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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">查看“︁社会阶级”︁的源代码</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="这篇条目只存在于此语言中。添加其他语言的条目" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" 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href="/zh/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7&action=edit" title="编辑该页面"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A%25E9%2598%25B6%25E7%25BA%25A7%26action%3Dedit"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A%25E9%2598%25B6%25E7%25BA%25A7%26action%3Dedit"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187588" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">←<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="社会阶级">社会阶级</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>根据以下的原因，您并无权限去编辑该页面： </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <table id="mw-blocked-text" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,rgba(0,0,0,0.4)); border-radius: 3px; width:100%; margin:0 auto 6px auto; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin: 1.3em 0 1.3em 0;"><div style="font-size:1.6em; color:var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1));"><b>您現在使用的IP地址目前不能編輯維基百科</b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; padding: 0 2em; border-radius: 3px;"><b>您可以瀏覽頁面</b>，但不能編輯或建立頁面</div></div> </div> <div style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p>目前，IP地址區段「<u>8.222.0.0/16</u>」已被‪Jimmy-abot‬<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLOCK">封禁</a></b>，而您所使用的IP地址正位於被封禁的範圍內。該IP地址區段被封禁的 </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666) solid; border-radius: 3px;" id="mw-blocked-text-reason"> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">封禁理由：</div> <div style="color: var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1)); margin:0.5em 1em"> <table class="user-block" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banned_proxys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/50px-Banned_proxys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/75px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/100px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>您正在使用的<a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP地址</a>被判定用于代理工具，因此这一IP已经被封禁。 <p>为防止破坏，<b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/No_open_proxies/zh" class="extiw" title="m:No open proxies/zh">维基媒体基金会禁止使用部分代理工具来编辑维基百科</a></b>。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <p><b>为什么？</b> </p><p>您当前访问维基百科使用的IP被我们判定为代理（包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="突破网络审查">突破网络审查</a>）工具所使用的IP。因代理工具可以隐藏用户的真实IP，使破坏者可以以人工或程序对维基百科进行破坏，故禁止使用公共代理工具进行编辑。 </p><p><b>怎么办？</b> </p> <ul><li>直接访问维基百科，不经过代理服务。</li> <li>如果您在中国大陆而必须使用代理服务器，或是有特殊需要，请您 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked proxy"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用网站</span></a></span> 或者 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用电邮</span></a></span> 申请IP封禁豁免。带有此权限的用户可以使用被封禁的代理编辑维基百科。</li> <li>如果您相信自己并未运行或使用代理，那很可能是因为上一个从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>分配到此IP地址的用户运行了代理。那么请在您的<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:讨论页">讨论页</a>使用{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>}}模板申请解除封禁。极少数情况下，您的网络设备或服务提供商可能未进行正确配置，或已被恶意软件（如病毒）入侵。</li> <li>您如果无法自行解决问题，可至<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" title="Wikipedia:IRC聊天频道">IRC聊天频道</a>寻求其他编者的帮助。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">這次封禁的結束時間是：<b>2025年7月23日 (三) 10:52 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>)</b></div> </div> <p>如您对此封禁有疑问或异议，您可以： </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1)); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666 solid); border-radius: 3px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>网站申诉</b>：前往<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp">-{R|https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp}-</a>，如果您没有账户，请选择“无法创建账户”。如果您有账户，请选择“已有账户，但无法编辑”。在页面下方的“IP地址和IPBE”一节，请您选择“检测并提供我的IP地址信息，同时申请IPBE权限”。如果您使用代理/翻墙工具，请确保您开启全局模式，以保证我们获得您的准确IP信息。管理员将手工处理您的请求。</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>邮件申诉</b>：将您的用户名和申诉理由写入电子邮件，发送至 <b><samp>unblock-zh<span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="@"><img alt="@" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/12px-Nospam_at.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/18px-Nospam_at.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/24px-Nospam_at.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span>lists.wikimedia.org</samp></b>。管理员将在收到邮件后考虑您的请求。请注意邮件发送可能会有延时，请勿重复多次发送。</div> <div class="user-show"><b>联络管理员</b>：聯絡<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%B5%E9%82%AE%E8%81%94%E7%B3%BB/Jimmy-abot" title="Special:电邮联系/Jimmy-abot">执行封禁的管理员‪Jimmy-abot‬</a>或者其他的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%91%98%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95#在任管理员" title="Wikipedia:管理员名单">管理員</a>，討論這次封禁。如果您希望使用「電郵用戶」功能聯絡管理員，請注意您必须已于您的<a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE" title="Special:参数设置">参数设置</a>中設定了一個有效的電子郵件地址，并且在管理员执行封禁时没有被禁止发送电子邮件。</div></div> <p>您目前的IP地址是8.222.208.146，而該封鎖ID是#566341。請您在所有申訴中註明此IP地址及封鎖ID。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="height: 2em;"></div> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>您的IP地址属于已<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">在所有维基媒体基金会维基受到封禁</a>的地址段。</b> <p>封禁执行者是<a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>。封禁原因是<i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>。 </p> <ul><li>封禁开始时间：2023年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li> <li>封禁期满时间：2028年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li></ul> <p>您当前的IP地址是8.222.208.146。封禁的地址段是8.222.128.0/17。 </p> 请在进行咨询时提供上面所有详情。如果您认为您受到错误封禁，您可以在<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">禁止公开代理</a>全域方针里找到更多信息和说明。您也可以<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">到元维基发布复查申请</a>讨论该封禁。您还可以给<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">监管员</a><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a>队列（<kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd>）发送提供上面所有详情的电子邮件。</li></ul><hr /> <p>您可以查看和复制此页面的源代码。 </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="zh" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Otheruses|社會階層|subject=社会分层|other=因[[财富]]分配形成的社会分层}} {{Expand language|1=en|time=2021-04-29T08:44:53+00:00}} {{社会学}} '''社会阶級'''（{{lang-en|'''social class'''}}）、'''阶级'''，意义相近或相关的[[汉语]]词汇还有“等級”、“阶层”、“社会等级”，按照[[马克思主义]]理论的划分，即对具有相同或相似的经济水準和社会身份的社会群体总称。 == 定义 == 在很多历史或政治中引用的“阶级”意指“具有不同身份，不同地位、財富、勞動形式、生活方式、或其他社會、經濟、或文化因素等<ref>[http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/caat/caat_rptcaatc.php?_op=?SUBJECT_ID:300138992 藝術與建築索引典—社會階級] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125114222/http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/caat/caat_rptcaatc.php?_op=%3FSUBJECT_ID%3A300138992 |date=2011-11-25 }} 於2011 年4 月8 日查閱</ref>，不同[[意识形态]]的多个社会性群体”，通常不同阶级之间都存在压迫与被压迫的不平等关系。对于阶级的大部分学说，都是建立在认为社会存在着分裂和对立的集团，并且集团之间的对立使社会处于持久的冲突之中。马克思试图在[[资本论]]中分析这一存在，可惜没有完成。<ref>{{Cite web|title=��ȫ��ڶ�ʮ��ʮ�� |url=https://www.marxists.org/chinese/marx-engels/25/053.htm|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=2024-10-18}}</ref> [[马克思列宁主义]]认为：阶级不是从来就有的，如最早的[[原始社会]]由于[[生產率|生产力]]的过度低下，不具备出现阶级的根本因素。一般认为阶级的出现是生产力达到一定程度后出现的，例如稍微大的社會開始存在分工現象，而它将必然消亡于另一个生产力极端发达的社会（如[[资本主义]]社会消灭[[封建主义]]社会）。最早的阶级出现在奴隶制时期——[[奴隶主]]阶级与[[奴隶]]阶级。[[马克思主义]]对阶级最经典{{cn}}的定义来自[[列宁]]： {{quote|所谓阶级，就是这样一些大的集团，这些集团在历史上一定的社会生产体系中所处的地位不同，对生产资料的占有关系（这种关系大部分是在法律上明文规定了的）不同，在社会劳动组织中所起的作用不同，因而领得自己所支配的那份社会财富的方式和数量也不同。所谓阶级，就是这样一些集团，由于它们在一定社会经济结构中所处的地位不同，其中一个集团能够占有另一个集团的劳动。<ref>{{cite book zh| author = 列宁| coauthors = 中共中央马恩列斯著作编译局 | title = 列宁选集第四卷 | publisher = 人民出版社 | date = 1996 | location = 北京 | pages = 10 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 7010015031 }}</ref>}} == 划分 == 不同时期，社会对'''阶级'''或'''阶层'''的划分各不相同。现代社会，提到“阶级”或“阶层”时，通常所指个人或者集团对财富拥有量，而不是指对[[生产资料]]的占有。 [[马克思·韦伯]]认为阶级是由市场状况决定的，因此他将阶级划分为买卖双方，阶级冲突就是[[市场]]控制权的争夺。他同时还提出了“'''地位群体'''”的概念，认为除了通过经济状况划分以外，还必须通过身份、[[荣誉]]、[[价值观]]、[[生活方式]]的自我认同才能成为阶级<ref>{{cite book zh| author = 马克思·韦伯| title = 经济与社会 | publisher = 商务印书馆 | date = 1997年 | location = 北京 | pages = 333-339 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 9787100021487 }}</ref>。社會學家[[拉尔夫·达仁道夫]]则从权力分配角度把阶级划分为统治者和被统治者<ref name="经济与社会">{{cite book zh| author = 拉尔夫·达仁道夫| title = 现代社会冲突 | publisher = 中国社会科学出版社 | date = 2000年 | location = 北京 | pages = 43 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 9787500427049 }}</ref>。 * 特例：古時部分地區實行世襲階級制度的社會，例如理论上已经成为历史的[[印度]]的等级社会（[[印度种姓制度]]）：一个人不只自出生，就自然进入了这个等级社会，而且一生也没法摆脱。同時，男系的後代不能改變身份。 * '''现代[[西方社会]]'''的社会阶层（阶级）：社会阶层很不固定，而且法律方面也没有任何阐述。当西方经济学家们说到阶级或社会阶层的时候，通常是指基于经济学上与现代社会或近现代社会相联系的社会阶层（阶级）。 == 参考文献 == {{Reflist|30em}} == 参见 == * [[无产阶级]]、[[资产阶级]] * [[工人阶级]]、[[中產階級]] * [[蓝领]]、[[白领]] * [[四民]] * [[种姓制度]] * [[王國境內的諸階層]] * [[新阶级]] * [[階級鬥爭]] * [[階級複製]] {{-}} {{社会阶层}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:社会阶级| ]] [[Category:人类学]] [[Category:身分制度]] [[Category:社会阶层]] [[Category:社會學術語]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>本页<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB" title="Wikipedia:嵌入包含">嵌入包含</a>了118个页面： </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:-" 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