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id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1" title="سوء التغذية العضلي لبيكر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سوء التغذية العضلي لبيكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckerova_mi%C5%A1i%C4%87na_distrofija" title="Beckerova mišićna distrofija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Beckerova mišićna distrofija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrofia_muscular_de_Becker" title="Distrofia muscular de Becker – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Distrofia muscular de Becker" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckerova_svalov%C3%A1_dystrofie" title="Beckerova svalová dystrofie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Beckerova svalová dystrofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskeldystrophie_Becker-Kiener" title="Muskeldystrophie Becker-Kiener – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muskeldystrophie Becker-Kiener" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Μυϊκή δυστροφία Μπέκερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μυϊκή δυστροφία Μπέκερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrofia_muscular_de_Becker" title="Distrofia muscular de Becker – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Distrofia muscular de Becker" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="دیستروفی ماهیچه‌ای بکر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیستروفی ماهیچه‌ای بکر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophie_musculaire_de_Becker" title="Dystrophie musculaire de Becker – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dystrophie musculaire de Becker" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrofia_muscolare_di_Becker" title="Distrofia muscolare di Becker – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distrofia muscolare di Becker" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бекерова мускулна дистрофија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бекерова мускулна дистрофија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spierdystrofie_van_Becker" title="Spierdystrofie van Becker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spierdystrofie van Becker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E5%9E%8B%E7%AD%8B%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ベッカー型筋ジストロフィー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベッカー型筋ジストロフィー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckers_muskeldystrofi" title="Beckers muskeldystrofi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beckers muskeldystrofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF" title="ବେକର ମାଂସପେଶୀ ଡିଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋଫି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବେକର ମାଂସପେଶୀ ଡିଷ୍ଟ୍ରୋଫି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrof%C3%ACa_muscolar_%C3%ABd_Becker" title="Distrofìa muscolar ëd Becker – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Distrofìa muscolar ëd Becker" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrofia_muscular_de_Becker" title="Distrofia muscular de Becker – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Distrofia muscular de Becker" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1" title="نەخۆشی دیسترۆفی ماسوولکەیی بێکەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەخۆشی دیسترۆفی ماسوولکەیی بێکەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бекерова мишићна дистрофија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бекерова мишићна дистрофија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckerin_lihasdystrofia" title="Beckerin lihasdystrofia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beckerin lihasdystrofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckers_muskeldystrofi" title="Beckers muskeldystrofi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beckers muskeldystrofi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="М'язова дистрофія Беккера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="М'язова дистрофія Беккера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">Genetic muscle disorder</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Becker muscular dystrophy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Benign pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:X-linked_recessive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/X-linked_recessive.svg/220px-X-linked_recessive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/X-linked_recessive.svg/330px-X-linked_recessive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/X-linked_recessive.svg/440px-X-linked_recessive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="911" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">X-linked recessive is the manner in which this condition is inherited</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2484592?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Severe upper extremity muscle weakness,<sup id="cite_ref-pat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toe-walking<sup id="cite_ref-nih_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Mutations in DMD gene<sup id="cite_ref-gar_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Neurological exam, muscle exam<sup id="cite_ref-nih_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">No current cure, Physical therapy <sup id="cite_ref-nih_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Becker muscular dystrophy</b> (<b>BMD</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/X-linked_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked recessive">X-linked recessive</a> inherited disorder characterized by slowly progressing muscle weakness of the legs and <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>. It is a type of <a href="/wiki/Dystrophinopathy" title="Dystrophinopathy">dystrophinopathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nih_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause is mutations and deletions in any of the 79 <a href="/wiki/Exon" title="Exon">exons</a> encoding the large <a href="/wiki/Dystrophin" title="Dystrophin">dystrophin</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, essential for maintaining the muscle fiber's <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016Re-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Becker muscular dystrophy is related to <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a> in that both result from a mutation in the dystrophin gene, however the hallmark of Becker is milder in-frame deletions.<sup id="cite_ref-gar_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence has a milder course, with patients maintaining ambulation till 50–60 years if detected early.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there is no known cure, management strategies such as <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopaedic_brace" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopaedic brace">braces</a>, and corrective surgery may alleviate symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Assisted_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted ventilation">Assisted ventilation</a> may be required in those with weakness of <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_respiration" title="Muscles of respiration">breathing muscles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016Re-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several drugs designed to address the root cause are currently available including <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delandistrogene_moxeparvovec" title="Delandistrogene moxeparvovec">Elevidys</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016Re-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other medications used include <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deflazacort" title="Deflazacort">Deflazacort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vamorolone" title="Vamorolone">Vamorolone</a>); <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium channel blockers">calcium channel blockers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a>); to slow skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticonvulsants">anticonvulsants</a> to control <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> and some muscle activity, and <a href="/wiki/Histone_deacetylase_inhibitor" title="Histone deacetylase inhibitor">Histone deacetylase inhibitors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Givinostat" title="Givinostat">Givinostat</a>) to delay damage to dying <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cell" title="Muscle cell">muscle cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016Re-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These patients do not require <a href="/wiki/Antisense_therapy" title="Antisense therapy">antisense drugs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ataluren" title="Ataluren">Ataluren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eteplirsen" title="Eteplirsen">Eteplirsen</a> etc.) as certain percentage of dystrophin is already expressed.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016Re-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becker_muscular_dystrophy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some symptoms consistent with Becker muscular dystrophy are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Muscle weakness, gradually increasing difficulty with <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a><sup id="cite_ref-pat_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Severe upper extremity muscle weakness<sup id="cite_ref-pat_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Toe-walking<sup id="cite_ref-nih_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Gowers%27_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowers' sign">Gower's Maneuver</a> to get up from floor<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Difficulty <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">breathing</a><sup id="cite_ref-nih_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">Skeletal</a> deformities of the <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Back" class="mw-redirect" title="Back">back</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">scoliosis</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-nih_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohypertrophy" title="Pseudohypertrophy">Pseudohypertrophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calf_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calf (anatomy)">calf</a> muscles<sup id="cite_ref-pat_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Muscle <a href="/wiki/Cramps" class="mw-redirect" title="Cramps">cramps</a><sup id="cite_ref-pat_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a> muscle problems<sup id="cite_ref-pat_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elevated <a href="/wiki/Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">creatine kinase</a> levels in blood<sup id="cite_ref-pat_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <p>Individuals with this disorder typically experience progressive muscle weakness of the leg and pelvis muscles, which is associated with a loss of muscle mass (<a href="/wiki/Wasting" title="Wasting">wasting</a>). Muscle weakness also occurs in the arms, neck, and other areas, but not as noticeably severe as in the lower half of the body. Calf muscles initially enlarge during the ages of 5–15 (an attempt by the body to compensate for loss of muscle strength), but the enlarged muscle tissue is eventually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> (pseudohypertrophy) as the legs become less used (with use of wheelchair).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (April 2016)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becker_muscular_dystrophy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possible complications associated with muscular dystrophies (MD) are cardiac arrhythmias.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) also demonstrates the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">Mental impairment</a> (less common in BMD than in DMD)<sup id="cite_ref-omim_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omim-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pulmonary failure<sup id="cite_ref-nih_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-nih_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becker_muscular_dystrophy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gene affected is the <i>DMD </i> gene, is located on the X <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> and is inherited in an <a href="/wiki/X-linked_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked recessive">X-linked recessive</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Forrest:_gene_deletions_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forrest:_gene_deletions-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since women have two X chromosomes, if one X chromosome has the non-working gene, the second X chromosome will have a working copy of the gene to compensate, because of this ability to compensate, women rarely develop symptoms. All dystrophinopathies are inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. The risk to the siblings of an affected individual depends upon the carrier status of the mother. Carrier females have a 50% chance of passing the DMD mutation in each <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>. Sons who inherit the mutation will be affected; daughters who inherit the mutation will be carriers. Men who have Becker muscular dystrophy can have children, and all their daughters are carriers, but none of the sons will inherit their father's mutation.<sup id="cite_ref-omim_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omim-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emed_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emed-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>DMD</i> gene can be broken down into four different regions: the N terminal, rod, cysteine-rich, and carboxy terminal.<sup id="cite_ref-Forrest:_gene_deletions_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forrest:_gene_deletions-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the largest gene/protein in the human body, and due to its size, can have many different mutations affecting it and therefore differing clinical presentations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>For example some patients with Becker's can be asymptomatic aside from blood work abnormalities, and some can present with progressive muscle weakness, heart defects, and difficulty with activities of daily living.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Some literature even describes unique cases where muscle pain, cramping, and elevated creatine kinase levels are the only presenting symptoms instead of the classic presentation of muscle weakness.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Becker muscular dystrophy occurs in approximately 1.5 to 6 in 100,000 male births, making it much less common than Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Symptoms usually appear in men at about ages 8–25, but may sometimes begin later.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic counseling</a> may be advisable when potential carriers or patients want to have children. Sons of a man with Becker muscular dystrophy do not develop the disorder, but daughters will be carriers (and some carriers can experience some symptoms of muscular dystrophy), so the daughters' sons may develop the disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becker_muscular_dystrophy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3b6r.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/3b6r.png/220px-3b6r.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/3b6r.png/330px-3b6r.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/3b6r.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Creatine kinase</figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of the diagnosis of Becker muscular dystrophy symptom development resembles that of <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a>. A physical exam indicates lack of pectoral and upper arm muscles, especially when the disease is unnoticed through the early teen years. Muscle wasting begins in the legs and pelvis, then progresses to the muscles of the shoulders and neck. Calf muscle enlargement (pseudohypertrophy) is quite obvious. Among the exams/tests performed are:<sup id="cite_ref-gard_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gard-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Muscle biopsy (removes a small piece of muscle tissue, usually from the thigh, to check for dystrophin in muscle cells.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">Creatine kinase</a> test (checks the level of Creatine Kinase proteins in the blood. Creatine Kinase proteins are normally found inside of healthy muscle cells, but can be found in the blood when muscle cells are damaged.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">Electromyography</a> (shows that weakness is caused by destruction of muscle tissue rather than by damage to <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> (looks for deletion, duplication, or mutation of the dystrophin gene.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becker_muscular_dystrophy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no known cure for Becker muscular dystrophy yet. Treatment is aimed at control of symptoms to maximize the quality of life which can be measured by specific questionnaires.<sup id="cite_ref-Dany2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dany2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activity is encouraged and can be considered vital for long term survivability for these patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Therapies_for_BMD_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Therapies_for_BMD-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inactivity (such as <a href="/wiki/Bed_rest" title="Bed rest">bed rest</a>) or sitting down for too long can worsen the muscle disease. <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> may be helpful to maintain muscle strength. <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedic">Orthopedic</a> appliances such as braces and <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchairs</a> may improve mobility and self-care.<sup id="cite_ref-emed_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emed-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immunosuppressant steroids have been known to help slow the progression of Becker muscular dystrophy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drug <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a> contributes to an increased production of the protein utrophin which closely resembles dystrophin, the protein that is defective in BMD.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cardiac problems that occur with EDMD and myotonic muscular dystrophy may require a <a href="/wiki/Artificial_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pacemaker">pacemaker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cardiomyopathy seen in Beckers can also be treated with ACE-inhibitors, cardiac transplant, and other personalized treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Therapies_for_BMD_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Therapies_for_BMD-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The investigational drug Debio-025 is a known inhibitor of the protein cyclophilin D, which regulates the swelling of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> in response to cellular injury. Researchers decided to test the drug in mice engineered to carry MD after earlier laboratory tests showed deleting a gene that encodes cyclophilin D reduced swelling and reversed or prevented the disease's muscle-damaging characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a review by Bushby, et al. if a primary protein is not functioning properly then maybe another protein could take its place by augmenting it. Upregulation of compensatory proteins has been done in models of transgenic mice.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becker_muscular_dystrophy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The progression of Becker muscular dystrophy is highly variable—much more so than Duchenne muscular dystrophy. There is also a form that may be considered as an intermediate between Duchenne and Becker MD (mild DMD or severe BMD). Severity of the disease may be indicated by age of the patient at the onset of the disease. One study showed that there may be two distinct patterns of progression in Becker muscular dystrophy. Onset at around age 7 to 8 years of age shows more cardiac involvement and trouble climbing stairs by age 20, if onset is around age 12, there is less cardiac involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-gard_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gard-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quality of life for patients with Becker muscular dystrophy can be impacted by the symptoms of the disorder. But with assistive devices, independence can be maintained. People affected by Becker muscular dystrophy can still maintain active lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becker_muscular_dystrophy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no cure for any type of muscular dystrophy group.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several drugs designed to address the root cause are under development, including <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dystrophin#Therapeutic_Microdystrophin" title="Dystrophin">Microdystrophin</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Antisense_therapy" title="Antisense therapy">antisense drugs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ataluren" title="Ataluren">Ataluren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eteplirsen" title="Eteplirsen">Eteplirsen</a> etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other medications used include <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroids">corticosteroids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deflazacort" title="Deflazacort">Deflazacort</a>), <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium channel blockers">calcium channel blockers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a>) to slow skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticonvulsants">anticonvulsants</a> to control <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> and some muscle activity, and <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressant">immunosuppressants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vamorolone" title="Vamorolone">Vamorolone</a>) to delay damage to dying <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cell" title="Muscle cell">muscle cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_brace" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedic brace">braces</a>, and corrective <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> may help with some symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Assisted_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted ventilation">assisted ventilation</a> may be required in those with weakness of <a href="/wiki/Breathing_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing muscles">breathing muscles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016Re-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outcomes depend on the specific type of disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becker_muscular_dystrophy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Becker muscular dystrophy is named after the German doctor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Emil_Becker" title="Peter Emil Becker">Peter Emil Becker</a> who published an article about it in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becker_muscular_dystrophy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000706.htm">"Becker muscular dystrophy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>medlineplus.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085254/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000706.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medlineplus.gov&rft.atitle=Becker+muscular+dystrophy%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fency%2Farticle%2F000706.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pat_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pat_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pat_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pat_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pat_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pat_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pat_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/beckers-muscular-dystrophy">"Becker's Muscular Dystrophy information. Patient"</a>. 12 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025030950/http://patient.info/doctor/beckers-muscular-dystrophy">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIH&rft.atitle=Becker+muscular+dystrophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F000706.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gar-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gar_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gar_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428054239/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/gard/5900/becker-muscular-dystrophy/resources/1">"Becker muscular dystrophy | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Becker+muscular+dystrophy+%26%23124%3B+Genetic+and+Rare+Diseases+Information+Center+%28GARD%29+%E2%80%93+an+NCATS+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frarediseases.info.nih.gov%2Fgard%2F5900%2Fbecker-muscular-dystrophy%2Fresources%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/duchenne-and-becker-muscular-dystrophy">"Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy"</a>. <i>NIH.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIH.gov&rft.atitle=Duchenne+and+Becker+muscular+dystrophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghr.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcondition%2Fduchenne-and-becker-muscular-dystrophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2016Re-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016Re_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171">"Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research"</a>. <i>NINDS</i>. March 4, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171">the original</a> on 30 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057042">"Cardiac Involvement in Patients With Muscular Dystrophies"</a>. <i>Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 67–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCIMAGING.110.960740">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.960740</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057042">3057042</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21245364">21245364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation%3A+Cardiovascular+Imaging&rft.atitle=Cardiac+Involvement+in+Patients+With+Muscular+Dystrophies&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-76&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3057042%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21245364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2FCIRCIMAGING.110.960740&rft.aulast=Verhaert&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Richards%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Rafael-Fortney%2C+Jill+A.&rft.au=Raman%2C+Subha+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3057042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReutenauerDorchiesPatthey-VuadensVuagniaux2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reutenauer, J; Dorchies, O M; Patthey-Vuadens, O; Vuagniaux, G; Ruegg, U T (29 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2579666">"Investigation of Debio 025, a cyclophilin inhibitor, in the dystrophic mdx mouse, a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>155</b> (4): 574–584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.285">10.1038/bjp.2008.285</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2579666">2579666</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641676">18641676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+Debio+025%2C+a+cyclophilin+inhibitor%2C+in+the+dystrophic+mdx+mouse%2C+a+model+for+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=574-584&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2579666%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18641676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.285&rft.aulast=Reutenauer&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Dorchies%2C+O+M&rft.au=Patthey-Vuadens%2C+O&rft.au=Vuagniaux%2C+G&rft.au=Ruegg%2C+U+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2579666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushbyLochmüllerLynnStraub2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bushby, Kate; Lochmüller, Hanns; Lynn, Stephen; Straub, Volker (November 2009). "Interventions for muscular dystrophy: molecular medicines entering the clinic". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>374</b> (9704): 1849–1856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2961834-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61834-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19944865">19944865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41929569">41929569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Interventions+for+muscular+dystrophy%3A+molecular+medicines+entering+the+clinic&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=9704&rft.pages=1849-1856&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41929569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19944865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2961834-1&rft.aulast=Bushby&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Lochm%C3%BCller%2C+Hanns&rft.au=Lynn%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Straub%2C+Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelisaGansWalsh2005" class="citation book cs1">Delisa, Joel A; Gans, Bruce M; Walsh, Nicholas E (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1sWk1GYCvKoC"><i>Physical medicine and rehabilitation: Principles and practice</i></a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 915–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4130-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4130-9"><bdi>978-0-7817-4130-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240428175708/https://books.google.com/books?id=1sWk1GYCvKoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+medicine+and+rehabilitation%3A+Principles+and+practice&rft.pages=915-16&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4130-9&rft.aulast=Delisa&rft.aufirst=Joel+A&rft.au=Gans%2C+Bruce+M&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Nicholas+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1sWk1GYCvKoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/musculardystrophy/facts.html">"Facts | Muscular Dystrophy | NCBDDD | CDC"</a>. 2018-04-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816195312/https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/musculardystrophy/facts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+%26%23124%3B+Muscular+Dystrophy+%26%23124%3B+NCBDDD+%26%23124%3B+CDC&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncbddd%2Fmusculardystrophy%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730004520/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/md.htm">"Muscular Dystrophy Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)"</a>. July 30, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/md.htm">the original</a> on 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muscular+Dystrophy+Information+Page%3A+National+Institute+of+Neurological+Disorders+and+Stroke+%28NINDS%29&rft.date=2016-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninds.nih.gov%2Fdisorders%2Fmd%2Fmd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930165657/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171">"Muscular Dystrophy: Hope Through Research"</a>. September 30, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/detail_md.htm#180483171">the original</a> on 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muscular+Dystrophy%3A+Hope+Through+Research&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninds.nih.gov%2Fdisorders%2Fmd%2Fdetail_md.htm%23180483171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerKiener1955" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becker, P. E.; Kiener, F. (1955). 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(1957). "Neue Ergebnisse der Genetik der Muskeldystrophien" [New results of genetics of muscular dystrophy]. <i>Human Heredity</i> (in German). <b>7</b> (2): 303–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000150994">10.1159/000150994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13469170">13469170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Heredity&rft.atitle=Neue+Ergebnisse+der+Genetik+der+Muskeldystrophien&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-310&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000150994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13469170&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=P.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Becker_muscular_dystrophy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Becker Muscular Dystrophy (for Parents)." Edited by Mena T. Scavina, <i>KidsHealth</i>, The Nemours Foundation, Mar. 2018, kidshealth.org/en/parents/becker-md.html.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudioYangBoggsSchmitt2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gaudio, Daniela del; Yang, Yaping; Boggs, Barbara A.; Schmitt, Eric S.; Lee, Jennifer A.; Sahoo, Trilochan; Pham, Hoang T.; Wiszniewska, Joanna; Craig Chinault, A.; Beaudet, Arthur L.; Eng, Christine M. (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.20841">"Molecular diagnosis of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy: enhanced detection of dystrophin gene rearrangements by oligonucleotide array-comparative genomic hybridization"</a>. <i>Human Mutation</i>. <b>29</b> (9): 1100–1107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.20841">10.1002/humu.20841</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18752307">18752307</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21437006">21437006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Mutation&rft.atitle=Molecular+diagnosis+of+Duchenne%2FBecker+muscular+dystrophy%3A+enhanced+detection+of+dystrophin+gene+rearrangements+by+oligonucleotide+array-comparative+genomic+hybridization&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1100-1107&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21437006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18752307&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhumu.20841&rft.aulast=Gaudio&rft.aufirst=Daniela+del&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yaping&rft.au=Boggs%2C+Barbara+A.&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Eric+S.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Sahoo%2C+Trilochan&rft.au=Pham%2C+Hoang+T.&rft.au=Wiszniewska%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Craig+Chinault%2C+A.&rft.au=Beaudet%2C+Arthur+L.&rft.au=Eng%2C+Christine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fhumu.20841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABecker+muscular+dystrophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiZhaoZhouHu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Xihua; Zhao, Lei; Zhou, Shuizhen; Hu, Chaoping; Shi, Yiyun; Shi, Wei; Li, Hui; Liu, Fang; Wu, Bingbing; Wang, Yi (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323212">"A comprehensive database of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy patients (0–18 years old) in East China"</a>. <i>Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13023-014-0220-7">10.1186/s13023-014-0220-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323212">4323212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25612904">25612904</a>.</cite><span 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2484592" class="extiw" title="d:Q2484592">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G71.0">G71.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=359.1">359.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/300376">300376</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb1280.htm">1280</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000706.htm">000706</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/pmr/14-overview">pmr/14</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/beckers-muscular-dystrophy">Becker muscular dystrophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscular_dystrophy" title="Template:Muscular dystrophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscular_dystrophy" title="Template talk:Muscular dystrophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscular_dystrophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscular dystrophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscular_dystrophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy">Muscular dystrophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_muscular_dystrophy" title="Congenital muscular dystrophy">Congenital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystrophinopathy" title="Dystrophinopathy">Dystrophinopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becker%27s_muscular_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Becker's muscular dystrophy">Becker's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_muscular_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal muscular dystrophy">Distal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery%E2%80%93Dreifuss_muscular_dystrophy" title="Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy">Emery-Dreifuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy" title="Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy">Facioscapulohumeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limb%E2%80%93girdle_muscular_dystrophy" title="Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy">Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calpainopathy" title="Calpainopathy">Calpainopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myotonic_dystrophy" title="Myotonic dystrophy">Myotonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculopharyngeal_muscular_dystrophy" title="Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy">Oculopharyngeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National/International Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_Dystrophy_Association" title="Muscular Dystrophy Association">Muscular Dystrophy Association</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_Dystrophy_Canada" title="Muscular Dystrophy Canada">Muscular Dystrophy Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myotonic_Dystrophy_Foundation" title="Myotonic Dystrophy Foundation">Myotonic Dystrophy Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskelsvindfonden" title="Muskelsvindfonden">Muskelsvindfonden</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National/International Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDA_Muscle_Walk" class="mw-redirect" title="MDA Muscle Walk">MDA Muscle Walk</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jerry_Lewis_MDA_Labor_Day_Telethon" title="The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon">Labor Day Telethon</a> (defunct; US/Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9crypthon" title="Décrypthon">Décrypthon</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8n_Koncert" title="Grøn Koncert">Grøn Koncert</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clinical trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamulumab" title="Stamulumab">Stamulumab (MYO-029)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Muscular_dystrophy" title="Category:Muscular dystrophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="X-linked_disorders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:X-linked_disorders" title="Template:X-linked disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:X-linked_disorders" title="Template talk:X-linked disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:X-linked_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:X-linked disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="X-linked_disorders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">X-linked</a> disorders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="X-linked_recessive" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/X-linked_recessive_inheritance" title="X-linked recessive inheritance">X-linked recessive</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_granulomatous_disease" title="Chronic granulomatous disease">Chronic granulomatous disease (CYBB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_severe_combined_immunodeficiency" title="X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency">X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_agammaglobulinemia" title="X-linked agammaglobulinemia">X-linked agammaglobulinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_1" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1">Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPEX_syndrome" title="IPEX syndrome">IPEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_lymphoproliferative_disease" title="X-linked lymphoproliferative disease">X-linked lymphoproliferative disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properdin_deficiency" title="Properdin deficiency">Properdin deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">Hematologic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilia_A" title="Haemophilia A">Haemophilia A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilia_B" title="Haemophilia B">Haemophilia B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideroblastic_anemia" title="Sideroblastic anemia">X-linked sideroblastic anemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">Endocrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome" title="Androgen insensitivity syndrome">Androgen insensitivity syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallmann_syndrome" title="Kallmann syndrome">KAL1 Kallmann syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_adrenal_hypoplasia_congenita" title="X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita">X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorders_of_amino_acid_metabolism" title="Congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism">Amino acid</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ornithine_transcarbamylase_deficiency" title="Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency">Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculocerebrorenal_syndrome" title="Oculocerebrorenal syndrome">Oculocerebrorenal syndrome</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyslipidemia" title="Dyslipidemia">Dyslipidemia</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adrenoleukodystrophy" title="Adrenoleukodystrophy">Adrenoleukodystrophy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">Carbohydrate metabolism</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency">Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danon_disease" title="Danon disease">Danon disease/glycogen storage disease Type IIb</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lipid_storage_disorder" title="Lipid storage disorder">Lipid storage disorder</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Fabry_disease" title="Fabry disease">Fabry disease</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis" title="Mucopolysaccharidosis">Mucopolysaccharidosis</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hunter_syndrome" title="Hunter syndrome">Hunter syndrome</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_purine%E2%80%93pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Inborn errors of purine–pyrimidine metabolism">Purine–pyrimidine metabolism</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lesch%E2%80%93Nyhan_syndrome" title="Lesch–Nyhan syndrome">Lesch–Nyhan syndrome</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Menkes_disease" title="Menkes disease">Menkes disease</a>/<a href="/wiki/Occipital_horn_syndrome" title="Occipital horn syndrome">Occipital horn syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Coffin%E2%80%93Lowry_syndrome" title="Coffin–Lowry syndrome">Coffin–Lowry syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MASA_syndrome" title="MASA syndrome">MASA syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-thalassemia_mental_retardation_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome">Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF8" title="PHF8">PHF8</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Eye disorders:</i> <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness#Genetic_modes_of_inheritance" title="Color blindness">Color blindness (red and green, but not blue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_albinism" title="Ocular albinism">Ocular albinism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ocular_albinism_type_1" title="Ocular albinism type 1">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norrie_disease" title="Norrie disease">Norrie disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroideremia" title="Choroideremia">Choroideremia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Other:</i> <a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX2-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelizaeus%E2%80%93Merzbacher_disease" title="Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease">Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skin_condition" title="Skin condition">Skin</a> and related tissue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita" title="Dyskeratosis congenita">Dyskeratosis congenita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypohidrotic_ectodermal_dysplasia" title="Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia">Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_ichthyosis" title="X-linked ichthyosis">X-linked ichthyosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_endothelial_corneal_dystrophy" title="X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy">X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_disease" title="Neuromuscular disease">Neuromuscular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Becker muscular dystrophy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centronuclear_myopathy" title="Centronuclear myopathy">Centronuclear myopathy (MTM1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradi%E2%80%93H%C3%BCnermann_syndrome" title="Conradi–Hünermann syndrome">Conradi–Hünermann syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery%E2%80%93Dreifuss_muscular_dystrophy" title="Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy">Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urologic_disease" title="Urologic disease">Urologic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alport_syndrome" title="Alport syndrome">Alport syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent%27s_disease" title="Dent's disease">Dent's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrogenic_diabetes_insipidus" title="Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus">X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">tooth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelogenesis_imperfecta" title="Amelogenesis imperfecta">AMELX Amelogenesis imperfecta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No primary system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barth_syndrome" title="Barth syndrome">Barth syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_syndrome" title="McLeod syndrome">McLeod syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Fineman%E2%80%93Myers_syndrome" title="Smith–Fineman–Myers syndrome">Smith–Fineman–Myers syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson%E2%80%93Golabi%E2%80%93Behmel_syndrome" title="Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome">Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%E2%80%93Tranebj%C3%A6rg_syndrome" title="Mohr–Tranebjærg syndrome">Mohr–Tranebjærg syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasodigitoacoustic_syndrome" title="Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome">Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="X-linked_dominant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/X-linked_dominant_inheritance" title="X-linked dominant inheritance">X-linked dominant</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist ;" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_hypophosphatemia" title="X-linked hypophosphatemia">X-linked hypophosphatemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_dermal_hypoplasia" title="Focal dermal hypoplasia">Focal dermal hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aicardi_syndrome" title="Aicardi syndrome">Aicardi syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti" title="Incontinentia pigmenti">Incontinentia pigmenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILD_syndrome" title="CHILD syndrome">CHILD syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orofaciodigital_syndrome_1" title="Orofaciodigital syndrome 1">Orofaciodigital syndrome 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniofrontonasal_dysplasia" title="Craniofrontonasal dysplasia">Craniofrontonasal dysplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_muscle,_neuromuscular_junction,_and_neuromuscular_disease" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_myoneural_junction_and_muscle" title="Template:Diseases of myoneural junction and muscle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_myoneural_junction_and_muscle" title="Template talk:Diseases of myoneural junction and muscle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_myoneural_junction_and_muscle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of myoneural junction and muscle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_muscle,_neuromuscular_junction,_and_neuromuscular_disease" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">neuromuscular junction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_disease" title="Neuromuscular disease">neuromuscular disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction_disease" title="Neuromuscular junction disease">Neuromuscular-</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction_disease" title="Neuromuscular junction disease">junction disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis" title="Myasthenia gravis">Myasthenia gravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert%E2%80%93Eaton_myasthenic_syndrome" title="Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome">Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromyotonia" title="Neuromyotonia">Neuromyotonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_myasthenic_syndrome" title="Congenital myasthenic syndrome">Congenital myasthenic syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myopathy" title="Myopathy">Myopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy">Muscular dystrophy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dystrophin-associated_protein_complex" title="Dystrophin-associated protein complex">DAPC</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autosomal_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal dominant">AD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limb-girdle_muscular_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy">Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculopharyngeal_muscular_dystrophy" title="Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy">Oculopharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy" title="Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy">Facioscapulohumeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myotonic_dystrophy" title="Myotonic dystrophy">Myotonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_muscular_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal muscular dystrophy">Distal (most)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autosomal_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal recessive">AR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calpainopathy" title="Calpainopathy">Calpainopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limb-girdle_muscular_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy">Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_muscular_dystrophy" title="Congenital muscular dystrophy">Congenital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fukuyama_congenital_muscular_dystrophy" title="Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullrich_congenital_muscular_dystrophy" title="Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy">Ullrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%E2%80%93Warburg_syndrome" title="Walker–Warburg syndrome">Walker–Warburg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-linked_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked recessive">XR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dystrophin" title="Dystrophin">dystrophin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becker%27s_muscular_dystrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Becker's muscular dystrophy">Becker's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery%E2%80%93Dreifuss_muscular_dystrophy" title="Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy">Emery–Dreifuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collagen_disease" title="Collagen disease">collagen disease</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlem_myopathy" title="Bethlem myopathy">Bethlem myopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protein_tyrosine_phosphatase" title="Protein tyrosine phosphatase">PTP disease</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_myotubular_myopathy" title="X-linked myotubular myopathy">X-linked MTM</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein" title="Signal transducing adaptor protein">adaptor protein disease</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centronuclear_myopathy" title="Centronuclear myopathy">BIN1-linked centronuclear myopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton disease</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemaline_myopathy" title="Nemaline myopathy">Nemaline myopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaspopathy" title="Zaspopathy">Zaspopathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channelopathy" title="Channelopathy">Channelopathy</a> <ul><li>(ion channel)</li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myotonia" title="Myotonia">Myotonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Myotonia_congenita" title="Myotonia congenita">Myotonia congenita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomsen_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomsen disease">Thomsen disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becker_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Becker disease">Becker disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromyotonia" title="Neuromyotonia">Neuromyotonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaacs_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaacs syndrome">Isaacs syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramyotonia_congenita" title="Paramyotonia congenita">Paramyotonia congenita</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_paralysis" title="Periodic paralysis">Periodic paralysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemic_periodic_paralysis" title="Hypokalemic periodic paralysis">Hypokalemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotoxic_periodic_paralysis" title="Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis">Thyrotoxic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemic_periodic_paralysis" title="Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis">Hyperkalemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_core_disease" title="Central core disease">Central core disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ATPase disorder <ul><li>(ion pump)</li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Brody_myopathy" title="Brody myopathy">Brody disease</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATP2A1" title="ATP2A1">ATP2A1</a>)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_myopathy" title="Metabolic myopathy">Metabolic myopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Muscle <a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease" title="Glycogen storage disease">Glycogen storage disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty-acid_metabolism_disorder" title="Fatty-acid metabolism disorder">Fatty-acid metabolism disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate_deaminase_deficiency_type_1" title="Adenosine monophosphate deaminase deficiency type 1">AMPD1 deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_myopathy" title="Mitochondrial myopathy">Mitochondrial myopathy</a> (<a href="/wiki/MELAS_syndrome" title="MELAS syndrome">MELAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERRF_syndrome" title="MERRF syndrome">MERRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearns%E2%80%93Sayre_syndrome" title="Kearns–Sayre syndrome">KSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_progressive_external_ophthalmoplegia" title="Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia">PEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_neurogastrointestinal_encephalopathy_syndrome" title="Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome">MNGIE</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">Endocrinopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothyroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothyroid">Hypothyroid</a> myopathy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kocher%E2%80%93Debre%E2%80%93Semelaigne_syndrome" title="Kocher–Debre–Semelaigne syndrome">Kocher–Debre–Semelaigne syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoffmann_syndrome" title="Hoffmann syndrome">Hoffmann syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperthyroid">Hyperthyroid</a> myopathy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotoxic_myopathy" title="Thyrotoxic myopathy">Thyrotoxic myopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoparathyroidism" title="Hypoparathyroidism">Hypoparathyroid myopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperparathyroidism" title="Hyperparathyroidism">Hyperparathyroid myopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercortisolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercortisolism">Hypercortisolism</a> <ul><li>Corticosteroid myopathy</li></ul></li> <li>Testosterone deficiency myopathy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late-onset_hypogonadism" title="Late-onset hypogonadism">Late-onset hypogonadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogonadotropic_hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism">Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_deficiency" title="Androgen deficiency">Androgen deficiency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_myopathy" title="Inflammatory myopathy">Inflammatory myopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_myopathy" title="Congenital myopathy">Congenital myopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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