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Environmental effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particulates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particulates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Particulates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particulates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_climate_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_climate_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Energy and climate goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_climate_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy in Finland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_en_Finlande" title="Énergie en Finlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énergie en Finlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="フィンランドのエネルギー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィンランドのエネルギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandiya_energetikasi" title="Finlandiya energetikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Finlandiya energetikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Энергетика Финляндии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энергетика Финляндии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_Suomessa" title="Energia Suomessa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Energia Suomessa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png/220px-Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png/330px-Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png/440px-Energyproduction_in_percentage_finland.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Energy production in Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_emissions_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CO2_emissions_Finland.svg/220px-CO2_emissions_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CO2_emissions_Finland.svg/330px-CO2_emissions_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CO2_emissions_Finland.svg/440px-CO2_emissions_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of carbon dioxide emissions</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Energy in Finland</b> describes <a href="/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy resources and consumption">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity</a> production, consumption and import in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Finland" title="Energy policy of Finland">Energy policy of Finland</a> describes the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">politics of Finland</a> related to energy. <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Finland" title="Electricity sector in Finland">Electricity sector in Finland</a> is the main article regarding electricity in Finland. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> lacks domestic sources of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil energy">fossil energy</a> and must import substantial amounts of petroleum, natural gas, and other energy resources, including <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>. </p><p>In 2021, Finland's Total Energy Supply (TES) comprised <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a> and waste (33.6%), oil (20.8%), nuclear (18.5%), coal (6.3%), natural gas (6.4%), electricity imports (4.6%), hydro (4.1%), peat (2.7%), wind (2.2%), and heat (0.6%). Regarding Total Final Consumption (TFC) by sector, the industrial sector accounted for 53%, buildings for 31%, and transport for 16%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finland's per capita <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a> is notably high, driven by its <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> sector and significant heating requirements due to its cold climate. In 2021, the industrial sector was the primary consumer of energy, accounting for 52% of Total Final Consumption (TFC)—above the International Energy Agency (IEA) average of 36%. Building energy demand followed, representing 33% of TFC, where electricity (43% of building TFC) and district heating (15% of TFC) were key sources of energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Estonia</a> are two of the last countries in the world still <a href="/wiki/Peat_energy_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat energy in Finland">burning peat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <caption><b>2020 energy statistics</b><sup id="cite_ref-wor20_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Production capacities for electricity<br />(billion kWh) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Amount </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nuclear</td> <td>59.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hydro</td> <td>41.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biomass</td> <td>31.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fossil fuel</td> <td>23.97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wind power</td> <td>21.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solar</td> <td>0.71 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>179.04 </th></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="15em">      </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electricity<br />(billion kWh) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Category</th> <th>Amount </th></tr> <tr> <td>Consumption</td> <td>79.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Production</td> <td>66.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Import</td> <td>21.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Export</td> <td>6.67 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="15em">      </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Crude Oil<br />(barrels per day) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Consumption</td> <td>207,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Production</td> <td>8,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Import</td> <td>232,400 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="15em">      </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Natural Gas<br />(billion m<sup>3</sup>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Consumption</td> <td>2.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Import</td> <td>2.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Export</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions:</b><br />36.33 million tons </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Final consumption of energy - i.e. after losses through transformation and transmission - was 1 102 petajoules, which equals 202 gigajoules per capita in 2013. Of this, 46% is consumed by industry, 16% in transportation and 25% in heating.<sup id="cite_ref-MOTIVA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOTIVA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy consumption per capita in Finland is the highest in EU. Reasons for this include energy-intensive industry, a high standard of living, a cold climate and long distances. Rise of energy consumption stopped in the 21st century, mainly due to changes of industry. There is now less heavy industry and the energy efficiency has improved. New energy consuming business is the data centres of international enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-CONS_YMP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CONS_YMP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy consumption increased 44 percent in electricity and 30 percent in the total energy use from 1990 to 2006. The increase in electricity consumption 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">GWh</a> from 1995 to 2005 was more than the total <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> capacity. The electricity consumption increased almost equally in all sectors (industry, homes, and services). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heating">Heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Energy consumption for heating has increased, as population and average size of homes has grown. As of 2019, 2.8 million Finns and half a million <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> residents rely on <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> for their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, 66% of the new homes were connected to <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> and usage kept expanding among old buildings as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FE2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FE2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>80% of the energy use of households was spent on heating in 2008–2011.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, traditional fossil fuels (coal, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> and oil) provided most heat, with 39%; gas, 10%; wood and wood residues, 30%; bio and non-bio waste burning and other sources, 12%; <a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">energy recovery</a>, 9%: in total, the emissions were 149 g CO<sub>2</sub>/kWh.<sup id="cite_ref-FE2017_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FE2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heat_pumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat pumps">Heat pumps</a> are used to facilitate electrification and energy recovery. In Mäntsälä 80% of the energy is provided by excess heat recovered from the local <a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a> data centre.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Helsinki, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Oy" title="Helen Oy">Helen Oy</a> increases <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> with several heat pumps which recover heat from return water of the <a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">district cooling</a> and from warm waste waters before they end up in the Baltic Sea: rock caverns and cisterns under parks are used in the Katri Vala heating and cooling plant under <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6rn%C3%A4inen" title="Sörnäinen">Sörnäinen</a> (123 MW in 2021),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vuosaari (13+9.5 MW with 20% sea water)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Esplanadi" title="Esplanadi">Esplanadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HelenHana_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelenHana-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coal-powered <a href="/wiki/Hanasaari_Power_Plant" title="Hanasaari Power Plant">Hanasaari Power Plant</a> will be replaced by 2024 to reduce Helen carbon emissions by 40%. In addition to heat pumps, 25% of its former output is expected to come from a biomass plant in <a href="/wiki/Vuosaari" title="Vuosaari">Vuosaari</a> next to the existing heat pumps, while <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">heat storage</a> to stabilise demand will be provided by water cisterns in place of the former oil cisterns under the <a href="/wiki/Mustikkamaa" title="Mustikkamaa">Mustikkamaa</a> island.<sup id="cite_ref-HelenHana_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelenHana-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In detail, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Oy" title="Helen Oy">Helen Oy</a> estimates a 11.6 GWh capacity and 120 MW thermal output for its 260,000 m³ water cistern under <a href="/wiki/Mustikkamaa%E2%80%93Korkeasaari" title="Mustikkamaa–Korkeasaari">Mustikkamaa</a> (fully charged or discharged in 4 days at capacity), operating from 2021 to offset days of peak production/demand;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the 300,000 m³ rock caverns 50 m under sea level in <a href="/wiki/Kruunuvuorenranta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruunuvuorenranta">Kruunuvuorenranta</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Laajasalo" title="Laajasalo">Laajasalo</a>) were designated in 2018 to store heat in summer from warm sea water and release it in winter for <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transport uses 30% of all energy, but 40% of the energy is produced with oil. Consumption per kilometre has decreased, but the number of kilometres has grown. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto agreement">Kyoto agreement</a> had obligation to restrict the traffic emissions in Finland between 2008 and 2012 in the year 1990 level. According to Ministry report in 2004 the share of <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">public transport in Finland</a> is lower than in most other European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity">Electricity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Finland" title="Electricity sector in Finland">Electricity sector in Finland</a></div> <p>From 2010 to 2021, Finland, a net electricity importer, experienced annual import levels ranging from 11 to 20 terawatt-hours (TWh), or 14% to 31% of its electricity supply. Initially, the majority of imports came from Russia, averaging 88% from 2005 to 2011. After a new interconnection with Sweden became operational in 2012, Sweden became the main supplier, accounting for 87% of imports from 2012 to 2021. In May 2022, following Finland's intention to join <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> amidst the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine invasion</a> and due to payment transfer issues, Russia ceased supplying electricity to Finland. The commencement of the <a href="/wiki/Olkiluoto_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Olkiluoto 3">Olkiluoto 3</a> nuclear reactor in 2023 is expected to reduce Finland's reliance on electricity imports, aiming for the country to become a net exporter by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Finland electricity consumption was 83.3 TWh in 2021 compared to 60 TWh in 1990. Consumers in 2021 were industry 49%, residential buildings 29%, service sector buildings 21%.<sup id="cite_ref-iea23_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the major <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a> <a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">distribution network operators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caruna" title="Caruna">Caruna</a> in the south of Finland is majority-owned (80%) by <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> holding and property companies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_sources">Energy sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Energy sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2011 to 2021, Finland experienced a significant shift in its <a href="/wiki/Energy_mix" title="Energy mix">energy mix</a>. The share of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> in Total Energy Supply (TES) declined from 53% to 36%, with decreases seen across all types: oil (26% to 21%), natural gas (9.6% to 6.4%), and coal (11% to 6.3%). Peat's contribution to TES also decreased from 5.8% to 2.7%. These changes were driven by transitions to renewable energy sources, notably solid biomass, with bioenergy and waste increasing from 23% to 34% of TES. Wind energy grew from 0.1% to 2.3%, while nuclear energy remained stable at 18%, expected to rise with the new Olkiluoto 3 reactor's full operation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood">Wood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About one quarter of energy production in Finland comes from burning wood. There are no forests grown for fuel. Instead, most firewood is byproduct of other uses of wood. The <a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">black liquor</a> (by-product of pulp production) and peel and branches (by-product of sawmill industry) are used by the forest industry itself in creating its own energy by <a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">wood burning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Association_for_Nature_Conservation" title="Finnish Association for Nature Conservation">Finnish Association for Nature Conservation</a> (FANC) demands Finland not to burn stumps and sturdy wood that are 15% of wood chips burned according to government energy policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuels">Fossil fuels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fossil fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Petroleum">Petroleum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Petroleum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finland does not have any petroleum resources of its own, so it relies 100% on petroleum imports. In 2007 oil imports were almost 11 million tonnes in Finland. In 2006, Finnish oil imports came from Russia (64 percent), <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (11 percent), <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (11 percent), and the rest from United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. Petroleum comprises 24 percent of the Finnish energy consumption. Most of the petroleum is used in vehicles, but about 260,000 homes are heated by heating oil. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neste_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Neste Oil">Neste Oil</a> is the sole <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refiner</a> in Finland, exporting petroleum products such as gasoline and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a> and North America. Oil imports were valued at 6.5 billion euros and exports 3 billion euros in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coal">Coal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Finland" title="Coal in Finland">Coal in Finland</a></div> <p>Coal is imported from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. 5.3 million tonnes were used in 2016. </p><p>According to Finnwatch (27 September 2010) there are 13 coal power plants in Finland. The companies <a href="/wiki/Pohjolan_Voima" title="Pohjolan Voima">Pohjolan Voima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortum" title="Fortum">Fortum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Energia" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsingin Energia">Helsingin Energia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rautaruukki" title="Rautaruukki">Rautaruukki</a> consume coal most.<sup id="cite_ref-finnw_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finnw-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a> Agreement 176 (1995) addresses health and safety risks in mines.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland ratified the agreement in 1997. However, as of 2017 the agreement was not ratified in the following countries that export coal to Finland: Canada, Australia, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and China.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least two companies in Finland reported (2010) using the UN Global Compact initiative criteria in their supplier relationships. No Finnish company reported signing the UN Global Compact Initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-finnw_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finnw-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coal, which in 2021 accounted for 4.9% of electricity generation, will be banned from 2029.<sup id="cite_ref-iea23_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_gas">Natural gas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finland has no production facilities or underground storage facilities for gas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural gas has been used in Finland since 1974 after the first <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gasum" title="Gasum">Gasum</a> is the Finnish importer and seller of natural gas, which owns and operates Finnish natural gas transmission system. Natural gas vehicles aren't popular in Finland, but natural gas powered busses exist. </p><p>On 21 May 2022, the supply of gas from Russia to Finland was cut off because Gasum refused to pay for the gas deliveries in rubles as required by the Russian gas company Gazprom and Moscow. The import of gas to Finland was then switched over to come through the <a href="/wiki/Balticconnector" title="Balticconnector">Balticconnector</a> pipeline. The LNG terminal ship <i>Exemplar</i> was also leased for 10 years to cover Finland's gas needs in the event of any shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship's annual gas capacity is 35 terawatt-hours (TWh).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peat">Peat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Peat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peat_energy_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat energy in Finland">Peat energy in Finland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a> and hard coal are the most harmful energy sources for <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> in Finland. According to <a href="/wiki/VTT" class="mw-redirect" title="VTT">VTT</a> studies, peat is often the most harmful one.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peat was the most popular energy source in Finland for new energy investments 2005–2015. The new energy plants in Finland starting 2005–2015 have as energy source: peat 36% and hard coal 11%: combined: 47%. The major <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emitting peat plants during 2005–15 were expected to be (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> kt): <a href="/wiki/Pohjolan_Voima" title="Pohjolan Voima">PVO</a> 2700 kt, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Energia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jyväskylän Energia (page does not exist)">Jyväskylän Energia</a> 561 kt, Etelä-Pohjanmaan Voima Oy (EPV Energia) 374 kt, Kuopion Energia 186 kt, <a href="/wiki/UPM_Kymmene" class="mw-redirect" title="UPM Kymmene">UPM Kymmene</a> 135 kt and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapo (page does not exist)">Vapo</a> 69 kt. EPV Energy is partner in <a href="/wiki/Teollisuuden_Voima" title="Teollisuuden Voima">TVO</a> nuclear plants and Jyväskylän and Kuopion Energia partners in <a href="/wiki/Fennovoima" title="Fennovoima">Fennovoima</a> nuclear plants in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a> country report the Finnish subsidies for peat undermine the goal to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and counteracts other environmental policies and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_energy_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union energy policy">The European Union emissions trading scheme</a>. IEA recommends to adhere to the timetable to phase out the peat subsidies in 2010. "To encourage sustained production of peat in the face of negative incentives from the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions trading scheme">emissions trading scheme</a> for greenhouse gases, Finland has put in place a premium tariff scheme to subsidise peat. The premium tariff is designed to directly counter the effect of the European Union's emissions trading scheme". </p><p>Finland plans to reduce peat energy production, which generates 2.6% of Finland's electricity, it will be reduced by 50% by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iea23_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Renewable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Renewable energy in Finland</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Years in which the last three renewable power levels achieved </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Achievement</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Achievement</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Achievement</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>2%</td> <td><1990</td> <td>4%</td> <td>2014</td> <td>6%</td> <td>2022<sup id="cite_ref-wor20_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Renewable energy encompasses biomass, hydro, wind, solar, and geothermal energy sources. </p><p>From 2011 to 2021, the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> in Finland's total final energy consumption (TFEC) steadily increased from 34% to 48%. This growth was primarily fueled by rises in bioenergy (from 29% to 38%), hydro (from 4.7% to 6.1%), and wind (from 0.2% to 3.3%). In 2020, Finland ranked third among IEA member countries for its share of renewables in TFEC. By 2021, renewables accounted for 43.1% of Finland's gross final energy consumption, 39.5% of electricity generation, 52.6% of heating and cooling, and 20.5% of transport.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, renewables made up 53% of Finland's electricity generation, totaling 38 terawatt-hours (TWh). This consisted of bioenergy contributing 13.6 TWh, hydro 15.8 TWh, wind 8.5 TWh, and solar 0.3 TWh.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total renewable energy generating capacity has increased in Finland during the 2010s (in 2010: 5,170 MW; 2016: 7,067 MW). In 2016 the estimated renewable energy production was over 130 terawatt-hours in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-Invest2017_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Invest2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wind_energy">Wind energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wind energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Finland" title="Wind power in Finland">Wind power in Finland</a></div> <p>The first offshore wind farm came on line in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="overflow-x: auto;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>EU and Finland wind energy capacity (MW)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VTT_2010_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VTT_2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-windeurope2021_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windeurope2021-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-windeurope2022_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windeurope2022-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2004 </th> <th>2003 </th> <th>2002 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>1999 </th> <th>1998 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">EU+UK<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_NoteEUUK"><a href="#endnote_NoteEUUK">*</a></sup></td> <td>232,992</td> <td>215,704</td> <td>203,256</td> <td>192,231</td> <td>178,862</td> <td>168,729</td> <td>153,730</td> <td>141,579</td> <td>129,060</td> <td>117,289</td> <td>106,454</td> <td>93,957</td> <td>84,074</td> <td>74,767</td> <td>64,712</td> <td>56,517</td> <td>48,069</td> <td>40,511</td> <td>34,383</td> <td>28,599</td> <td>23,159</td> <td>17,315</td> <td>12,887</td> <td>9,678</td> <td>6,453 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Finland</td> <td>5,678</td> <td>3,328</td> <td>2,586</td> <td>2,284</td> <td>2,041</td> <td>2,113</td> <td>1,539</td> <td>1,001</td> <td>627</td> <td>448</td> <td>288</td> <td>199</td> <td>197</td> <td>147</td> <td>142</td> <td>109</td> <td>86</td> <td>82</td> <td>82</td> <td>52</td> <td>43</td> <td>39</td> <td>38</td> <td>38</td> <td>17 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geothermal">Geothermal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geothermal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/St1" title="St1">St1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortum" title="Fortum">Fortum</a> are testing a <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a> plant. In 2018, water was pumped in the <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> under <a href="/wiki/Otaniemi" title="Otaniemi">Otaniemi</a> through a bore over 6 km deep made with a <a href="/wiki/Down-the-hole_drill" title="Down-the-hole drill">down-the-hole drill</a><sup id="cite_ref-st1geo_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st1geo-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reach the warmer <a href="/wiki/Earth_crust" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth crust">earth crust</a>, in a process which was allowed to produce micro-hearthquakes up to magnitude 1.9.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once an appropriate position is found to drill an exit bore towards which the water would flow underground, the plant could produce 40 MW of thermal power.<sup id="cite_ref-st1geo_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st1geo-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_power">Nuclear power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nuclear power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Finland" title="Nuclear power in Finland">Nuclear power in Finland</a></div> <p>As of 2008, Finland had <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_reactors#Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear reactors">four nuclear reactors in two power plants</a>. The first of these came into operation in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000–2014, the four units produced 21.4–22.7 TWh electricity per year, 27–35% of energy production and 24–28% of energy consumption in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are among the world's most efficient, with average capacity factors<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 94% in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work began on an additional reactor in 2005 at <a href="/wiki/Olkiluoto_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant">Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant</a>. The reactor, constructed by <a href="/wiki/Areva" title="Areva">Areva</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="European Pressurized Reactor">European Pressurized Reactor</a> (EPR) with a power output of 1,600 MWe, originally scheduled to start production in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-WNA1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WNA1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a total cost of over €8.5 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regular electricity production started in April 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-OL3Started_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OL3Started-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another nuclear power station is under development by the <a href="/wiki/Fennovoima" title="Fennovoima">Fennovoima</a> consortium. The Russian nuclear engineering company <a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a> owns 34% of the project. Various Finnish corporations and local governments are also major owners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The share of electricity produced by nuclear power could double by 2025, reaching around 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydropower">Hydropower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hydropower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finland has more than 330 hydro power plants, with total capacity of over 3,100 megawatts in 2022. </p><p>Hydro accounted for 18% of Finland’s total installed power generation capacity and 22% of total power generation in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_Hydrogen">Green Hydrogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Green Hydrogen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023 it was planned to create three <a href="/wiki/Green_hydrogen" title="Green hydrogen">green hydrogen</a> plants in Finland producing 850 tons of green hydrogen daily, 2.2GW per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environmental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Climate change in Finland</a></div> <p>In 2008, Finland's greenhouse gas emissions totalled 70.1 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2e). A little over three-quarters of them were based on energy or released from the energy sector.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The carbon dioxide emissions by fossil fuels in 2008 originated from 45% oil, 39% coal and 15% natural gas. In the year 2000 the shares were nearly equal: 48% oil and 37% coal. The fossil traffic fuels: motor petrol, diesel and aviation petrol are oil products. The biomass included 47% of black liquor and 52% of wood in 2008. These shares were practically same during 1990–2006. All biomass and agricultural warming gas emissions are free of charge in the EU emissions trading in 2008–2012. According to the official statistics the annual fossil fuel and coal emissions in Finland have large annual variation. E.g. the fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emissions dropped 18% in the year 2005 and 13% in 2008, but the annual coal emissions increased 22% in 1996, 22% in 2001 and 58% in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particulates">Particulates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Particulates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particulate, the size of which is from a few nanometers to visible dust particles, are considered the most important environmental factor affecting human life. About half of particulates are of anthropogenic origin: traffic, industry and energy production. In Finland, the most important source is burning wood as fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the NO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> gases become particulates in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_and_climate_goals">Energy and climate goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Energy and climate goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Finland" title="Energy policy of Finland">Energy policy of Finland</a></div> <p>The objective of RE (2005) of electricity was 35% (1997–2010). However, (2006) the Finnish objective was dropped to 31.5% (1997–2010). According to 'Renewables Global Status Report' Finland aims to increase RE only 2% in 13 years. This objective to add the RE use with 2% in 13 years is among the modest of all the EU countries.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The public <a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy subsidies">energy subsidies</a> in Finland in 2013 were €700 million for fossil energy and €60 million for renewable energy (mainly wood and wind).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increased <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">feed-in tariff</a> was used for new wind power industry in 2011 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finland's energy and climate strategy targets <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> by 2035, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. The Climate Change Act, revised in July 2022, mandates neutrality by 2035 and sets goals for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions: 60% by 2030, 80% by 2040, and 90-95% by 2050, excluding <a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry</a> (LULUCF). Finland's approach includes nuclear energy, more renewables for electricity and heat, improved energy efficiency, and economy-wide electrification. After Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Finland moved to cut Russian energy imports, which previously comprised 81% of crude oil, 75% of natural gas, and 19% of electricity imports in 2021. The country's energy shift is highlighted by launching Europe's first new <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> in 15 years in April 2023 and expanding onshore wind power.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/finland-2023">"Finland 2023 – Analysis"</a>. <i>IEA</i>. 5 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YLE+News&rft.atitle=Peat+production+drops+faster+than+expected+in+Finland+%E2%80%93+but+may+be+on+the+way+back&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fnews%2F3-12409412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/1608575824/peat-producers-after-strategic-reserve-for-the-heating-season">"Peat producers after strategic reserve for the heating season"</a>. <i>ERR</i>. 26 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Statistics Finland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6n+hankinta+energial%C3%A4hteitt%C3%A4in+1990%E2%80%932014&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpxweb2.stat.fi%2Fsahkoiset_julkaisut%2Fenergia2014%2Fdata%2Ft03_03.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <b>capacity factor</b> is the energy produced in a year by a power plant as a percentage of the energy it would have produced had it been operating at full capacity for the entire year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519233120/http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf76.html">"Nuclear Energy in Finland - Finnish Nuclear Power - World Nuclear Association"</a>. <i>World-nuclear.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ilmanlaatu.fi&rft.atitle=ilmanlaatu.fi+-+Pienhiukkaset+PM2.5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilmanlaatu.fi%2Filmansaasteet%2Fkomponentit%2Fpm25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ymparisto.fi/fi-FI/Kartat_ja_tilastot/Ilman_epapuhtauksien_paastot/Ilman_epapuhtauksien_paastot_Suomessa(9416)">"Ilman epäpuhtauksien päästöt Suomessa - ymparisto.fi"</a>. <i>Ymparisto.fi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ymparisto.fi&rft.atitle=Ilman+ep%C3%A4puhtauksien+p%C3%A4%C3%A4st%C3%B6t+Suomessa+-+ymparisto.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ymparisto.fi%2Ffi-FI%2FKartat_ja_tilastot%2FIlman_epapuhtauksien_paastot%2FIlman_epapuhtauksien_paastot_Suomessa%289416%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ren21.net/pdf/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf">2005: Record year for investments in renewable energy REN21</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318230432/http://www.ren21.net/pdf/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf">Archived</a> 18 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"Renewables Global Status Report 2006 Update", REN21. 2006. (Paris: REN21 Secretariat and Washington, DC:Worldwatch Institute).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simo sai jättimäiset tuulivoimalat HS 3.4.2014 A10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/tietoa-tuulivoimasta/tietoa-tuulivoimasta/taloudellisuus/tukimuodot/takuuhintajarjestelma">Takuuhintajärjestelmä Suomessa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210203615/http://www.tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/tietoa-tuulivoimasta/tietoa-tuulivoimasta/taloudellisuus/tukimuodot/takuuhintajarjestelma">Archived</a> 10 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tuulivoimayhdistys</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Finland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104125114/http://ec.europa.eu/energy/demand/legislation/doc/neeap/finland_en.pdf">Finland’s National Energy Efficiency Action Plan</a> (NEEAP 2008–2010) 26 June 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findikaattori.fi/en/25">Findicator - Energy consumption 1970-2012</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findikaattori.fi/en/26">Findicator - Final energy consumption by sector 1970-2012</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Finland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland under Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_during_the_Great_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland during the Great Northern War">The Great Wrath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Finnish_Art" title="Golden Age of Finnish Art">Golden Age of Finnish Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">Independence of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland_(1917%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Finland (1917–present)">History of independent Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland" title="Military history of Finland">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Finland" title="List of cities and towns in Finland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Finland" title="List of extreme points of Finland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Finland" title="Geology of Finland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Finland" title="List of islands of Finland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Finland" title="List of rivers of Finland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Finland_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Finland by population">Urban areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Finland" title="Wildlife of Finland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Finland" title="Law of Finland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Finland" title="Agriculture in Finland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_government_enterprises" title="List of Finnish government enterprises">Government-owned companies</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Finland" title="Industry in Finland">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_income_policy_agreement_(Finland)" title="National income policy agreement (Finland)">National income agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_maritime_cluster" title="Finnish maritime cluster">Ship-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_startup_scene" title="Finnish startup scene">Startups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Helsinki" title="Nasdaq Helsinki">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Finland" title="Tourism in Finland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Finland" title="Rail transport in Finland">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Finland" title="Category:Society of Finland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Finland" title="Healthcare in Finland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_art" title="Finnish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Finland" title="Folklore of Finland">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala"><i>The Kalevala</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_symbols" title="Finnish national symbols">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Finland" title="Public holidays in Finland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Finland)" title="Independence Day (Finland)">Independence Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Finland" title="Sport in Finland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Finland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Finland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Finland" title="Outline of Finland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Finland#Further_reading" title="Finland">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finland" title="Category:Finland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Europe121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Europe121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Austria" title="Energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Croatia" title="Energy in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Denmark" title="Energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iceland" title="Energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Liechtenstein" title="Energy in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lithuania" title="Energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Luxembourg" title="Energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malta" title="Energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Moldova" title="Energy in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Monaco" title="Energy in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Serbia" title="Energy in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovakia" title="Energy in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovenia" title="Energy in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Energy in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> 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