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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Height</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diameter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diameter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Diameter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diameter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality_and_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality_and_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mortality and disease</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mortality_and_disease-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mortality and disease subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mortality_and_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blister_rust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blister_rust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Blister rust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blister_rust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_status_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_status_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conservation status in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_status_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lumber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lumber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mast_pines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mast_pines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mast pines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mast_pines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Contemporary uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lumber_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumber_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lumber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumber_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timber_framing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timber_framing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Timber framing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timber_framing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foods_and_medicines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foods_and_medicines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Foods and medicines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foods_and_medicines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christmas_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christmas_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>Christmas trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christmas_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_filtration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_filtration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Water filtration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_filtration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Pinus strobus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veymutov_%C5%9Fam%C4%B1" title="Veymutov şamı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Veymutov şamı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="وئیموت شامی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وئیموت شامی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хвоя веймутава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хвоя веймутава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pinus strobus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinus strobus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovice_vejmutovka" title="Borovice vejmutovka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Borovice vejmutovka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinwydden_wen" title="Pinwydden wen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pinwydden wen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth-fyr" title="Weymouth-fyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Weymouth-fyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth-Kiefer" title="Weymouth-Kiefer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weymouth-Kiefer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valge_m%C3%A4nd" title="Valge mänd – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valge mänd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pinus strobus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejmuta_pino" title="Vejmuta pino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vejmuta pino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_pinu" title="Weymouth pinu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Weymouth pinu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کاج سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاج سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pinus strobus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%B8%8C%EC%9E%A3%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4" title="스트로브잣나무 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스트로브잣나무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDid%C5%BAana_ch%C3%B3jna" title="Židźana chójna – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Židźana chójna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_borovac" title="Američki borovac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američki borovac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusam_putih" title="Tusam putih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tusam putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandfura" title="Sandfura – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sandfura" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pinus strobus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veimutin%C4%97_pu%C5%A1is" title="Veimutinė pušis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Veimutinė pušis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simafeny%C5%91" title="Simafenyő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Simafenyő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="صنوبر ستروبوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صنوبر ستروبوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouthden" title="Weymouthden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weymouthden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%9E%E3%83%84" title="ストローブマツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストローブマツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouthfuru" title="Weymouthfuru – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Weymouthfuru" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Асыввыв чочком пожум – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Асыввыв чочком пожум" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pinus strobus" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosna_wejmutka" title="Sosna wejmutka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sosna wejmutka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pinus strobus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_strob" title="Pin strob – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pin strob" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сосна веймутова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сосна веймутова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_White_Pine" title="Eastern White Pine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eastern White Pine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladki_bor" title="Gladki bor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gladki bor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Вајмутов бор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вајмутов бор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobusm%C3%A4nty" title="Strobusmänty – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Strobusmänty" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouthtall" title="Weymouthtall – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Weymouthtall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сосна Веймута" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pinus strobus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinus strobus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E4%B9%94%E6%9D%BE" 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q157230" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_White_Pine&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern White Pine">Eastern White Pine</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of conifer in the pine family Pinaceae</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Pinus strobus</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_trees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pinus_strobus_trees.jpg/220px-Pinus_strobus_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pinus_strobus_trees.jpg/330px-Pinus_strobus_trees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pinus_strobus_trees.jpg/440px-Pinus_strobus_trees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="794" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Pinus strobus</i> group </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pinus_subsect._Strobus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnospermae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine"><i>Pinus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subgenus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinus_subg._Strobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus subg. Strobus"><i>P.</i> subg. <i>Strobus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Section: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinus_sect._Quinquefoliae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus sect. Quinquefoliae"><i>P. <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Quinquefoliae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subsection: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinus_subsect._Strobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus subsect. Strobus"><i>P. <span style="font-style:normal;">subsect.</span> Strobus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. strobus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Pinus strobus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Pinus strobus</b></i>, commonly called the <b>eastern white pine</b>, <b>northern white pine</b>, <b>white pine</b>, <b>Weymouth pine</b> (British), and <b>soft pine</b><sup id="cite_ref-USFS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a large <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> native to eastern North America. It occurs from <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, Canada, west through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a> to southeastern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, United States, and south along the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> to northernmost <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and very rare in some of the higher elevations in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PLANTS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLANTS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered rare in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a> maintain the tree as the central symbol of their multinational confederation, calling it the "<a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Peace" title="Tree of Peace">Tree of Peace</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the Seneca use the name <i><b>o’sóä’</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Kanienʼkehá:ka</a> call it <i><b>onerahtase'ko:wa</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> use the term <i><b>guow</b></i> to name the tree,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both the <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Wolastoqewiyik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Peskotomuhkatiyik</a> call it <i><b>kuw</b></i> or <i><b>kuwes</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a> use the term <i><b>kowa</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is known as the "Weymouth pine" in the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-Moore2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Captain <a href="/wiki/George_Weymouth" title="George Weymouth">George Weymouth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Navy">British Royal Navy</a>, who brought its seeds to England from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> in 1605.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_Syvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pinus_strobus_Syvania.jpg/220px-Pinus_strobus_Syvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pinus_strobus_Syvania.jpg/330px-Pinus_strobus_Syvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pinus_strobus_Syvania.jpg/440px-Pinus_strobus_Syvania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption>Native eastern white pine, <a href="/wiki/Sylvania_Wilderness" title="Sylvania Wilderness">Sylvania Wilderness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_range_map_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pinus_strobus_range_map_1.png/220px-Pinus_strobus_range_map_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pinus_strobus_range_map_1.png/330px-Pinus_strobus_range_map_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pinus_strobus_range_map_1.png/440px-Pinus_strobus_range_map_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Partial distribution map of <i>P. strobus</i> in North America</figcaption></figure> <p><i>P. strobus</i> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Nearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearctic">nearctic</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> of eastern North America. It prefers well-drained or sandy soils and humid climates, but can also grow in boggy areas and rocky highlands. In mixed forests, this dominant tree towers over many others, including some of the large broadleaf hardwoods. It provides food and shelter for numerous forest birds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_crossbill" title="Red crossbill">red crossbill</a>, and small mammals such as squirrels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossilized white pine leaves and pollen have been discovered by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Axsmith" title="Brian Axsmith">Brian Axsmith</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paleobotanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleobotanist">paleobotanist</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a>, where the tree no longer occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-usa_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern white pine forests originally covered much of north-central and northeastern North America. Only 1% of the <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forests</a> remain after the extensive logging operations from the 18th century to early 20th century. </p><p>Old-growth forests, or virgin stands, are protected in <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</a>. Other protected areas with known virgin forests, as confirmed by the Eastern Native Tree Society, include <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Provincial_Park" title="Algonquin Provincial Park">Algonquin Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetico_Provincial_Park" title="Quetico Provincial Park">Quetico Provincial Park</a>, Algoma Highlands in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marguerite_River_Old_Forest" title="Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest">Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest</a> in Quebec, Canada; <a href="/wiki/Estivant_Pines" title="Estivant Pines">Estivant Pines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huron_Mountains" title="Huron Mountains">Huron Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Mountains" title="Porcupine Mountains">Porcupine Mountains</a> State Park, and <a href="/wiki/Sylvania_Wilderness" title="Sylvania Wilderness">Sylvania Wilderness</a> Area in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, United States; <a href="/wiki/Hartwick_Pines_State_Park" title="Hartwick Pines State Park">Hartwick Pines State Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Peninsula">Lower Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Menominee_Indian_Reservation" title="Menominee Indian Reservation">Menominee Indian Reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>; Lost 40 Scientific and Natural Area (SNA) and <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness" title="Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness">Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>; <a href="/wiki/White_Pines_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="White Pines State Park">White Pines State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cook_Forest_State_Park" title="Cook Forest State Park">Cook Forest State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearts_Content_Scenic_Area" title="Hearts Content Scenic Area">Hearts Content Scenic Area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anders_Run_Natural_Area" title="Anders Run Natural Area">Anders Run Natural Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Linville_Gorge_Wilderness" title="Linville Gorge Wilderness">Linville Gorge Wilderness</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, United States. </p><p>Small <a href="/wiki/Grove_(nature)" title="Grove (nature)">groves</a> or individual specimens of old-growth eastern white pines are found across the range of the species in the USA, including in Ordway Grove, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ice_Glen" title="Ice Glen">Ice Glen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Park" title="Adirondack Park">Adirondack Park</a>, New York. Many sites with conspicuously large specimens represent advanced <a href="/wiki/Old_field_(ecology)" title="Old field (ecology)">old-field</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">ecological succession</a>. The tall stands in <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Trail_State_Forest" title="Mohawk Trail State Forest">Mohawk Trail State Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant_Homestead" title="William Cullen Bryant Homestead">William Cullen Bryant Homestead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> are examples. </p><p>As an <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a>, <i>P. strobus</i> is now <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalization (biology)">naturalizing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Carpathians#Outer_Western_Carpathians_(subprovince)" title="Divisions of the Carpathians">Outer Western Carpathians</a> subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> in Czech Republic and southern Poland. It has spread from specimens planted as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental tree">ornamental trees</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most members of the <a href="/wiki/Pinus_subgenus_Strobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus subgenus Strobus">white pine group</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i> subgenus <i>Strobus</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> ("needles") are coniferous, occurring in fascicles (bundles) of five, or rarely three or four, with a <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascicle_sheath" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascicle sheath">sheath</a>. The leaves are flexible, bluish-green, finely <a href="/wiki/Serrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Serrated">serrated</a>, and 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seed_cones" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed cones">seed cones</a> are slender, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>8–16 cm (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long (rarely longer than that) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4–5 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–2 in) broad when open, and have scales with a rounded apex and slightly reflexed tip, often resinous. The <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4–5 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) long, with a slender <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">15–20 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) wing, and are dispersed by wind. Cone production peaks every 3 to 5 years. </p><p>The branches are spaced about every 18 inches on the trunk with five or six branches appearing like spokes on a wagon wheel. Eastern white pine is self-fertile, but seeds produced this way tend to result in weak, stunted, and malformed seedlings. Mature trees are often 200–250 years old, and some live over 400 years. A tree growing near <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>, was dated to 458 years old in the late 1980s and trees in Michigan and Wisconsin were dated to roughly 500 years old. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_needles3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaves (needles) of new shoots in late summer"><img alt="Leaves (needles) of new shoots in late summer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pinus_strobus_needles3.jpg/169px-Pinus_strobus_needles3.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pinus_strobus_needles3.jpg/254px-Pinus_strobus_needles3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pinus_strobus_needles3.jpg/339px-Pinus_strobus_needles3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="2752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaves (needles) of new shoots in late summer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_Cone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mature seed cone that has opened and released its seeds"><img alt="A mature seed cone that has opened and released its seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pinus_strobus_Cone.jpg/139px-Pinus_strobus_Cone.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pinus_strobus_Cone.jpg/209px-Pinus_strobus_Cone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pinus_strobus_Cone.jpg/279px-Pinus_strobus_Cone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mature seed cone that has opened and released its seeds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_White_Pine_Pinus_strobus_Bark_Vertical.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of bark"><img alt="Closeup of bark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Eastern_White_Pine_Pinus_strobus_Bark_Vertical.JPG/119px-Eastern_White_Pine_Pinus_strobus_Bark_Vertical.JPG" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Eastern_White_Pine_Pinus_strobus_Bark_Vertical.JPG/179px-Eastern_White_Pine_Pinus_strobus_Bark_Vertical.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Eastern_White_Pine_Pinus_strobus_Bark_Vertical.JPG/238px-Eastern_White_Pine_Pinus_strobus_Bark_Vertical.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closeup of bark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malecones.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pollen cones and young needles in late June"><img alt="Pollen cones and young needles in late June" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malecones.jpg/180px-Malecones.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malecones.jpg/270px-Malecones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malecones.jpg/360px-Malecones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pollen_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollen cone">Pollen cones</a> and young needles in late June</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_branches.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Branch pattern"><img alt="Branch pattern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pinus_strobus_branches.jpg/137px-Pinus_strobus_branches.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pinus_strobus_branches.jpg/206px-Pinus_strobus_branches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Pinus_strobus_branches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Branch pattern</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_eastern_white_Pine_in_Southern_Ontario,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large white pine in Southern Ontario, Canada"><img alt="Large white pine in Southern Ontario, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Large_eastern_white_Pine_in_Southern_Ontario%2C_Canada.jpg/135px-Large_eastern_white_Pine_in_Southern_Ontario%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Large_eastern_white_Pine_in_Southern_Ontario%2C_Canada.jpg/202px-Large_eastern_white_Pine_in_Southern_Ontario%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Large_eastern_white_Pine_in_Southern_Ontario%2C_Canada.jpg/270px-Large_eastern_white_Pine_in_Southern_Ontario%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large white pine in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mature_White_Pine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mature White Pine Cook Forest State Park"><img alt="Mature White Pine Cook Forest State Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mature_White_Pine.jpg/135px-Mature_White_Pine.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mature_White_Pine.jpg/202px-Mature_White_Pine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mature_White_Pine.jpg/270px-Mature_White_Pine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mature White Pine Cook Forest State Park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_MHNT.2022.4.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cones and seeds"><img alt="Cones and seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pinus_strobus_MHNT.2022.4.2.jpg/180px-Pinus_strobus_MHNT.2022.4.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pinus_strobus_MHNT.2022.4.2.jpg/270px-Pinus_strobus_MHNT.2022.4.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pinus_strobus_MHNT.2022.4.2.jpg/360px-Pinus_strobus_MHNT.2022.4.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4507" data-file-height="2884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cones and seeds</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_JPG1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pinus_strobus_JPG1b.jpg/220px-Pinus_strobus_JPG1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pinus_strobus_JPG1b.jpg/330px-Pinus_strobus_JPG1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pinus_strobus_JPG1b.jpg/440px-Pinus_strobus_JPG1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Measuring the circumference of an eastern white pine</figcaption></figure> <p>The eastern white pine has been described as the tallest tree in eastern North America, perhaps sharing the prize with the deciduous <a href="/wiki/Liriodendron_tulipifera" title="Liriodendron tulipifera">tulip tree</a> whose range overlaps with eastern white pine in a few areas. In natural <a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-colonial America">precolonial</a> stands, the pine is reported to have grown as tall as 70 m (230 ft). No means exist for accurately documenting the height of trees from these times, but eastern white pine may have reached this height on rare occasions. Even greater heights have been reported in popular, but unverifiable, accounts such as Robert Pike's <i>Tall Trees, Tough Men</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Total trunk volumes of the largest specimens are around 28 m<sup>3</sup> (990 cu ft), with some past giants possibly reaching 37 to 40 m<sup>3</sup> (1,300 to 1,400 cu ft). Photographic analysis of giants suggests volumes closer to 34 m<sup>3</sup> (1,200 cu ft).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Height">Height</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Height"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>P. strobus</i> grows about 1 m (3.3 ft) annually between the ages of 15 and 45 years, with slower height increments before and after that age range.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tallest presently living specimens are 50–57.55 m (164 ft 1 in – 188 ft 10 in) tall, as determined by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_Tree_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Native Tree Society (page does not exist)">Native Tree Society</a> (NTS).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to their exploitation, it was common for white pines in northern Wisconsin to reach heights of over 61 m (200 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three locations in the Southeastern United States and one site in the Northeastern United States have trees that are 55 m (180 ft) tall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2022)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Common height of 80 feet or more.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southern Appalachian Mountains have the most locations and the tallest trees in the present range of <i>P. strobus</i>. One survivor is a specimen known as the "Boogerman Pine" in the <a href="/wiki/Cataloochee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains)" title="Cataloochee (Great Smoky Mountains)">Cataloochee Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</a>. At 57.55 m (188 ft 10 in) tall, it is the tallest accurately measured tree in North America east of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, though this conflicts with citations for <a href="/wiki/Liriodendron_tulipifera" title="Liriodendron tulipifera">Liriodendron tulipifera</a>. It has been climbed and measured by tape drop by the NTS. Before <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Opal" title="Hurricane Opal">Hurricane Opal</a> broke its top in October 1995, Boogerman Pine was 63 m (207 ft) tall, as determined by Will Blozan and Robert Leverett using ground-based measurements. </p><p>The tallest specimens in <a href="/wiki/Hartwick_Pines_State_Park" title="Hartwick Pines State Park">Hartwick Pines State Park</a> in Michigan are 45–48 m (148–157 ft) tall. </p><p>In the northeastern USA, eight sites in four states currently have trees over 48 m (157 ft) tall, as confirmed by the NTS. The <a href="/wiki/Cook_Forest_State_Park" title="Cook Forest State Park">Cook Forest State Park</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> has the most numerous collection of 45 m (148 ft) eastern white pines in the Northeast, with 110 trees measuring that height or more. The park's "Longfellow Pine" is the tallest presently living eastern white pine in the Northeast, at 55.96 m (183 ft 7 in) tall, as determined by tape drop.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Trail_State_Forest" title="Mohawk Trail State Forest">Mohawk Trail State Forest</a> of Massachusetts has 83 trees measuring 45 m (148 ft) or more tall, of which six exceed 48.8 m (160 ft). The "Jake Swamp Tree" located there is 51.54 m (169 ft 1 in) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NTS maintains precise measurements of it. A private property in <a href="/wiki/Claremont,_New_Hampshire" title="Claremont, New Hampshire">Claremont, New Hampshire</a>, has approximately 60 specimens that are 45 m (148 ft) tall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diameter">Diameter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diameter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diameter_at_breast_height" title="Diameter at breast height">Diameters</a> of the larger pines range from 1.0–1.6 m (3 ft 3 in – 5 ft 3 in), which translates to a circumference (girth) range of 3.1–5.0 m (10 ft 2 in – 16 ft 5 in). However, single-trunked white pines in both the Northeast and Southeast with diameters over 1.45 m (4 ft 9 in) are exceedingly rare. Notable big pine sites of 40 ha (99 acres) or less often have no more than two or three trees in the 1.2- to 1.4-m-diameter class. Common diameter of 2-3 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_pine_shedding_old_foliage_in_autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_pine_shedding_old_foliage_in_autumn.jpg/220px-White_pine_shedding_old_foliage_in_autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_pine_shedding_old_foliage_in_autumn.jpg/330px-White_pine_shedding_old_foliage_in_autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_pine_shedding_old_foliage_in_autumn.jpg/440px-White_pine_shedding_old_foliage_in_autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>White pine boughs, showing annual yellowing and <a href="/wiki/Abscission" title="Abscission">abscission</a> of older foliage in the autumn, upstate New York, USA</figcaption></figure> <p>Unconfirmed reports from the colonial era gave diameters of virgin white pines of up to 2.4 m (8 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-ling_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mortality_and_disease">Mortality and disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mortality and disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InsectsAffectingWhitePine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/InsectsAffectingWhitePine.jpg/220px-InsectsAffectingWhitePine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/InsectsAffectingWhitePine.jpg/330px-InsectsAffectingWhitePine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/InsectsAffectingWhitePine.jpg/440px-InsectsAffectingWhitePine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An illustration dated 1902, showing a variety of insect pests affecting eastern white pine</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the eastern white pine tree is somewhat resistant to fire, mature survivors are able to reseed burned areas. In pure stands, mature trees usually have no branches on the lower half of their trunks. The <a href="/wiki/White_pine_weevil" class="mw-redirect" title="White pine weevil">white pine weevil</a> (<i>Pissodes strobi</i>) and white pine blister rust (<i><a href="/wiki/Cronartium_ribicola" title="Cronartium ribicola">Cronartium ribicola</a></i>), an introduced fungus, can damage or kill these trees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blister_rust">Blister rust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blister rust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mortality from white pine blister rust in mature pine groves was often 50–80% during the early 20th century. The fungus must spend part of its lifecycle on alternate hosts of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">Ribes</a></i>, the native gooseberry or wild currant. Foresters proposed that if all the alternate host plants were removed, white pine blister rust might be eliminated. A very determined campaign was mounted, and all land owners in commercial pine-growing regions were encouraged to uproot and kill all native gooseberry and wild currant plants.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lombard_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lombard-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ramifications for wildlife and <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> ecology were of less concern at the time than timber-industry protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, native wild currants are relatively rare plants in New England, and planting wild currants or wild gooseberries is strongly discouraged, or even illegal in some jurisdictions. As an alternative, new strains of commercial currants have been developed that are highly resistant to white pine blister rust. Mortality in white pines from rust is only about 3% today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status_in_the_United_States">Conservation status in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conservation status in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old white pines are treasured in the United States. An American National Natural Landmark, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Forest_State_Park" title="Cook Forest State Park">Cook Forest State Park</a> in Pennsylvania, contains the tallest known tree in the Northeastern United States, a white pine named Longfellow Pine.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some white pines in Wisconsin are over 200 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although widely planted as a landscape tree in the Midwestern states,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> native White pine is listed as "rare or uncommon" in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PLANTS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLANTS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_uses">Historical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumber">Lumber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lumber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, the harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> white pine forests played a major role in America's <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">westward expansion</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. A quarter-million white pines were harvested and sent to lumber yards in Chicago in a single year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The white pine had aesthetic appeal to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> ("There is no finer tree.")<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond that, it had <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">commercial applications</a>. It was considered "the most sought and most widely utilized of the various forest growths of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">northwest</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Hotchkiss_1861_752_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hotchkiss_1861_752-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descriptions of its uses are quoted below from a 19th-century source: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:65%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Being of a soft texture and easily worked, taking paint better than almost any other variety of wood, it has been found adaptable to all the uses demanded in the building art, from the manufacture of packing cases to the bearing timber and finer finish of a dwelling. Of light weight, it has borne transportation to the farms of the west, where it is used for building purposes in dwellings, barns, and corn cribs, while as a fencing material it has no superior. Aside from those conditions which demand a dense strong timber, such as ship-building or in wagon-making, white pine has been found adaptable to all the economic uses in which lumber is required, not excluding its use in coarser articles of furniture. No wood has found greater favor or entered more fully into supplying all those wants of man which could be found in the forest growths.<sup id="cite_ref-Hotchkiss_1861_752_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hotchkiss_1861_752-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>The species was imported in 1620 to England by Captain <a href="/wiki/George_Weymouth" title="George Weymouth">George Weymouth</a>, who planted it for a timber crop, but had little success because of white pine blister rust disease. </p><p>Old-growth pine in the Americas, of various <i>Pinus</i> species, was a highly desired wood since huge, knot-free boards were the rule rather than the exception. Pine was common and easy to cut, thus many colonial homes used pine for paneling, floors, and furniture. Pine was also a favorite tree of loggers, since pine logs can still be processed in a lumber mill a year or more after being cut down. In contrast, most hardwood trees such as cherry, maple, oak, and ash must be cut into 1" thick boards immediately after felling, or else large cracks will develop in the trunk which can render the wood worthless.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although eastern white pine was frequently used for flooring in buildings constructed before the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Civil War">U.S. Civil War</a>, the wood is soft and tends to cup over time with wear. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> opted for the much harder <a href="/wiki/Southern_yellow_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern yellow pine">southern yellow pine</a> at Mount Vernon, instead.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mast_pines">Mast pines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mast pines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 17th and 18th centuries, tall white pines in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> became known as "<a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mast</a> pines". Marked by agents of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Broad_arrow#Use_in_the_American_colonies" title="Broad arrow">broad arrow</a>, a mast pine was reserved for the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. Special barge-like vessels were built to ship tall white pines to England. The wood was often squared to better fit in the holds of these ships.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 30-metre (100 ft) mast was about 0.91 m × 0.91 m (3 ft × 3 ft) at the butt and 0.61 m × 0.61 m (2 ft × 2 ft) at the top, while a 37-metre (120 ft) mast was 1.2 m × 1.2 m (4 ft × 4 ft) by 0.76 m (30 in) on its ends. </p><p>By 1719, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>, had become the hub of pine logging and shipping. Portsmouth shipped 199 masts to England that year. In all, about 4500 masts were sent to England.<sup id="cite_ref-NEF2019_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEF2019-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eastern white pine played a significant role in the events leading to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nizalowski_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nizalowski-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marking of large white pines by the Crown had become controversial in the colonies by the first third of the 18th century. In 1734, the King's men were assaulted and beaten in <a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter, New Hampshire</a>, in what was to be called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mast_Tree_Riot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mast Tree Riot (page does not exist)">Mast Tree Riot</a>. Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_Dunbar_(colonel)" title="David Dunbar (colonel)">David Dunbar</a> had been in the town investigating a stock pile of white pine in a pond and the ownership of the local timber mill before caning two townspeople.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1772, the sheriff of <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Hillsborough County, New Hampshire">Hillsborough County, New Hampshire</a>, was sent to the town of <a href="/wiki/Weare,_New_Hampshire" title="Weare, New Hampshire">Weare</a> to arrest mill owners for the illegal possession of large white pines. That night, as the sheriff slept at the Pine Tree Tavern, he was attacked and nearly killed by an angry mob of colonists. This act of rebellion, later to become known as the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Tree_Riot" title="Pine Tree Riot">Pine Tree Riot</a>, may have fueled the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> in 1773. </p><p>After the Revolutionary War, the fledgling United States used large white pines to build out its own navy. The masts of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a> were originally made of eastern white pine.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original masts were single trees, but were later replaced by laminated spars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to better withstand cannonballs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In colonial times, an unusually large, lone, white pine was found in coastal South Carolina along the <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(South_Carolina)" title="Black River (South Carolina)">Black River</a>, far east of its southernmost normal range.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The king's mark was carved into it, giving rise to the town of <a href="/wiki/Kingstree,_South_Carolina" title="Kingstree, South Carolina">Kingstree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamsburg_Hometown_Chamber_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamsburg_Hometown_Chamber-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern white pine is now widely grown in <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantation</a> <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> within its native area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_uses">Contemporary uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contemporary uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumber_2">Lumber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lumber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PinusStrobusBoard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/PinusStrobusBoard.jpg/220px-PinusStrobusBoard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/PinusStrobusBoard.jpg/330px-PinusStrobusBoard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/PinusStrobusBoard.jpg/440px-PinusStrobusBoard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Board of <i>Pinus strobus</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timber_framing">Timber framing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Timber framing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastern white pine has often been used for timber frames, and is available in large sizes. Eastern white pine timbers are not particularly strong, so timbers increase in size to handle loads applied. This species accepts stains better than most, but it has little rot resistance, so should be used only in dry conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freshly cut eastern white pine is yellowish white or a pale straw color, but pine wood which has aged many years tends to darken to a deep, rich, golden tan. Occasionally, one can find light brown pine boards with unusual yellowish-golden or reddish-brown hues. This is the famous "pumpkin pine". Slow growing pines in old-growth forests are thought to accumulate colored products in the heartwood, but genetic factors and soil conditions may also play a role in rich color development.<sup id="cite_ref-nizalowski_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nizalowski-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This wood is also favored by patternmakers for its easy working.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cottontail, snowshoe rabbits, porcupines, can eat the bark. Red squirrels can eat the cones by extracting the seeds. Seeds are eaten by crossbills, pine siskin, and white tailed deer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foods_and_medicines">Foods and medicines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foods and medicines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastern white pine needles exceed the amount of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> of lemons and oranges<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and make an excellent <a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal tea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">cambium</a> is edible. It is also a source of <a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> noted in the 18th century that cattle and pigs fed pine <a href="/wiki/Bark_bread" title="Bark bread">bark bread</a> grew well, but he personally did not like the taste. </p><p>Pine tar is produced by slowly burning pine roots, branches, or small trunks in a partially smothered flame. Pine tar mixed with beer can be used to remove <a href="/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworms</a> (flat worms) or <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> (round worms). Pine tar mixed with sulfur is useful to treat dandruff, and marketed in present-day products. Pine tar can also be processed to make <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Native American traditional uses</dt></dl> <p>The name "Adirondack", an <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> word that means tree-eater, referred to their neighbors (more commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquians</a>) who collected the inner bark of <i>P. strobus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Picea_rubens" title="Picea rubens">Picea rubens</a></i>, and others during times of winter starvation. The white, soft inner bark (cambial layer) was carefully separated from the hard, dark brown bark and dried. When pounded, this product can be used as flour or added to stretch other starchy products.<sup id="cite_ref-umich_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umich-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The young staminate cones were stewed by the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> Indians with meat, and were said to be sweet and not pitchy. In addition, the seeds are sweet and nutritious, but not as tasty as those of some of the western nut pines.<sup id="cite_ref-umich_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umich-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pine_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine resin">Pine resin</a> (sap) has been used by various tribes to waterproof baskets, pails, and boats. The Ojibwe also used pine resin to successfully treat infections and even gangrenous wounds,<sup id="cite_ref-umich_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umich-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because pine resin apparently has a number of quite efficient antimicrobials. Generally, a wet pulp from the inner bark, or pine tar mixed with beeswax or butter was applied to wounds and used as a salve to prevent infection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>P. strobus</i> is cultivated by <a href="/wiki/Plant_nursery" title="Plant nursery">plant nurseries</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental tree">ornamental tree</a>, for planting in gardens and parks.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is low-maintenance and rapid-growing as a specimen tree. With regular shearing, it can also be trained as a <a href="/wiki/Hedge" title="Hedge">hedge</a>. Some cultivars are used in <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-mbg_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbg-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivars</a> have been selected for small to dwarf mature forms, and foliage color characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-mbg_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbg-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include: </p> <ul><li><i>P. strobus</i> Nana group – 91 cm (3 ft) tall by 1.2 m (4 ft) wide <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a700/pinus-strobus-nana-group.aspx">MBG: <i>Pinus strobus</i> (Nana Group)</a> <ul><li><i>P. strobus</i> 'Macopin' – 30 to 91 cm (1 to 3 ft) tall & wide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a690/pinus-strobus-macopin.aspx">MBG:<i>Pinus strobus</i> 'Macopin'</a></li> <li><i>P. strobus</i> 'Paul Waxman' – 61 to 152 cm (2 to 5 ft) tall & wide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/b257/pinus-strobus-paul-waxman.aspx">MBG: <i>Pinus strobus</i> 'Paul Waxman'</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"></ul></li></ul> </li><li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_%27Pendula%27_at_the_Morris_Arboretum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinus strobus 'Pendula'"><img alt="Pinus strobus 'Pendula'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pinus_strobus_%27Pendula%27_at_the_Morris_Arboretum.jpg/90px-Pinus_strobus_%27Pendula%27_at_the_Morris_Arboretum.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pinus_strobus_%27Pendula%27_at_the_Morris_Arboretum.jpg/135px-Pinus_strobus_%27Pendula%27_at_the_Morris_Arboretum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pinus_strobus_%27Pendula%27_at_the_Morris_Arboretum.jpg/180px-Pinus_strobus_%27Pendula%27_at_the_Morris_Arboretum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pinus strobus 'Pendula'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_Strobus_%27Pigmaea%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinus Strobus 'Pigmaea'"><img alt="Pinus Strobus 'Pigmaea'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pinus_Strobus_%27Pigmaea%27.jpg/120px-Pinus_Strobus_%27Pigmaea%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pinus_Strobus_%27Pigmaea%27.jpg/180px-Pinus_Strobus_%27Pigmaea%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pinus_Strobus_%27Pigmaea%27.jpg/240px-Pinus_Strobus_%27Pigmaea%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pinus Strobus 'Pigmaea'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_Strobus_%27Diggy%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinus Strobus 'Diggy'"><img alt="Pinus Strobus 'Diggy'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pinus_Strobus_%27Diggy%27.jpg/90px-Pinus_Strobus_%27Diggy%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pinus_Strobus_%27Diggy%27.jpg/135px-Pinus_Strobus_%27Diggy%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pinus_Strobus_%27Diggy%27.jpg/180px-Pinus_Strobus_%27Diggy%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pinus Strobus 'Diggy'</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christmas_trees">Christmas trees</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Christmas trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smaller specimens are popular as live <a href="/wiki/Christmas_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas trees">Christmas trees</a>. Eastern white pines are noted for holding their needles well, even long after being harvested. They also are well suited for people with allergies, as they give little to no aroma. A standard 1.8-meter (6 ft) tree takes around 6 to 8 years to grow in ideal conditions. Sheared varieties are usually desired because of their stereotypical Christmas tree conical shape, as naturally grown ones can be sparse, or grow bushy in texture.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The branches of the eastern white pine are also widely used in making holiday wreaths and garlands because of their soft, feathery needles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_filtration">Water filtration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Water filtration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White pine xylem has been used as a filter to clean certain bacteria from contaminated water.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemacytometer tests revealed that at least 99.9% of bacteria tested were rejected after being passed through white pine xylem.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eastern white pine is the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_tree_emblems_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial tree emblems of Canada">provincial tree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state trees">state tree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> (as of 1945)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (as of 1955).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its "pine cone and tassel" is also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state flowers">state flower</a> of Maine, and is prominently featured on the state's license plates.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sprigs of eastern white pine were worn as badges as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> identity during the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic</a> and are depicted in a stained-glass window in the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_State_House" title="Vermont State House">Vermont State House</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vermont" title="Flag of Vermont">Flag of Vermont</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Massachusetts">Commonwealth of Massachusetts</a> and the state of Maine. The <a href="/wiki/1901_Maine_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="1901 Maine Flag">1901 Maine Flag</a> prominently featured the tree during its brief tenure as Maine's state flag. The <a href="/wiki/Maine_State_Guard" title="Maine State Guard">Maine State Guard</a> also use the tree in their uniform badges. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas"> indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Haudenosaunee</a> (Iroquois Confederation) named it the "<a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Peace" title="Tree of Peace">Tree of Peace</a>". Since 2017, it has appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montreal" title="Flag of Montreal">flag</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_of_Montreal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seal of Montreal (page does not exist)">seal</a> of the city of Montreal to represent the indigenous peoples of the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Appalachian_dry_oak%E2%80%93pine_forest" title="Central Appalachian dry oak–pine forest">Central Appalachian dry oak–pine forest</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFarjon,_A.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Farjon, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42417/2978687">"<i>Pinus strobus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2013</b>: e.T42417A2978687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42417A2978687.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42417A2978687.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Pinus+strobus&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=e.T42417A2978687&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42417A2978687.en&rft.au=Farjon%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F42417%2F2978687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USFS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USFS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1993" class="citation cs1">Carey, Jennifer H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/pinstr/all.html">"Pinus strobus"</a>. <i>Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)</i>. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Effects+Information+System+%28FEIS%29&rft.atitle=Pinus+strobus&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fdatabase%2Ffeis%2Fplants%2Ftree%2Fpinstr%2Fall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLANTS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PLANTS_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PLANTS_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRCS" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">NRCS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PIST">"<i>Pinus strobus</i>"</a>. <i>PLANTS Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PLANTS+Database&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EPinus+strobus%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.au=NRCS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.sc.egov.usda.gov%2Fplant-profile%2FPIST&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PIST">"Plants Profile for Pinus strobus (eastern white pine)"</a>. <i>www.plants.usda.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828231143/https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PIST">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.plants.usda.gov&rft.atitle=Plants+Profile+for+Pinus+strobus+%28eastern+white+pine%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plants.usda.gov%2Fcore%2Fprofile%3Fsymbol%3DPIST&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraymont2009" class="citation book cs1">Graymont, Barbara (2009). <i>The Iroquois</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. <q>The tree had four symbolic roots, the Great White Roots of Peace, spreading north, east, south, and west. If any other nation ever wished to join the League, it would have to follow the White Roots of Peace to the source and take shelter beneath the tree. Atop the tree, he placed an eagle to scream out a warning at the approach of danger. He symbolically planted the tree in the land of the Onondagas, the place of the Grre, the confederate lords, or peace chiefs, would sit beneath it and be caretakers of the Great Peace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iroquois&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Graymont&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChafe2015" class="citation book cs1">Chafe, Wallace (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/North%20American/Iroquoian/Seneca%20Language%2C%20A%20Grammar%20of%20the%20%28Chafe%29.pdf"><i>A Grammar of the Seneca Language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of California Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28641-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28641-2"><bdi>978-0-520-28641-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Seneca+Language&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28641-2&rft.aulast=Chafe&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheswissbay.ch%2Fpdf%2FBooks%2FLinguistics%2FMega%2520linguistics%2520pack%2FNorth%2520American%2FIroquoian%2FSeneca%2520Language%252C%2520A%2520Grammar%2520of%2520the%2520%2528Chafe%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winddancer45.tripod.com/MohawkLanguage.html">"Mohawk Basic Knowledge"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mohawk+Basic+Knowledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinddancer45.tripod.com%2FMohawkLanguage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikmaqonline.org/servlet/dictionaryFrameSet.html?arg0=pine&method=searchFromEnglish">"Pine"</a>. <i>Mi'gmaq-Mi'kmaq Online Dictionary</i>. Listuguj<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mi%27gmaq-Mi%27kmaq+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Pine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikmaqonline.org%2Fservlet%2FdictionaryFrameSet.html%3Farg0%3Dpine%26method%3DsearchFromEnglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisNewell" class="citation web cs1">Francis, Kmihqitahaman David A.; Newell, Kmihqitahaman-ona Wayne A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmportal.org/dictionary/kuw-ku-1">"Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passamaquoddy-Maliseet+Language+Portal&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Kmihqitahaman+David+A.&rft.au=Newell%2C+Kmihqitahaman-ona+Wayne+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmportal.org%2Fdictionary%2Fkuw-ku-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westernabenaki.com/dictionary/white_pine.html">"White Pine"</a>. <i>Western Abenaki Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Abenaki+Dictionary&rft.atitle=White+Pine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesternabenaki.com%2Fdictionary%2Fwhite_pine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore2008_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_GerryKershner,_BruceCraig_TuftsDaniel_Mathews2008" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). <i>National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America</i>. New York: Sterling. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3875-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3875-3"><bdi>978-1-4027-3875-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Wildlife+Federation+Field+Guide+to+Trees+of+North+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3875-3&rft.au=Moore%2C+Gerry&rft.au=Kershner%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Craig+Tufts&rft.au=Daniel+Mathews&rft.au=Gil+Nelson&rft.au=Spellenberg%2C+Richard&rft.au=Thieret%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Terry+Purinton&rft.au=Block%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle1980" class="citation book cs1">Little, Elbert L. (1980). "Eastern White Pine". <i>National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region</i>. New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+White+Pine&rft.btitle=National+Audubon+Society+Field+Guide+to+North+American+Trees%3A+Eastern+Region&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Elbert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm1966" class="citation book cs1">Grimm, William Carey (1966). <i>The Book of Trees</i>. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Trees&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=The+Stackpole+Company&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=William+Carey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usa-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usa_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southalabama.edu/colleges/artsandsci/biology/axsmith_research.html">"Dr. Brian Axsmith's Research Area"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010144133/http://www.southalabama.edu/colleges/artsandsci/biology/axsmith_research.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+South+Alabama&rft.atitle=Dr.+Brian+Axsmith%27s+Research+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southalabama.edu%2Fcolleges%2Fartsandsci%2Fbiology%2Faxsmith_research.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck,_D.E.1971" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, D.E. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs/1971/00000017/00000002/art00024">"Height-Growth Patterns and Site Index of White Pine in the Southern Appalachians"</a>. <i>Forest Science</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 252–260. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317212325/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs/1971/00000017/00000002/art00024">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Science&rft.atitle=Height-Growth+Patterns+and+Site+Index+of+White+Pine+in+the+Southern+Appalachians&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=252-260&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Beck%2C+D.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fsaf%2Ffs%2F1971%2F00000017%2F00000002%2Fart00024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817101700/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/">"NTS—Native Tree Society"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativetreesociety.org/">the original</a> on 2018-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTS%E2%80%94Native+Tree+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nativetreesociety.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1959" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, John (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vegetationofwisc0000curt"><i>The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities</i></a></span>. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vegetationofwisc0000curt/page/204">204</a>–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299019402" title="Special:BookSources/9780299019402"><bdi>9780299019402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vegetation+of+Wisconsin%3A+An+Ordination+of+Plant+Communities&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pages=204-205&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780299019402&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvegetationofwisc0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luthringer, D.J. 2009. Big Trees of Cook Forest. Pennsylvania Forests 100(3):8-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jake Swamp Tree: 51.54m in August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Jake Swamp Tree was climbed and measured by tape drop in November 1998 and October 2001. It was scheduled to be climbed and measured a third time in November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ling-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ling_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ling, H. (2003). "The Eastern White Pine". <i>Native Plant Society of NJ Newsletter Winter 2003</i>: 2–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Native+Plant+Society+of+NJ+Newsletter+Winter+2003&rft.atitle=The+Eastern+White+Pine&rft.pages=2-3&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lombard-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lombard_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardBofinger1999" class="citation book cs1">Lombard, K.; Bofinger, J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.unh.edu/sites/default/files/migrated_unmanaged_files/Resource000413_Rep435.pdf"><i>White Pine Blister Rust</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Division_of_Forests_and_Lands" title="New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands">New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230106191741/https://extension.unh.edu/sites/default/files/migrated_unmanaged_files/Resource000413_Rep435.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Pine+Blister+Rust&rft.pub=New+Hampshire+Division+of+Forests+and+Lands&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Bofinger%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextension.unh.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmigrated_unmanaged_files%2FResource000413_Rep435.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuthringer" class="citation web cs1">Luthringer, Dale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativetreesociety.org/fieldtrips/penna/old_growth_forests_in_pa.htm">"Old Growth Forests in the Pennsylvania Wilds"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919171724/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/fieldtrips/penna/old_growth_forests_in_pa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Growth+Forests+in+the+Pennsylvania+Wilds&rft.aulast=Luthringer&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nativetreesociety.org%2Ffieldtrips%2Fpenna%2Fold_growth_forests_in_pa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Christopher and Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/menominee-forest-keepers/">"Menominee Forest Keepers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015193908/https://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/menominee-forest-keepers/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menominee+Forest+Keepers&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Christopher+and+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanforests.org%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fmenominee-forest-keepers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruh, G., Creswell, T. (2017 Feb.) Tree Diseases: White Pine Decline in Indiana. Purdue Extension. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/BP/BP-34-W.pdf">https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/BP/BP-34-W.pdf</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702142925/https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/BP/BP-34-W.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20200702142925/https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/BP/BP-34-W.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indiana Department of Natural Resources. (9 March 2020). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missouri+Botanical+Garden+Kemper+Center+for+Home+Gardening&rft.atitle=Pinus+strobus+%28eastern+white+pine%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missouribotanicalgarden.org%2Fgardens-gardening%2Fyour-garden%2Fplant-finder%2Fplant-details%2Fkc%2Fe710%2Fpinus-strobus.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christmastree.org/trees/e_wht_pn.cfm">"Christmas tree.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120115917/http://christmastree.org/trees/e_wht_pn.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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H.; Lee, Jongho; Chambers, Valerie; Venkatesh, Varsha; Karnik, Rohit (2014-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935949">"Water Filtration Using Plant Xylem"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (2): e89934. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...989934B">2014PLoSO...989934B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0089934">10.1371/journal.pone.0089934</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935949">3935949</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24587134">24587134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Water+Filtration+Using+Plant+Xylem&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e89934&rft.date=2014-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3935949%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...989934B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24587134&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0089934&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Boutilier&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.+H.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jongho&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Venkatesh%2C+Varsha&rft.au=Karnik%2C+Rohit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3935949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-white-pine">"Eastern white pine"</a>. <i>Ontario.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120185340/https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-white-pine">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ontario.ca&rft.atitle=Eastern+white+pine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontario.ca%2Fpage%2Feastern-white-pine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/maine/state-tree/white-pine">"White Pine"</a>. <i>State Symbols USA</i>. September 20, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329124443/https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/maine/state-tree/white-pine">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Symbols+USA&rft.atitle=White+Pine&rft.date=2014-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatesymbolsusa.org%2Fsymbol-official-item%2Fmaine%2Fstate-tree%2Fwhite-pine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/michigan/state-tree/eastern-white-pine">"Eastern White Pine"</a>. <i>State Symbols USA</i>. October 10, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329124436/https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/michigan/state-tree/eastern-white-pine">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Symbols+USA&rft.atitle=Eastern+White+Pine&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatesymbolsusa.org%2Fsymbol-official-item%2Fmichigan%2Fstate-tree%2Feastern-white-pine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flowers/me_pine_cone_tassel.htm">"Maine State Flower"</a>. <i>Netstate.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214071457/http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flowers/me_pine_cone_tassel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Netstate.com&rft.atitle=Maine+State+Flower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netstate.com%2Fstates%2Fsymb%2Fflowers%2Fme_pine_cone_tassel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinetum.org/cones/PNStrobus.htm">Pinetum.org: Cone photo from Arboretum de Villardebelle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050220054146/http://www.inmygarden.org/archives/2005/01/great_americans_17.html">The Monday Garden: The Eastern White Pine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinus_strobus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pinus_strobus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pinus strobus">Pinus strobus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKral1993" class="citation cs1">Kral, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005357">"<i>Pinus strobus</i>"</a>. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1"><i>Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EPinus+strobus%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America+North+of+Mexico+%28FNA%29&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kral&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D200005357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=5250&flora_id=1">EFLORAS: <i>P. strobus</i> Distribution map</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarle2018" class="citation web cs1">Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_strobus.php">"<i>Pinus strobus</i>"</a>. <i>The Gymnosperm Database</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gymnosperm+Database&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EPinus+strobus%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conifers.org%2Fpi%2FPinus_strobus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinus+strobus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200806/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/pist.htm">Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu: <i>Pinus strobus</i> images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?where-taxon=Pinus+strobus"><i>Pinus strobus</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/CalPhotos" title="CalPhotos">CalPhotos</a> photo database, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euforgen.org/species/pinus-strobus/"><i>Pinus strobus</i></a> - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. <a href="/wiki/European_Forest_Genetic_Resources_Programme" title="European Forest Genetic Resources Programme">European Forest Genetic Resources Programme</a> (EUFORGEN)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+strobus">"Pinus strobus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">Plants for a Future</a></i>.</cite><span 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_state_flowers" title="Template:US state flowers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_state_flowers" title="Template talk:US state flowers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_state_flowers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US state flowers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_flowers_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">State flowers of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Camellia_japonica" title="Camellia japonica">Camellia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrangea_quercifolia" title="Hydrangea quercifolia">Oak-leaf hydrangea</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">AK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Myosotis_alpestris" title="Myosotis alpestris">Forget-me-not</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Saguaro" title="Saguaro">Saguaro cactus blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Eschscholzia_californica" title="Eschscholzia californica">California poppy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">CO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_coerulea" title="Aquilegia coerulea">Rocky Mountain columbine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa" title="Mirabilis jalapa">Mirabilis jalapa</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CH</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">DE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">Peach blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange blossom</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coreopsis" title="Coreopsis">Tickseed</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">Azalea</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_laevigata" title="Rosa laevigata">Cherokee rose</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">HI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hibiscus" title="Hawaiian hibiscus">Hawaiian hibiscus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">ID</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphus_lewisii" title="Philadelphus lewisii">Syringa, mock orange</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">Violet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias">Milkweed</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">Peony</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">Wild prairie rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">KS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Solidago_gigantea" title="Solidago gigantea">Goldenrod</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_giganticaerulea" title="Iris giganticaerulea">Louisiana iris</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a></b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">White pine cone and tassel</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rudbeckia_hirta" title="Rudbeckia hirta">Black-eyed susan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Epigaea_repens" title="Epigaea repens">Mayflower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple blossom</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_lacustris" title="Iris lacustris">Dwarf lake iris</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_reginae" title="Cypripedium reginae">Pink and white lady's slipper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coreopsis" title="Coreopsis">Tickseed</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">Hawthorn</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">MT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot" title="Bitterroot">Bitterroot</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">NE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Solidago_gigantea" title="Solidago gigantea">Goldenrod</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata" title="Artemisia tridentata">Sagebrush</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">NH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Syringa_vulgaris" title="Syringa vulgaris">Purple lilac</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_acaule" title="Cypripedium acaule">Pink lady's slipper</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">NM</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca flower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">Flowering dogwood</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_michauxii" title="Lilium michauxii">Carolina lily</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">ND</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">Wild prairie rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Dianthus_caryophyllus" title="Dianthus caryophyllus">Scarlet carnation</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trillium_grandiflorum" title="Trillium grandiflorum">Large white trillium</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Oklahoma%27" title="Rosa 'Oklahoma'">Oklahoma rose</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaillardia_pulchella" title="Gaillardia pulchella">Indian blanket</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phoradendron_leucarpum" title="Phoradendron leucarpum">Mistletoe</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">OR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Mahonia_aquifolium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahonia aquifolium">Oregon grape</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Securigera_varia" title="Securigera varia">Penngift crown vetch</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">Violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Gelsemium_sempervirens" title="Gelsemium sempervirens">Yellow jessamine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solidago_altissima" title="Solidago altissima">Goldenrod</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">SD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pulsatilla_nuttalliana" title="Pulsatilla nuttalliana">Pasque flower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">Iris</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora_incarnata" title="Passiflora incarnata">Purple passionflower</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Echinacea_tennesseensis" title="Echinacea tennesseensis">Tennessee coneflower</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bluebonnet_(plant)" title="Bluebonnet (plant)">Bluebonnet sp.</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Calochortus_nuttallii" title="Calochortus nuttallii">Sego lily</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">VT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Trifolium_pratense" title="Trifolium pratense">Red clover</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">American dogwood</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">WA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_macrophyllum" title="Rhododendron macrophyllum">Coast rhododendron</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_maximum" title="Rhododendron maximum">Rhododendron</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Wood violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">WY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Castilleja_linariifolia" title="Castilleja linariifolia">Indian paintbrush</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">AS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">Paogo (Ulafala)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">GU</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bougainvillea_spectabilis" title="Bougainvillea spectabilis">Bougainvillea spectabilis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Plumeria" title="Plumeria">Flores mayo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">PR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Thespesia_grandiflora" title="Thespesia grandiflora">Maga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tecoma_stans" title="Tecoma stans">Yellow elder</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><i>Italics</i>: state wildflower <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, state children's flower <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CH</span></span>, state floral emblem <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span>, beautification and conservation <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pinus strobus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157230" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q157230">Q157230</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pinus strobus">Pinus strobus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=215">215</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2337">2337</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4J2HY">4J2HY</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1061748">1061748</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PIUST">PIUST</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/150623">150623</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/pinstr/all.html">pinstr</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005357">200005357</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005357">200005357</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5284982">5284982</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28551">28551</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/52391">52391</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=2762">2762</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/263339-1">263339-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11305321">11305321</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183385">183385</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/42417">42417</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1925">1925</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=285004">285004</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.161641/">2.161641</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000013976">NBNSYS0000013976</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3348">3348</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/be639214-3d69-4476-8d89-7d4cdac04218">be639214-3d69-4476-8d89-7d4cdac04218</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3081">3081</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7198/">7198</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=568616">568616</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Pinus_strobus">Pinus_strobus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=166">166</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/gymnosperma/coniferales/pinaceae/pinus/pinus-strobus/">pinus-strobus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2562165">kew-2562165</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PIST">PIST</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A197100-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:197100-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/13138/wd/Details">13138</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/24900219">24900219</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/7195">7195</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=4506">4506</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000481530">wfo-0000481530</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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