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</a> <ul id="toc-Caption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sound effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Closure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Closure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encapsulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encapsulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Encapsulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encapsulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Division of labour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Division_of_labour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Division of labour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Division_of_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cartoonist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartoonist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cartoonist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartoonist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Writer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Artist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penciller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penciller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Penciller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penciller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Inker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colourist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colourist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Colourist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colourist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letterer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letterer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Letterer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letterer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comic_strip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comic_strip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Comic strip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comic_strip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dailies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dailies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Dailies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dailies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sundays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sundays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Sundays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sundays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gag_and_editorial_cartoons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gag_and_editorial_cartoons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Gag and editorial cartoons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gag_and_editorial_cartoons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comic_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comic_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Comic book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comic_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_paperback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_paperback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Trade paperback</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_paperback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphic_novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Graphic novel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphic_novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webcomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webcomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Webcomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webcomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title">Glossary of comics terminology</caption><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_balloon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/40px-Speech_balloon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/60px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/80px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">Speech balloon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Media formats</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">Comics by country and culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentine comics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">Bande dessinées</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a>/<a href="/wiki/French_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="French comics">France</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazilian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">British comics</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Welsh-language</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canadian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Dutch comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">European comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">German comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungarian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Indian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Irish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexican comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistani comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippine comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Polish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portuguese comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South African comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spanish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thai comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_comics" title="Vietnamese comics">Vietnamese comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Community</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_collecting" title="Comic book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a> has developed specialized terminology. Several attempts have been made to formalize and define the terminology of comics by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_McCloud" title="Scott McCloud">Scott McCloud</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._C._Harvey" title="R. C. Harvey">R. C. Harvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Horrocks" title="Dylan Horrocks">Dylan Horrocks</a>. Much of the terminology in English is under dispute, so this page will list and describe the most common terms used in comics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comics">Comics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Comics" is used as a <a href="/wiki/Non-count_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-count noun">non-count noun</a>, and thus is used with the singular form of a verb,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChuteDevoken2012175_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuteDevoken2012175-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the way the words "politics" or "economics" are, to refer to the medium, so that one refers to the "comics industry" rather than the "comic industry". "Comic" as an adjective also has the meaning of "funny", or as pertaining to comedians, which can cause confusion and is usually avoided in most cases ("<a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a>" being a well-entrenched exception).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004162_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004162-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Comic" as a singular noun is sometimes used to refer to individual comics periodicals, particularly in the United Kingdom and Ireland, which in North America would be known as "<a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground comix</a>" is a term first popularized by <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">underground comix</a> movement of the 1960s and 1970s in an attempt to move the word away from its etymological origins. <a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a> in particular has been a proponent of its usage, hoping to highlight the fact that the medium is capable of mature, non-comedic content, as well as to emphasize the hybrid nature of the medium ("co-mix").<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative comics</a>" is a term covering a range of American comics that have appeared since the 1980s, following the comix movement of the late 1960s/early 1970s. </p><p>Other terms used as synonyms for "comics" are "<a href="/wiki/Sequential_art" title="Sequential art">sequential art</a>" (a term coined and popularized by <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a><sup id="cite_ref-Markstein_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), "<a href="/wiki/Graphic_storytelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic storytelling">graphic storytelling</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a>" (which is normally used to denote book-form comics, although this usage is not consistent<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith200516Karp20124–6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith200516Karp20124–6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout">Layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panel">Panel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Panel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panel_(comics)" title="Panel (comics)">Panel (comics)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comics_page_layout_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Comics_page_layout_example.png/170px-Comics_page_layout_example.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Comics_page_layout_example.png/255px-Comics_page_layout_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Comics_page_layout_example.png/340px-Comics_page_layout_example.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A typical comics page layout.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffddff; color:black;"> </span> A is a panel</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ddddff; color:black;"> </span> B is a borderless panel</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bbbbdd; color:black;"> </span> are the gutters</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aaffaa; color:black;"> </span> is a tier</div></figcaption></figure> <p>A panel (alternatively known as frame or box)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198545_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198545-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one drawing on a page,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee197815-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contains a segment of action. A page may have one or many panels, and panels are frequently, but not always,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198545_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198545-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surrounded by a border or outline,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198528_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198528-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose shape can be altered to indicate emotion, tension or flashback sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198544,_46–47_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198544,_46–47-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size, shape and style of a panel, as well as the placement of figures and speech balloons inside it, affect the timing or pacing of a story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198530_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198530-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panels are used to break up and encapsulate sequences of events in a narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198538_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198538-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What occurs in a panel may be <i>asynchronous</i>, meaning that not everything that occurs in a single panel necessarily occurs at one time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gutter">Gutter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gutter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gutter is the space between panels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee197815-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner1985157McCloud199366_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner1985157McCloud199366-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vertical gutters can be made thinner than horizontal gutters in order to encourage the reader to group each row of panels for easier reading.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tier">Tier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tier (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a singular row of panels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman201250_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman201250-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Splash">Splash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Splash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A splash or splash page is a large, often full-page illustration which opens and introduces a story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee197815-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often designed as a decorative unit, its purpose is to capture the reader's attention, and can be used to establish time, place and mood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198562_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198562-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Spread_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread (typography)">spread</a> is an image that spans more than one page. The two-page spread or double-page spread<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the most common, but there are spreads that span more pages, often by making use of a foldout (or <a href="/wiki/Gatefold" title="Gatefold">gatefold</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg/300px-PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg/450px-PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg/600px-PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>A caption (the yellow box) gives the narrator a voice. The characters' dialogue is given through speech balloons. The character speaking is indicated by the tail of the balloon.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_balloon">Word balloon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Word balloon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">speech/word/dialogue balloon</a> (or bubble) is a speech indicator, containing the characters' dialogue. The indicator from the balloon that points at the speaker is called a pointer<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee197815-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or tail.<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198562_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198562-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson2010112_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2010112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word balloon bridges the gap between word and image—"the word made image", as expressed by Pierre Fresnault-Druelle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrier200128_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrier200128-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early renderings, word balloons were no more than ribbons emanating from their speakers' mouths, but as it evolved and became more sophisticated, it became a more expressive device. Its shape came to convey meaning as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198527_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198527-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thought_balloon">Thought balloon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Thought balloon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A thought balloon contains copy expressing a character's unvoiced thoughts, usually shaped like a cloud, with bubbles as a pointer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee197815-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emotions can be expressed by the shape of the balloon—spiked balloons can indicate shouting, and "dripping" balloons can indicate sarcasm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner1996174_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner1996174-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caption">Caption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Caption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a caption, words appear in a box separated from the rest of the panel or page, usually to give voice to a narrator, but sometimes used for the characters' thoughts or dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee197815-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004161_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004161-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some comics, where speech balloons are not used, the captions provide the reader with text about what is happening in the images. This genre is called "<a href="/wiki/Text_comics" title="Text comics">text comics</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_effects">Sound effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sound effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sound effects or <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> are words without bubbles that mimic sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009318_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009318-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are non-vocal sound images, from the subtle to the forceful, such as 'ding-ding' for a bell, to "WHAM" for an impact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009156_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009156-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closure">Closure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Closure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reader performs closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009316_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009316-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encapsulation">Encapsulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Encapsulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Encapsulation is the capturing of prime moments in a story. Not every moment of a story is presented in comics. For the artist, encapsulation involves choosing what will be presented in which panels, how many panels will be used to present the action, and the size and layout of the panels. The layouts of the panels can influence the way the panels interact with each other to the reader. This interaction can lend more meaning to the panels than what they have individually. Encapsulation is distinctive to comics, and an essential consideration in the creation of a work of comics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith200910_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith200910-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Division_of_labour">Division of labour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Division of labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes all aspects of a comics production down to the drawing, writing and editing are done by a single person; in such cases the term comics creator (also comics writer/artist, comics creator or comics maker<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is employed (occasionally the term graphic novelist is also employed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooker2010172_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooker2010172-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The sophisticated term graphic narrator<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also graphic storyteller<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is also found in the academic literature on <a href="/wiki/Art_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Art education">art education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the other extreme, the labour behind the comics creation is sometimes divided up into different specialties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartoonist">Cartoonist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cartoonist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonist</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> is the person who writes as well as does most or all of the art duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004161_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004161-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cartoonist may create <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a> (individual images) or comics (sequential images). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writer">Writer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Writer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Script (comics)</a></div> <p>Also sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Comics_scripter" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics scripter">scripter</a>, plotter or author,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooker2014174_&_867_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooker2014174_&_867-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the writer scripts the work—scripting may include plot, dialogue and action—in a way that the artist (or artists) can interpret the story into visuals for the reader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004165_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004165-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers can communicate their stories in varying amounts of detail to the artist(s) and in a number of ways, including verbally, by script or by thumbnail layout.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20098_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20098-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artist">Artist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Artist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comics_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics artist">Comics artist</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Comics_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics artist">artist</a> or illustrator is the person who handles the visuals. This job may be broken down further into: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penciller">Penciller</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Penciller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Comics_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics artist">Comics artist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penciller" title="Penciller">Penciller</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Penciller" title="Penciller">penciller</a> or penciler lays down the basic artwork for a page, deciding on panel placement and the placement of figures and settings in the panels,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004161_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004161-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the backgrounds and the characters' facial expressions and poses.<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inker">Inker</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Inker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">Inker</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">inker</a> or finisher "finishes" and sometimes enhances, the pencilled artwork using ink (traditionally <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a>) and a pen or brush to create a high-contrast image for photographing and printing.<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004161_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004161-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1978145_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1978145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent of the inker's job varies depending on how tight the <a href="#Penciller">penciller</a>'s work is, but nonetheless requires the skill of an artist,<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is more or less active depending on the completeness of the pencils provided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20098_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20098-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colourist">Colourist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Colourist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">Colorist</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">colourist</a> or colorist adds colours to copies of the finished artwork, which can have an effect on mood and meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colourists can work with a variety of media, such as <a href="/wiki/Rubylith" title="Rubylith">rubylith</a>, paints, and computers. Digital colorists may employ a <a href="/wiki/Flatter" title="Flatter">flatter</a> to assist them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letterer">Letterer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Letterer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Letterer</a></div> <p>Normally separate from the writer, the <a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">letterer</a> is the person who fills (and possibly places) <a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">speech balloons</a> and captions with the dialogue and other words meant to be read. Letterers may also provide the lettering for sound, although this is often done by the artist even when a letterer is present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004163_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004163-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the West, comics have traditionally been hand-lettered, although computer typesetting has become increasingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson2010110_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2010110-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manner in which the letterer letters the text influences how the message is interpreted by the reader,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20098_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20098-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the letterer can suggest the <a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">paralanguage</a> of dialogue by varying the weight, size and shape of the lettering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009145_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009145-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comic_strip">Comic strip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Comic strip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> is a short work of comics which has its origins in the world of newspapers, but may also appear in magazines or other periodicals, as well as in books. In comic strips, generally the only unit of <a href="#Encapsulation">encapsulation</a> is the <a href="#Panel">panel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20096_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20096-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dailies">Dailies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dailies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutt_and_Jeff_-_motorcycle_cop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mutt_and_Jeff_-_motorcycle_cop.jpg/250px-Mutt_and_Jeff_-_motorcycle_cop.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mutt_and_Jeff_-_motorcycle_cop.jpg/375px-Mutt_and_Jeff_-_motorcycle_cop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mutt_and_Jeff_-_motorcycle_cop.jpg/500px-Mutt_and_Jeff_-_motorcycle_cop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mutt_and_Jeff" title="Mutt and Jeff">Mutt and Jeff</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">daily comic strip</a> (1913)</figcaption></figure> <p>As the name implies, a <a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">daily comic strip</a> is a comic strip that is normally run six days a week in a newspaper, historically in black and white, although colour examples have become common. They normally run every day in a week but one (usually Sunday), in which the strip (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday strip</a>) appears larger and usually in colour. </p><p>Several daily strips are short and limited to one tier ("single-tiered"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sundays">Sundays</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sundays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_0121_krazykat_det_650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Krazy Kat Sunday comic strip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1922_0121_krazykat_det_650.jpg/200px-1922_0121_krazykat_det_650.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1922_0121_krazykat_det_650.jpg/300px-1922_0121_krazykat_det_650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1922_0121_krazykat_det_650.jpg/400px-1922_0121_krazykat_det_650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Full-page <i><a href="/wiki/Krazy_Kat" title="Krazy Kat">Krazy Kat</a></i> Sunday comic strip (1922)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a> are comic strips that traditionally run in newspapers on Sundays (Saturdays in some papers), frequently in full colour. Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, cartoonists normally were given an entire page to themselves, and often would devote the page to a single comic strip, although many would divide the page between a main strip and a "<a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">topper</a>" (which would sometimes run on the bottom). Wartime paper shortages brought down the size of strips, and to this day Sunday pages normally are made up of a multitude of strips.<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gag_and_editorial_cartoons">Gag and editorial cartoons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gag and editorial cartoons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">editorial cartoons</a> are usually single-panel comics. </p><p>A gag cartoon (a.k.a. panel cartoon or gag panel) is most often a single-panel cartoon, usually including a hand-lettered or typeset caption beneath the drawing. A <a href="/wiki/Pantomime_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantomime cartoon">pantomime cartoon</a> carries no caption. In some cases, dialogue may appear in speech balloons, following the common convention of comic strips. As the name implies—"gag" being a show business term for a comedic idea—these cartoons are most often intended to provoke laughter. </p><p>An editorial cartoon or political cartoon is most often a single-panel comic that contain some level of political or social commentary. Such cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context. Political cartoons generally feature a <a href="/wiki/Caricaturist" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricaturist">caricaturist</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a>, to capture the likeness of a politician or subject. Political cartoonists may also employ humor or <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> to ridicule an individual or group, emphasize their point of view, or comment on a particular event. The traditional and most common outlet for political cartoons is the <a href="/wiki/Editorial_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial page">editorial page</a> of a newspaper, or in a <a href="/wiki/Pocket_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket cartoon">pocket cartoon</a>, in the front news section of a newspaper. Editorial cartoons are not usually found in the dedicated comic section, although certain cartoons or <a href="/wiki/Comic_strips" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic strips">comic strips</a> have achieved crossover status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comic_book">Comic book</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Comic book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a>, also known as a comic or floppy, is a periodical, normally thin in size and stapled together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004164_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004164-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comic books have a greater variety of units of encapsulation than comic strips, including the <a href="#Panel">panel</a>, the page, the <a href="#Spread">spread</a>, and inset panels. They are also capable of more sophisticated layouts and compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20096_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20096-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A floppy comic is also known as an <a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comic book</a>. </p><p>Comic books are typically published as either an <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_series" title="Ongoing series">ongoing series</a> (a series that runs indefinitely), as a <a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">limited series</a> (a series intended to end after a certain number of issues), or as a <a href="/wiki/One-shot_(comics)" title="One-shot (comics)">one shot</a> (a comic book which is intended as a one-off publication).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhoenix20204–12_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhoenix20204–12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some series will publish an <a href="/wiki/Annual_publication#Comic_books" title="Annual publication">annual</a> issue once a year which is two to three times as large as a regular issue;<sup id="cite_ref-:02_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "while they don't have to be one-shot stories, generally annuals are used as ways to tell stories that don't fit within a single issue or can't be included in a full arc".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_paperback">Trade paperback</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Trade paperback"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">trade paperback</a> is a collection of stories originally published in comic books, reprinted in book format, usually presenting either a complete miniseries, a <a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">story arc</a> from a single title, or a series of stories with an arc or common theme.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhoenix20204–12_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhoenix20204–12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may refer to either a <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> or a hardcover collection of comics. A trade paperback typically differs from a graphic novel in that a graphic novel is usually original material.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graphic_novel">Graphic novel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Graphic novel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a> is a term whose definition is hard to pin down, but usually refers to a self-contained, book-length form. Some would have its use restricted only to long-form narratives, while at the other extreme are people who use it as a synonym for "comics" or "comic book".<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinerWeiner2010227_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinerWeiner2010227-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others again define it as a book with a square-bound spine, even if it is a collection of short strips.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still others have used the term to distance their work from the negative connotations the terms "comic" or "comic book" have for the public, or to give their work an elevated air. Other than in presentation and intent, they hardly differ from comic books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20094_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith20094-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some prefer not use the term "graphic novel" at all. Amongst the criticisms are that the use of the word "novel" excludes non-novelistic genres, such as journalism, biography or history. Others believe the term has become too general, a catch-all for all kinds of content, and thus meaningless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinerWeiner2010227_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinerWeiner2010227-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the close of the 20th century, the three major comics-producing traditions—American, western European (especially the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Belgian comics">Franco-Belgian</a>), and Japanese—converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the <a href="/wiki/Comic_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic album">comic album</a> in Europe, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">tankōbon</a></i></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Webcomics">Webcomics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Webcomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomics</a>, comics published via the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, have emerged since the beginning of the 21st century. As they are not limited by the size and shape of a physical page, they can make use of what <a href="/wiki/Scott_McCloud" title="Scott McCloud">Scott McCloud</a> calls the <a href="/wiki/Infinite_canvas" title="Infinite canvas">infinite canvas</a>, where the individual comics can make use of different sizes and dimensions. Webcomics are also capable of incorporated multimedia elements, such as sound, animation and bigger panels (scrolling panels). In South Korea, an infinite canvas format caught on called the <a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">webtoon</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Slide_show" title="Slide show">slide show</a>-like format for webcomics was described by French cartoonists Balak in 2010, which he dubbed <a href="/wiki/Turbomedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbomedia">Turbomedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balak_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balak-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_comics">International comics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: International comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comics of non-English origin are often referred to by the terms used in those comics' language of origin. The most widespread example is when fans of Japanese comics use the term <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCloud2006215_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCloud2006215-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is also applied to non-Japanese comics done in a Japanese style.<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One also sees <i><a href="/wiki/Bandes_dessin%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandes dessinées">bandes dessinées</a></i> (BD) used to refer to Franco-Belgian comics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson2010110_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2010110-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>tebeos</i> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spanish comics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a></i> to refer to Korean and Chinese comics respectively, and <i>fumetti</i> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italian comics</a> (although this term is also used in English to refer to comics whose graphics are made using photographs rather than illustrations<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Comics_and_Sequential_Art" title="Comics and Sequential Art">Comics and Sequential Art</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graphic_Storytelling_and_Visual_Narrative" title="Graphic Storytelling and Visual Narrative">Graphic Storytelling and Visual Narrative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lexicon_of_Comicana" title="The Lexicon of Comicana">The Lexicon of Comicana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Manga iconography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reinventing_Comics" title="Reinventing Comics">Reinventing Comics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Comics" title="Understanding Comics">Understanding Comics</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">tankōbon<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">単行本</span></span>, translation close to "independently appearing book")</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuteDevoken2012175-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChuteDevoken2012175_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChuteDevoken2012">Chute & Devoken 2012</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004162-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004162_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygaLyga2004">Lyga & Lyga 2004</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~sap/decal/americancomics">"americancomics"</a>. <i>Open Computing Facility at UC Berkeley</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202055024/https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~sap/decal/americancomics">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.toonopedia.com&rft.atitle=Glossary+Of+Specialized+Cartoon-related+Words+and+Phrases+Used+in+Don+Markstein%27s+Toonopedia%E2%84%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toonopedia.com%2Fglossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith200516Karp20124–6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith200516Karp20124–6_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsmith2005">Goldsmith 2005</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFKarp2012">Karp 2012</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198545-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198545_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198545_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee197815-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee197815_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1978">Lee 1978</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198528-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198528_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198544,_46–47-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198544,_46–47_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, pp. 44, 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198530-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198530_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner198538-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner198538_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncanSmith2009">Duncan & Smith 2009</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisner1985157McCloud199366-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisner1985157McCloud199366_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, p. 157; <a href="#CITEREFMcCloud1993">McCloud 1993</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makingcomics.com/2014/05/07/panel-layout-golden-ratio/">"Panel Layout: The Golden Ratio"</a>. <i>MakingComics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Keith Booker (ed.), <i>Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas</i>, Bloomsbury, 2014, p. 1821 ("Webcomics and New Media").</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2010" class="citation book cs1">Booker, M. Keith, ed. (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels</i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Comic+Books+and+Graphic+Novels&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2014" class="citation book cs1">Booker, M. Keith, ed. (2014). <i>Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas</i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics+through+Time%3A+A+History+of+Icons%2C+Idols%2C+and+Ideas&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrier2001" class="citation book cs1">Carrier, David (2001). <i>The Aesthetics of Comics</i>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02188-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02188-1"><bdi>978-0-271-02188-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aesthetics+of+Comics&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02188-1&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2012" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Robyn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kEJeAbskloC&pg=PT48"><i>Drawing Comics Lab: 52 Exercises on Characters, Panels, Storytelling, Publishing & Professional Practices</i></a>. Quarry Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61058-629-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61058-629-0"><bdi>978-1-61058-629-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Comics+Lab%3A+52+Exercises+on+Characters%2C+Panels%2C+Storytelling%2C+Publishing+%26+Professional+Practices&rft.pub=Quarry+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61058-629-0&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6kEJeAbskloC%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuteDevoken2012" class="citation book cs1">Chute, Hillary; Devoken, Marianne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBOgyekqWLwC&pg=PA175">"Comic books and Graphic Novels"</a>. In Glover, David; McCracken, Scott (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Popular Fiction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51337-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51337-1"><bdi>978-0-521-51337-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comic+books+and+Graphic+Novels&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Popular+Fiction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51337-1&rft.aulast=Chute&rft.aufirst=Hillary&rft.au=Devoken%2C+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBOgyekqWLwC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2010" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Willow (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lilaeccosdoityou0000daws"><i>Lila & Ecco's Do-It-Yourself Comics Club</i></a>. Kids Can Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55453-438-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55453-438-8"><bdi>978-1-55453-438-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lila+%26+Ecco%27s+Do-It-Yourself+Comics+Club&rft.pub=Kids+Can+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55453-438-8&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Willow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flilaeccosdoityou0000daws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Randy; Smith, Matthew J. (2009). <i>The Power of Comics</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2936-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2936-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-2936-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Comics&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2936-0&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Smith%2C+Matthew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisner1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Eisner, Will</a> (1985). <i><a href="/wiki/Comics_and_Sequential_Art" title="Comics and Sequential Art">Comics & Sequential Art</a></i>. Poorhouse Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9614-7281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9614-7281-8"><bdi>978-0-9614-7281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics+%26+Sequential+Art&rft.pub=Poorhouse+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-9614-7281-8&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisner1996" class="citation book cs1">Eisner, Will (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/Graphic_Storytelling_and_Visual_Narrative" title="Graphic Storytelling and Visual Narrative">Graphic Storytelling and Visual Narrative</a></i>. Poorhouse Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9614728-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9614728-2-5"><bdi>978-0-9614728-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Storytelling+and+Visual+Narrative&rft.pub=Poorhouse+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-9614728-2-5&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith, Francisca (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicnovelsnow00fran"><i>Graphic Novels Now: Building, Managing, And Marketing a Dynamic Collection</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-0904-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-0904-1"><bdi>978-0-8389-0904-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels+Now%3A+Building%2C+Managing%2C+And+Marketing+a+Dynamic+Collection&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8389-0904-1&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Francisca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicnovelsnow00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Jeffrey W, ed. (2005). <i>Contemporary Literary Criticism</i>. Volume 195. Gale Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787679651" title="Special:BookSources/9780787679651"><bdi>9780787679651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Literary+Criticism&rft.series=Volume+195&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780787679651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarp2012" class="citation book cs1">Karp, Jesse (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AizO7StJA1kC"><i>Graphic Novels in Your School Library</i></a>. American Library Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-1089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-1089-4"><bdi>978-0-8389-1089-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels+in+Your+School+Library&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8389-1089-4&rft.aulast=Karp&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAizO7StJA1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Lee, Stan</a> (1978). <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Draw_Comics_the_Marvel_Way" title="How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way">How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-53077-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-53077-8"><bdi>978-0-671-53077-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Draw+Comics+the+Marvel+Way&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-671-53077-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLygaLyga2004" class="citation book cs1">Lyga, Allyson A. W.; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Lyga" title="Barry Lyga">Lyga, Barry</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicnovelsiny00lyga"><i>Graphic Novels in your Media Center: A Definitive Guide</i></a> (1st ed.). Libraries Unlimited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59158-142-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59158-142-7"><bdi>1-59158-142-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels+in+your+Media+Center%3A+A+Definitive+Guide&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59158-142-7&rft.aulast=Lyga&rft.aufirst=Allyson+A.+W.&rft.au=Lyga%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicnovelsiny00lyga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCloud1993" class="citation book cs1">McCloud, Scott (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Comics" title="Understanding Comics">Understanding Comics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Sink_Press" title="Kitchen Sink Press">Kitchen Sink Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87816-243-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87816-243-7"><bdi>0-87816-243-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Comics&rft.pub=Kitchen+Sink+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-87816-243-7&rft.aulast=McCloud&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCloud2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_McCloud" title="Scott McCloud">McCloud, Scott</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingcomicsstor0000mccl"><i>Making Comics</i></a></span>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-078094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-078094-4"><bdi>978-0-06-078094-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Comics&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-078094-4&rft.aulast=McCloud&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingcomicsstor0000mccl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhoenix2020" class="citation book cs1">Phoenix, Jack (2020). <i>Maximizing the Impact of Comics in Your Library: Graphic Novels, Manga, and More</i>. Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6886-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-6886-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1141029685">1141029685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximizing+the+Impact+of+Comics+in+Your+Library%3A+Graphic+Novels%2C+Manga%2C+and+More&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1141029685&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6886-3&rft.aulast=Phoenix&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinerWeiner2010" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Robert G; Weiner, Stephen (2010). <i>Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4302-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4302-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-4302-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels+and+Comics+in+Libraries+and+Archives&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4302-4&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Robert+G&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+comics+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_comics_terminology&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dw-wp.com/">Drawing Words & Writing Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Abel" title="Jessica Abel">Jessica Abel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Madden" title="Matt Madden">Matt Madden</a> on reading, teaching, and making comics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526083434/http://wsip-98-172-93-75.ph.ph.cox.net/glossary.htm">Glossary</a> at <a href="/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia" title="Don Markstein's Toonopedia">Don Markstein's Toonopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comicbooks.about.com/od/glossary/Comic_Book_Glossary_Terms_and_Definitions_About_Comics.htm">Comic Book Glossary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208052828/http://comicbooks.about.com/od/glossary/Comic_Book_Glossary_Terms_and_Definitions_About_Comics.htm">Archived</a> 2009-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics" title="Template:Comics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics" title="Template talk:Comics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glossary of comics terminology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_comic" title="Ashcan comic">Ashcan comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">Limited series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_(comics)" title="One-shot (comics)">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_series" title="Ongoing series">Ongoing series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_formats" title="Comic strip formats">Comic strip formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">Daily comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">Topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Mobile comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_comic" title="Film comic">Film comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comics" title="Silent comics">Silent comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_comics" title="Text comics">Text comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_creators" title="List of comics creators">Creators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartoonists" title="List of cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comic_book_editors" title="Category:Comic book editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">Inkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Letterers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoonist" title="Editorial cartoonist">Editorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_editorial_cartoonists" title="List of editorial cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minicomics_creators" title="List of minicomics creators">Minicomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_webcomic_creators" title="List of webcomic creators">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics_creators" title="List of American comics creators">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_cartoonists" title="List of Jewish American cartoonists">Jewish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_comics_creators" title="List of Australian comics creators">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comics_creators" title="List of Canadian comics creators">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_comic_creators" title="List of Cuban comic creators">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_comics_creators" title="List of Filipino comics creators">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_comics_creators" title="List of Macedonian comics creators">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Female comics creators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_comics_creators" title="List of female comics creators">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics" title="List of years in comics">Years in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Modern Age of Comic Books">Modern Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_from_the_Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books">events</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_webcomics" title="History of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a><br />and narratology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_comics" title="Abstract comics">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_comics" title="Adult comics">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropomorphic_comics" title="List of anthropomorphic comics">Anthropomorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical comics">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_comics" title="Celebrity comics">Celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Comics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_poetry" title="Comics poetry">Comics poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_comics" title="Crime comics">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_comics" title="List of dystopian comics">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_comics" title="Erotic comics">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_medicine" title="Graphic medicine">Graphic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_comics" title="Non-fiction comics">Non-fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_comics" title="Romance comics">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_comics" title="List of romance comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_humor_comics" title="Teen humor comics">Teen humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_comics" title="War comics">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books" title="List of wrestling-based comic books">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(comics)" title="Decompression (comics)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(comics)" title="Masking (comics)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_(vagrant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue (vagrant)">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_comics" title="Widescreen comics">Widescreen comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotypes_in_comics" title="Ethnic stereotypes in comics">Ethnic stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_webcomics" title="Gender and webcomics">Gender and webcomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" title="LGBT themes in comics">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_American_mainstream_comics" title="LGBT themes in American mainstream comics">American mainstream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_black_people_in_comics" title="Portrayal of black people in comics">Portrayal of black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_characters_in_comics" title="African characters in comics">African characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hawkeye_Initiative" title="The Hawkeye Initiative">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics" title="List of American comics">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">China and Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_comics" title="List of Indian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhwa" title="List of manhwa">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_comics" title="List of Philippine comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" class="mw-redirect" title="Truyện tranh">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">France and Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Franco-Belgian_comics_series" title="List of Franco-Belgian comics series">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_comics" title="List of Italian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_comics" title="List of Spanish comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comics" title="Lists of comics">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books" title="List of comic books">Comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">Comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">Manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_webcomics" title="Lists of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_fiction" title="List of comics based on fiction">Based on fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_films" title="List of comics based on films">Based on films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_television_programs" title="List of comics based on television programs">Based on television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games" title="List of comics based on video games">Based on video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Best-selling comic series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation">manga magazines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books_on_CD/DVD" title="List of comic books on CD/DVD">Comic books on CD/DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_and_comic_strips_made_into_feature_films" title="List of comics and comic strips made into feature films">Comics and comic strips made into feature films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_solicited_but_never_published" title="List of comics solicited but never published">Comics solicited but never published</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_limited_series" title="List of limited series">Limited series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections and<br /> museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center" title="Belgian Comic Strip Center">Belgian Comic Strip Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum" title="Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoon_Museum" title="National Cartoon Museum">National Cartoon Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cartoon_Archive" title="British Cartoon Archive">British Cartoon Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel">Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum" title="Cartoon Art Museum">Cartoon Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cartoon_Museum" title="The Cartoon Museum">The Cartoon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring#Comic_strip_collection" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibiteca_Antonio_Gobbo" title="Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo">Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries#Comic_Art_Collection" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comic_and_Cartoon_Art" title="Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art">Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ToonSeum" title="ToonSeum">ToonSeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_%26_Pictures_Museum" title="Words & Pictures Museum">Words & Pictures Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Cartoon_Studies" title="Center for Cartoon Studies">Center for Cartoon Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kubert_School" title="The Kubert School">The Kubert School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts" title="Academy of Comic Book Arts">Academy of Comic Book Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Canadian_Cartoonists" title="Association of Canadian Cartoonists">Association of Canadian Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers" title="Association of Comics Magazine Publishers">Association of Comics Magazine Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Cartoonists%27_Association" title="Australian Cartoonists' Association">Australian Cartoonists' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Art_Professional_Society" title="Comic Art Professional Society">Comic Art Professional Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society" title="National Cartoonists Society">National Cartoonists Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahang_Kartunista_ng_Pilipinas" title="Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas">Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical and<br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_des_Critiques_et_des_journalistes_de_Bande_Dessin%C3%A9e" title="Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée">Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Comic_Book_Creator_Awards_Association" title="Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association">Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Comics" title="Canadian Society for the Study of Comics">Canadian Society for the Study of Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_%26_Fantasy_Art_Amateur_Press_Association" title="Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association">Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_Studies_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Studies Society">Comics Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequart_Organization" title="Sequart Organization">Sequart Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Serieakademien" title="Svenska Serieakademien">Svenska Serieakademien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charitable and<br /> outreach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic-Book_Fans_and_Collectors" title="Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors">Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Amateur_Press_Association_(comics)" title="British Amateur Press Association (comics)">British Amateur Press Association (comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Club_des_bandes_dessin%C3%A9es" title="Le Club des bandes dessinées">Club des bandes dessinées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Book Legal Defense Fund">Comic Book Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Legends_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund">Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Comics_Society" title="Finnish Comics Society">Finnish Comics Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Lulu" title="Friends of Lulu">Friends of Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hero_Initiative" title="The Hero Initiative">The Hero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeric_Foundation" title="Xeric Foundation">Xeric Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" 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