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style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big>The Geodesy Portal</big></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #ABBFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F8FFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880770">.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow .mw-gallery-slideshow-img-container>a>img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow .mw-gallery-slideshow-buttons{display:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow .mw-gallery-slideshow-buttons div{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .portal-banner-image-slideshow .oo-ui-stackLayout:hover 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overflow:auto;"><div class="portal-banner-image-crop" style="position:relative; margin-top:-0%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPS_Satellite_NASA_art-iif.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="GPS Block II-F satellite in Earth orbit"><img alt="GPS Block II-F satellite in Earth orbit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/GPS_Satellite_NASA_art-iif.jpg/800px-GPS_Satellite_NASA_art-iif.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="641" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/GPS_Satellite_NASA_art-iif.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="806" /></a></span></div></div><div style="text-align:center;">GPS Block II-F satellite in Earth orbit</div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b> or <b>geodetics</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> of measuring and representing the <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">gravity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">spatial orientation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Relative_change" title="Relative change">temporally varying</a> <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a>. It is called <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geodesy" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary geodesy">planetary geodesy</a> when studying other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical body">astronomical bodies</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">circumplanetary systems</a>. Geodesy is an <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth science</a> and many consider the study of Earth's shape and gravity to be central to that science. It is also a discipline of <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamical</a> phenomena, including <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crustal</a> motion, <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polar_motion" title="Polar motion">polar motion</a>, can be studied by designing global and national <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_control_network" title="Geodetic control network">control networks</a>, applying <a href="/wiki/Space_geodesy" title="Space geodesy">space geodesy</a> and terrestrial geodetic techniques, and relying on <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">datums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">coordinate systems</a>. Geodetic job titles include <b>geodesist</b> and <b>geodetic surveyor</b>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Read more...</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geodesy&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #ABBFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9DD882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_images" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected images</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #ABBFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F8FFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021884966">.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container>.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .randomSlideshow-sr-only{display:block;width:1px;height:1px;text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{display:inline-block!important;padding:0.2em 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{transform:scale(1.4)}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label:last-child{display:none!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{display:block;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox li,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox p{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow:first-child{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);display:inline-block;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{order:99999;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{flex:0 0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div>div{width:inherit!important;max-width:100%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .nomobile+ul label{display:none!important}</style><div class="randomSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starry_Spin-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole, seen overhead at ESO's La Silla Observatory. (from Earth's rotation)"><img alt="Image 1Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole, seen overhead at ESO's La Silla Observatory. (from Earth's rotation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Starry_Spin-up.jpg/120px-Starry_Spin-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Starry_Spin-up.jpg/180px-Starry_Spin-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Starry_Spin-up.jpg/240px-Starry_Spin-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span>Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole, seen overhead at <a href="/wiki/ESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESO">ESO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_Silla_Observatory" title="La Silla Observatory">La Silla Observatory</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Gravity_Anomaly_Animation_over_OCEANS.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2Global gravity anomaly animation over oceans from the NASA's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 2Global gravity anomaly animation over oceans from the NASA's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Global_Gravity_Anomaly_Animation_over_OCEANS.gif/120px-Global_Gravity_Anomaly_Animation_over_OCEANS.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Global_Gravity_Anomaly_Animation_over_OCEANS.gif/180px-Global_Gravity_Anomaly_Animation_over_OCEANS.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Global_Gravity_Anomaly_Animation_over_OCEANS.gif/240px-Global_Gravity_Anomaly_Animation_over_OCEANS.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span>Global <a href="/wiki/Gravity_anomaly" title="Gravity anomaly">gravity anomaly</a> animation over oceans from the NASA's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer Fernão Vaz Dourado (c. 1520 – c. 1580). It belongs to the so-called plane chart model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane (Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon). (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 3A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer Fernão Vaz Dourado (c. 1520 – c. 1580). It belongs to the so-called plane chart model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane (Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon). (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg/120px-Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg/180px-Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg/240px-Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="2381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span>A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado" title="Fernão Vaz Dourado">Fernão Vaz Dourado</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1580</span>). It belongs to the so-called <i>plane chart</i> model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane (Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon). (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4Relief map Sierra Nevada (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 4Relief map Sierra Nevada (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png/120px-Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png/180px-Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png/240px-Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span>Relief map <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)" title="Sierra Nevada (Spain)">Sierra Nevada</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earth's gravity vs. distance from it, from the surface to 30000 km (from Gravity of Earth)"><img alt="The gravity of a body is inversely proportional to the distance form that body. This graph displays this relation as the distance changes from the surface ({{val" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg/120px-Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg/180px-Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg/240px-Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earth's gravity vs. distance from it, from the surface to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007300000000000000♠"></span>30<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span> km</span> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geolocation.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6Principles of geolocation using GPS (from Geopositioning)"><img alt="Image 6Principles of geolocation using GPS (from Geopositioning)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Geolocation.png/120px-Geolocation.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Geolocation.png/180px-Geolocation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Geolocation.png/240px-Geolocation.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span>Principles of geolocation using GPS (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7Variations in the gravity field of the Moon, from NASA (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 7Variations in the gravity field of the Moon, from NASA (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg/120px-GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg/180px-GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg/240px-GRAIL%27s_gravity_map_of_the_moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span>Variations in the gravity field of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8Valcamonica rock art (I), Paspardo r. 29, topographic composition, 4th millennium BCE (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 8Valcamonica rock art (I), Paspardo r. 29, topographic composition, 4th millennium BCE (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg/120px-Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg/180px-Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg/240px-Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Valcamonica rock art</a> (I), Paspardo r. 29, topographic composition, 4th millennium BCE (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9Illustrated map (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 9Illustrated map (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg/120px-Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg/180px-Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg/240px-Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7828" data-file-height="5386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span>Illustrated map (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_Island_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10Topographic map of Easter Island (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 10Topographic map of Easter Island (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Easter_Island_map-en.svg/120px-Easter_Island_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Easter_Island_map-en.svg/180px-Easter_Island_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Easter_Island_map-en.svg/240px-Easter_Island_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span>Topographic map of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geoid_undulation_10k_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11Geoid, an approximation for the shape of the Earth; shown here with vertical exaggeration (10000 vertical scaling factor). (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 11Geoid, an approximation for the shape of the Earth; shown here with vertical exaggeration (10000 vertical scaling factor). (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Geoid_undulation_10k_scale.jpg/120px-Geoid_undulation_10k_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Geoid_undulation_10k_scale.jpg/180px-Geoid_undulation_10k_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Geoid_undulation_10k_scale.jpg/240px-Geoid_undulation_10k_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">Geoid</a>, an approximation for the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>; shown here with <a href="/wiki/Vertical_exaggeration" title="Vertical exaggeration">vertical exaggeration</a> (10000 vertical scaling factor). (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_Rotation_(Nepal,_Himalayas).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12This long-exposure photo of the northern night sky above the Nepali Himalayas shows the apparent paths of the stars as Earth rotates. (from Earth's rotation)"><img alt="Image 12This long-exposure photo of the northern night sky above the Nepali Himalayas shows the apparent paths of the stars as Earth rotates. (from Earth's rotation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Earth_Rotation_%28Nepal%2C_Himalayas%29.jpg/120px-Earth_Rotation_%28Nepal%2C_Himalayas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Earth_Rotation_%28Nepal%2C_Himalayas%29.jpg/180px-Earth_Rotation_%28Nepal%2C_Himalayas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Earth_Rotation_%28Nepal%2C_Himalayas%29.jpg/240px-Earth_Rotation_%28Nepal%2C_Himalayas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span>This <a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-exposure photo">long-exposure photo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_celestial_hemisphere" title="Northern celestial hemisphere">northern</a> <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepali</a> <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> shows the <a href="/wiki/Star_trail" title="Star trail">apparent paths</a> of the stars as Earth rotates. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13The Bedolina Map and its tracing, 6th–4th century BCE (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 13The Bedolina Map and its tracing, 6th–4th century BCE (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg/120px-Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg/180px-Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg/240px-Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span>The <i><a href="/wiki/Bedolina_Map" title="Bedolina Map">Bedolina Map</a></i> and its tracing, 6th–4th century BCE (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autograv_CG5_P1150838.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14A relative gravimeter (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 14A relative gravimeter (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Autograv_CG5_P1150838.JPG/90px-Autograv_CG5_P1150838.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Autograv_CG5_P1150838.JPG/135px-Autograv_CG5_P1150838.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Autograv_CG5_P1150838.JPG/180px-Autograv_CG5_P1150838.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span>A relative gravimeter (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WGS84_mean_Earth_radius.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15Equatorial (a), polar (b) and mean Earth radii as defined in the 1984 World Geodetic System (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 15Equatorial (a), polar (b) and mean Earth radii as defined in the 1984 World Geodetic System (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WGS84_mean_Earth_radius.svg/120px-WGS84_mean_Earth_radius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WGS84_mean_Earth_radius.svg/180px-WGS84_mean_Earth_radius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WGS84_mean_Earth_radius.svg/240px-WGS84_mean_Earth_radius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span>Equatorial (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">a</span>), polar (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">b</span>) and mean Earth radii as defined in the 1984 <a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deviation_of_day_length_from_SI_day.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 16Deviation of day length from SI-based day (from Earth's rotation)"><img alt="Image 16Deviation of day length from SI-based day (from Earth's rotation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Deviation_of_day_length_from_SI_day.svg/120px-Deviation_of_day_length_from_SI_day.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Deviation_of_day_length_from_SI_day.svg/180px-Deviation_of_day_length_from_SI_day.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Deviation_of_day_length_from_SI_day.svg/240px-Deviation_of_day_length_from_SI_day.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 16</span></span>Deviation of day length from SI-based day (from <b><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AxialTiltObliquity.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 17Earth's axial tilt is about 23.4°. It oscillates between 22.1° and 24.5° on a 41,000-year cycle and is currently decreasing. (from Earth's rotation)"><img alt="Image 17Earth's axial tilt is about 23.4°. It oscillates between 22.1° and 24.5° on a 41,000-year cycle and is currently decreasing. (from Earth's rotation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/120px-AxialTiltObliquity.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/180px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/240px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 17</span></span>Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> is about 23.4°. It oscillates between 22.1° and 24.5° on a 41,000-year cycle and is currently decreasing. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plumb_bob.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 18A plumb bob determines the local vertical direction (from Gravity of Earth)"><img alt="Image 18A plumb bob determines the local vertical direction (from Gravity of Earth)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plumb_bob.jpg/81px-Plumb_bob.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plumb_bob.jpg/121px-Plumb_bob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plumb_bob.jpg/162px-Plumb_bob.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 18</span></span>A plumb bob determines the local vertical direction (from <b><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visual-fix-by-three-bearings.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 19Visual fix by three bearings plotted on a nautical chart (from Geopositioning)"><img alt="Image 19Visual fix by three bearings plotted on a nautical chart (from Geopositioning)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Visual-fix-by-three-bearings.png/120px-Visual-fix-by-three-bearings.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Visual-fix-by-three-bearings.png/180px-Visual-fix-by-three-bearings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Visual-fix-by-three-bearings.png/240px-Visual-fix-by-three-bearings.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 19</span></span>Visual fix by three bearings plotted on a nautical chart (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravity_measurement_devices,_pendulum_(left)_and_absolute_(right)_-_National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science,_Tokyo_-_DSC07808.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 20Gravity measurement devices, pendulum (left) and absolute gravimeter (right) (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 20Gravity measurement devices, pendulum (left) and absolute gravimeter (right) (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gravity_measurement_devices%2C_pendulum_%28left%29_and_absolute_%28right%29_-_National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC07808.JPG/120px-Gravity_measurement_devices%2C_pendulum_%28left%29_and_absolute_%28right%29_-_National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC07808.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gravity_measurement_devices%2C_pendulum_%28left%29_and_absolute_%28right%29_-_National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC07808.JPG/180px-Gravity_measurement_devices%2C_pendulum_%28left%29_and_absolute_%28right%29_-_National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC07808.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gravity_measurement_devices%2C_pendulum_%28left%29_and_absolute_%28right%29_-_National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC07808.JPG/240px-Gravity_measurement_devices%2C_pendulum_%28left%29_and_absolute_%28right%29_-_National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science%2C_Tokyo_-_DSC07808.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 20</span></span>Gravity measurement devices, pendulum (left) and absolute gravimeter (right) (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 21An artist's rendering of the protoplanetary disk (from Earth's rotation)"><img alt="Image 21An artist's rendering of the protoplanetary disk (from Earth's rotation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg/120px-The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg/180px-The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg/240px-The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 21</span></span>An artist's rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_plate_motion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 22Global plate tectonic movement using GPS (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 22Global plate tectonic movement using GPS (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Global_plate_motion.jpg/120px-Global_plate_motion.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Global_plate_motion.jpg/180px-Global_plate_motion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Global_plate_motion.jpg/240px-Global_plate_motion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 22</span></span>Global plate tectonic movement using GPS (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPS_satellite_approaching_23_years_on_orbit_(1060259).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 23GPS Block IIA satellite orbits over the Earth. (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 23GPS Block IIA satellite orbits over the Earth. (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/GPS_satellite_approaching_23_years_on_orbit_%281060259%29.jpeg/120px-GPS_satellite_approaching_23_years_on_orbit_%281060259%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/GPS_satellite_approaching_23_years_on_orbit_%281060259%29.jpeg/180px-GPS_satellite_approaching_23_years_on_orbit_%281060259%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/GPS_satellite_approaching_23_years_on_orbit_%281060259%29.jpeg/240px-GPS_satellite_approaching_23_years_on_orbit_%281060259%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 23</span></span><a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> Block IIA satellite orbits over the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 24Europa regina in Sebastian Münster's "Cosmographia", 1570 (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 24Europa regina in Sebastian Münster's "Cosmographia", 1570 (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/76px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/115px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/153px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 24</span></span><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>'s "<i><a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)">Cosmographia</a></i>", 1570 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 25Earth's rotation imaged by Deep Space Climate Observatory, showing axistilt (from Earth's rotation)"><img alt="Image 25Earth's rotation imaged by Deep Space Climate Observatory, showing axistilt (from Earth's rotation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif/120px-EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif/180px-EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif/240px-EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 25</span></span>Earth's rotation imaged by <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">Deep Space Climate Observatory</a>, showing axistilt (from <b><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 26The definition of latitude (φ) and longitude (λ) on an ellipsoid of revolution (or spheroid). The graticule spacing is 10 degrees. The latitude is defined as the angle between the normal to the ellipsoid and the equatorial plane. (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 26The definition of latitude (φ) and longitude (λ) on an ellipsoid of revolution (or spheroid). The graticule spacing is 10 degrees. The latitude is defined as the angle between the normal to the ellipsoid and the equatorial plane. (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg/120px-Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg/180px-Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg/240px-Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 26</span></span>The definition of latitude (φ) and longitude (λ) on an ellipsoid of revolution (or spheroid). The graticule spacing is 10 degrees. The latitude is defined as the angle between the normal to the ellipsoid and the equatorial plane. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Litography_archive_of_the_Bayerisches_Vermessungsamt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 27A Munich archive with lithography plates of maps of Bavaria (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 27A Munich archive with lithography plates of maps of Bavaria (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Litography_archive_of_the_Bayerisches_Vermessungsamt.jpg/120px-Litography_archive_of_the_Bayerisches_Vermessungsamt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Litography_archive_of_the_Bayerisches_Vermessungsamt.jpg/180px-Litography_archive_of_the_Bayerisches_Vermessungsamt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Litography_archive_of_the_Bayerisches_Vermessungsamt.jpg/240px-Litography_archive_of_the_Bayerisches_Vermessungsamt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 27</span></span>A <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> archive with <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> plates of maps of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_IMU_at_Draper_Hack_the_Moon_exhibit.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 28Navigation device, Apollo program (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 28Navigation device, Apollo program (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Apollo_IMU_at_Draper_Hack_the_Moon_exhibit.agr.jpg/120px-Apollo_IMU_at_Draper_Hack_the_Moon_exhibit.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Apollo_IMU_at_Draper_Hack_the_Moon_exhibit.agr.jpg/180px-Apollo_IMU_at_Draper_Hack_the_Moon_exhibit.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Apollo_IMU_at_Draper_Hack_the_Moon_exhibit.agr.jpg/240px-Apollo_IMU_at_Draper_Hack_the_Moon_exhibit.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 28</span></span><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial navigation">Navigation</a> device, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidereal_day_(prograde).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 29On a prograde planet like Earth, the stellar day is shorter than the solar day. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360 degrees and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not (1→2 = one stellar day). It is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day). (from Earth's rotation)"><img alt="Image 29On a prograde planet like Earth, the stellar day is shorter than the solar day. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360 degrees and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not (1→2 = one stellar day). It is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day). (from Earth's rotation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sidereal_day_%28prograde%29.svg/120px-Sidereal_day_%28prograde%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sidereal_day_%28prograde%29.svg/180px-Sidereal_day_%28prograde%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sidereal_day_%28prograde%29.svg/240px-Sidereal_day_%28prograde%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 29</span></span>On a <a href="/wiki/Direct_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct motion">prograde</a> planet like Earth, the <i>stellar day</i> is shorter than the <a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">solar day</a>. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360 degrees and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not (1→2 = one stellar day). It is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day). (from <b><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An-illustration-of-height-measurement-using-satellite-altimetry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 30Height measurement using satellite altimetry (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 30Height measurement using satellite altimetry (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/An-illustration-of-height-measurement-using-satellite-altimetry.jpg/106px-An-illustration-of-height-measurement-using-satellite-altimetry.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/An-illustration-of-height-measurement-using-satellite-altimetry.jpg/159px-An-illustration-of-height-measurement-using-satellite-altimetry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/An-illustration-of-height-measurement-using-satellite-altimetry.jpg/212px-An-illustration-of-height-measurement-using-satellite-altimetry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 30</span></span>Height measurement using satellite altimetry (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 31A medieval depiction of the Ecumene (1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's Geography and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of Geography in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation. (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 31A medieval depiction of the Ecumene (1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's Geography and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of Geography in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation. (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/120px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/180px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/240px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8073" data-file-height="5813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 31</span></span>A medieval depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">Ecumene</a> (1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)"><i>Geography</i></a> and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of <i>Geography</i> in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_rotation_tangential_speed.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 32Plot of latitude versus tangential speed. The dashed line shows the Kennedy Space Center example. The dot-dash line denotes typical airliner cruise speed. (from Earth's rotation)"><img alt="Image 32Plot of latitude versus tangential speed. The dashed line shows the Kennedy Space Center example. The dot-dash line denotes typical airliner cruise speed. (from Earth's rotation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Earth_rotation_tangential_speed.svg/120px-Earth_rotation_tangential_speed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Earth_rotation_tangential_speed.svg/180px-Earth_rotation_tangential_speed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Earth_rotation_tangential_speed.svg/240px-Earth_rotation_tangential_speed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 32</span></span>Plot of latitude versus tangential speed. The dashed line shows the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> example. The dot-dash line denotes typical airliner <a href="/wiki/Cruise_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise speed">cruise speed</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Add_19391_19-20.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 33A 14th-century Byzantine map of the British Isles from a manuscript of Ptolemy's Geography, using Greek numerals for its graticule: 52–63°N of the equator and 6–33°E from Ptolemy's Prime Meridian at the Fortunate Isles. (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 33A 14th-century Byzantine map of the British Isles from a manuscript of Ptolemy's Geography, using Greek numerals for its graticule: 52–63°N of the equator and 6–33°E from Ptolemy's Prime Meridian at the Fortunate Isles. (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Add_19391_19-20.png/120px-Add_19391_19-20.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Add_19391_19-20.png/180px-Add_19391_19-20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Add_19391_19-20.png/240px-Add_19391_19-20.png 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 33</span></span>A 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> map of the British Isles from a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_Geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy's Geography"><i>Geography</i></a>, using Greek numerals for its <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">graticule</a>: 52–63°N of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and 6–33°E from Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Prime_Meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Meridian">Prime Meridian</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunate Isles</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Structureforet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 34Mapping can be done with GPS and laser rangefinder directly in the field. Image shows mapping of forest structure (position of trees, dead wood and canopy). (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 34Mapping can be done with GPS and laser rangefinder directly in the field. Image shows mapping of forest structure (position of trees, dead wood and canopy). (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Structureforet.jpg/120px-Structureforet.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Structureforet.jpg/180px-Structureforet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Structureforet.jpg/240px-Structureforet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 34</span></span>Mapping can be done with <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinder</a> directly in the field. Image shows mapping of forest structure (position of trees, dead wood and canopy). (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 35Copy (1472) of St. Isidore's TO map of the world. (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 35Copy (1472) of St. Isidore's TO map of the world. (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/120px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/180px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/240px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 35</span></span>Copy (1472) of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">St. Isidore's</a> <a href="/wiki/TO_map" class="mw-redirect" title="TO map">TO map</a> of the world. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 36Small section of an orienteering map (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 36Small section of an orienteering map (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg/120px-Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg/180px-Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg/240px-Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 36</span></span>Small section of an orienteering map (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:How_VLBI_Works.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 37How very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) works (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 37How very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) works (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/How_VLBI_Works.gif/120px-How_VLBI_Works.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/How_VLBI_Works.gif/180px-How_VLBI_Works.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/How_VLBI_Works.gif/240px-How_VLBI_Works.gif 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 37</span></span>How <a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">very-long-baseline interferometry</a> (VLBI) works (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Datum_Shift_Between_NAD27_and_NAD83.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 38Datum shift between NAD27 and NAD83, in metres (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 38Datum shift between NAD27 and NAD83, in metres (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Datum_Shift_Between_NAD27_and_NAD83.png/120px-Datum_Shift_Between_NAD27_and_NAD83.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Datum_Shift_Between_NAD27_and_NAD83.png/180px-Datum_Shift_Between_NAD27_and_NAD83.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Datum_Shift_Between_NAD27_and_NAD83.png/240px-Datum_Shift_Between_NAD27_and_NAD83.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 38</span></span>Datum shift between <a href="/wiki/NAD27" class="mw-redirect" title="NAD27">NAD27</a> and <a href="/wiki/NAD83" class="mw-redirect" title="NAD83">NAD83</a>, in metres (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TS_by_The_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 39Surveyor using a total station (from Geomatics)"><img alt="Image 39Surveyor using a total station (from Geomatics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TS_by_The_sea.jpg/120px-TS_by_The_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TS_by_The_sea.jpg/180px-TS_by_The_sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TS_by_The_sea.jpg/240px-TS_by_The_sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 39</span></span>Surveyor using a <a href="/wiki/Total_station" title="Total station">total station</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simulated_evolution_of_Earth%27s_day_length_over_time.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 40A simulated history of Earth's day length, depicting a resonant-stabilizing event throughout the Precambrian era (from Earth's rotation)"><img alt="Image 40A simulated history of Earth's day length, depicting a resonant-stabilizing event throughout the Precambrian era (from Earth's rotation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Simulated_evolution_of_Earth%27s_day_length_over_time.png/120px-Simulated_evolution_of_Earth%27s_day_length_over_time.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Simulated_evolution_of_Earth%27s_day_length_over_time.png/180px-Simulated_evolution_of_Earth%27s_day_length_over_time.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Simulated_evolution_of_Earth%27s_day_length_over_time.png/240px-Simulated_evolution_of_Earth%27s_day_length_over_time.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 40</span></span>A simulated history of Earth's day length, depicting a resonant-stabilizing event throughout the Precambrian era (from <b><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 41Earth's gravity measured by NASA GRACE mission, showing deviations from the theoretical gravity of an idealized, smooth Earth, the so-called Earth ellipsoid. Red shows the areas where gravity is stronger than the smooth, standard value, and blue reveals areas where gravity is weaker (Animated version). (from Gravity of Earth)"><img alt="Image 41Earth's gravity measured by NASA GRACE mission, showing deviations from the theoretical gravity of an idealized, smooth Earth, the so-called Earth ellipsoid. Red shows the areas where gravity is stronger than the smooth, standard value, and blue reveals areas where gravity is weaker (Animated version). (from Gravity of Earth)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg/120px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg/180px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg/240px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 41</span></span>Earth's gravity measured by NASA <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a> mission, showing deviations from the <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_gravity" title="Theoretical gravity">theoretical gravity</a> of an idealized, smooth Earth, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid" title="Earth ellipsoid">Earth ellipsoid</a>. Red shows the areas where gravity is stronger than the smooth, standard value, and blue reveals areas where gravity is weaker (<b><a href="/wiki/File:GRACE_globe_animation.gif" title="File:GRACE globe animation.gif">Animated version</a></b>). (from <b><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AxialTiltObliquity.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 42Axial tilt (or Obliquity), rotation axis, plane of orbit, celestial equator and ecliptic. Earth is shown as viewed from the Sun; the orbit direction is counter-clockwise (to the left). (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 42Axial tilt (or Obliquity), rotation axis, plane of orbit, celestial equator and ecliptic. Earth is shown as viewed from the Sun; the orbit direction is counter-clockwise (to the left). (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/120px-AxialTiltObliquity.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/180px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png/240px-AxialTiltObliquity.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 42</span></span>Axial tilt (or <a href="/wiki/Obliquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Obliquity">Obliquity</a>), rotation axis, plane of <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is shown as viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>; the orbit direction is counter-clockwise (to the left). (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geodetic_Control_Mark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 43Geodetic control mark (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 43Geodetic control mark (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Geodetic_Control_Mark.jpg/120px-Geodetic_Control_Mark.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Geodetic_Control_Mark.jpg/180px-Geodetic_Control_Mark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Geodetic_Control_Mark.jpg/240px-Geodetic_Control_Mark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 43</span></span>Geodetic control mark (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cartographic_Process.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 44The cartographic process (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 44The cartographic process (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Cartographic_Process.png/120px-The_Cartographic_Process.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Cartographic_Process.png/180px-The_Cartographic_Process.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Cartographic_Process.png/240px-The_Cartographic_Process.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 44</span></span>The cartographic process (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-G-force.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 45Gravity at different internal layers of Earth (1 = continental crust, 2 = oceanic crust, 3 = upper mantle, 4 = lower mantle, 5+6 = core, A = crust-mantle boundary) (from Gravity of Earth)"><img alt="Image 45Gravity at different internal layers of Earth (1 = continental crust, 2 = oceanic crust, 3 = upper mantle, 4 = lower mantle, 5+6 = core, A = crust-mantle boundary) (from Gravity of Earth)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth-G-force.png/120px-Earth-G-force.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth-G-force.png/180px-Earth-G-force.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth-G-force.png/240px-Earth-G-force.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 45</span></span>Gravity at different internal layers of Earth (1 = continental crust, 2 = oceanic crust, 3 = upper mantle, 4 = lower mantle, 5+6 = core, A = crust-mantle boundary) (from <b><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_of_latitude_ellipsoid_cone.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 46Ellipsoid - a mathematical representation of the Earth. When mapping in geodetic coordinates, a latitude circle forms a truncated cone. (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 46Ellipsoid - a mathematical representation of the Earth. When mapping in geodetic coordinates, a latitude circle forms a truncated cone. (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Surface_of_latitude_ellipsoid_cone.gif/120px-Surface_of_latitude_ellipsoid_cone.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Surface_of_latitude_ellipsoid_cone.gif/180px-Surface_of_latitude_ellipsoid_cone.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Surface_of_latitude_ellipsoid_cone.gif/240px-Surface_of_latitude_ellipsoid_cone.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 46</span></span><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">Ellipsoid</a> - a mathematical representation of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. When mapping in geodetic coordinates, a latitude circle forms a truncated cone. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 47A map of recent volcanic activity and ridge spreading. The areas where NASA GRACE measured gravity to be stronger than the theoretical gravity have a strong correlation with the positions of the volcanic activity and ridge spreading. (from Gravity of Earth)"><img alt="Image 47A map of recent volcanic activity and ridge spreading. The areas where NASA GRACE measured gravity to be stronger than the theoretical gravity have a strong correlation with the positions of the volcanic activity and ridge spreading. (from Gravity of Earth)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/120px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/180px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/240px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="2510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 47</span></span>A map of recent volcanic activity and ridge spreading. The areas where NASA GRACE measured gravity to be stronger than the theoretical gravity have a strong correlation with the positions of the volcanic activity and ridge spreading. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 48The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by Muhammad al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154. South is at the top. (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 48The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by Muhammad al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154. South is at the top. (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg/120px-Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg/180px-Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg/240px-Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12999" data-file-height="5958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 48</span></span>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i>, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> for <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> in 1154. South is at the top. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elliptical_coordinates_grid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 492D grid for elliptical coordinates (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 492D grid for elliptical coordinates (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Elliptical_coordinates_grid.svg/120px-Elliptical_coordinates_grid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Elliptical_coordinates_grid.svg/180px-Elliptical_coordinates_grid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Elliptical_coordinates_grid.svg/240px-Elliptical_coordinates_grid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 49</span></span>2D grid for elliptical coordinates (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geodetic_survey_instruments_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 50A modern instrument for geodetic measurements using satellites (from Geodesy)"><img alt="Image 50A modern instrument for geodetic measurements using satellites (from Geodesy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Geodetic_survey_instruments_07.jpg/120px-Geodetic_survey_instruments_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Geodetic_survey_instruments_07.jpg/180px-Geodetic_survey_instruments_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Geodetic_survey_instruments_07.jpg/240px-Geodetic_survey_instruments_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 50</span></span>A modern instrument for geodetic <a href="/wiki/Measurements" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurements">measurements</a> using <a href="/wiki/GNSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GNSS">satellites</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Worlds_animate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 51Areal distortion caused by Mercator projection (from Cartography)"><img alt="Image 51Areal distortion caused by Mercator projection (from Cartography)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Worlds_animate.gif/120px-Worlds_animate.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Worlds_animate.gif/180px-Worlds_animate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Worlds_animate.gif/240px-Worlds_animate.gif 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 51</span></span>Areal distortion caused by <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></b>)</div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif/36px-Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif/54px-Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif/72px-Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>Category puzzle</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><small>Select [►] to view subcategories</small></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #ABBFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#9DD882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><i>Associated Wikimedia</i></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #ABBFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F8FFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Geodesy"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Geodesy" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Geodesy">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Geodesy">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Geodesy">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Geodesy">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Geodesy">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Geodesy">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Geodesy">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geodesy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Geodesy">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/35px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/53px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/70px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/35px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/53px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/70px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Random_font_awesome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/35px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/53px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/70px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/35px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/53px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/70px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Portals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Portals">WikiProject Portals</a></span></div> </li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"> </li> </ul> </div> <p><i class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Special:Purge/Portal:Geodesy" title="Special:Purge/Portal:Geodesy"><small>Purge server cache</small></a></i> </p> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geodesy&oldid=1137291303">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geodesy&oldid=1137291303</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manually_maintained_portal_pages_from_January_2023" title="Category:Manually maintained portal pages from January 2023">Manually maintained portal pages from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_portals" title="Category:All portals">All portals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_portals" title="Category:Geology portals">Geology portals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_science_portals" title="Category:Physical science portals">Physical science portals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geodesy" title="Category:Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geophysics" title="Category:Geophysics">Geophysics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_manually_maintained_portal_pages" title="Category:All manually maintained portal pages">All manually maintained portal pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portals_with_triaged_subpages_from_January_2023" title="Category:Portals with triaged subpages from January 2023">Portals with 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