CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134f8f9a8633f54',cH: 'J4ll41ZnxwtUY.tsRLqt.nMKsrZod4V_8YQs2AN_yk0-1739786868-1.2.1.1-U1.XrT41BZ_PryqSged2twg4Ofte6PQ9qvwjAeYpD7vt57Bl3PjmFHVeINCRUSEz',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=load%20shaping&__cf_chl_tk=61mvMgAJ._kvt8MeWGkSqFucecR7BmKcz7Hig95v5zc-1739786868-1.0.1.1-Jyw8GOLFGLy6qI7QWJ7OPKjktY4yCxUgLxdUkrHgOOc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739786868',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=load%20shaping&__cf_chl_f_tk=61mvMgAJ._kvt8MeWGkSqFucecR7BmKcz7Hig95v5zc-1739786868-1.0.1.1-Jyw8GOLFGLy6qI7QWJ7OPKjktY4yCxUgLxdUkrHgOOc",md: "kXiehV6GUgy6ZlDVpCbJ1nCFvUGgHzHt23kDV6pbQWM-1739786868-1.2.1.1-NwUDedBwJ8c28My8cv6e2A6Eyx..U6T36FxztwqluGj_4HpAGh6wQ7.jenrXBDuDEOiuaw8c8oBm0rCtX4rdKDub8T4Gn1lqA4Gh2hldePAAap1wznm3BkwQzNkjAKD7N7VVUkX1nmM6RriGKE6xFxnU5I.LyhlpVqdpXs8PW5qUmJB87GCkociMpkLgR_IKiEhjKFf5iggJcWig6_oCJeiSD0Qh0s2cIJ4Gm0BFa0BfKHfedbPMD3Gyq21p32g87_QxqI7HaOtZMlhbOmPwZR8OuKetQoWNQdZgKf007i82IO1ZWo6i9xSX_xB9XyQXXVK11Pk_zb2v.ce2Z82GnZek.MqNJgHKMu2NWbs.xg7MBH65cyHIBsV4cwaQjk.cW5Tmn_atKmXB5tiac5HfMYoxVVJm0pQ_mDKkSIu1UJ._llKG2TkibDNwLT0Odtt89Ab5cXIzX.ilRW4C4GyG4isoan1Lv7V6Ty0qSM5a8AQvd0ubC9g95.KlLVphw1i0ow9lsi6FATwG1tF7v2CegSZwq6VeJumNi5wzI3tcZV85l8Uu3gmCRNhBx3Hd2kqpMpiiNhqAzVIXnkIEqnycnCXh93qUNoMAjOWzWo_NC87D1M6lEeEWsNp9cwonoeVw7UiDlCvolsFwsLIm7WVYSMoN_euT6npmygk2_XfgUF7CO9KMcmWFehuq1CYFhzkl9vhSS1IX__koZlAe_Gxq2QyKM_EYuXKevwF6fXpKASQZfJHoJHJL5.ocNkkaloVDNE0JoqpxEea9nVIYwi6ptOh3ZkPIkqk5Vhx6Cpc3cuzUkd7iB3yeThwnkIBXIjkatSu7ETt9kQb0z0EpPsq7Z.l_MNiIzSAGPl5KSMpRI8UHa0C7JrYIrCv2AgQgjbKaWnniU7gX9m7z69mcF.k7lHo4ayiG_CqMwsbQ8X4XH.LIEbj5gmIkTQwZ6TXUizltOoVyKxEDIE8H0QkGmG1ETpMgYv6GOJhhyAepQ2s760YnK2bXMzgiKFoSO5IPszmOw1Ais94lHLchbTijy4zci96jFTc7nWkIOU9A7NPUArGS7bBvQpgJiplvjBDwyBsqpRt_FI2lfeP9qeI1zI6MOhYKsJnrDeT_ddX14amHVYyCss_HtQulnNT1XpanoVZeyIB.1seW5_P0tunYVy3p62DffPMi9IRyBwQb2zco1WzMxHIDmAb5qF4x1fE2dg7lr65_iOY7k6GrTQgVkFPvHuULZ3EjrqV2Y.c6ZbjReO43OUBdMSndNz2ARZW7c1SecFvSd155tEiuZHVeoGbf42_nNAbmENJgKA45gYDpmwP4o4Hvx2AQ4N3AyBJ7aabeztQVyxeeVt4ZgUaCld9X9HPh5ZpeLpzHryR5XgwGp7u82Umcsw2_Q08UUzsr2lObqV5jQLEa1he0YHubHqjnfQsxn0TgV2ok1_OGauk6V0CycWxCpdl1FsWGjdzipVz4_lmu1ALY4DK8LM7rAos3y8HS8.V4cbyqUb5GpZ6RrXq57Wu0WU2KNlMMHSwmdbywCNqRFbv0itJX7ezjZ0.kqOTD.3Y1G.t21qzA3tP5MJlYWFsOoVQ4I1S7M8c00sJeBlHg4BReP1sLN4Rsrwmukqn1a1voXiTpCv.CeU7Mk2uR7NHzW406lOQmNv3F.avfNpaaFZFsf57T8aelZnp2jqhVcUsEJu84fICT7_auYqNGZFJ5Mij5Ti.bUoIdlYVZTk70y11mwj0RsMALmNZuFvgpzr0kuKFPbh.lt16cnmFab2NbpKjUcrTDw7sVLRSlDWIgdcbZu2U79D0CbY3HcP5EgBYQyq9SVGRwJjWuiANUDjvkh50zAjLz3W6sswK9zCBv9kmDIMp70M5IibHUQ_pKYhL4WN5cBQmjalZ6GeaKpufneXyZlhwJ4YWsbnu5brogbYsrsYy.bojPmwRcL8fKgPKkjLu..eVUOsdVOPA",mdrd: "ZEtsE0ZhIXNmlfZEBGRMZQqzH.Yb6qzciFUjhkzaG2o-1739786868-1.2.1.1-XDxoYCqwpog9NuSekT_FjvgWyTPSVfPtj3Ed_5mMIwSzPxEWmyNRXXz.vmjAstU0QV0UabU7xUZZdYc7Q0e1KgTiLpshhllZNKDLa2KZWqTrPFhft40HDHR.Z7WMnPYZ1LOwl54MBuVlVpNxqM158fMfS6YKgMBs_9Tur0NvZfeATeoAwgB9BpoqLoFy2yFlDcGnnBt2LIT_OUgqmHcBfuIAzIhSTWSnigyhBae3k3COsy.BzfLE.w6GHKPAOwCwHor9dhyjp8tTdLVvjgUIY3_h2W7SjoaUgdaLV_h9j0ZZynF2OxMIU873NRqqVQPHh54ApYNeTh4ttjBA7YTxP4rWBrwCs2JtI3Elkw3otBNVB027rnvLGMEsJSXDFV.ZOukeUD2j0xFwhPrY.Z2Sw1VY8aNvCeXATjCJ8qQcx01pcVCsKdxfTcghzSfM9CS6o4IYIvTdk9AV.gAEq4JcXI.4o5QEcBcfEAo1Qz3CCwih.4PelYbsDT6iB_3hZY7t1lUHIEgiunqwjZ73zBNu9fm8eH1NBUHgPpt3.CNsgKJM7SmHMizvOHWDcFwOt3o4B0DjenEhKXAtg2wlxiw3VOFBFlw5no0jGfz6g5pzxFSzCc4qBQO9r8ecjXVLih5jysM1e5uOtalyUPFyLbPhuFD7vGpQMGu1UlLY1_rfF0hiVMv0Mifa78IvcCGVsafAxo0UaobH_SVYLj49QnH2wMjuYNl9fi0rBiNBwWrs1yrAkYe7jONvjo1ikw6yQb1TwEg8pR2dV3EJOKOJ1CRVPsixTd1uD5zJJuhnsjgjMnx2dNAMRE5mX2nF_yhTpQ66w3qbc762D7ZXJeJRCuXR.z8qJyhhn2Oj8bn1FkHQj5h_FdBB4v6wQ9i7sKcTHtDZgCvMKLDiNYB912YFKnyR0q9KYgJN4pO9.dRGWM.sO6vhlhx3eGWt7vu47fl_7gEceq2l8q4ejyX3ZfOBJt2K06eVHyO2Wc01kiDTw9vtOqpGVwTOc_DI3HmBbIg0m1DuwFnj.ZrXAaHY26vMkIAnZjB6apxJFZwzGTgwAmKpnMY9yIdXYNMIqIxfHcgjorVnBWnxgxx_a1AhA_bBoZ_p1bzmHxKemzfDunRdH40m4UbKrkleKkK8NwcTR4Iy3D8B3kTOgd0j2l11GK0GIPLO3WwtOluYMRGcEe3qGXnZwgd6kEkxPu5nEAPSjMds2lk57IeG0ro7kYJXIbj_AKzDDhS4JdKE09_PVrQVy0E05e3VKv.lzX5Tn142l34yBpTKx3mSCZ0tzIX7IyHOzYB9PPN4D2.MsBZSl_T5ZG6Onqg7LgV1ZkFysA6r_6E2dOi2NJzFHsHqdZitBMnQ98L6lin.y9kuaC2OhsSnAIqG8LFi5BViHkHBIWR58Y5a_RTW9OR2942vR5pWje0HlBFwaX8vkaq282bn61l3h.Wwz.j2icE.w5WqMryuobqTsAYIQMth2mQIxxARPoP_iM5XjSWb9gyfwQgGLvhl1DJqYT1svdDAI85LuDRBIlDHU5ko1INzZeH.102sw8yd6rxHna.sbYySheysEREAPFpKFJbpX4NOJ_nMw4SyWtu8YQrsdADlPnaVjqieu9_XbqO9.B7fZCrm6es9RL4iP2HsmhJLJz5isBZl0D8sh_uF.dPwNvPFr.qG0mRuJC5KolGJlqISmAxzy2iUyFwTnPhlIHjSOYYRBNRFiXuaOIuv65wtbaUli6k4..xtjHm6rMVnL5acuzy6_ae4uVL2jsiHKKgB86hsfuPOaBDJTFNP3aLc8ijj2ifWVBW9l2_54kNZAUyNdaByQJhyt.JfyhkFVpWtXeGFKLFChKu6r1UG3VlUHEAGfGKSkQMBwzXGqdwHZiRGoQrztFLwknvjAysnxne.k1uBU0gRn0gu5ckS0MqilMPO4Fz9Q1dC261ZqGV_BhuMkfDU006R4_e7V2ID2Muf_du3gLgvYnr.7oATs.4_m8jSDsjRSj.w3mdqKhWM6Q"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134f8f9a8633f54';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=load%20shaping&__cf_chl_rt_tk=61mvMgAJ._kvt8MeWGkSqFucecR7BmKcz7Hig95v5zc-1739786868-1.0.1.1-Jyw8GOLFGLy6qI7QWJ7OPKjktY4yCxUgLxdUkrHgOOc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>