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Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-ibL1re"><span class="FewWi"></span>What’s new in PostgreSQL 17, now available in Cloud SQL</div></h1></div></div><div class="nRhiJb-fmcmS-oXtfBe dEogG">October 25, 2024</div></div></section><div class="EKklye"><div class="nRhiJb-DARUcf ZWw7T"><div class="npzWPc"><div class="dzoHJ"><div class="nRhiJb-DX2B6 nRhiJb-DX2B6-OWXEXe-h30Snd"><div class="nRhiJb-j5y3u"><ul class="nRhiJb-Qijihe phRaUe" role="list"><li class="hpHPGf"><a class="nRhiJb-ARYxNe" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet?text=What’s%20new%20in%20PostgreSQL%2017,%20now%20available%20in%20Cloud%20SQL%20@googlecloud&url=https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/postgresql-17-now-available-on-cloud-sql" track-name="x"track-type="social share"track-metadata-eventdetail="x.com/intent/tweet?text=What’s new in PostgreSQL 17, now available in Cloud SQL%20@googlecloud&url=cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/postgresql-17-now-available-on-cloud-sql"track-metadata-module="social icons" target="_blank" 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Cloud</p></div></section></div></section><div class="nRhiJb-DARUcf"><div class="nRhiJb-ObfsIf nRhiJb-DbgRPb-wNfPc-ma6Yeb nRhiJb-DbgRPb-qWD73c-cGMI2b"><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-ibL1re dzoHJ"><div class="aLW4J" track-metadata-module="left rail"><h5 class="qZDXV Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-wNfPc">Google Cloud Summit Series</h5><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed Mrfygc nRhiJb-BP2Omd-ma6Yeb-KE6vqe nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-cGMI2b">Discover the latest in AI, Security, Workspace, App Dev, & more.</p><a class="nRhiJb-LgbsSe nRhiJb-LgbsSe-OWXEXe-CNusmb-o6Shpd " href="https://cloudonair.withgoogle.com/summit_series_24?utm_source=cgc-blog&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=summit-series-2024&utm_content=summit-series-left-hand-rail-cta&utm_term=-" track-metadata-module="left rail"track-metadata-module_headline="google cloud summit series" track-name="register"track-type="button"track-metadata-position="cta"track-metadata-eventdetail="cloudonair.withgoogle.com/summit_series_24?utm_source=cgc-blog&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=summit-series-2024&utm_content=summit-series-left-hand-rail-cta&utm_term=-">Register </a></div></div><div class="OYL9D nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-OiUrBf" jsname="tx2NYc"><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">We’re excited to announce support for </span><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/release-17.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">PostgreSQL 17</span></a><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> in Cloud SQL, complete with many new features and valuable enhancements across five key areas:</span></p> <ul> <li><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Security</strong></li> <li><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Developer experience</strong></li> <li><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Performance</strong></li> <li><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Tooling</strong></li> <li><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Observability</strong></li> </ul> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">In this blog post, we explore these areas in depth, providing valuable insights and examples to guide you in leveraging PostgreSQL 17 on Cloud SQL.</span></p> <h3><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Enhanced security </strong></h3> <p><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ddl-priv.html#DDL-PRIV-MAINTAIN" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><strong style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">MAINTAIN</strong></a><strong style="vertical-align:baseline"> privilege and </strong><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/predefined-roles.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><strong style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">pg_maintain</strong></a><strong style="vertical-align:baseline"> role</strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">PostgreSQL 17 introduces the </span><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ddl-priv.html#DDL-PRIV-MAINTAIN" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><code style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">MAINTAIN</code></a><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> privilege, which lets you perform maintenance operations like VACUUM, ANALYZE, REINDEX, and CLUSTER on database objects, even if you are not the owner of those objects. This provides a more granular level of control over database maintenance tasks.</span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">PostgreSQL 17 also introduces a predefined role called </span><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/predefined-roles.html#PREDEFINED-ROLES-TABLE" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><code style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">pg_maintain</code></a><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> that allows executing maintenance operations on all relations, as if you had MAINTAIN rights on those objects, even without having it explicitly. </span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">For example, here is how a table owner can grant the MAINTAIN privilege on a table to a user:</span></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="grant maintain on table <table_name> to <user_name>;"><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">grant maintain on table <table_name> to <user_name>;</textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">For example, </span><span style="vertical-align:baseline">a </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">postgres</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> user can grant the pg_maintain role to a user with this command:</span></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="grant pg_maintain to <user_name>;"><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">grant pg_maintain to <user_name>;</textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="k6ctOd"><aside class="IwVNTb"><div class="ecJG2e nRhiJb-ObfsIf"><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-OiUrBf nRhiJb-snVHke-ibL1re-X66g3b nRhiJb-snVHke-R6PoUb-UFsB2c"><h4 class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-qWD73c">$300 in free credit to try Google Cloud databases</h4><p class="nRhiJb-qJTHM nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>Try fully managed database services with $300 in free credit for new customers. Plus, all customers get free monthly usage of 20+ products, including Cloud Firestore.</p></span></p><a class="nRhiJb-LgbsSe nRhiJb-LgbsSe-OWXEXe-MNynB-o6Shpd LZTd1c" href="http://console.cloud.google.com/freetrial?redirectPath=/products?#databases" target="_blank" rel="noopener" track-name="start building for free"track-type="button"track-metadata-position="body"track-metadata-eventdetail="http://console.cloud.google.com/freetrial?redirectPath=/products?#databases"track-metadata-module="aside"track-metadata-module_headline="$300 in free credit to try google cloud databases" track-name="start building for free"track-type="button"track-metadata-position="body"track-metadata-eventdetail="http://console.cloud.google.com/freetrial?redirectPath=/products?#databases">Start building for free </a></div></div></aside></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><h3><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Developer experience enhancements</strong></h3> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">MERGE ... RETURNING</strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">The </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">MERGE</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> command is a powerful addition to PostgreSQL 17 that allows developers to perform conditional updates, inserts or deletes in a single SQL statement. This command not only simplifies data manipulation but also improves performance by reducing the number of separate queries.</span></p> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Convert JSON data into a standard PostgreSQL table</strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline"><span style="vertical-align:baseline">The </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">JSON_TABLE</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> function in PostgreSQL 17 introduces a more intuitive way to convert JSON data into a standard table format, making it easier to work with it. Unlike earlier methods such as </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">json_to_recordset()</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline">, which can be complex to work with, JSON_TABLE offers a cleaner and more standardized approach for transforming JSON documents into tabular form.</span></span></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="SELECT * FROM json_table( '[ {"name": "Alice", "salary": 50000}, {"name": "Bob", "salary": 60000} ]', '$[*]' COLUMNS ( name TEXT PATH '$.name', salary INT PATH '$.salary' ) ) AS employee;"><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">SELECT * FROM json_table( '[ {"name": "Alice", "salary": 50000}, {"name": "Bob", "salary": 60000} ]', '$[*]' COLUMNS ( name TEXT PATH '$.name', salary INT PATH '$.salary' ) ) AS employee;</textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">The output for the above query should look like this:</span></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="name | salary -------+-------- Alice | 50000 Bob | 60000"><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">name | salary -------+-------- Alice | 50000 Bob | 60000</textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><h3><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Performance improvements</strong></h3> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Improved memory structure for vacuum </strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">PostgreSQL 17 introduces a new, more efficient data structure called TidStore to store tuple IDs during VACUUM operations. This replaces the previous array-based approach, resulting in significantly reduced memory consumption. This approach also eliminates the 1GB of memory usage limit while vacuuming the table. </span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">In the </span><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#VACUUM-PROGRESS-REPORTING" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><code style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">pg_stat_progress_vacuum</code></a><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> system view, a couple of new columns have been introduced to provide additional details about the vacuum process, and a couple of existing column names have been changed </span></p> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Improved I/O performance </strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">In PostgreSQL 17, an enhancement to the ReadBuffer API introduces reading multiple consecutive blocks from disk into shared buffers with one system call. </span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">This improvement is particularly beneficial for workloads that involve reading multiple consecutive blocks, as it reduces the overhead associated with multiple individual read operations. It also helps the ANALYZE operation to quickly update planner statistics.</span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">PostgreSQL 17 also introduces</span><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> </span><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-IO-COMBINE-LIMIT" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">io_combine_limit</span></a><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> to control your largest I/O size for operations that combine I/O. The default is 128kB.</span></p> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Improved IS [NOT] NULL handling</strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">PostgreSQL 17 introduces optimizations to reduce the unnecessary evaluation of IS NULL and IS NOT NULL clauses. This change enhances the efficiency of queries by avoiding redundant checks and makes these operations faster, especially in complex queries or when multiple conditions involve NULL values.</span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">For example, assuming the </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">id</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> column in the </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">null_handling</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> table is defined as </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">NOT NULL</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline">, executing the explain plan would results to:</span></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="postgres=> explain select * from null_handling where id is null; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------ Result (cost=0.00..0.00 rows=0 width=0) One-Time Filter: false"><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">postgres=> explain select * from null_handling where id is null; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------ Result (cost=0.00..0.00 rows=0 width=0) One-Time Filter: false</textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Given this, PostgreSQL can immediately determine that the condition “id IS NULL” will never be true, so it doesn't need to actually access the table data. The </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">One-Time Filter: false </code><span style="vertical-align:baseline">indicates that the condition “id IS NULL” is not satisfied for any rows, as all values in the id column are guaranteed to be non-null.</span></p> <h3><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Tooling improvements</strong></h3> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Improved COPY Error Handling and Verbosity Control</strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">PostgreSQL 17 introduces improvements to the COPY command with options like </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">ON_ERROR</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> and </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">LOG_VERBOSITY</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline">. These options let you handle errors more gracefully and obtain better insights into skipped rows during data import operations.</span></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="cat sample_data.csv 1,John,30 2,Mary,abc 3,Sam,25 4,Amy,35"><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">cat sample_data.csv 1,John,30 2,Mary,abc 3,Sam,25 4,Amy,35</textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Here, the third column is age(integer), hence “abc” is an invalid data for data type integers.</span></p> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Import the data with below command</strong></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="postgres=> \COPY test_copy from sample_data.csv (ON_ERROR ignore, LOG_VERBOSITY verbose , format csv); NOTICE: skipping row due to data type incompatibility at line 2 for column age: "abc " NOTICE: 1 row was skipped due to data type incompatibility COPY 3"><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">postgres=> \COPY test_copy from sample_data.csv (ON_ERROR ignore, LOG_VERBOSITY verbose , format csv); NOTICE: skipping row due to data type incompatibility at line 2 for column age: "abc " NOTICE: 1 row was skipped due to data type incompatibility COPY 3</textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">PostgreSQL 17 also introduces a new column, </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">tuples_skipped,</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> to the </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">pg_stat_progress_copy</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> view, which shows the number of tuples skipped because they contain malformed data. </span></p> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">pg_dump, pg_dumpall, pg_restore with --filter option</strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">PostgreSQL 17 introduces a </span><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/about/featurematrix/detail/437/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="vertical-align:baseline">--filter</span></a><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> option, which provides more fine-grained control over what objects are included or excluded in a dump or restore operation. </span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">For example</span><span style="vertical-align:baseline">, you can </span><span style="vertical-align:baseline">create a filter file and use it in the pg_dump:</span></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="[postgres@hostname ~]$ cat filter.file include table pgbench* pg_dump -d postgres --filter=filter.file -fp -f postgres.text -h <ip_address>"><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">[postgres@hostname ~]$ cat filter.file include table pgbench* pg_dump -d postgres --filter=filter.file -fp -f postgres.text -h <ip_address></textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">pg_restore with --transaction-size option</strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">The pg_restore command now includes a</span><code style="vertical-align:baseline"> --transaction-size</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> option, allowing you to commit after processing a specified number of objects. Using the </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">--transaction-size </code><span style="vertical-align:baseline">option lets you break down the restore process into smaller sets of objects, for more manageable transactions.</span></p> <h2><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Enhanced observability</span></h2> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">pg_wait_events system view</strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">The new </span><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">pg_wait_events</strong><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> system view provides information about events that are causing processes to wait. This can be helpful for identifying performance bottlenecks and troubleshooting database issues.</span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A simple query should look like:</span></p> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">SELECT * FROM pg_wait_events LIMIT 5;</code></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">By effectively using </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">pg_wait_events</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> with </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">pg_stat_activity</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline">, you can gain valuable insights into the performance of your PostgreSQL database and identify areas for improvement.</span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">For example:</span></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="postgres=> select psa.datname, psa.usename, psa.state, psa.wait_event_type, psa.wait_event, psa.query, we.description from pg_stat_activity psa join pg_wait_events we on psa.wait_event_type = we.type and psa.wait_event = we.name;"><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">postgres=> select psa.datname, psa.usename, psa.state, psa.wait_event_type, psa.wait_event, psa.query, we.description from pg_stat_activity psa join pg_wait_events we on psa.wait_event_type = we.type and psa.wait_event = we.name;</textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Here is sample output for the above command (the output includes projected columns and truncated rows for relevance):</span></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="|wait_event_type | query | description +----------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------- | Client | update pgbench_accounts set abalance=300; | Waiting to read data from the client | IPC | checkpoint; | Waiting for a checkpoint to start . . ."><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">|wait_event_type | query | description +----------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------- | Client | update pgbench_accounts set abalance=300; | Waiting to read data from the client | IPC | checkpoint; | Waiting for a checkpoint to start . . .</textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">pg_stat_checkpointer system view</strong></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">The pg_stat_checkpointer system view provides information about the performance and activity of the checkpoint process, offering valuable insights into the frequency of checkpoints, the amount of data written during checkpoints, and the time taken to complete checkpoints.</span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Run the following query to get insights on checkpointer activity:</span></p></span></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="SELECT * FROM pg_stat_checkpointer;"><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">SELECT * FROM pg_stat_checkpointer;</textarea></div></div></div><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb TxA6Xc"></p></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">This query returns a record containing various </span><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-CHECKPOINTER-VIEW" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">metrics</span></a><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> related to the checkpoint process, allowing you to monitor and analyze the performance of checkpoints in the PostgreSQL instance.</span></p> <h2><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Summary</span></h2> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">In summary, Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL 17 introduces significant advancements in security, developer experience, performance, tooling, and observability. These enhancements are designed to streamline your database operations and improve database management capabilities. Refer to the official </span><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/release-17.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">release notes</span></a><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> for a complete list of new features and detailed information. </span></p> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">We encourage you to try Cloud SQL PostgreSQL 17 today and experience the benefits of these powerful updates. For more information about Cloud SQL, explore the </span><a href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/postgresql?hl=en"><span style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL Managed Database section</span></a><span style="vertical-align:baseline">. To create your Cloud SQL PostgreSQL 17 instance, click </span><a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/"><span style="text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline">here</span></a><span style="vertical-align:baseline">. </span></p></span></section><section class="kcBhad"><section class="Fabbec"><span class="WrMNjb">Posted in</span><ul class="FzXI4e"><li class="I4B51b"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases" track-metadata-position="body"track-metadata-eventdetail="cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases"track-metadata-module="tag list"track-metadata-module_headline="posted in">Databases</a></li><li class="I4B51b"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/cloud-sql" track-metadata-position="body"track-metadata-eventdetail="cloud.google.com/blog/products/cloud-sql"track-metadata-module="tag list"track-metadata-module_headline="posted in">Cloud SQL</a></li></ul></section></section></div></div></div></div></div><section class="nRhiJb-DARUcf " 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Cloud","/blog/ko/topics/inside-google-cloud"],["Google Cloud Next 및 이벤트","/blog/ko/topics/google-cloud-next"],["Google Maps Platform","/blog/ko/products/maps-platform"],["Google Workspace","https://workspace.google.com/blog/ko"]]]],["개발 및 IT운영","/blog/ko/topics/developers-practitioners"],["Google Cloud와 함께 하는 디지털 혁신","/transform/ko"]]]]]],'cloud.google.com','https', null , false , null ,[[97656899,97785988,1706538,97684535,97442199,48897392,97863170,93778619,48554500,97517172,97535270,1714247,93874004,48830069,48887082,97863042,48489822,97716263,97656881,97785970,97684517,97442181,97517154,93873986,48887064],null,null,null,null,true],]; window.IJ_valuesCb && window.IJ_valuesCb();</script><script class="ds:0" nonce="7WJR6C9wXFkYL4YJLgQtrA">AF_initDataCallback({key: 'ds:0', hash: '1', data:[["PostgreSQL 17 now available on Cloud SQL","PostgreSQL 17 on Cloud SQL has new features across security, developer experience, performance, tooling, and observability.",[1729810800],"https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-2600x2600.jpg","https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/postgresql-17-now-available-on-cloud-sql",[1729810805,268470000]],[["Naresh Gandi","PostgreSQL Database Engineer, Google Cloud"]],[null,"\u003cscript type\u003d\"application/ld+json\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"BlogPosting\",\"@id\":\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/postgresql-17-now-available-on-cloud-sql\",\"headline\":\"PostgreSQL 17 now available on Cloud SQL\",\"description\":\"PostgreSQL 17 on Cloud SQL has new features across security, developer experience, performance, tooling, and observability.\",\"image\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-2600x2600.jpg\",\"author\":[{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Naresh Gandi\",\"url\":\"\"}],\"datePublished\":\"2024-10-24\",\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Google Cloud\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v8bb8fa0afe9a8c3a776ebeb25d421bb443344d789b3607754dfabea418b8c4be/cloud/images/cloud-logo.svg\"}},\"url\":\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/postgresql-17-now-available-on-cloud-sql\",\"keywords\":[\"Databases\",\"Cloud SQL\"],\"timeRequired\":\"PT5M\"}\u003c/script\u003e"],["What\u2019s new in PostgreSQL 17, now available in Cloud SQL"],null,null,[[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWe\u2019re excited to announce support for \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/release-17.html\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePostgreSQL 17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e in Cloud SQL, complete with many new features and valuable enhancements across five key areas:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eSecurity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDeveloper experience\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePerformance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eTooling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eObservability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIn this blog post, we explore these areas in depth, providing valuable insights and examples to guide you in leveraging PostgreSQL 17 on Cloud SQL.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eEnhanced security\u00a0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ddl-priv.html#DDL-PRIV-MAINTAIN\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMAINTAIN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e privilege and \u003c/strong\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/predefined-roles.html\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_maintain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e role\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePostgreSQL 17 introduces the \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ddl-priv.html#DDL-PRIV-MAINTAIN\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMAINTAIN\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e privilege, which lets you perform maintenance operations like VACUUM, ANALYZE, REINDEX, and CLUSTER on database objects, even if you are not the owner of those objects. This provides a more granular level of control over database maintenance tasks.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePostgreSQL 17 also introduces a predefined role called \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/predefined-roles.html#PREDEFINED-ROLES-TABLE\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_maintain\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e that allows executing maintenance operations on all relations, as if you had MAINTAIN rights on those objects, even without having it explicitly.\u00a0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eFor example, here is how a table owner can grant the MAINTAIN privilege on a table to a user:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["grant maintain on table \u003ctable_name\u003e to \u003cuser_name\u003e;",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eFor example, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ea \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epostgres\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e user can grant the pg_maintain role to a user with this command:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["grant pg_maintain to \u003cuser_name\u003e;",null,[null,""]]],[null,["$300 in free credit to try Google Cloud databases",null,"Start building for free","http://console.cloud.google.com/freetrial?redirectPath\u003d/products?#databases",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTry fully managed database services with $300 in free credit for new customers. Plus, all customers get free monthly usage of 20+ products, including Cloud Firestore.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDeveloper experience enhancements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMERGE ... RETURNING\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThe \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMERGE\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e command is a powerful addition to PostgreSQL 17 that allows developers to perform conditional updates, inserts or deletes in a single SQL statement. This command not only simplifies data manipulation but also improves performance by reducing the number of separate queries.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eConvert JSON data into a standard PostgreSQL table\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThe \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eJSON_TABLE\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e function in PostgreSQL 17 introduces a more intuitive way to convert JSON data into a standard table format, making it easier to work with it. Unlike earlier methods such as \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ejson_to_recordset()\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e, which can be complex to work with, JSON_TABLE offers a cleaner and more standardized approach for transforming JSON documents into tabular form.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["SELECT *\r\nFROM json_table(\r\n '[\r\n {\"name\": \"Alice\", \"salary\": 50000},\r\n {\"name\": \"Bob\", \"salary\": 60000}\r\n ]',\r\n '$[*]'\r\n COLUMNS (\r\n name TEXT PATH '$.name',\r\n salary INT PATH '$.salary'\r\n )\r\n) AS employee;",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThe output for the above query should look like this:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["name | salary \r\n-------+--------\r\n Alice | 50000\r\n Bob | 60000",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePerformance improvements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eImproved memory structure for vacuum\u00a0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePostgreSQL 17 introduces a new, more efficient data structure called TidStore to store tuple IDs during VACUUM operations. This replaces the previous array-based approach, resulting in significantly reduced memory consumption. This approach also eliminates the 1GB of memory usage limit while vacuuming the table.\u00a0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIn the \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/progress-reporting.html#VACUUM-PROGRESS-REPORTING\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_stat_progress_vacuum\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e system view, a couple of\u00a0 new columns have been introduced to provide additional details about the vacuum process, and a couple of existing column names have been changed\u00a0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eImproved I/O performance\u00a0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIn PostgreSQL 17, an enhancement to the ReadBuffer API introduces reading multiple consecutive blocks from disk into shared buffers with one system call.\u00a0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThis improvement is particularly beneficial for workloads that involve reading multiple consecutive blocks, as it reduces the overhead associated with multiple individual read operations. It also helps the ANALYZE operation to quickly update planner statistics.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePostgreSQL 17 also introduces\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-IO-COMBINE-LIMIT\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eio_combine_limit\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e to control your largest I/O size for operations that combine I/O. The default is 128kB.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eImproved IS [NOT] NULL handling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePostgreSQL 17 introduces optimizations to reduce the unnecessary evaluation of IS NULL and IS NOT NULL clauses. This change enhances the efficiency of queries by avoiding redundant checks and makes these operations faster, especially in complex queries or when multiple conditions involve NULL values.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eFor example, assuming the \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eid\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e column in the \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003enull_handling\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e table is defined as \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eNOT NULL\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e, executing the explain plan would results to:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["postgres\u003d\u003e explain select * from null_handling where id is null;\r\n QUERY PLAN \r\n------------------------------------------\r\n Result (cost\u003d0.00..0.00 rows\u003d0 width\u003d0)\r\n One-Time Filter: false",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eGiven this, PostgreSQL can immediately determine that the condition \u201cid IS NULL\u201d will never be true, so it doesn't need to actually access the table data. The \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eOne-Time Filter: false \u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eindicates that the condition \u201cid IS NULL\u201d\u00a0 is not satisfied for any rows, as all values in the id column are guaranteed to be non-null.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eTooling improvements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eImproved COPY Error Handling and Verbosity Control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePostgreSQL 17 introduces improvements to the COPY command with options like \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eON_ERROR\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e and \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eLOG_VERBOSITY\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e. These options let you handle errors more gracefully and obtain better insights into skipped rows during data import operations.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["cat sample_data.csv\r\n1,John,30\r\n2,Mary,abc \r\n3,Sam,25\r\n4,Amy,35",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eHere, the third column is age(integer),\u00a0 hence \u201cabc\u201d is an invalid data for data type integers.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eImport the data with below command\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["postgres\u003d\u003e \\COPY test_copy from sample_data.csv (ON_ERROR ignore, LOG_VERBOSITY verbose , format csv);\r\nNOTICE: skipping row due to data type incompatibility at line 2 for column age: \"abc \"\r\nNOTICE: 1 row was skipped due to data type incompatibility\r\nCOPY 3",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePostgreSQL 17 also introduces a new column, \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003etuples_skipped,\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e to the \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_stat_progress_copy\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e view, which shows the number of tuples skipped because they contain malformed data.\u00a0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_dump, pg_dumpall, pg_restore with --filter option\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePostgreSQL 17 introduces a \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.postgresql.org/about/featurematrix/detail/437/\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e--filter\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e option, which provides more fine-grained control over what objects are included or excluded in a dump or restore operation.\u00a0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eFor example\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e, you can \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ecreate a filter file and use it in the pg_dump:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["[postgres@hostname ~]$ cat filter.file\r\ninclude table pgbench*\r\n\r\npg_dump -d postgres --filter\u003dfilter.file -fp -f postgres.text -h \u003cip_address\u003e",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_restore with --transaction-size option\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThe pg_restore command now includes a\u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e --transaction-size\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e option, allowing you to commit after processing a specified number of objects.\u00a0 Using the \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e--transaction-size \u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eoption lets you break down the restore process into smaller sets of objects, for more manageable transactions.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eEnhanced observability\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_wait_events system view\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThe new \u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_wait_events\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e system view provides information about events that are causing processes to wait. This can be helpful for identifying performance bottlenecks and troubleshooting database issues.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA simple query should look like:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eSELECT * FROM pg_wait_events LIMIT 5;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eBy effectively using \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_wait_events\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e with \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_stat_activity\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e, you can gain valuable insights into the performance of your PostgreSQL database and identify areas for improvement.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eFor example:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["postgres\u003d\u003e select \r\n psa.datname, \r\n psa.usename, \r\n psa.state, \r\n psa.wait_event_type, \r\n psa.wait_event, \r\n psa.query, \r\n we.description \r\nfrom \r\n pg_stat_activity psa \r\n join pg_wait_events we on psa.wait_event_type \u003d we.type \r\n and psa.wait_event \u003d we.name;",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eHere is sample output for the above command (the output includes projected columns and truncated rows for relevance):\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["|wait_event_type | query | description \r\n+----------------+-------------------------------------+----------------------------\r\n | Client | update pgbench_accounts set abalance\u003d300; | Waiting to read data from the client\r\n | IPC | checkpoint; | Waiting for a checkpoint to start\r\n . . .",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epg_stat_checkpointer system view\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThe pg_stat_checkpointer system view provides information about the performance and activity of the checkpoint process, offering valuable insights into the frequency of checkpoints, the amount of data written during checkpoints, and the time taken to complete checkpoints.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eRun the following query to get insights on checkpointer activity:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["SELECT * FROM pg_stat_checkpointer;",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThis query returns a record containing various \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/monitoring-stats.html#MONITORING-PG-STAT-CHECKPOINTER-VIEW\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003emetrics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e related to the checkpoint process, allowing you to monitor and analyze the performance of checkpoints in the PostgreSQL instance.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eSummary\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIn summary, Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL 17 introduces significant advancements in security, developer experience, performance, tooling, and observability. These enhancements are designed to streamline your database operations and improve database management capabilities. Refer to the official \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/release-17.html\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003erelease notes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e for a complete list of new features and detailed information.\u00a0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWe encourage you to try Cloud SQL PostgreSQL 17 today and experience the benefits of these powerful updates. For more information about Cloud SQL, explore the \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/sql/postgresql?hl\u003den\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eCloud SQL for PostgreSQL Managed Database section\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e. To create your Cloud SQL PostgreSQL 17 instance, click \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://console.cloud.google.com/\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ehere\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e.\u00a0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]],[["Databases","New Cassandra to Spanner adapter simplifies Yahoo's migration journey","A new proxy adapter makes it easier to migrate NoSQL Cassandra workloads to Spanner without any changes to the application logic.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg"],null,7,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/new-proxy-adapter-eases-cassandra-to-spanner-migration",null,1,[["Nitin Sagar","Sr. Product Manager, Google Cloud"],["Eike Falkenberg","Engineering Manager, Google"]],null,"55589"],["Databases","AlloyDB Omni supercharges performance: Faster transactions, analytics, and vector search","AlloyDB Omni 15.7.0 enhances PostgreSQL workflows with faster performance, an ultra-fast disk cache, SCaNN indexing in GA, and a Kubernetes operator.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg"],null,4,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/whats-new-in-alloydb-omni-version-15-7-0",null,1,[["Bjoern Rost","Product Manager"],["Ravi Murthy","Engineering Director, AlloyDB"]],null,"55581"],["Databases","Google is a Leader in The Forrester Wave\u2122: Translytical Data Platforms, Q4 2024","Google is a Leader in The Q4 2024 Forrester Wave: Translytical Data Platforms report for AlloyDB\u2019s transactional, analytical, and AI workload support.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg"],null,4,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/leader-in-the-forrester-wave-translytical-data-platforms-q4-2024",null,1,[["Gurmeet (GG) Goindi","Director Product Management, Databases"],["Aalok Muley","Group Product Manager, Databases"]],null,"55542"],["Databases","How AlloyDB unifies OLTP and OLAP workloads for Tricent","Tricent says AlloyDB shines at OLTP, processing millions of real-time updates, while the columnar engine speeds up complex analytical OLAP queries.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg"],null,4,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/tricent-standardizes-on-alloydb-for-olap-and-oltp-workloads",null,1,[["Jakob Tolstrup Bech","Chief Product \u0026 Technology Officer, Tricent Security Group A/S"]],null,"55500"]],null,"Databases",["Google Cloud Summit Series","Discover the latest in AI, Security, Workspace, App Dev, \u0026 more.","Register","https://cloudonair.withgoogle.com/summit_series_24?utm_source\u003dcgc-blog\u0026utm_medium\u003dblog\u0026utm_campaign\u003dsummit-series-2024\u0026utm_content\u003dsummit-series-left-hand-rail-cta\u0026utm_term\u003d-"],[["Databases","https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases","databases"],["Cloud SQL","https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/cloud-sql","cloud-sql"]],null,null,5], sideChannel: {}});</script><script id="wiz_jd" nonce="7WJR6C9wXFkYL4YJLgQtrA">if (window['_wjdc']) {const wjd = {}; 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