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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shirvanshahs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Shirvanshahs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shirvanshahs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safavids_and_the_rise_of_Shia_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safavids_and_the_rise_of_Shia_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Safavids and the rise of Shia Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safavids_and_the_rise_of_Shia_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Iranian_to_Russian_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Iranian_to_Russian_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>From Iranian to Russian rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Iranian_to_Russian_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cuisine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pomegranate_festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pomegranate_festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pomegranate festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pomegranate_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Folk arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baku_carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baku_carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Baku carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baku_carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ganja_carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ganja_carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Ganja carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ganja_carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karabakh_carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karabakh_carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Karabakh carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karabakh_carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shirvan_carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shirvan_carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Shirvan carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shirvan_carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novruz,_other_holidays,_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novruz,_other_holidays,_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Novruz, other holidays, and symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novruz,_other_holidays,_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Classical era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Journalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mugham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mugham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Mugham</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mugham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meykhana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meykhana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Meykhana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meykhana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashiqs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashiqs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Ashiqs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashiqs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Cultural reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of Azerbaijan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ثقافة أذربيجان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة أذربيجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_m%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99ti" title="Azərbaycan mədəniyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azərbaycan mədəniyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Әзербайжан мәҙәниәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әзербайжан мәҙәниәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Культура Азербайджана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Культура Азербайджана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Έθιμα και παραδόσεις του Αζερμπαϊτζάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έθιμα και παραδόσεις του Αζερμπαϊτζάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Azerbaiy%C3%A1n" title="Cultura de Azerbaiyán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Azerbaiyán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo_de_Azerbaj%C4%9Dano" title="Kulturo de Azerbajĝano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturo de Azerbajĝano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرهنگ در جمهوری آذربایجان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ در جمهوری آذربایجان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_l%27Azerba%C3%AFdjan" title="Culture de l'Azerbaïdjan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de l'Azerbaïdjan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Ադրբեջանի մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ադրբեջանի մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अज़रबैजान की संस्कृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अज़रबैजान की संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_dell%27Azerbaigian" title="Cultura dell'Azerbaigian – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura dell'Azerbaigian" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="აზერბაიჯანის კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აზერბაიჯანის კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Әзірбайжан халқының мәдениеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әзірбайжан халқының мәдениеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropatene_(res_publica)#Cultura" title="Atropatene (res publica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atropatene (res publica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Azerbaijan" title="Kebudayaan Azerbaijan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebudayaan Azerbaijan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur_in_Azerbeidzjan" title="Cultuur in Azerbeidzjan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultuur in Azerbeidzjan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserbajdsjansk_kultur" title="Aserbajdsjansk kultur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aserbajdsjansk kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozarbayjon_madaniyati" title="Ozarbayjon madaniyati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ozarbayjon madaniyati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਆਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨ ਦਾ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨ ਦਾ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_do_Azerbaij%C3%A3o" title="Cultura do Azerbaijão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura do Azerbaijão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Культура Азербайджана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура Азербайджана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Култура Азербејџана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Култура Азербејџана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur_i_Azerbajdzjan" title="Kultur i Azerbajdzjan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kultur i Azerbajdzjan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaycan_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Azerbaycan kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Azerbaycan kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Культура Азербайджану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура Азербайджану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan" title="Category:Azerbaijan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of Azerbaijan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani dress">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folklore" title="Azerbaijani folklore">Folklore</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Azerbaijan">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Azerbaijan">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Azerbaijan">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet" title="Azerbaijani carpet">Carpet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Azerbaijan">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_fairy_tales" title="Azerbaijani fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_writers" title="List of Azerbaijani writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="List of Azerbaijani dramatists and playwrights">Dramatists and playwrights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Azerbaijan" title="Radio in Azerbaijan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Azerbaijan" title="Television in Azerbaijan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_school_of_Nakhchivan" title="Architectural school of Nakhchivan">Architectural school of Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of mosques in Azerbaijan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Kümbet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Azerbaijan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Azerbaijan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Azerbaijan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Culture of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:Culture of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>culture of Azerbaijan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Azərbaycan mədəniyyəti</i>) combines a diverse and <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a> set of elements which developed under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a> cultures. Azerbaijani culture includes its <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folk_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani folk art">folk art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani music">music</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petroglyphs_in_Gobustan_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Petroglyphs of people and things" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Petroglyphs_in_Gobustan_01.jpg/220px-Petroglyphs_in_Gobustan_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Petroglyphs_in_Gobustan_01.jpg/330px-Petroglyphs_in_Gobustan_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Petroglyphs_in_Gobustan_01.jpg/440px-Petroglyphs_in_Gobustan_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyphs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gobustan_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobustan National Park">Gobustan National Park</a> date back to 10000 BC.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History of Azerbaijan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> is the modern name of a historic, geographic region on the border of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, formerly known as Aran (or Ardan) by Persian empires and Albania by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>. It is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> on the east, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> on the north, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> on the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> on the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> on the south. Although Azerbaijan is home to a number of ethnic groups, ten million people are <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>. </p><p>The heritage, culture, and civilization of Azerbaijan have ancient and modern roots. Its people are believed to be descendants of ancient peoples who include indigenous <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albanian</a> tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, and the later <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasian_Albania">Caucasian Albania</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></div> <p>Caucasian Albanians are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the land, north of the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a>, which is present-day Azerbaijan. Early arrivals included the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> during the 9th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">South Caucasus</a> was conquered by the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> around 550 BC. <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> was already prevalent among the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> in the lands surrounding the Aras. The Achaemenids were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 330 BC. After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> in Persia in 247 BC and its succession by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, the Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in the 1st century BC and remained largely independent under Parthian rule until the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> made the kingdom a province in 252 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania" title="Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania">Arsacid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Urnayr" title="Urnayr">Urnayr</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as the state religion in the fourth century, and Caucasian Albania was a Christian state until the eighth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heyerdahl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyerdahl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sasanid control ended with their defeat by Muslim <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Arabs</a> in 642.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Iran_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Iran-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_period">Islamic period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gates_gelati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Arabic inscriptions on a brown, wooden door" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gates_gelati.jpg/220px-Gates_gelati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gates_gelati.jpg/330px-Gates_gelati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gates_gelati.jpg/440px-Gates_gelati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Arabic inscriptions on the surviving <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Gates_of_Ganja" title="Ancient Gates of Ganja">Gate of Ganja</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a></div> <p>For centuries before Islam arrived in present-day Azerbaijan, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Georgia</a>, the region was under Sassanid Iranian rule; before that, it was ruled by Parthian Iranians. Muslim Arabs defeated the Sassanids and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> as they marched into the Caucasus. They made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after Christian resistance, led by Prince <a href="/wiki/Javanshir" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanshir">Javanshir</a>, surrendered in 667. Between the ninth and 10th centuries, Arab authors referred to the region between the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura</a> and Aras as <i><a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabs from <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> came to Aran, seized lands abandoned by the indigenous peoples, and became a land-owning elite.<sup id="cite_ref-ISBN_3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite pockets of continued resistance, most inhabitants of Azerbaijan converted to Islam. During the 10th and 11th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaddadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaddadid">Shaddadid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rawadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawadid">Rawadid</a> dynasties ruled portions of Aran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seljuks_and_successor_states"><span class="anchor" id="Seljuqs_and_successor_states"></span>Seljuks and successor states</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk dynasty</a></div> <p>After the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate, Azerbaijan was ruled by the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid</a>, and Shaddadid dynasties. At the beginning of the 11th century, waves of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. The first ruling Turkic dynasty was the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, from present-day northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, who took over part of Azerbaijan by 1030. They were followed by the Seljuks, a western branch of the Oghuz, who conquered Iran and the Caucasus pressing on to Iraq and overthrowing the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a> in Baghdad in 1055. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shirvanshahs">Shirvanshahs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a></div> <p>Shīrwān Shāh,<sup id="cite_ref-EIB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Sharwān Shāh,<sup id="cite_ref-EIB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the title in medieval Islamic Azerbaijan for the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-EIB_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2015)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> The Shirvanshahs established a <a href="/wiki/Yazidids" title="Yazidids">dynasty</a> which ruled Aran and parts of Dagestan,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to Shirvan, and was one of the Islamic world's longest-lasting dynasties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safavids_and_the_rise_of_Shia_Islam"><span class="anchor" id="Safavids_and_the_rise_of_Shi'a_Islam"></span>Safavids and the rise of Shia Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Abbas_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Abbas the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Shah_Abbas_I.jpg/220px-Shah_Abbas_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Shah_Abbas_I.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Shah Abbas I</a> at a banquet</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyeh</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> religious order formed during the 1330s by <a href="/wiki/Safi-ad-din_Ardabili" class="mw-redirect" title="Safi-ad-din Ardabili">Safi-ad-din Ardabili</a> (1252–1334), for whom it was named. The order converted to the Twelver branch of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> by the end of the 15th century. Some Safaviyeh, notably the <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> Turks, believed in the mystical and esoteric nature of their rulers and their relationship to the house of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> and were predisposed to fight for them. The <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> claimed to be descended from Ali and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatimah</a> (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>), through the seventh <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a>. The Qizilbash increased in number increased by the 16th century; their generals were victorious against the <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a> confederation, and captured <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>. Safavid Iran, led by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a>, expanded its base, sacking <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> in 1501 and persecuting the Shirvanshahs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Iranian_to_Russian_rule"><span class="anchor" id="From_Iranian_rule_to_Russian_rule"></span>From Iranian to Russian rule</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></div> <p>The region of Aran had been under Persian empires for millennia; the last one was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>. After its defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, Qajar Persia signed the 1813 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> ceding Aran, Dagestan and Georgia to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local khanates, such as those in Baku and <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a>, were abolished or accepted Russian rule. 1826–1828 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian war</a> began with a Russian defeat but ended with a decisive loss for the Iranian army. The Russian Empire dictated the terms of the 1828 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a>, in which the Qajars ceded their remaining Caucasian territories.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty established the borders of Tsarist Russia and Iran. In the Russian-controlled territories, two provinces were established which later constituted most of the modern republic: <a href="/wiki/Elisabethpol_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabethpol Governorate">Elisavetpol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a>) in the west, and <a href="/wiki/Shamakhi_District" title="Shamakhi District">Shamakha</a> in the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a>, <a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Battle of Baku</a></div> <p>After the Russian Empire collapsed in 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> on May 28, 1918, following an abortive attempt to establish the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of "Azerbaijan" which the leading <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat party</a> adopted, for political reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sochineniya,_vol_II/1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sochineniya,_vol_II/1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was, prior to the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918, exclusively used to identify the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-I.B.Tauris_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I.B.Tauris-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-I.B._Tauris_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I.B._Tauris-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam_University_Press_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam_University_Press-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was one of the Islamic world's first democratic republics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ADR extended suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim state in the world to give men and women equal political rights,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established <a href="/wiki/Baku_State_University" title="Baku State University">Baku State University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maiden_Tower_(Baku).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large stone tower, seen from below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maiden_Tower_%28Baku%29.jpg/220px-Maiden_Tower_%28Baku%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maiden_Tower_%28Baku%29.jpg/330px-Maiden_Tower_%28Baku%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maiden_Tower_%28Baku%29.jpg/440px-Maiden_Tower_%28Baku%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>The Maiden Tower, in Baku's <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Baku)" title="Old City (Baku)">Old City</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Architecture of Azerbaijan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Culture of Azerbaijan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Azerbaijani architecture combines Eastern and Western elements. Many medieval buildings, such as Baku's <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Tower_(Baku)" title="Maiden Tower (Baku)">Maiden Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs" title="Palace of the Shirvanshahs">Palace of the Shirvanshahs</a>, are Iranian. Other examples of Iranian influence include the <a href="/wiki/Shaki_Khanate" title="Shaki Khanate">Shaki Khanate</a> palace in <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Shaki</a>, north-central Azerbaijan; the Surakhany Temple on the <a href="/wiki/Apsheron_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsheron Peninsula">Apsheron Peninsula</a>; a number of bridges spanning the Aras, and several mausoleums. Although little monumental architecture was built during the 19th and early 20th centuries, distinctive houses were built in Baku and elsewhere. The <a href="/wiki/Baku_Metro" title="Baku Metro">Baku Metro</a> is noted for its decor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century"><span class="anchor" id="Development_in_the_19th_century"></span>19th century</h3></div> <p>The architecture in what is now is the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a> was influenced by the expansion of towns, the application of Russian town-planning principles and the layouts of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamakhi" title="Shamakhi">Shamakhi</a>. After what is now Azerbaijan was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, theatres, schools, hospitals and houses were built during the mid-19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">oil industry</a> in what is now Azerbaijan began to influence the regions architecture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century"><span class="anchor" id="Development_in_the_20th_century"></span>20th century</h3></div> <p>The first stage of Azerbaijan's architectural development during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> era was related to the construction of the settlements of Binagadi, <a href="/wiki/Rasulzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasulzade">Rasulzade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakikhanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakikhanov">Bakikhanov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montino (page does not exist)">Montino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammadyarov" title="Mammadyarov">Mammadyarov</a> around Baku. Settlements in <a href="/wiki/Absheron_Rayon" class="mw-redirect" title="Absheron Rayon">Absheron Rayon</a> were the first examples of <a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Soviet architecture</a>. </p><p>A number of schools were built in Baku and other Azerbaijani cities between 1933 and 1936. Four-story buildings, designed by S.<a href="/wiki/Dadashov" title="Dadashov">Dadashov</a> and M.<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Architect_of_the_USSR#Some_awarded_architects" title="People's Architect of the USSR">Useynov</a> in Baku and other cities, are distinguished by their expressiveness. Classic forms, combined with national architecture traditions, are typical of the projects. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neft_Da%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Neft Daşları">Neft Daşları</a> (also known as the Oil Rocks), a steel-pillar settlement in the open sea, heralded a new era of post-war architecture. Built in connection with the discovery of rich oil fields in the Caspian Sea in 1949, it includes houses, cultural objects and overpasses. </p><p>A new period of town-building and architectural development began in Azerbaijan during the 1960s. Baku (the capital) expanded during the decade, and the city's architecture defined its image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema">Cinema</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_first_film_studio_in_Baku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Light-colored, Persian-style, two-story building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_first_film_studio_in_Baku.jpg/220px-The_first_film_studio_in_Baku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/The_first_film_studio_in_Baku.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Baku's first film studio during the early 1920s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema of Azerbaijan</a></div> <p>Azerbaijan's film industry dates back to 1898 in Baku.<sup id="cite_ref-cinemainazerbaijan_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinemainazerbaijan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani cuisine</a></div> <p>Azerbaijani cuisine,has been influenced by the foods of other cultures. Many foods which are eaten in Azerbaijan appear in the cuisines of other cultures too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pomegranate_festival"><span class="anchor" id="Pomegranate_Festival"></span>Pomegranate festival</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomegranate03_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pomegranate03_edit.jpg/220px-Pomegranate03_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pomegranate03_edit.jpg/330px-Pomegranate03_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pomegranate03_edit.jpg/440px-Pomegranate03_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cut pomegranate</figcaption></figure> <p>The annual <a href="/wiki/Goychay_Pomegranate_Festival" title="Goychay Pomegranate Festival">Goychay Pomegranate Festival</a>, usually held in October, features <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Goychay_District" title="Goychay District">Goychay District</a>, a parade, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Azerbaijani dances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dance">Dance</h2></div> <p>Azerbaijani dances are melodious. They are danced at formal celebrations, and the dancers wear festive clothes. The dances are fast, and require skill.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azerbaijani clothing is preserved in its national dances.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abayi" title="Abayi">Abayi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i>Abayı</i>) is an Azerbaijani dance originating in <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Shaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaqatala_Rayon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaqatala Rayon">Zaqatala Rayon</a>. The dance explores <a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">middle age</a>; middle-aged people in the region are called <i>Abayi</i>, and the dance is generally performed by middle-aged men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agir_Karadagi" title="Agir Karadagi">Agir Karadagi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Ağır Qaradağı; "heavy Karadakhi") is a melody for a dance which was created in <a href="/wiki/Karadakh" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Karadakh">Karadakh</a>. Popular in Shaki and Zaqatala Rayon, it is played slowly.</li> <li>Chichekler ("flowers" in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a>) is an elegant dance performed by girls in two forms: slow and fast. It was created in 1910. A group of girls collects flowers, forming circles and triangles as they dance. The music is upbeat and energetic.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innaby" title="Innaby">Innaby</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: İnnabı; "name of a fruit"), performed by one or two girls, illustrate a young woman's airs and coquettishness.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gangi_(music)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gangi (music) (page does not exist)">Gangi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Cəngi; "dagger", martial music) calls the people to unity, friendship and invincibility.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezginka" title="Lezginka">Lezginka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Ləzgi) is a popular Caucasian dance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzayi" title="Mirzayi">Mirzayi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Mirzəyi) is traditionally played at weddings and performed by men and women with handkerchiefs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzundara" title="Uzundara">Uzundara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Uzundərə; "long valley") is an elegant and <a href="/wiki/Lyrical_dance" title="Lyrical dance">lyrical dance</a> performed by women and popular in Azerbaijan, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and Georgia. The song originates in a valley between <a href="/wiki/Aghdam" title="Aghdam">Aghdam</a> and Prishib (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Prişib) in <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_arts"><span class="anchor" id="Folk_art"></span>Folk arts</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keshan_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Carpet depicting Layla, Majnun, a camel and other animals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Keshan_01.jpg/220px-Keshan_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Keshan_01.jpg/330px-Keshan_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Keshan_01.jpg/440px-Keshan_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>Carpet based on <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a>'s 12th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a></i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Azerbaijani art</a></div> <p>Major elements of Azerbaijani culture are its <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a>. They are represented by a wide range of handicrafts, such as <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">chasing</a>, jewellery, engraving in metal, carving in wood, stone and bone, carpet-making, pattern-weaving and printing, knitting and embroidery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carpets"><span class="anchor" id="Azerbaijani_rugs"></span>Carpets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Culture of Azerbaijan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baku_carpets"><span class="anchor" id="Baku_rug"></span>Baku carpets</h4></div> <p>Baku carpets are known for the softness of their material, intense colours, and decoration. They have about 10 motifs (including medallions and geometrically-stylized plants) and are exported. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ganja_carpets"><span class="anchor" id="Ganja_rug"></span>Ganja carpets</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> carpets are noted for their ornamental patterns – relatively small in number, between eight and 20 patterns. Gazakh carpets have about 16 patterns. <a href="/wiki/Qazakh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazakh District">Gazakh District</a>, in northwestern Azerbaijan, is the best-known carpet production region and accounts for the Gazakh and Borchaly carpet groups. Gazakh carpets have a geometric ornamental pattern, with a schematic presentation of plants and animals. Ganja carpets focus on geometric motifs and the schematic presentation of plants and animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karabakh_carpets"><span class="anchor" id="Karabakh_rug"></span>Karabakh carpets</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azeri_salt_bag_circa_1880,_Qarabagh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Azeri_salt_bag_circa_1880%2C_Qarabagh.jpg/220px-Azeri_salt_bag_circa_1880%2C_Qarabagh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Azeri_salt_bag_circa_1880%2C_Qarabagh.jpg/330px-Azeri_salt_bag_circa_1880%2C_Qarabagh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Azeri_salt_bag_circa_1880%2C_Qarabagh.jpg/440px-Azeri_salt_bag_circa_1880%2C_Qarabagh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Salt bag circa 1880, Karabakh</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_carpet" title="Karabakh carpet">Karabakh carpet</a> is named after the <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a> region (present-day <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> and adjacent lowland territories). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shirvan_carpets"><span class="anchor" id="Shirvan_rug"></span>Shirvan carpets</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a> is one of Azerbaijan's oldest regions. Carpet-weaving is widespread among sedentary and nomadic residents. The Shirvan school accounts for carpets manufactured in the following towns and villages: Shemaha, Maraza, Akhsu, and Kurdamir. The school has 25 compositions; Salyan carpets, with similar artistic and technical features, are also included. Shirvan carpets are characterized by intricate designs depicting everyday life, birds, and people. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpet_market_Elizavetpol_XIXcentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late-19th-century rug market in Ganja"><img alt="Late-19th-century rug market in Ganja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Carpet_market_Elizavetpol_XIXcentury.jpg/250px-Carpet_market_Elizavetpol_XIXcentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Carpet_market_Elizavetpol_XIXcentury.jpg/375px-Carpet_market_Elizavetpol_XIXcentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Carpet_market_Elizavetpol_XIXcentury.jpg/500px-Carpet_market_Elizavetpol_XIXcentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late-19th-century rug market in Ganja</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasimushagy_carpets.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century Gasimushaghi carpet from Şəlvə, Lachin"><img alt="19th-century Gasimushaghi carpet from Şəlvə, Lachin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gasimushagy_carpets.jpg/120px-Gasimushagy_carpets.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gasimushagy_carpets.jpg/180px-Gasimushagy_carpets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gasimushagy_carpets.jpg/240px-Gasimushagy_carpets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="914" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century <a href="/wiki/Gasimushaghi_carpets" title="Gasimushaghi carpets">Gasimushaghi carpet</a> from <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99lv%C9%99,_Lachin" title="Şəlvə, Lachin">Şəlvə, Lachin</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Novruz,_other_holidays,_and_symbols"><span id="Novruz.2C_other_holidays.2C_and_symbols"></span><span class="anchor" id="Novruz"></span><span class="anchor" id="National_holidays"></span>Novruz, other holidays, and symbols</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz in Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Public holidays in Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Azerbaijan,_1996-381.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Novruz commemorative stamp, depicting a woman at a holiday table lit with candles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_1996-381.jpg/220px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_1996-381.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_1996-381.jpg/330px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_1996-381.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_1996-381.jpg/440px-Stamps_of_Azerbaijan%2C_1996-381.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>1996 Azerbaijani postage stamp commemorating Novruz</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Novruz</a> is a traditional Persian regional holiday, celebrating the <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>, which is observed on the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a> (March 21–22). It symbolizes renewal and fertility. </p><p>Festivities, rooted in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, resemble those in Iran. Preparations begin long before the holiday with housecleaning, tree-planting, dressmaking, egg-painting, and the baking of pastries such as <a href="/wiki/Shekerbura" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekerbura">shekerbura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakhlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhlava">pakhlava</a> and local cuisine. Like other countries which celebrate Novruz, wheat is fried with <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a> (<i>kishmish</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a> (<i>govurga</i>). <a href="/wiki/Wheat_sprout" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat sprout">Wheat sprouts</a> (<i>semeni</i>) are essential. In recognition of fire-worshipping (an ancient Zoroastrian practice), every Tuesday of the four weeks before the holiday children jump over small bonfires and candles are lit (a tradition shared with Iran, where it is known as <i>Chahar-shanbeh sori</i>). On Novruz eve, the graves of relatives are visited and tended.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That evening, the family gathers around the holiday table laid with Novruz dishes. The holiday lasts for several days, ending with dancing, music and sports. </p><p>During the Soviet era, the celebration of Novruz was unofficial and sometimes prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Azerbaijani independence, Novruz has been a public holiday. Each Tuesday of the preceding four weeks is devoted to one of the four elements: water, fire, earth and wind.<sup id="cite_ref-nowaze_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowaze-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other public and traditional holidays include <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, Women's Day, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Ramazan Bayrami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Gurban Bayrami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a>, Constitution Day, <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a>, Armed Forces Day, Salvation Day, and Flag Day.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rural areas, harvests are celebrated. Commemorative and remembrance days include <a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a>, the commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a>. </p><p>Symbols include the <a href="/wiki/Star_polygon" title="Star polygon">eight-pointed star</a> combined with the fire element in the <a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Azerbaijan" title="National emblem of Azerbaijan">national emblem</a>. The country's <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">flag</a> dates to the late <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Azərbaycan marşı">Azərbaycan marşı</a>", its national anthem, was written by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Javad" title="Ahmad Javad">Ahmad Javad</a> with music by <a href="/wiki/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov" title="Uzeyir Hajibeyov">Uzeyir Hajibeyov</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijani literature</a></div> <p>Azerbaijani literature is written in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, Azerbaijan's state language. Its closest relatives are <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>. Azeri, is split up into two distinct languages.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Azerbaijani (based on the Shirvan dialect and spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and South Azerbaijani (based on the Tabriz dialect and spoken in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Both sublanguages are <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz languages</a> (a sub-branch of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>) and are mutually intelligible with other Oghuz dialects spoken in Turkey, Iran, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the Balkans and the Middle East. </p><p>The language arrived with the invasion and settlement of waves of Turkic tribes from Central Asia over several centuries. The indigenous language of the region around the Aras was a mixture of Iranian Tati, <a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talyshi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>; Talyshi is still spoken in parts of Azerbaijan. With the increasing dominance of Turkic rulers, the region's language was gradually infused with Turkic. As a result of the Soviet Union's language policy, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> is widely spoken as a second language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_era"><span class="anchor" id="Classical_Era"></span>Classical era</h3></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a></i> (which may date to the 9th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-birchwood_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birchwood-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was first transcribed by the 14th century),<sup id="cite_ref-birchwood_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birchwood-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alpamysh" title="Alpamysh">Alpamysh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Koroghlu" title="Epic of Koroghlu">Koroghlu</a> are Turkic epics that are widely spread among Azerbaijanis and enjoy high popularity among them.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known figure in Azeri literature is <a href="/wiki/Izzeddin_Hasanoghlu" title="Izzeddin Hasanoghlu">Izzeddin Hasanoghlu</a>, who composed a <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">diwan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" title="Ajem-Turkic">Ajemi Turkic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-beale_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beale-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caferoglu_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caferoglu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used his own name for the Persian <i>ghazals</i>, and the pen name Hasan Oghlu for his Turkic poems.<sup id="cite_ref-beale_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beale-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> (born in Ganja) is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>, bringing a colloquial, realistic style to the Persian epic.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 14th century, what comprises the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribal confederacies. Poets of this period included <a href="/wiki/Kadi_Burhan_al-Din" title="Kadi Burhan al-Din">Kadi Burhan al-Din</a>, Haqiqi (the pen name of <a href="/wiki/Jahan_Shah" title="Jahan Shah">Jahan Shah</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Habibi_(poet)" title="Habibi (poet)">Habibi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tyrrell1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyrrell1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the century was the beginning of the literary activity of <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the greatest Turkic<sup id="cite_ref-baldick_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baldick-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burrill_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burrill-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hurufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufi">Hurufi</a> poets<sup id="cite_ref-nesimibritannica_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesimibritannica-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a prominent early diwan master<sup id="cite_ref-nesimibritannica_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesimibritannica-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who also wrote in Persian<sup id="cite_ref-burrill_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burrill-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-babinger_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babinger-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nesimibritannica_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesimibritannica-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_era"><span class="anchor" id="Soviet_Azerbaijani_Literature"></span>Soviet era</h3></div> <p>Under Soviet rule, particularly under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, Azeri writers who did not conform to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> line were persecuted. <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> sought to destroy the nationalist, intellectual elite who had become established during the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> and, during the 1930s, many writers and intellectuals became mouthpieces for Soviet propaganda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences"><span class="anchor" id="Influences_on_Azeri_Literature"></span>Influences</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a> have influenced Azeri literature, especially during its classical era. Influential Persian poets include <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar of Nishapur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> have also influenced Azeri literature. Arabic poets include <a href="/wiki/Al-Hallaj" title="Al-Hallaj">Al-Hallaj</a> who has influenced <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism">Journalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Azerbaijan" title="Mass media in Azerbaijan">Mass media in Azerbaijan</a></div> <p>In 1875, <i><a href="/wiki/Akinchi" title="Akinchi">Akinchi</a></i> (Əkinçi / اکينچی ), <i>The Cultivator</i>) was the first Azeri newspaper published in the Russian Empire. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Hasan_bey_Zardabi" title="Hasan bey Zardabi">Hasan bey Zardabi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> and education advocate.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2015 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> editorial noted that a number of Azerbaijani journalists, bloggers, lawyers, and human-rights activists have been subjected to lengthy pretrial detention for their criticism of President <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a> and other government authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music of Azerbaijan</a></div> <p>Azerbaijani music is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">music of Iran</a>, the Caucasus and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and resembles Iranian and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkish music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mugham"><span class="anchor" id="Mugam_Festival"></span><span class="anchor" id="Mugam"></span>Mugham</h3></div> <p>Azerbaijani classical music of Azerbaijan, known as <a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">mugham</a> (accurately spelt <i>muğam</i>), is usually a <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a> with poetry and instrumental interludes. The sung poetry sometimes includes a form of <a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">throat singing</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Yodelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Yodelling">yodelling</a>. Typically about divine love, the poetry is most often linked to <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>. </p><p>Unlike Central Asian mugham, the Azeri form is less rigid (comparable to improvised <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> proclaimed Azerbaijani mugham a <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a> on 7 November 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New York Times</i> music critic <a href="/wiki/Jon_Pareles" title="Jon Pareles">Jon Pareles</a> called Mugham singer <a href="/wiki/Alim_Qasimov" title="Alim Qasimov">Alim Qasimov</a> "one of the greatest singers alive".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An annual <a href="/wiki/Mugham_Festival" title="Mugham Festival">Mugham Festival</a> is held in <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Shaki</a>. Held in <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a> until 1988, it was moved to Shaki in November 1994 because of the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meykhana">Meykhana</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meykhana" title="Meykhana">Meykhana</a></div> <p>Meykhana is an Azerbaijani literary and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folk</a> rap tradition<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of an unaccompanied song performed by one or more people who improvise on a subject. Its name derives from the Turkish <i>meyhane</i> (tavern, pub), which originated from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> words <i>mey</i> (wine) and <i>hane</i> (house).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments"><span class="anchor" id="Musical_instruments"></span>Instruments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6249_stamp_(Azerbaijani_balaban,_nagara,_tar,_saz_and_zurna).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6249_stamp_%28Azerbaijani_balaban%2C_nagara%2C_tar%2C_saz_and_zurna%29.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6249_stamp_%28Azerbaijani_balaban%2C_nagara%2C_tar%2C_saz_and_zurna%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6249_stamp_%28Azerbaijani_balaban%2C_nagara%2C_tar%2C_saz_and_zurna%29.jpg/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6249_stamp_%28Azerbaijani_balaban%2C_nagara%2C_tar%2C_saz_and_zurna%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6249_stamp_%28Azerbaijani_balaban%2C_nagara%2C_tar%2C_saz_and_zurna%29.jpg/440px-The_Soviet_Union_1990_CPA_6249_stamp_%28Azerbaijani_balaban%2C_nagara%2C_tar%2C_saz_and_zurna%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Soviet postage stamp commemorating Azerbaijani musical instruments</figcaption></figure> <p>Instruments that are used in Azerbaijan, for <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani music</a> include fourteen <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>, eight <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instruments</a> and six <a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional stringed instruments include the <i><a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">tar</a></i> (skin-faced lute), <i><a href="/wiki/Kamancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamancha">kamancha</a></i> (skin-faced spike fiddle), <i><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a></i> (originally <i>barbat</i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">saz</a></i> (long-necked lute). The <i><a href="/wiki/Balaban_(instrument)" title="Balaban (instrument)">balaban</a></i> is a double-reed wind instrument, and percussion instruments include the <i><a href="/wiki/Ghaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaval">ghaval</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">daf</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Frame_drum" title="Frame drum">frame drums</a>; the cylindrical, double-faced <i><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(drum)" title="Nagara (drum)">naghara</a></i>, and the larger <i><a href="/wiki/Davul" title="Davul">davul</a></i>. Other instruments include the <i><a href="/wiki/Garmon" title="Garmon">garmon</a></i> (a small accordion) and <i>tutek</i> (whistle flute). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashiqs"><span class="anchor" id="Ashiqs"></span>Ashiqs</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ashik" title="Ashik">Ashiqs</a> are traveling bards who sing and play the <i>saz</i>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>. Their songs are partially <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvised</a> around a common base. The Ashiq tradition in the Turkic cultures of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, Azerbaijan and Central Asia has its origins in ancient <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-European_University_Institute,_Florence,_Italy_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_University_Institute,_Florence,_Italy-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion in Azerbaijan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church,_Kish_(P1090438).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone church with a garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Church%2C_Kish_%28P1090438%29.jpg/220px-Church%2C_Kish_%28P1090438%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Church%2C_Kish_%28P1090438%29.jpg/330px-Church%2C_Kish_%28P1090438%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Church%2C_Kish_%28P1090438%29.jpg/440px-Church%2C_Kish_%28P1090438%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Side view of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Kish" title="Church of Kish">Church of Kish</a></figcaption></figure> <p>About 93 percent of Azerbaijan's population is nominally Muslim, and approximately five percent of the population belong to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. Muslim religious observance is relatively low, and Muslim identity tends to be based more on culture and ethnicity than on religion. The Muslim population is approximately 70 percent <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> and 30 percent <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>, with differences not defined sharply. Fairly-large expatriate <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> and Muslim communities exist in Baku, the capital, and are generally permitted to worship freely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Islam in Azerbaijan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Christianity in Azerbaijan</a></div> <p>About 3.1% to 4.8% of Azerbaijan's population is nominally <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, an estimate of between 280,000 and 450,000.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Azerbaijan">Orthodoxy is represented</a> in Azerbaijan by the Russian and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Churches</a>. The Russian Orthodox churches are part of the Eparchy of Baku and the Caspian Region. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Azerbaijan" title="Catholic Church in Azerbaijan">Catholic Church in Azerbaijan</a>, under the spiritual leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, has 400 adherents; about half are foreign diplomats or work for oil companies.<sup id="cite_ref-echo_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echo-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Absheron_Ateshgah_004_9740.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zoroastrian temple in Baku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Absheron_Ateshgah_004_9740.jpg/220px-Absheron_Ateshgah_004_9740.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Absheron_Ateshgah_004_9740.jpg/330px-Absheron_Ateshgah_004_9740.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Absheron_Ateshgah_004_9740.jpg/440px-Absheron_Ateshgah_004_9740.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5984" data-file-height="3984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ateshgah_of_Baku" title="Ateshgah of Baku">Ateshgah of Baku</a>, a Hindu and Zoroastrian temple</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">History of the Jews in Azerbaijan</a></div> <p>Azerbaijan has three communities of Jews (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a>), with a combined population of almost 16,000. Eleven thousand are Mountain Jews, with 6,000 in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> and 4,000 in <a href="/wiki/Guba,_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Guba, Azerbaijan">Guba</a>; 4,300 are Ashkenazi Jews (most of whom live in Baku and <a href="/wiki/Sumgayit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumgayit">Sumgayit</a>), and 700 are Georgian Jews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan</a> dates back to the first millennium BC. With the rest of the Persian Empire, it remained a predominantly-Zoroastrian state until the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> in the 7th century AD. <i>Azerbaijan</i> means "Land of Eternal Fire" in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, indicating a link with Zoroastrianism.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of the religion are still visible in <a href="/wiki/Ateshgah_of_Baku" title="Ateshgah of Baku">Atashgah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramana,_Azerbaijan" title="Ramana, Azerbaijan">Ramana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khinalyg" class="mw-redirect" title="Khinalyg">Khinalyg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yanar_Dag" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanar Dag">Yanar Dag</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_reforms">Cultural reforms</h2></div> <p>After independence, Azerbaijan has taken measures to protect its cultural values, enhance its cultural life and cooperate with international organizations in this area. Legislation has been adopted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">Azerbaijani Parliament</a> in the realm of culture, including:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> restoration of the Azerbaijani alphabet based on Latin script (25 December 1991); mass media (21 July 1992); copyright (10 September 1993); advertising (3 October 1997); culture (6 February 1998); protection of historical and cultural monuments (10 April 1998); grants (17 April 1998); freedom of information (19 June 1998); cinematography (3 July 1998); sculpture (3 July 1998); tourism (4 July 1999); urban planning (11 June 1999); National Archive Fund (22 June 1999); mass media (8 February 2000); museums (24 March 2000), and publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal protection of historical and cultural monuments is also outlined in international documents, including the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict" title="Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict">Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict</a>, the 1970 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Convention_on_the_Means_of_Prohibiting_and_Preventing_the_Illicit_Import,_Export_and_Transfer_of_Ownership_of_Cultural_Property" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property">UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property</a>, and the 1995 <a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT_Convention_on_Stolen_or_Illegally_Exported_Cultural_Objects" title="UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects">UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Azerbaijan)" title="Ministry of Culture (Azerbaijan)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a> was established in a 2006 decree by President Ilham Aliyev. In addition to preserving the national culture internally, Azerbaijan cooperates with international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_World_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (ISESCO) and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> to formulate an international cultural policy<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and participates in international projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azerbaijan joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Heritage_Days" title="European Heritage Days">European Heritage Days</a> project, initiated by the Council of Europe and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, in 2000. The European Heritage Days – 2003 Campaign was hosted in Azerbaijan from 26 to 28 September of that year. The campaign planned to open restored monuments, review monuments being restored, exhibit and catalogue the 2003 International Photo Initiative, and conduct the European Common Heritage Program and European Cultural Heritage Campaign at schools and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The topic of the 2005 European Heritage Days, held in Azerbaijan, was "Civilizations and peacekeeping processes". It had two events: the East-West Baku International Festival and a youth photo contest and exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azerbaijan became the member of UNESCO in 1992, and the UNESCO National Commission in Azerbaijan (within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) was established by decree of President <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> in 1994. Azerbaijan joined UNESCO conventions on the preservation of cultural values and heritage, the recognition of specialities in higher education, diplomas and degrees, and the preservation of intangible cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baku's <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Baku)" title="Old City (Baku)">Old City</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs" title="Palace of the Shirvanshahs">Palace of the Shirvanshahs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Tower_(Baku)" title="Maiden Tower (Baku)">Maiden Tower</a>) was included on the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage List</a> in 2000, and <a href="/wiki/Gobustan_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobustan National Park">Gobustan National Park</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mugham was declared a masterpiece of humankind and intangible heritage in 2003, and the art of Azerbaijani Ashiq, Novruz, Azerbaijani carpet weaving, craftsmanship and performance of the <a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">Tar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelaghayi" title="Kelaghayi">Kelaghayi</a>, the copper craftsmanship of <a href="/wiki/Lah%C4%B1c,_Ismailli" title="Lahıc, Ismailli">Lahij</a> and flatbread making and sharing have been inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerts, jubilees, seminars and symposiums, conferences and congresses, meetings and festivities were organized within the framework of UNESCO<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzuli (writer)">Fuzuli</a> (1996), the 1300th anniversary of the <i>Book of Dede Korkut</i> (2000), the 800th anniversary of the birth of Nasraddin Tusi (2001), the 200th anniversary of the birth of Mirza Kazimbey (2002), the 100th anniversary of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jalal_Pashayev" title="Mir Jalal Pashayev">Mir Jalal Pashayev</a> (2008), the 900th anniversary of the achievements of <a href="/wiki/Mahsati" title="Mahsati">Mahsati</a> (2013), and the 100th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov" title="Uzeyir Hajibeyov">Uzeyir Hajibeyli</a>'s musical comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Arshin_Mal_Alan_(operetta)" title="Arshin Mal Alan (operetta)">Arshin Mal Alan</a></i> (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, UNESCO and Azerbaijan signed a framework agreement on cooperation in the fields of education, science, culture and communications.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baku was declared the 2009 capital of Islamic culture when it hosted the sixth Islamic Conference of Culture Ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city hosted the World Forum on Intercultural Dialogue in 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported by UNESCO, the UN Alliance of Civilizations, the North-South Center of the Council of Europe, ISESCO and <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashik_Kerib_(film)" title="Ashik Kerib (film)">Ashik Kerib</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Azerbaijan)" title="Ministry of Culture (Azerbaijan)">Ministry of Culture of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Women in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_fairy_tales" title="Azerbaijani fairy tales">Azerbaijani fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani-Mongolian_cultural_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani-Mongolian cultural relations">Azerbaijani-Mongolian cultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_calendar_beliefs" title="Azerbaijani calendar beliefs">Azerbaijani calendar beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nomadic_life" title="Azerbaijani nomadic life">Azerbaijani nomadic life</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name used for the region north of the Aras from before the arrival of the Arabs to the Qajar period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Azerbaijan_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aztoc.html">Azerbaijan</a> - <i>US Library of Congress Country Studies</i> (retrieved 7 June 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Stuart Olson. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27497-8">978-0-313-27497-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32148">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>: "The list of provinces given in the inscription of Ka'be-ye Zardusht defines the extent of the empire under Shapur, in clockwise geographic enumeration: (1) Persis (Fars), (2) Parthia, (3) Susiana (Khuzestan), (4) Maishan (Mesene), (5) Asuristan (southern Mesopotamia), (6) Adiabene, (7) Arabistan (northern Mesopotamia), (8) Atropatene (Azerbaijan), (9) Armenia, (10) Iberia (Georgia), (11) Machelonia, (12) Albania (eastern Caucasus), (13) Balasagan up to the Caucasus Mountains and the Gate of Albania (also known as Gate of the Alans), (14) Patishkhwagar (all of the Elburz Mountains), (15) Media, (16) Hyrcania (Gorgan), (17) Margiana (<a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>), (18) Aria, (19) Abarshahr, (20) Carmania (<a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a>), (21) Sakastan (Sistan), (22) Turan, (23) Mokran (Makran), (24) Paratan (Paradene), (25) India (probably restricted to the Indus River delta area), (26) Kushanshahr, until as far as Peshawar and until Kashgar and (the borders of) Sogdiana and Tashkent, and (27), on the farther side of the sea, Mazun (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home1/iranica/articles/v3_articles/azerbaijan/language_azerbaijan&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/logs/pdfdownload.html">"Albania"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120154543/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=%2Fhome1%2Firanica%2Farticles%2Fv3_articles%2Fazerbaijan%2Flanguage_azerbaijan&OptStrLogFile=%2Fhome%2Firanica%2Fpublic_html%2Flogs%2Fpdfdownload.html">Archived</a> 2009-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>, p. 807 (retrieved 15 June 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyerdahl-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heyerdahl_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_articles/102_heyerdahl_alexidze.html">"Voices of the Ancients: Heyerdahl Intrigued by Rare Caucasus Albanian Text" by Dr. Zaza Alexidze</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117033606/http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_articles/102_heyerdahl_alexidze.html">Archived</a> 2009-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - <i>Azerbaijan International</i>, Summer 2002 (retrieved 7 June 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress_Iran-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_Iran_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Islamic Conquest."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISBN_3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISBN_3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of Islamic Societies</i> by Ira Lapidus, p. 48. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1988), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3">978-0-521-77933-3</a> (retrieved 7 June 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIB_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIB_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIB_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthold, W., C.E. Bosworth "Shirwan Shah, Sharwan Shah. "Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2nd edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition</i>, Columbia University, 1995, p. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3">978-0-231-07068-3</a>: "In the fifteenth century this dynasty of Shirvanshahs flourished north of the Araxes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankopan2015" class="citation book cs1">Frankopan, Peter (2015). <i>The Silk Roads: A New History of the World</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-3998-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-3998-0"><bdi>978-1-4088-3998-0</bdi></a>. <q>To many, the fact that Ouseley—who had made such efforts to cultivate the Shah—drafted the humiliating Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 following the Russo-Persian War which awarded most of the western flank of the Caspian, including Dagestan, Mingrelia, Abkhazia, Derbent and Baku, to Russia, seemed nothing less than an act of betrayal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Roads%3A+A+New+History+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-3998-0&rft.aulast=Frankopan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafiyev2018" class="citation book cs1">Shafiyev, Farid (2018). "Russian Conquest of the South Caucasus". <i>Resettling the Borderlands: State Relocations and Ethnic Conflict in the South Caucasus</i>. Montreal, Kingston, London, Chicago: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 16–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5372-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5372-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-5372-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+Conquest+of+the+South+Caucasus&rft.btitle=Resettling+the+Borderlands%3A+State+Relocations+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+the+South+Caucasus&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Kingston%2C+London%2C+Chicago&rft.pages=16-42&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-5372-9&rft.aulast=Shafiyev&rft.aufirst=Farid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazemzadeh1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Kazemzadeh, Firuz</a> (1951). <i>The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917-1921</i>. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8305-0076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8305-0076-5"><bdi>978-0-8305-0076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Transcaucasia%3A+1917-1921&rft.pages=124%2C+222%2C+229%2C+269-270&rft.pub=The+New+York+Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-8305-0076-5&rft.aulast=Kazemzadeh&rft.aufirst=Firuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYilmaz2015" class="citation book cs1">Yilmaz, Harun (2015). <i>National Identities in Soviet Historiography: The Rise of Nations Under Stalin</i>. Routledge. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59664-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59664-6"><bdi>978-1-317-59664-6</bdi></a>. <q>On May 27, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (DRA) was declared with Ottoman military support. The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as [Transcaucasian] Tatar, which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition. (...) Neighboring Iran did not welcome did not welcome the DRA's adoptation of the name of "Azerbaijan" for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Identities+in+Soviet+Historiography%3A+The+Rise+of+Nations+Under+Stalin&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-59664-6&rft.aulast=Yilmaz&rft.aufirst=Harun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sochineniya,_vol_II/1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sochineniya,_vol_II/1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthold1963" class="citation book cs1">Barthold, Vasily (1963). <i>Sochineniya, vol II/1</i>. Moscow. p. 706. <q>(...) whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the republic of Azerbaijan, name <a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran</a> can be chosen. But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created, it was assumed that this and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Persian Azerbaijan</a> will be one entity, because the population of both has a big similarity. On this basis, the word Azerbaijan was chosen. Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used, it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic, its confusing and a question rises as to which Azerbaijan is talked about.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sochineniya%2C+vol+II%2F1&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=706&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Barthold&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-I.B.Tauris-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-I.B.Tauris_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtabaki2000" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki, Touraj (2000). <i>Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-554-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-554-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Ethnicity+and+the+Struggle+for+Power+in+Iran&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-554-9&rft.aulast=Atabaki&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-I.B._Tauris-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-I.B._Tauris_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekmejianSimonian2003" class="citation book cs1">Dekmejian, R. Hrair; Simonian, Hovann H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_jdnke35AgC&q=azerbaijan+name+used+1918"><i>Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-922-6"><bdi>978-1-86064-922-6</bdi></a>. <q>Until 1918, when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Iranian province of Azerbaijan</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubled+Waters%3A+The+Geopolitics+of+the+Caspian+Region&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-922-6&rft.aulast=Dekmejian&rft.aufirst=R.+Hrair&rft.au=Simonian%2C+Hovann+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_jdnke35AgC%26q%3Dazerbaijan%2Bname%2Bused%2B1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amsterdam_University_Press-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amsterdam_University_Press_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezvani2014" class="citation book cs1">Rezvani, Babak (2014). <i>Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift</i>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1928-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1928-6"><bdi>978-90-485-1928-6</bdi></a>. <q>The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethno-territorial+conflict+and+coexistence+in+the+caucasus%2C+Central+Asia+and+Fereydan%3A+academisch+proefschrift&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-485-1928-6&rft.aulast=Rezvani&rft.aufirst=Babak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3">978-0-231-07068-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3">978-0-231-07068-3</a> and Reinhard Schulze. A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-822-9">978-1-86064-822-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-822-9">978-1-86064-822-9</a>. Citations are at <a href="/wiki/Talk:Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic#First_or_second" title="Talk:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Talk:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic#First or second</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cinemainazerbaijan-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cinemainazerbaijan_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydin_Kazimzade1997" class="citation journal cs1">Aydin Kazimzade (Autumn 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/53_folder/53_articles/53_100years.html">"Celebrating 100 Years in Film, not 80"</a>. <i>Azerbaijan International</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 30–35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223224322/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/53_folder/53_articles/53_100years.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+International&rft.atitle=Celebrating+100+Years+in+Film%2C+not+80&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-35&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Aydin+Kazimzade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azer.com%2Faiweb%2Fcategories%2Fmagazine%2F53_folder%2F53_articles%2F53_100years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iguide.travel/Goychay/Activities/Pomegranate_Festival">Iguide.travel</a> Goychay Activities: Pomegranate Festival</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Azerbaijan.html">"Culture of Azerbaijan - The Arts and Humanities"</a>. Everyculture.com. 1918-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+of+Azerbaijan+-+The+Arts+and+Humanities&rft.pub=Everyculture.com&rft.date=1918-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyculture.com%2FA-Bo%2FAzerbaijan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzerbaijan_-_a_part_of_Europe2007" class="citation web cs1">Azerbaijan - a part of Europe (2007-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azeriyoungsters.blogspot.com/2007/11/heroic-or-erotic-characteristics.html">"Azerbaijan - a part of Europe"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+-+a+part+of+Europe&rft.pub=Azeriyoungsters.blogspot.com&rft.date=2007-11-24&rft.au=Azerbaijan+-+a+part+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazeriyoungsters.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F11%2Fheroic-or-erotic-characteristics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtmlondon.com/page.cfm/action=Seminars/SeminarID=81/OSite=10nn6k_1852">Azerbaijani Dance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529152219/http://www.wtmlondon.com/page.cfm/action%3DSeminars/SeminarID%3D81/OSite%3D10nn6k_1852">Archived</a> May 29, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106221856/http://www.bangkokcompanies.com/Dance/azerbaijan_dance_schools.htm">"Traditional Azeri Dance"</a>. Bangkokcompanies.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokcompanies.com/Dance/azerbaijan_dance_schools.htm">the original</a> on 2013-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Azeri+Dance&rft.pub=Bangkokcompanies.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokcompanies.com%2FDance%2Fazerbaijan_dance_schools.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531052923/http://www.azerembsof.com/page.php?n=7930&SiteID=333">"Embassy of Azerbaijan; National dances"</a>. <i>Azerembsof.com</i>. 31 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azerembsof.com/page.php?n=7930&SiteID=333">the original</a> on 31 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerembsof.com&rft.atitle=Embassy+of+Azerbaijan%3B+National+dances&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azerembsof.com%2Fpage.php%3Fn%3D7930%26SiteID%3D333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Azerbaijan.html">"Azerbaijani traditions"</a>. Everyculture.com. 1918-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azerbaijani+traditions&rft.pub=Everyculture.com&rft.date=1918-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyculture.com%2FA-Bo%2FAzerbaijan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2005" class="citation cs2">Waters, Zena (April–May 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514214646/http://www.azerbaijantoday.az/ARCHIVE/12/life1.html">"What exactly is Novruz Bayram"</a>, <i>Azerbaijan Today</i>, no. 12, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azerbaijantoday.az/ARCHIVE/12/life1.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-22</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+Today&rft.atitle=What+exactly+is+Novruz+Bayram&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2005-04%2F2005-05&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Zena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azerbaijantoday.az%2FARCHIVE%2F12%2Flife1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nowaze-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nowaze_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513014137/http://www.azerembassy-kuwait.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=167:international-day-of-nowruz-21-march-&catid=8:news-a-events&Itemid=37">"International Day of Nowruz- 21 March"</a>. Azerembassy-kuwait.org. 2010-03-17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azerembassy-kuwait.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=167:international-day-of-nowruz-21-march-&catid=8:news-a-events&Itemid=37">the original</a> on 2011-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Day+of+Nowruz-+21+March&rft.pub=Azerembassy-kuwait.org&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azerembassy-kuwait.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D167%3Ainternational-day-of-nowruz-21-march-%26catid%3D8%3Anews-a-events%26Itemid%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430073856/http://en.trend.az/news/official/chronicle/1657130.html">"Azerbaijan marks Novruz holiday"</a>. En.trend.az. 2010-03-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.trend.az/news/official/chronicle/1657130.html">the original</a> on 2011-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+marks+Novruz+holiday&rft.pub=En.trend.az&rft.date=2010-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fnews%2Fofficial%2Fchronicle%2F1657130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.az/news/politics/57558.html">"Azerbaijan sets National Flag Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Today.az" class="mw-redirect" title="Today.az">Today.az</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+sets+National+Flag+Day&rft.pub=Today.az&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.az%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F57558.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salehi, Mohammad; Neysani, Aydin (2017). "Receptive intelligibility of Turkish to Iranian-Azerbaijani speakers". <i>Cogent Education</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:10.1080/2331186X.2017.1326653. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>121180361. <q>Northern and Southern Azerbaijani are considered distinct languages by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (...)</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Azerbaijani, North". <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azerbaijani, South". <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birchwood-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birchwood_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birchwood_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchwoodDimmock,_Matthew2005" class="citation book cs1">Birchwood, Matthew; Dimmock, Matthew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U5zTAHQfI4MC&pg=PA111"><i>Cultural Encounters Between East and West, 1453-1699</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904303-41-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904303-41-1"><bdi>978-1-904303-41-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Encounters+Between+East+and+West%2C+1453-1699&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904303-41-1&rft.aulast=Birchwood&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Dimmock%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU5zTAHQfI4MC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Paksoy H.B. "Alpamysh. Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule". Association for the Advancement of Central Asian Research Monograph Series, Hartford, Connecticut, First AACAR Edition, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9621379-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9621379-9-5">0-9621379-9-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9621379-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9621379-0-1">0-9621379-0-1</a> (pbk.), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Reichl <i>Singing the Past: Turkic and Medieval Heroic Poetry</i>, Cornell University Press. 2000. "The central traditions find their continuation in a fourth group, the epic poetry of the southwestern Turkic peoples, the <b>Turkmens</b>, <b>Azerbaijanis</b>, and <b>Anatolian Turks</b>. Here the predomination form is prosimetric, and there is a predilection, for love and adventure romance. The main hero of their adventure romances is <b>Koroghlu</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beale-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beale_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beale_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealeKeene,_Henry_George1894" class="citation book cs1">Beale, Thomas William; <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Keene_(1826%E2%80%931915)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Keene (1826–1915)">Keene, Henry George</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lxgaAAAAIAAJ"><i>An Oriental Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. W. H. Allen. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lxgaAAAAIAAJ/page/n326">311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Oriental+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Beale&rft.aufirst=Thomas+William&rft.au=Keene%2C+Henry+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_lxgaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caferoglu-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caferoglu_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Caferoglu, "Adhari(azeri)", in <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, (new edition), Vol. 1, (Leiden, 1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055636">"Nezami"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Julie Scott Meisami, <i>"The Haft Paykar: A Medieval Persian Romance (Oxford World's Classics)"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University Press</a> (T), 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283184-2">978-0-19-283184-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azargoshnasp.net/famous/nezami/nezamijuliascott.htm">extract</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tyrrell1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tyrrell1_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell2001" class="citation book cs1">Tyrrell, Maliheh S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4N_dneMybQC&pg=PA12"><i>Aesopian Literary Dimensions of Azerbaijani Literature of the Soviet Period, 1920-1990</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Azerbaijan+musical+instruments&rft.pub=Atlas.musigi-dunya.az&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlas.musigi-dunya.az%2Fatlas%2Fen%2Finstruments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-European_University_Institute,_Florence,_Italy-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-European_University_Institute,_Florence,_Italy_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-6/cae05.html">IUE.it</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a>, Florence, Italy </i> (retrieved 10 August 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719204928/http://features.pewforum.org/global-christianity/map.php#/Azerbaijan,ALL">"Global Christianity An Interactive Feature"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity+An+Interactive+Feature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.pewforum.org%2Fglobal-christianity%2Fmap.php%23%2FAzerbaijan%2CALL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-echo-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-echo_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echo-az.com/archive/2007_03/1524/obshestvo03.shtml">Construction of Catholic Church in Baku Coming to End</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215509/http://www.echo-az.com/archive/2007_03/1524/obshestvo03.shtml">Archived</a> September 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by R. Manafli. <i>Echo</i>. 8 March 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200605/kt2006051017185211950.htm">"Hankooki.com"</a>. Times.hankooki.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hankooki.com&rft.pub=Times.hankooki.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimes.hankooki.com%2Flpage%2Fnation%2F200605%2Fkt2006051017185211950.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.az/?options=content&id=547">"Social and cultural issues"</a>. <i>Mfa.gov.az</i> (in Azerbaijani)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mfa.gov.az&rft.atitle=Social+and+cultural+issues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.az%2F%3Foptions%3Dcontent%26id%3D547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliyeva2011" class="citation book cs1">Aliyeva, Sevdagul (2011). "Chapter 4: Tourism Development, Culture and Cultural Identity, Cross-Cultural Relationships". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812102231/http://silkroad.ibsu.edu.ge/previous/sixth/7_07.pdf"><i>6 Silk Road International Conference "Globalization and Security in Black and Caspian Seas Regions"</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 232–236. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silkroad.ibsu.edu.ge/previous/sixth/7_07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Tourism+Development%2C+Culture+and+Cultural+Identity%2C+Cross-Cultural+Relationships&rft.btitle=6+Silk+Road+International+Conference+%22Globalization+and+Security+in+Black+and+Caspian+Seas+Regions%22&rft.pages=232-236&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Aliyeva&rft.aufirst=Sevdagul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsilkroad.ibsu.edu.ge%2Fprevious%2Fsixth%2F7_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Commission_of_the_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_for_UNESCO" class="citation web cs1">National Commission of the Republic of Azerbaijan for UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.az/?options=content&id=7&language=en">"Cooperation in the field of culture"</a>. <i>Unesco.az</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unesco.az&rft.atitle=The+list+of+anniversaries+celebrated+in+the+framework+of+the+UNESCO+programme+on+anniversaries+of+great+personalities+and+historic+events&rft.au=National+Commission+of+the+Republic+of+Azerbaijan+for+UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.az%2F%3Foptions%3Dcontent%26id%3D25%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Commission_of_the_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_for_UNESCO" class="citation web cs1">National Commission of the Republic of Azerbaijan for UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.az/?options=content&id=24">"Framework Agreement"</a>. <i>Unesco.az</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unesco.az&rft.atitle=Framework+Agreement&rft.au=National+Commission+of+the+Republic+of+Azerbaijan+for+UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.az%2F%3Foptions%3Dcontent%26id%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isesco.org.ma/capitals-of-islamic-culture/">"Capitals of Islamic Culture | Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – ISESCO –"</a>. <i>Isesco.org.ma</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Isesco.org.ma&rft.atitle=Capitals+of+Islamic+Culture+%7C+Islamic+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization+%E2%80%93+ISESCO+%E2%80%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isesco.org.ma%2Fcapitals-of-islamic-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bakuprocess.az/forums/baku-forum-2011/introduction/">"Introduction – Baku process"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+%E2%80%93+Baku+process&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbakuprocess.az%2Fforums%2Fbaku-forum-2011%2Fintroduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816003015/http://bakuprocess.az/baku-process/about-process/">"About Process – Baku process"</a>. <i>bakuprocess.az</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bakuprocess.az/baku-process/about-process/">the original</a> on 2017-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bakuprocess.az&rft.atitle=About+Process+%E2%80%93+Baku+process&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbakuprocess.az%2Fbaku-process%2Fabout-process%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Azerbaijan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Azerbaijan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template talk:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Azerbaijan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_culture" title="Nakhchivan culture">Nakhchivan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughan culture">Mughan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran (Caucasus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–13)">Russo-Persian War (1804–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%931907" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907">Armenian–Tatar massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan#Independent_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Independent Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_name_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the name Azerbaijan">History of the name Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Fire" title="The Land of Fire">The Land of Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Azerbaijan" title="Coat of arms of Azerbaijan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan" title="Bodies of water of Azerbaijan">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Azerbaijan" title="Climate change in Azerbaijan">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Azerbaijan" title="Environment of Azerbaijan">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Azerbaijan" title="Extreme points of Azerbaijan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Azerbaijan" title="Fauna of Azerbaijan">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flora of Azerbaijan">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geology of Azerbaijan">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves of Azerbaijan">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mountains of Azerbaijan">Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of lakes of Azerbaijan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Azerbaijan" title="National parks of Azerbaijan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Orography of Azerbaijan">Orography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of protected areas of Azerbaijan">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_reserves_of_Azerbaijan" title="State reserves of Azerbaijan">State reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Azerbaijan" title="Borders of Azerbaijan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of cities in Azerbaijan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cabinet of Azerbaijan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Children's rights in Azerbaijan">Children's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of political parties in Azerbaijan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_policy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Migration policy of Azerbaijan">Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agriculture in Azerbaijan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of companies of Azerbaijan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Manat (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Metallurgy in Azerbaijan">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mineral industry of Azerbaijan">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Azerbaijan" title="Natural resources of Azerbaijan">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tourism in Azerbaijan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folklore" title="Azerbaijani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_national_identity" title="Azerbaijani national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_mythology" title="Azerbaijani mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz (New Year)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">Rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Azerbaijan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_tradition_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Azerbaijan" title="Gender equality in Azerbaijan">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_Azerbaijan" title="Medicine in Azerbaijan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Azerbaijan" title="Healthcare in Azerbaijan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of Azerbaijanis">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Azerbaijan" title="National symbols of Azerbaijan">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Azərbaycan marşı">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Azerbaijan" title="National emblem of Azerbaijan">National emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan" title="Outline of Azerbaijan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Caucasus#Azerbaijan" title="Bibliography of the history of the Caucasus">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan" title="Category:Azerbaijan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Culture of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain" title="Culture of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Timor" title="Culture of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Culture of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Maldives" title="Culture of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td 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href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Macau" title="Culture of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andorra" title="Culture of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Culture of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of 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