lepontic_alphabets.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>The alphabets of Este (Venetic), Magrè and Bolzano/Bozen-Sanzeno (Raetic), Sondrio (Camunic), Lugano (Lepontic)</figcaption></figure> <p>Missing from the above table: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faliscan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Faliscan alphabet">Faliscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetic language">Rhaetic</a> (Raetic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etruscan_alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etruscan alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1223039320">.mw-parser-output .abchis-body{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .abchis-title{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></i></span> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></i></span> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></i></span> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a></i></span> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th c. BCE</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(<span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1601</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"><span class="anchor" id="tp-abchistory-phx"></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></i></span> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 940</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a></div> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> branch (<a href="/wiki/Faliscan_language" title="Faliscan language">Faliscan</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Sabellian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabellian (language)">Sabellian</a> group, including <a href="/wiki/Oscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscan">Oscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrian">Umbrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Picene" class="mw-redirect" title="South Picene">South Picene</a>, and other Indo-European branches such as <a href="/wiki/Venetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetic">Venetic</a>) originally used the alphabet. Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, <a href="/wiki/North_Picene" class="mw-redirect" title="North Picene">North Picene</a>, and South Picene all derive from an Etruscan form of the alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucerian_alphabet">Nucerian alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nucerian alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Segni_alfabeto_nucerino.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Segni_alfabeto_nucerino.tif/lossy-page1-700px-Segni_alfabeto_nucerino.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Segni_alfabeto_nucerino.tif/lossy-page1-1050px-Segni_alfabeto_nucerino.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Segni_alfabeto_nucerino.tif/lossy-page1-1400px-Segni_alfabeto_nucerino.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="1233" /></a></span> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Nuceria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuceria">Nucerian</a> alphabet</i> is based on inscriptions found in southern Italy (<a href="/wiki/Nocera_Superiore" title="Nocera Superiore">Nocera Superiore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vico_Equense" title="Vico Equense">Vico Equense</a> and other places). It is attested only between the 6th and the 5th century BC. The most important sign is the /S/, shaped like a fir tree, and possibly a derivation from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhaetic_alphabets">Rhaetic alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rhaetic alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raetic_alphabets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Raetic_alphabets.jpg/220px-Raetic_alphabets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Raetic_alphabets.jpg/330px-Raetic_alphabets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Raetic_alphabets.jpg/440px-Raetic_alphabets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>The Raetic alphabets</figcaption></figure> <p>Attested in almost 400 inscriptions from mainly the <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> regions of Northern Italy, and <a href="/wiki/North_Tyrol" title="North Tyrol">North Tyrol</a> (Austria) in two distinct alphabets: the alphabet of <a href="/wiki/Sanzeno" title="Sanzeno">Sanzeno</a>, and the alphabet of Magrè (near <a href="/wiki/Schio" title="Schio">Schio</a>). It was used to write the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venetic_alphabet">Venetic alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Venetic alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alphabet of Este: Similar but not identical to that of Magrè, <a href="/wiki/Venetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetic">Venetic</a> inscriptions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camunic_alphabet">Camunic alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Camunic alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic language</a></div> <p>Inscribed <a href="/wiki/Abecedaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Abecedaria">abecedaria</a> and other short inscriptions found on <a href="/wiki/Rock_drawings_in_Valcamonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock drawings in Valcamonica">rock drawings in Valcamonica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_alphabet">Latin alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latin alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Latin alphabet">History of the Latin alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duenos_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Duenos_inscription.jpg/220px-Duenos_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Duenos_inscription.jpg/330px-Duenos_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Duenos_inscription.jpg/440px-Duenos_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duenos_inscription" title="Duenos inscription">Duenos inscription</a>, 6th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>21 of the 26 archaic Etruscan letters were adopted for <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> from the 7th century BC, either directly from the <a href="/wiki/Cumae_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumae alphabet">Cumae alphabet</a>, or via archaic Etruscan forms, compared to the classical Etruscan alphabet retaining B, D, K, O, Q, X but dropping Θ, Ξ, Ϻ, Φ, and Ψ.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellpadding="5"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌀</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌁</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌂</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌃</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌄</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌅</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌆</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌇</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌉</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌊</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌋</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌌</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌍</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌏</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌐</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌒</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌓</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌔</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌕</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌖</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌗</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>F</td> <td>Z</td> <td>H</td> <td>I</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>O</td> <td>P</td> <td>Q</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>V</td> <td>X </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Picene_alphabet">South Picene alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South Picene alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/South_Picene_language" title="South Picene language">South Picene language</a></div> <p>The South Picene alphabet, known from the 6th century BC, is most like the southern <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a> in that it uses <i>Q</i> for /k/ and <i>K</i> for /g/. <span class="nowrap">⟨.⟩</span> is a reduced <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨:⟩</span> is a reduced <span class="nowrap">⟨8⟩</span>, used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_(Unicode_block)" title="Old Italic (Unicode block)">Old Italic (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>The Old Italic alphabets were unified and added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in March 2001 with the release of version 3.1. The Unicode block for Old Italic is U+10300–U+1032F without specification of a particular alphabet (i.e. the Old Italic alphabets are considered equivalent, and the font used will determine the variant).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing direction (right-to-left, left-to-right, or <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a>) varies based on the language and even the time period. For simplicity most scholars use left-to-right and this is the Unicode default direction for the Old Italic block. For this reason, the glyphs in the code chart are shown with left-to-right orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_(Unicode_block)" title="Old Italic (Unicode block)">Old Italic</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10300_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U10300_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10300_grey"><a href="#endnote_U10300_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10300.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1030x </td> <td title="U+10300: OLD ITALIC LETTER A"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌀</span> </td> <td title="U+10301: OLD ITALIC LETTER BE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌁</span> </td> <td title="U+10302: OLD ITALIC LETTER KE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌂</span> </td> <td title="U+10303: OLD ITALIC LETTER DE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌃</span> </td> <td title="U+10304: OLD ITALIC LETTER E"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌄</span> </td> <td title="U+10305: OLD ITALIC LETTER VE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌅</span> </td> <td title="U+10306: OLD ITALIC LETTER ZE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌆</span> </td> <td title="U+10307: OLD ITALIC LETTER HE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌇</span> </td> <td title="U+10308: OLD ITALIC LETTER THE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌈</span> </td> <td title="U+10309: OLD ITALIC LETTER I"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌉</span> </td> <td title="U+1030A: OLD ITALIC LETTER KA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌊</span> </td> <td title="U+1030B: OLD ITALIC LETTER EL"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌋</span> </td> <td title="U+1030C: OLD ITALIC LETTER EM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌌</span> </td> <td title="U+1030D: OLD ITALIC LETTER EN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌍</span> </td> <td title="U+1030E: OLD ITALIC LETTER ESH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌎</span> </td> <td title="U+1030F: OLD ITALIC LETTER O"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌏</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1031x </td> <td title="U+10310: OLD ITALIC LETTER PE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌐</span> </td> <td title="U+10311: OLD ITALIC LETTER SHE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌑</span> </td> <td title="U+10312: OLD ITALIC LETTER KU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌒</span> </td> <td title="U+10313: OLD ITALIC LETTER ER"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌓</span> </td> <td title="U+10314: OLD ITALIC LETTER ES"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌔</span> </td> <td title="U+10315: OLD ITALIC LETTER TE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌕</span> </td> <td title="U+10316: OLD ITALIC LETTER U"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌖</span> </td> <td title="U+10317: OLD ITALIC LETTER EKS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌗</span> </td> <td title="U+10318: OLD ITALIC LETTER PHE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌘</span> </td> <td title="U+10319: OLD ITALIC LETTER KHE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌙</span> </td> <td title="U+1031A: OLD ITALIC LETTER EF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌚</span> </td> <td title="U+1031B: OLD ITALIC LETTER ERS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌛</span> </td> <td title="U+1031C: OLD ITALIC LETTER CHE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌜</span> </td> <td title="U+1031D: OLD ITALIC LETTER II"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌝</span> </td> <td title="U+1031E: OLD ITALIC LETTER UU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌞</span> </td> <td title="U+1031F: OLD ITALIC LETTER ESS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1032x </td> <td title="U+10320: OLD ITALIC NUMERAL ONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌠</span> </td> <td title="U+10321: OLD ITALIC NUMERAL FIVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌡</span> </td> <td title="U+10322: OLD ITALIC NUMERAL TEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌢</span> </td> <td title="U+10323: OLD ITALIC NUMERAL FIFTY"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌣</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1032D: OLD ITALIC LETTER YE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌭</span> </td> <td title="U+1032E: OLD ITALIC LETTER NORTHERN TSE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌮</span> </td> <td title="U+1032F: OLD ITALIC LETTER SOUTHERN TSE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866748597"><span class="script-old-italic">𐌯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10300_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U10300_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10300_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U10300_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Old_Italic_script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Old Italic script">Old Italic script</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboean alphabet">Euboean alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabets_of_Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabets of Asia Minor">Alphabets of Asia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_European_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old European script">Old European script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_script" title="Trojan script">Trojan script</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10300.pdf"><i>Old Italic</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (chart), Unicode</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Italic&rft.pub=Unicode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU10300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/runic-alphabet">"runic alphabet | writing system"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=runic+alphabet+%7C+writing+system&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Frunic-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banti-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banti_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banti_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banti_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanti1973" class="citation book cs1">Banti, Luisa (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zzu5EjrCrsC&pg=PA193"><i>Etruscan Cities and Their Culture</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01910-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01910-2"><bdi>978-0-520-01910-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etruscan+Cities+and+Their+Culture&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01910-2&rft.aulast=Banti&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3zzu5EjrCrsC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2015" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Rex E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H91bCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT309">"Chapter 14: Language, Alphabet, and Linguistic Affiliation"</a>. <i>A Companion to the Etruscans</i>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-35495-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-35495-7"><bdi>978-1-118-35495-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+14%3A+Language%2C+Alphabet%2C+and+Linguistic+Affiliation&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Etruscans&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-35495-7&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Rex+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH91bCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2015" class="citation book cs1">Everson, Michael (6 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn40/old-italic-glyph-variation.pdf"><i>Unicode Technical Note No. 40: Old Italic glyph variation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unicode+Technical+Note+No.+40%3A+Old+Italic+glyph+variation&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fnotes%2Ftn40%2Fold-italic-glyph-variation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchhoff1877" class="citation book cs1">Kirchhoff, Adolf (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studienzurgeschi00kirc"><i>Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets</i></a>. Berlin: Dümmler. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studienzurgeschi00kirc/page/102">102</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24337090M">24337090M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studien+zur+Geschichte+des+griechischen+Alphabets&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=D%C3%BCmmler&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24337090M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Kirchhoff&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudienzurgeschi00kirc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirchhoff1877[httpsarchiveorgdetailsstudienzurgeschi00kircpagen179_168]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirchhoff1877[httpsarchiveorgdetailsstudienzurgeschi00kircpagen179_168]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirchhoff1877">Kirchhoff 1877</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studienzurgeschi00kirc/page/n179">168</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfante1983" class="citation book cs1">Bonfante, Giuliano (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etruscanlanguage0000bonf"><i>The Etruscan language</i></a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etruscanlanguage0000bonf/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0902-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0902-2"><bdi>0-7190-0902-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610734784">610734784</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19629507M">19629507M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscan+language&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610734784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL19629507M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-7190-0902-2&rft.aulast=Bonfante&rft.aufirst=Giuliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetruscanlanguage0000bonf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStützer1992" class="citation book cs1">Stützer, Herbert Alexander (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dieetruskerundih0000stut"><i>Die Etrusker und ihre Welt</i></a>. Köln: DuMont. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dieetruskerundih0000stut/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7701-3128-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-7701-3128-2"><bdi>3-7701-3128-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94191271">94191271</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/611534598">611534598</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1198388M">1198388M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Etrusker+und+ihre+Welt&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=DuMont&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F611534598&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94191271&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1198388M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=3-7701-3128-2&rft.aulast=St%C3%BCtzer&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieetruskerundih0000stut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1904" class="citation book cs1">Buck, Carl Darling (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofoscanum00buckuoft"><i>A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian</i></a>. Boston: Ginn. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofoscanum00buckuoft/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7118142M">7118142M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Oscan+and+Umbrian&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Ginn&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7118142M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Carl+Darling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammarofoscanum00buckuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/indo-european-or-ie-1691060">"What Is the Indo-European Family of Languages?"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Indo-European+Family+of+Languages%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Findo-european-or-ie-1691060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.umass.edu/sharris/in/e412/BC%202%20Indo-European.pdf"><i>Indo-European language and culture : an introduction</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0316-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0316-7"><bdi>1-4051-0316-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+language+and+culture+%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4051-0316-7&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.umass.edu%2Fsharris%2Fin%2Fe412%2FBC%25202%2520Indo-European.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacherSalomon2019" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schumacher, Stefan; Salomon, Corinna (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tir.univie.ac.at/images/8/88/Steinberg.pdf">"Die rätischen Inschriften vom Schneidjoch (Brandenberger Alpen, Tirol)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Die Höhle</i> (in German). No. 70. pp. 159–174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+H%C3%B6hle&rft.atitle=Die+r%C3%A4tischen+Inschriften+vom+Schneidjoch+%28Brandenberger+Alpen%2C+Tirol%29&rft.issue=70&rft.pages=159-174&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Salomon%2C+Corinna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftir.univie.ac.at%2Fimages%2F8%2F88%2FSteinberg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacherSalomonKlugeBajc2020" class="citation web cs1">Schumacher, Stefan; Salomon, Corinna; Kluge, Sindy; Bajc, Gudrun; Braun, Martin, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tir.univie.ac.at/wiki/Raetica">"Raetica"</a>. <i>Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thesaurus+Inscriptionum+Raeticarum&rft.atitle=Raetica&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftir.univie.ac.at%2Fwiki%2FRaetica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2020" class="citation journal cs1">Salomon, Corinna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.380">"Raetic"</a>. <i>Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua</i> (20): 263–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.380">10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386">1578-5386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohispanica.+Revista+sobre+lenguas+y+culturas+de+la+Hispania+Antigua&rft.atitle=Raetic&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=263-298&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.380&rft.issn=1578-5386&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Corinna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.36707%252Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher2000" class="citation web cs1">Schumacher, Stefan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314192121/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631220398_chunk_g97806312203989_ss1-3">"Camunic: Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe"</a>. <i>Blackwell Reference Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405166294">10.1002/9781405166294</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631220398_chunk_g97806312203989_ss1-3">the original</a> on 14 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blackwell+Reference+Online&rft.atitle=Camunic%3A+Encyclopedia+of+the+Languages+of+Europe&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405166294&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellreference.com%2Fpublic%2Ftocnode%3Fid%3Dg9780631220398_chunk_g97806312203989_ss1-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1985" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsystems00geof"><i>Writing systems: a linguistic introduction</i></a></span>. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsystems00geof/page/109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1254-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1254-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-1254-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/84040708">84040708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+systems%3A+a+linguistic+introduction&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F84040708&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1254-5&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsystems00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart-Smith2004" class="citation book cs1">Stuart-Smith, Jane (2004). <i>Phonetics and Philology: Sound Change in Italic</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925773-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925773-6"><bdi>0-19-925773-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonetics+and+Philology%3A+Sound+Change+in+Italic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-925773-6&rft.aulast=Stuart-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Unicode_Consortium2001" class="citation cs2">The Unicode Consortium (16 May 2001), "7.10 Old Italic (new section)", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr27/tr27-4.html#block"><i>Unicode Standard Annex #27, The Unicode Standard, Version 3.1.</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.10+Old+Italic+%28new+section%29&rft.btitle=Unicode+Standard+Annex+%2327%2C+The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+3.1.&rft.date=2001-05-16&rft.au=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Freports%2Ftr27%2Ftr27-4.html%23block&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsEverson1997" class="citation cs2">Jenkins, John; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a> (16 August 1997), "E.Processing", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/plane-1/eo.html#processing"><i>Proposal for encoding the Etruscan script in ISO/IEC 10646</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=E.Processing&rft.btitle=Proposal+for+encoding+the+Etruscan+script+in+ISO%2FIEC+10646&rft.date=1997-08-16&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Everson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fstandards%2Fiso10646%2Fplane-1%2Feo.html%23processing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfanteBonfante2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Bonfante" title="Giuliano Bonfante">Bonfante, Giuliano</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Bonfante, Larissa</a> (2002). <i>The Etruscan Language: An Introduction</i> (2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5539-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5539-3"><bdi>0-7190-5539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscan+Language%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7190-5539-3&rft.aulast=Bonfante&rft.aufirst=Giuliano&rft.au=Bonfante%2C+Larissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullen2013" class="citation book cs1">Mullen, Alex (2013). <i>Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean: Multilingualism and Multiple Identities in the Iron Age and Roman Periods</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02059-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02059-7"><bdi>978-1-107-02059-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Gaul+and+the+Mediterranean%3A+Multilingualism+and+Multiple+Identities+in+the+Iron+Age+and+Roman+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02059-7&rft.aulast=Mullen&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Italic_scripts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Old Italic script</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Old+Italic+scripts&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Old+Italic+scripts">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Old+Italic+scripts&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050330053810/http://etp.classics.umass.edu/">"Etruscan Texts Project"</a>. U. Mass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etp.classics.umass.edu/">the original</a> on 30 March 2005. <q>A searchable online database of Etruscan inscriptions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etruscan+Texts+Project&rft.pub=U.+Mass.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetp.classics.umass.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10300.pdf">"Old Italic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode.org&rft.atitle=Old+Italic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU10300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/etruscan.htm">"The Etruscan alphabet"</a>. <i>Omniglot.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot.com&rft.atitle=The+Etruscan+alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fetruscan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/olditalic.htm">"Old Italic alphabets"</a>. <i>Omniglot.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Old+Italic+alphabets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Folditalic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/etruscan.html">"Etruscan"</a>. <i>AncientScripts.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AncientScripts.com&rft.atitle=Etruscan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientscripts.com%2Fetruscan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025161323/http://www.ancientscripts.com/oscan.html">"Oscan"</a>. <i>AncientScripts.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/oscan.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AncientScripts.com&rft.atitle=Oscan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientscripts.com%2Foscan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_OldItalic.html">"Unicode Fonts"</a>. <i>www.wazu.jp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wazu.jp&rft.atitle=Unicode+Fonts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wazu.jp%2Fgallery%2FFonts_OldItalic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Italic+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Etruscan_civilization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Etruscans" title="Template:Etruscans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Etruscans" title="Template talk:Etruscans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Etruscans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Etruscans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Etruscan_civilization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_history" title="Etruscan history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_origins" title="Etruscan origins">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_Etruria" title="Padanian Etruria">Padanian Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenus" title="Tyrrhenus">Tyrrhenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarchon" title="Tarchon">Tarchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Vibenna" title="Aulus Vibenna">Aulus Vibenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelius_Vibenna" title="Caelius Vibenna">Caelius Vibenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capys" title="Capys">Capys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaquil" title="Tanaquil">Tanaquil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arruns_Tarquinius_(son_of_Tarquin_the_Proud)" title="Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)">Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Porsena" title="Lars Porsena">Lars Porsena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Tolumnius" title="Lars Tolumnius">Lars Tolumnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Vestricius_Spurinna" title="Titus Vestricius Spurinna">Titus Vestricius Spurinna</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo of Veii"><img alt="Apollo of Veii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg/75px-GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg/113px-GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg/150px-GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="327" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization#Culture" title="Etruscan civilization">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_society" title="Etruscan society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_of_Veii" title="Apollo of Veii">Apollo of Veii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_of_Arezzo" title="Chimera of Arezzo">Chimera of Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_coins" title="Etruscan coins">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Speculorum_Etruscorum" title="Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum">Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization#Etruscan_League" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Etruscan_names_for_Greek_heroes" title="List of Etruscan names for Greek heroes">Etruscan names for Greek heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiburtine_Sibyl" title="Tiburtine Sibyl">Tiburtine Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanum_Voltumnae" title="Fanum Voltumnae">Fanum Voltumnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">Haruspex/Extispicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_jewelry" title="Etruscan jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausus" title="Lausus">Lausus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_of_Piacenza" title="Liver of Piacenza">Liver of Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezentius" title="Mezentius">Mezentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterozzi_necropolis" title="Monterozzi necropolis">Monterozzi necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Etruscan_mythological_figures" title="List of Etruscan mythological figures">Mythological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppilia">Poppilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raeti">Raeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses" title="Sarcophagus of the Spouses">Sarcophagus of the Spouses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tages" title="Tages">Tages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_terracotta_warriors" title="Etruscan terracotta warriors">Terracotta warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Larcius" title="Titus Larcius">Titus Larcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Roaring_Lions" title="Tomb of the Roaring Lions">Tomb of the Roaring Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegoia" title="Vegoia">Vegoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulca" title="Vulca">Vulca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_military_history" title="Etruscan military history">Military history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alalia" title="Battle of Alalia">Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(509_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rome (509 BC)">Siege of Rome (509 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(508_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rome (508 BC)">Siege of Rome (508 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cremera" title="Battle of the Cremera">Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cumae" title="Battle of Cumae">Battle of Cumae (474 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fidenae_(437_BC)" title="Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)">Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fidenae_(435_BC)" title="Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)">Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Veii" title="Battle of Veii">Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Vadimo_(310_BC)" title="Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)">Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Populonia" title="Battle of Populonia">Battle of Populonia (282 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Etruscan_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Etruscan Wars">Roman-Etruscan Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cippus_Perusinus" title="Cippus Perusinus">Cippus Perusinus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Etruscarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Linteus" title="Liber Linteus">Liber Linteus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgi_Tablets" title="Pyrgi Tablets">Pyrgi Tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetic language">Raetic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnian_language" title="Lemnian language">Lemnian language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Capuana" title="Tabula Capuana">Tabula Capuana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Cortonensis" title="Tabula Cortonensis">Tabula Cortonensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Etruscan_origin" title="List of English words of Etruscan origin">English words of Etruscan origin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">Archeology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucchero" title="Bucchero">Bucchero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuniculi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuniculi">Cuniculi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscology" title="Etruscology">Etruscology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impasto_(pottery)" title="Impasto (pottery)">Impasto (pottery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monteleone_Chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteleone Chariot">Monteleone Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">National Etruscan Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negau_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Negau helmet">Negau helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portonaccio" title="Portonaccio">Portonaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Orcus" title="Tomb of Orcus">Tomb of Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_of_Montefortini" title="Tumulus of Montefortini">Tumulus of Montefortini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicus_Tuscus" title="Vicus Tuscus">Vicus Tuscus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_cities" title="Etruscan cities">Key sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquarossa,_Italy" title="Acquarossa, Italy">Acquarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adria" title="Adria">Adria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A9ria" title="Aléria">Aleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baratti_(town)" title="Baratti (town)">Baratti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caere" title="Caere">Caere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceri" title="Ceri">Ceri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civita_di_Bagnoregio" title="Civita di Bagnoregio">Civita di Bagnoregio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falerii" title="Falerii">Falerii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fescennia" title="Fescennia">Fescennia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidenae" title="Fidenae">Fidenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norchia" title="Norchia">Norchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusia" title="Perusia">Perusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poggio_Colla" title="Poggio Colla">Poggio Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populonia" title="Populonia">Populonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgi" title="Pyrgi">Pyrgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusellae" title="Rusellae">Rusellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovenale" title="San Giovenale">San Giovenale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spina" title="Spina">Spina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscania" title="Tuscania">Tuscania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veii" title="Veii">Veii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetulonia" title="Vetulonia">Vetulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Vie Cave">Vie Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volsinii" title="Volsinii">Volsinii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volterra" title="Volterra">Volterra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci">Vulci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" 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