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id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Specific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_APG_classification_and_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_APG_classification_and_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern APG classification and phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_APG_classification_and_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_and_biogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_and_biogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Evolution and biogeography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_biogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions_and_genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions_and_genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Subdivisions and genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions_and_genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suprageneric_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suprageneric_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Suprageneric subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suprageneric_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Etymology and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pests_and_predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pests and predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Floriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Floriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tulips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Tulips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lilies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lilies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Lilies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lilies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Propagation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Sexual reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asexual_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asexual_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Asexual reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asexual_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toxicology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lilies_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lilies_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Lilies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lilies_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fleur-de-lis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fleur-de-lis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Fleur-de-lis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fleur-de-lis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tulips_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulips_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Tulips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulips_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Additional reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additional_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Additional reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Additional_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Systematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Systematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomic_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomic_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Taxonomic classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomic_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symposia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symposia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Symposia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symposia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.1</span> <span>Databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.2</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Liliaceae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D3%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7-%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="АӀуудз-лъэпкъ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="АӀуудз-лъэпкъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="زنبقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زنبقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanbaqkimil%C9%99r" title="Zanbaqkimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zanbaqkimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="زانباق کیمی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زانباق کیمی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Лілейныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лілейныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Лілейныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лілейныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Кремови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кремови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili%C3%A0cies" title="Liliàcies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Liliàcies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Лилия йышшисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лилия йышшисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliovit%C3%A9" title="Liliovité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liliovité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaw_(blodyn)" title="Alaw (blodyn) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alaw (blodyn)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilje-familien" title="Lilje-familien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lilje-familien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliengew%C3%A4chse" title="Liliengewächse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liliengewächse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liilialised" title="Liilialised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liilialised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliacoj" title="Liliacoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liliacoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سوسنیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوسنیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeljes_(famylje)" title="Leeljes (famylje) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Leeljes (famylje)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%ED%95%A9%EA%B3%BC" title="백합과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백합과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շուշանազգիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շուշանազգիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="लिलिएसी कुल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिलिएसी कुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilijowe_rostliny" title="Lilijowe rostliny – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lilijowe rostliny" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljiljanovke" title="Ljiljanovke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljiljanovke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Хъоппæгхуызтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъоппæгхуызтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilju%C3%A6tt" title="Liljuætt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Liljuætt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שושניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A" title="ಆಲೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="შროშანისებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შროშანისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Лалагүлдер тұқымдасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лалагүлдер тұқымдасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Лилия котыр – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лилия котыр" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%AEleya_l%C3%AEliyan" title="Famîleya lîliyan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Famîleya lîliyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лилиялар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лилиялар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliju_dzimta" title="Liliju dzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Liliju dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelijiniai" title="Lelijiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lelijiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliomf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Liliomfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liliomfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Лилјани – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лилјани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80" title="ലിലിയേസീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിലിയേസീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87" title="زنبقيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زنبقيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Зуншил цэцэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зуншил цэцэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leliefamilie" title="Leliefamilie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leliefamilie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E7%A7%91" title="ユリ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユリ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liilienplaanten" title="Liilienplaanten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Liilienplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liljefamilien" title="Liljefamilien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liljefamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liljefamilien" title="Liljefamilien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Liljefamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loladoshlar" title="Loladoshlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Loladoshlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="للی ٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="للی ٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Лилия котыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лилия котыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliowate" title="Liliowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liliowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liryu_yura_rikch%27aq_ayllu" title="Liryu yura rikch'aq ayllu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Liryu yura rikch'aq ayllu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Лилейные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лилейные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Љиљани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Љиљани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liljakasvit" title="Liljakasvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liljakasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liljev%C3%A4xter" title="Liljeväxter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liljeväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Liliaceae" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF" title="లిలియేసి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లిలియేసి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Liliaceae<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">68–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:196.98461538462px; width:23.015384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:196.98461538462px; width:23.015384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:197.98461538462px; width:21.015384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> - Recent</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ShoshanTzachor-2-wiki-Zachi-Evenor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/ShoshanTzachor-2-wiki-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/220px-ShoshanTzachor-2-wiki-Zachi-Evenor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/ShoshanTzachor-2-wiki-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/330px-ShoshanTzachor-2-wiki-Zachi-Evenor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/ShoshanTzachor-2-wiki-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/440px-ShoshanTzachor-2-wiki-Zachi-Evenor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2948" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_candidum" title="Lilium candidum">Lilium candidum</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Liliaceae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liliaceae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Juss.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jussieu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jussieu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp._Pl." class="mw-redirect" title="Sp. Pl.">Sp. Pl.</a> 1: 302. (1753)<sup id="cite_ref-LSP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_candidum" title="Lilium candidum">Lilium candidum</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp._Pl." class="mw-redirect" title="Sp. Pl.">Sp. Pl.</a> 1: 302. (1753)<sup id="cite_ref-LSP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subfamilies and tribes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b>subfamily</b>: <a href="/wiki/Streptopoideae" title="Streptopoideae">Streptopoideae</a></li> <li><b>subfamily</b>: <a href="/wiki/Calochortoideae" title="Calochortoideae">Calochortoideae</a></li> <li><b>subfamily</b>: <a href="/wiki/Medeoloideae" title="Medeoloideae">Medeoloideae</a></li> <li><b>subfamily</b>: <a href="/wiki/Lilioideae" title="Lilioideae">Lilioideae</a> <ul><li><b>tribe</b>: <a href="/wiki/Lilieae" title="Lilieae">Lilieae</a></li> <li><b>tribe</b>: <a href="/wiki/Tulipeae" title="Tulipeae">Tulipeae</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>sensu</i> <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">APWeb</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">About 600 species </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:220px;"> <span style="font-size:120%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:olive">✶ or ÷</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">P</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:teal">3+3</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:DarkViolet">A</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Indigo">3+3</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">G</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:DodgerBlue">(3)</span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">General <a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">floral formula</a> of the Liliacaeae: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:olive">Flowers actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic</span> and hermaphrodite with 6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">undifferentiated tepals</span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:teal">two whorls of three</span>, the same <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:Indigo">number and arrangement</span> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:DarkViolet">stamens</span>, and a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">superior ovary</span> with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:DodgerBlue">3 fused carpels</span>. Individual species and genera may have more or less derived formulas.</div></div></div> <p>The lily <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, <b>Liliaceae</b>, consists of about 15 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> and 610 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledonous">monocotyledonous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbous</a> <a href="/wiki/Geophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophytes">geophytes</a>. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair amount of morphological diversity despite genetic similarity. Common characteristics include large flowers with parts arranged in threes: with six colored or patterned <a href="/wiki/Petaloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Petaloid">petaloid</a> <a href="/wiki/Tepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepals">tepals</a> (undifferentiated petals and sepals) arranged in two <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorls</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Stamens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamens">stamens</a> and a superior <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>. The leaves are linear in shape, with their veins usually arranged parallel to the edges, single and arranged alternating on the stem, or in a rosette at the base. Most species are grown from bulbs, although some have <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a>. First described in 1789, the lily family became a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> "catch-all" (<a href="/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon" title="Wastebasket taxon">wastebasket</a>) group of <a href="/wiki/Lilioid_monocots" title="Lilioid monocots">lilioid monocots</a> that did not fit into other families and included a great number of genera now included in other families and in some cases in other orders. Consequently, many sources and descriptions labelled "Liliaceae" deal with the broader sense of the family. </p><p>The family evolved approximately 68 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">million years ago</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Early Paleogene</a> epochs. Liliaceae are widely distributed, mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the flowers are insect pollinated. Many Liliaceae are important <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a>, widely grown for their attractive flowers and involved in a major <a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">floriculture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a> and dry bulbs. Some species are <a href="/wiki/Poisonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisonous">poisonous</a> if eaten and can have adverse health effects in humans and household pets. </p><p>A number of Liliaceae genera are popular cultivated plants in private and public spaces. Lilies and tulips in particular have had considerable symbolic and decorative value, and appear frequently in paintings and the decorative arts. They are also an economically important product. Most of their genera, <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i> in particular, face considerable herbivory pressure from deer in some areas, both wild and domestic.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecological_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecological-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hearst_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearst-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Liliaceae floral morphology</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kievitsbloem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kievitsbloem.jpg/180px-Kievitsbloem.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kievitsbloem.jpg/270px-Kievitsbloem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kievitsbloem.jpg/360px-Kievitsbloem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Section through flower of <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_meleagris" title="Fritillaria meleagris">Fritillaria meleagris</a></i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zanlophator1a.UME.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Zanlophator1a.UME.jpg/180px-Zanlophator1a.UME.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Zanlophator1a.UME.jpg/270px-Zanlophator1a.UME.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Zanlophator1a.UME.jpg/360px-Zanlophator1a.UME.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i> flower with perigonium of six undifferentiated tepals, arranged in two trimerous whorls and side-connected (<i>dorsifixed</i>) anthers.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sego_lily_cm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sego_lily_cm.jpg/180px-Sego_lily_cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sego_lily_cm.jpg/270px-Sego_lily_cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sego_lily_cm.jpg/360px-Sego_lily_cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1596" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sego lily (<i><a href="/wiki/Calochortus_nuttallii" title="Calochortus nuttallii">Calochortus nuttallii</a></i>) with tepals in two clearly distinguished whorls of three sepals and three petals.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg/180px-Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg/270px-Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg/360px-Tulip_Tulipa_clusiana_%27Lady_Jane%27_Rock_Ledge_Flower_2000px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa_clusiana" title="Tulipa clusiana">Tulipa clusiana</a></i> with three sepals resembling petals</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-10-18Tricyrtis11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/2006-10-18Tricyrtis11.jpg/180px-2006-10-18Tricyrtis11.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/2006-10-18Tricyrtis11.jpg/270px-2006-10-18Tricyrtis11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/2006-10-18Tricyrtis11.jpg/360px-2006-10-18Tricyrtis11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Tricyrtis" title="Tricyrtis">Tricyrtis</a></i> flower with patterned tepals</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lillium_Stamens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lillium_Stamens.jpg/180px-Lillium_Stamens.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lillium_Stamens.jpg/270px-Lillium_Stamens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lillium_Stamens.jpg/360px-Lillium_Stamens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum" title="Lilium longiflorum">Lilium longiflorum</a></i>: 1. <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a>, 2. <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">style</a>, 3. <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, 4. filament, 5. <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepal</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erythronium_revolutum_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Erythronium_revolutum_8.jpg/180px-Erythronium_revolutum_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Erythronium_revolutum_8.jpg/270px-Erythronium_revolutum_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Erythronium_revolutum_8.jpg/360px-Erythronium_revolutum_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1627" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Erythronium_revolutum" title="Erythronium revolutum">Erythronium revolutum</a></i> flower with three stigmata and pseudo-basifixed anthers surrounding the filament tip</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anther_dehiscence_in_Lilium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Anther_dehiscence_in_Lilium.jpg/180px-Anther_dehiscence_in_Lilium.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Anther_dehiscence_in_Lilium.jpg/270px-Anther_dehiscence_in_Lilium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Anther_dehiscence_in_Lilium.jpg/360px-Anther_dehiscence_in_Lilium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i> with longitudinal dehiscence of anthers</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antera_Lilium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Antera_Lilium.jpg/180px-Antera_Lilium.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Antera_Lilium.jpg/270px-Antera_Lilium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Antera_Lilium.jpg/360px-Antera_Lilium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1562" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Lilium</i> anthers in cross section</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilium_auratum_-_pollen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lilium_auratum_-_pollen.jpg/180px-Lilium_auratum_-_pollen.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lilium_auratum_-_pollen.jpg/270px-Lilium_auratum_-_pollen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lilium_auratum_-_pollen.jpg/360px-Lilium_auratum_-_pollen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_auratum" title="Lilium auratum">Lilium auratum</a></i> pollen with typical single-grooved (monosulcate) pattern</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulipa_aucheriana_240408_stamens_and_pistil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tulipa_aucheriana_240408_stamens_and_pistil.jpg/180px-Tulipa_aucheriana_240408_stamens_and_pistil.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tulipa_aucheriana_240408_stamens_and_pistil.jpg/270px-Tulipa_aucheriana_240408_stamens_and_pistil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tulipa_aucheriana_240408_stamens_and_pistil.jpg/360px-Tulipa_aucheriana_240408_stamens_and_pistil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa_humilis" title="Tulipa humilis">Tulipa humilis</a></i> flower showing multiple connate (fused) carpels surrounded by stamens.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilyfruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lilyfruit.jpg/180px-Lilyfruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lilyfruit.jpg/270px-Lilyfruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lilyfruit.jpg/360px-Lilyfruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Lillium</i> fruit capsule</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The diversity of characteristics complicates any description of the Liliaceae morphology, and confused taxonomic classification for centuries. The diversity is also of considerable evolutionary significance, as some members emerged from shaded areas and adapted to a more open environment (see <a href="#Evolution">Evolution</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous (or <a href="/wiki/Rhizomatous" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomatous">rhizomatous</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Medeoleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Medeoleae">Medeoleae</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Tamura_1998b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura_1998b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flowering plants with simple <a href="/wiki/Trichomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichomes">trichomes</a> (root hairs) and contractile <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spichiger_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spichiger-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flowers may be arranged (inflorescence) along the stem, developing from the base, or as a single flower at the tip of the stem, or as a cluster of flowers. They contain both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) characteristics and are symmetric radially, but sometimes as a mirror image. Most flowers are large and colourful, except for Medeoleae. Both the petals and sepals are usually similar and appear as two concentric groups (whorls) of 'petals', that are often striped or multi-coloured, and produce nectar at their bases. The stamens are usually in two groups of three (trimerous) and the pollen has a single groove (monosulcate). The ovary is placed above the attachment of the other parts (superior). There are three fused carpels (syncarpus) with one to three chambers (locules), a single style and a three-lobed stigma. The embryo sac is of the <i>Fritillaria</i> type. The fruit is generally a wind dispersed capsule, but occasionally a berry (Medeoleae) which is dispersed by animals. The leaves are generally simple and elongated with veins parallel to the edges, arranged singly and alternating on the stem, but may form a rosette at the base of the stem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific">Specific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a></dt> <dd>Usually <a href="/wiki/Indeterminate_growth" title="Indeterminate growth">indeterminate</a> (lacking terminal flower) as a <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">raceme</a> (<i>Lilium</i>); sometimes reduced to a single terminal flower (<i>Tulipa</i>). When <a href="/wiki/Pluriflor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluriflor">pluriflor</a> (multiple blooms), the flowers are arranged in a cluster or rarely are <a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">subumbellate</a> (<i>Gagea</i>) or a <a href="/wiki/Thyrse" title="Thyrse">thyrse</a> (spike).<sup id="cite_ref-Simp11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simp11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">Flowers</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditic">Hermaphroditic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinomorphic">actinomorphic</a> (radially symmetric) or slightly zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetric),<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pedicellate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedicellate">pedicellate</a> (on a short secondary stem), generally large and showy but may be inconspicuous : (Medeoleae). <a href="/wiki/Bracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracts">Bracts</a> may (bracteate) or may not (ebracteate) be present. The <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> is undifferentiated (<a href="/wiki/Perigonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigonium">perigonium</a>) and biseriate (two <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorled</a>), formed from six <a href="/wiki/Tepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepals">tepals</a> arranged into two separate whorls of three parts (<a href="/wiki/Merosity" title="Merosity">trimerous</a>) each, although <i><a href="/wiki/Scoliopus" title="Scoliopus">Scoliopus</a></i> has only three petals, free from the other parts, but overlapping. The tepals are usually petaloid (petal like) and <a href="/wiki/Apotepalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotepalous">apotepalous</a> (free) with lines (striate) or marks in other colors or shades. The <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> is either homochlamydeous (all <a href="/wiki/Tepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepals">tepals</a> equal, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i>) or dichlamydeous (two separate and different whorls, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Calochortus" title="Calochortus">Calochortus</a></i>) and may be united into a tube. <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a> is produced in perigonal nectaries at the base of the tepals.<sup id="cite_ref-Simp11_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simp11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mabberley_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabberley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weberling_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weberling-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Androecium" class="mw-redirect" title="Androecium">Androecium</a></dt> <dd>Six <a href="/wiki/Stamens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamens">stamens</a> in two trimerous whorls, with free filaments, usually epiphyllous (fused to tepals) and diplostemonous (outer whorl of stamens opposite outer tepals and the inner whorl opposite inner tepals), although <i>Scoliopus</i> has three stamens opposite the outer tepals.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudall_et_al._2000a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudall_et_al._2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attachment of the anthers to the filaments may be either peltate (to the surface) or pseudo-basifixed (surrounding the filament tip, but not adnate, that is not fused) and <a href="/wiki/Dehisce" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehisce">dehisce</a> longitudinally and are extrorse (dehiscing away from center). The <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> is usually monosulcate (single groove), but may be inaperturate (lacking aperture: <i>Clintonia</i>, some <i>Tulipa</i> spp.) or operculate (lidded: <i>Fritillaria</i>, some <i>Tulipa</i> spp.),<sup id="cite_ref-Furness_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furness-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reticulate (net patterned: <i>Erythronium</i>, <i>Fritillaria</i>, <i>Gagea</i>, <i>Lilium</i>, <i>Tulipa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Simp11_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simp11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mabberley_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabberley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rudall_et_al._2000a_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudall_et_al._2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a></dt> <dd>Superior <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a> (hypogynous), syncarpous (with fused carpels), with three connate (fused) carpels and is trilocular (three <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">locules</a>, or chambers) or unilocular (single locule, as in <i>Scoliopus</i> and <i>Medeola</i>). There is a single style and a three lobed <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> or three stigmata more or less elongated along the style. There are numerous anatropous (curved) <a href="/wiki/Ovules" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovules">ovules</a> which display axile <a href="/wiki/Placentation" title="Placentation">placentation</a> (parietal in <i>Scoliopus</i> and <i>Medeola</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Rudall_et_al._2000a_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudall_et_al._2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually with an <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</a> and thinner <a href="/wiki/Megasporangium" class="mw-redirect" title="Megasporangium">megasporangium</a>. The embryo sac (<a href="/wiki/Megagametophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Megagametophyte">megagametophyte</a>) varies by genera, but is mainly <a href="/wiki/Tetraspore" title="Tetraspore">tetrasporic</a> (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mabberley_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabberley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embryo sacs in which three of the four <a href="/wiki/Megaspores" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaspores">megaspores</a> fuse to form a <a href="/wiki/Triploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">triploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(cell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus (cell)">nucleus</a>, are referred to as <i>Fritillaria-type</i>, a characteristic shared by all the core Liliales.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simp11_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simp11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mabberley_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabberley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ownbey_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ownbey-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a></dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule (botany)">capsule</a> that is usually loculicidal (splitting along the <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">locules</a>) as in the Lilioideae,<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but occasionally septicidal (splitting between them, along the separating <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septa</a>) in the Calachortoideae and wind dispersed, although the Medeoleae form <a href="/wiki/Berries" class="mw-redirect" title="Berries">berries</a> (baccate).<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a> may be flat, oblong, angular, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/discoid" class="extiw" title="wikt:discoid">discoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Globose" class="mw-redirect" title="Globose">globose</a> (spherical), or compressed with a well developed <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>. The exterior may be smooth or roughened, with a wing or <a href="/wiki/Raphe" title="Raphe">raphe</a> (ridge), <a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">aril</a> or one to two tails, rarely hairy, but may be dull or shiny and the lack of a black <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</a> distinguishes them from related taxa such as <a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a> that were previously included in this family, and striate (parallel longitudinally ridged) in the Steptopoideae. The <a href="/wiki/Hilum_(biology)" title="Hilum (biology)">hilum</a> (scar) is generally inconspicuous. The bitegmic (separate testa and tegmen) seed coat itself may be thin, suberose (like <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a>), or crustaceous (hard or brittle). The <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> is abundant, <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous">cartilaginous</a> (fleshy) or horny and contains oils and <a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">aleurone</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> (non-farinaceous). Its cells are <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">polyploid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">triploid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pentaploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaploid">pentaploid</a>, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Embryo_sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryo sac">embryo sac</a> type). The <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">embryo</a> is small (usually less than one quarter of seed volume), axile (radially sectioned), linear (longer than broad) or rarely <a href="/wiki/Rudiment_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudiment (biology)">rudimentary</a> (tiny relative to <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>) depending on placentation type, and straight, bent, curved or curled at the upper end.<sup id="cite_ref-Simp11_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simp11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mabberley_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabberley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kozlowski_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozlowski-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baskin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">Leaves</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leaf_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shape">Simple</a>, entire (smooth and even), linear, oval to filiform (thread-like), mostly with parallel veins, but occasionally net-veined. They are alternate (single and alternating direction) and <a href="/wiki/Spiral" title="Spiral">spiral</a>, but may be <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorled</a> (three or more attached at one <a href="/wiki/Node_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Node (botany)">node</a>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a>),</i> cauline (arranged along the aerial <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a>) or sheathed in a basal <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">rosette</a>. They are rarely <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiolate</a> (stem attached before apex), and lack <a href="/wiki/Stipules" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipules">stipules</a>. The aerial stem is unbranched.<sup id="cite_ref-Simp11_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simp11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mabberley_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabberley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WatsonL_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatsonL-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a></dt> <dd>The Liliaceae include a species with one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Genome_size" title="Genome size">genome size</a> within the angiosperms, <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_assyriaca" title="Fritillaria assyriaca">Fritillaria assyriaca</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/C-value" title="C-value">1C</a>=127.4 pg), while <i><a href="/wiki/Tricyrtis_macropoda" title="Tricyrtis macropoda">Tricyrtis macropoda</a></i> is as small as 4.25 pg.<sup id="cite_ref-Leitch_et_al_2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leitch_et_al_2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a> numbers vary by genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Mabberley_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabberley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some genera like <i>Calochortus</i> (x=6-10), <i>Prosartes</i> (6,8,9,11), <i>Scoliopus</i> (7,8), <i>Streptopus</i> (8, 27) and <i>Tricyrtis</i> (12-13) have a small and variable number of chromosomes while subfamily Lilioideae have a larger and more stable chromosome number (12) as have the Medeoleae (7).<sup id="cite_ref-Tamura_1998b_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura_1998b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tamura_1995_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura_1995-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peruzzi_2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peruzzi_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tamura_1998C_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura_1998C-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></dt> <dd>The seeds contain <a href="/wiki/Saponins" class="mw-redirect" title="Saponins">saponins</a> but no <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxalate" title="Calcium oxalate">calcium oxalate</a> <a href="/wiki/Raphide" title="Raphide">raphide</a> crystals,<sup id="cite_ref-Rudall_et_al._2000a_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudall_et_al._2000a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chelidonic_acid" title="Chelidonic acid">chelidonic acid</a><sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (unlike <a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> derived <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> compounds (allyl sulphides), another distinguishing feature from the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Garlic_breath" title="Garlic breath">alliaceous odour</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i> in particular contains <a href="/wiki/Steroidal_alkaloid" title="Steroidal alkaloid">steroidal alkaloids</a> of the cevanine and <a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum">solanum</a> type.<sup id="cite_ref-Simp11_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simp11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solanidine" title="Solanidine">Solanidine</a> and solanthrene<sup id="cite_ref-solanthrene_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solanthrene-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alkaloids have been isolated from some <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner83_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner83-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a> </i> contains <a href="/wiki/Tulipanin" title="Tulipanin">tulipanin</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanin</a>. (see also: <a href="#Toxicology">Toxicology</a>)</dd></dl> <p>Characteristics often vary by habitat, between <a href="/wiki/Shade_tolerance" title="Shade tolerance">shade-dwelling</a> genera (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Prosartes" title="Prosartes">Prosartes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tricyrtis" title="Tricyrtis">Tricyrtis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cardiocrinum" title="Cardiocrinum">Cardiocrinum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Clintonia" title="Clintonia">Clintonia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Medeola_virginiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Medeola virginiana">Medeola</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prosartes" title="Prosartes">Prosartes</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Scoliopus" title="Scoliopus">Scoliopus</a></i>) and sun loving genera. Shade-dwelling genera usually have broader leaves with smooth edges and net venation, and fleshy fruits (<a href="/wiki/Berries" class="mw-redirect" title="Berries">berries</a>) with animal-dispersed seeds, <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a>, and small, inconspicuous flowers while genera native to sunny habitats usually have narrow, parallel-veined leaves, <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule (botany)">capsular</a> fruits with wind-dispersed seeds, bulbs, and large, visually conspicuous flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamura_1998b_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura_1998b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also <i><a href="#Evolution">Evolution</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Liliaceae" title="Taxonomy of Liliaceae">Taxonomy of Liliaceae</a></div> <p>The taxonomy of the Liliaceae has a very complex history. The family was first described in the eighteenth century, and over time many other genera were added until it became one of the largest of the monocotyledon families, and also extremely diverse. Modern taxonomic systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">APG</a> which is based on <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> principles using <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, have redistributed many of these genera resulting in the relatively small family that is currently recognised. Consequently, there are many different accounts of the Liliaceae in the literature and older uses of the term occur commonly. To distinguish between them, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> terms <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a></i> and <i>sensu stricto</i> are frequently used (together with their abbreviations, <i>s.l.</i> and <i>s.s.</i>) to denote the broader or stricter sense of the circumscription respectively, e.g. Liliaceae <i>s.s.</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family Liliaceae was described by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Adanson" title="Michel Adanson">Michel Adanson</a> in 1763 and formally named by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Antoine Laurent de Jussieu</a> in 1789. Jussieu defined this grouping as having a <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a> of six equal colored parts, six <a href="/wiki/Stamens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamens">stamens</a>, a superior <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>, single <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a>, and a trilocular (three-chambered) <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule (botany)">capsule</a>. By 1845, <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">John Lindley</a>, the first English <a href="/wiki/Systematist" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematist">systematist</a>, unhappily acknowledged the great diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscription</a> of the family, and that it had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions. As he saw it, the Liliaceae were already <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> ("catch-all"), being all <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. He recognized 133 genera and 1200 species.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindley2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindley2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the next major British classification – that of <a href="/wiki/Bentham_and_Hooker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentham and Hooker">Bentham and Hooker</a> in 1883 (published in Latin) – several of Lindley's other families had already been absorbed into the Liliaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-BandH_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BandH-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time the family became increasingly broad and somewhat arbitrarily defined as all species of plants with six tepals and a superior ovary, eventually coming to encompass about 300 genera and 4,500 species within the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Cronquist_system" title="Cronquist system">Cronquist system</a> (1981). Cronquist merged the Liliaceae with the <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>, making this one of the largest monocotyledon families.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronquist_1981_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronquist_1981-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other botanists echoed Lindley's earlier concerns about the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of the Liliaceae, but various schemes to divide the family gained little traction. <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_system" title="Dahlgren system">Dahlgren</a> (1985) suggested there were in fact forty – not one – families distributed over three orders (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Walters_and_Keil_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters_and_Keil-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelch_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelch-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of a general review of the classification of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a>, the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. Considerable progress in plant phylogeny and <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> theory enabled a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> to be constructed for all of the flowering plants, as elaborated by the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_APG_classification_and_phylogeny">Modern APG classification and phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern APG classification and phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (<a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">APG</a>) made rapid progress in establishing a modern <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> classification of the flowering plants by 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-APG_III_2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APG_III_2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite establishing this relative degree of <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> (genetic homogeneity) for the family Liliaceae,<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_et_al._1995a_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase_et_al._1995a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chase_et_al._1995b_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase_et_al._1995b-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their morphology remains diverse<sup id="cite_ref-Tamura_1998b_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura_1998b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there exists within the Liliaceae <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> or grouping, a number of subclades (subgroups). Particularly enigmatic were <i>Clintonia</i>, <i>Medeola</i>, <i>Scoliopus</i>, and <i>Tricyrtis</i>. </p><p>Of the fifteen genera within the Liliaceae, the ten genera of the <a href="/wiki/Lilioideae" title="Lilioideae">Lilioideae</a> <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> form one morphological group that is characterised by contractile bulbs and roots, and a Fritillaria-type <a href="/wiki/Embryo-sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryo-sac">embryo-sac</a> (megagametophyte with four megaspores). Within the Lilioideae, <i>Clintonia</i> and the closely related <i>Medeola</i> form a subclade, and are now considered a separate tribe (<a href="/wiki/Medeoleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Medeoleae">Medeoleae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hayashi_2001_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayashi_2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other major grouping consists of the five genera constituting the <a href="/wiki/Streptopoideae" title="Streptopoideae">Streptopoideae</a> (including <i>Scoliopus</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Calochortoideae" title="Calochortoideae">Calochortoideae</a> (including <i>Tricyrtis</i>) subfamilies characterised by creeping rhizomes, styles which are divided at their apices, and by megagametophyte development of the <i><a href="/wiki/Polygonum" title="Polygonum">Polygonum</a></i>-type (a simple megaspore and triploid endosperm) embryo-sac. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Evolution"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_and_biogeography">Evolution and biogeography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolution and biogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of a phylogenetic approach to taxonomy suggested the Liliales formed some of the earliest monocots.<sup id="cite_ref-Bessey_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bessey-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular analysis indicates that divergence amongst the Liliales probably occurred around 82 million years ago. The closest <a href="/wiki/Sister_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister clade">sister family</a> to the Liliaceae are the <a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a> with the Liliaceae separating 52 million years ago. Liliaceae thus arose during the late (<a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> to early (<a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a>) <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Leitch_et_al_2007_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leitch_et_al_2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Lilieae" title="Lilieae">Lilieae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomocharis" title="Nomocharis">Nomocharis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiocrinum" title="Cardiocrinum">Cardiocrinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notholirion" title="Notholirion">Notholirion</a></i>) from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> about 12 mya and the <a href="/wiki/Tulipeae" title="Tulipeae">Tulipeae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Erythronium" title="Erythronium">Erythronium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gagea" title="Gagea">Gagea</a></i>) from <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> at about the same time. The <a href="/wiki/Medeoleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Medeoleae">Medeoleae</a> (<i>Clintonia</i> and <i>Medeola</i>) may have appeared in North America but were subsequently dispersed, as may have the <a href="/wiki/Streptopoideae" title="Streptopoideae">Streptopoideae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calochortoideae" title="Calochortoideae">Calochortoideae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wikstrom_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikstrom-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vinnersten_and_Bremer_2001_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinnersten_and_Bremer_2001-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamenetsky_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamenetsky-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liliaceae <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a> have been dated to the Paleogene<sup id="cite_ref-Stillwell_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillwell-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cretaceous<sup id="cite_ref-Goin_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goin-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eras in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>. </p><p>The Liliaceae probably arose as <a href="/wiki/Shade_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Shade plant">shade plants</a>, with subsequent evolution to open areas including <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous forest</a> in the more open autumnal period, but then a return of some species (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Cardiocrinum" title="Cardiocrinum">Cardiocrinum</a></i>). This was accompanied by a shift from <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs</a>, to more showy flowers, the production of capsular fruit and narrower parallel-veined leaves. Again, some reversal to the broader reticulate-veined leaves occurred (e.g. <i>Cardiocrinum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions_and_genera">Subdivisions and genera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subdivisions and genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Examples of the four subdivisions of Liliaceae</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clintonia_borealis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Clintonia_borealis.jpg/180px-Clintonia_borealis.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Clintonia_borealis.jpg/270px-Clintonia_borealis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Clintonia_borealis.jpg/360px-Clintonia_borealis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Medeoleae: Leaves and fruit of <i><a href="/wiki/Clintonia_borealis" title="Clintonia borealis">Clintonia borealis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomocharis_aperta_02EB_Napa_Hai_Yunnan_17_6_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nomocharis_aperta_02EB_Napa_Hai_Yunnan_17_6_01.jpg/180px-Nomocharis_aperta_02EB_Napa_Hai_Yunnan_17_6_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nomocharis_aperta_02EB_Napa_Hai_Yunnan_17_6_01.jpg/270px-Nomocharis_aperta_02EB_Napa_Hai_Yunnan_17_6_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nomocharis_aperta_02EB_Napa_Hai_Yunnan_17_6_01.jpg/360px-Nomocharis_aperta_02EB_Napa_Hai_Yunnan_17_6_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2614" data-file-height="3933" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lilieae: Flower of <i><a href="/wiki/Nomocharis_aperta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomocharis aperta">Nomocharis aperta</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calochortus_catalinae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Calochortus_catalinae.jpg/180px-Calochortus_catalinae.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Calochortus_catalinae.jpg/270px-Calochortus_catalinae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Calochortus_catalinae.jpg/360px-Calochortus_catalinae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Calochortoideae: Flower of <i><a href="/wiki/Calochortus_catalinae" title="Calochortus catalinae">Calochortus catalinae</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptopus_lanceolatus_WPC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Streptopus_lanceolatus_WPC.jpg/180px-Streptopus_lanceolatus_WPC.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Streptopus_lanceolatus_WPC.jpg/270px-Streptopus_lanceolatus_WPC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Streptopus_lanceolatus_WPC.jpg/360px-Streptopus_lanceolatus_WPC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2850" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Streptopoideae: Leaves and berries of <i><a href="/wiki/Streptopus_lanceolatus" title="Streptopus lanceolatus">Streptopus lanceolatus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suprageneric_subdivisions">Suprageneric subdivisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Suprageneric subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the diversity of the originally broadly defined Liliaceae <i>s.l.</i>, many attempts have been made to form suprageneric classifications, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Subfamilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfamilies">subfamilies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peruzzi_2009_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peruzzi_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classifications published since the use of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular methods in phylogenetics</a> have taken a narrower view of the Liliaceae (Liliaceae <i>s.s.</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</a> (APweb)<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_2001_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recognizes three subfamilies, one of which is divided into two tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mabberley_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabberley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genera">Genera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Liliaceae_genera" title="List of Liliaceae genera">List of Liliaceae genera</a></div> <p>Various authorities (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a> 16,<sup id="cite_ref-ITIS_Liliaceae_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITIS_Liliaceae-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a> 27,<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_Liliaceae_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN_Liliaceae-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">WCSP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WCSP_Liliaceae_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCSP_Liliaceae-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DELTA<sup id="cite_ref-WatsonL_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatsonL-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ) differ on the exact number of genera included in Liliaceae <i>s.s.</i>, but generally there are about fifteen to sixteen genera, depending on whether or not <i><a href="/wiki/Amana_(plant)" title="Amana (plant)">Amana</a></i> is included in <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i> and <i>Lloydia</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Gagea" title="Gagea">Gagea</a></i>. </p><p>Currently the APWeb lists fifteen genera, arranged as shown in this table:<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_2001_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mabberley_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mabberley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">APweb</a> Distribution of subfamilies, tribes and genera of Liliaceae </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #ccf;">Subfamily</th> <th style="background: #ccf;">Tribe</th> <th style="background: #ccf;">Genus </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Lilioideae" title="Lilioideae">Lilioideae</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Amos_Eaton" title="Amos Eaton">Eaton</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Medeoleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Medeoleae">Medeoleae</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Benth.</a></span> (synonyms: Medeolaceae <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Takhtajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Takhtajan">Takht.</a></span>, Medeoloideae <span style="font-size:85%;">Benth.</span>)</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Clintonia" title="Clintonia">Clintonia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Raf.</span> - bead lilies </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Medeola" title="Medeola">Medeola</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Gronov. ex L.</span> - Indian cucumber-root </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Lilieae" title="Lilieae">Lilieae</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Ritgen</span> (synonyms: Erythroniaceae <span style="font-size:85%;">Martinov</span>, Fritillariaceae <span style="font-size:85%;">Salisb.</span>, Liriaceae <span style="font-size:85%;">Borkh.</span>, Tulipaceae <span style="font-size:85%;">Borkh.</span>)</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiocrinum" title="Cardiocrinum">Cardiocrinum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Endl.) Lindl.</span> - giant lilies </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Erythronium" title="Erythronium">Erythronium</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span> – trout lily </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tourn. ex L.</span> – fritillary or mission bells </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gagea" title="Gagea">Gagea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Salisb.</span> (including <i>Lloydia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Salisb. ex Rchb.</span>)<br /> – yellow star-of-Bethlehem </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tourn. ex L.</span> – lily </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Nomocharis" title="Nomocharis">Nomocharis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Franch.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Notholirion" title="Notholirion">Notholirion</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Wall. ex Boiss.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span> (including <i><a href="/wiki/Amana_(plant)" title="Amana (plant)">Amana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Honda</span>) – tulip </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Calochortoideae" title="Calochortoideae">Calochortoideae</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Dumort.</span> (synonyms: Calochortaceae <span style="font-size:85%;">Dumort.</span>, Compsoaceae <span style="font-size:85%;">Horan., nom. illeg.</span>, Tricyrtidaceae <span style="font-size:85%;">Takht., nom. cons.</span>)</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Calochortus" title="Calochortus">Calochortus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Pursh</span> - mariposa, globe lilies </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tricyrtis" title="Tricyrtis">Tricyrtis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Wall.</span> – toad lily </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Streptopoideae" title="Streptopoideae">Streptopoideae</a> (synonym: Scoliopaceae <span style="font-size:85%;">Takht.</span>)</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Prosartes" title="Prosartes">Prosartes</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">D.Don</span> – drops of gold </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Scoliopus" title="Scoliopus">Scoliopus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Torr.</span> – fetid adder's tongue </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Streptopus" title="Streptopus">Streptopus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Michx.</span> – twistedstalk </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The largest genera are <i><a href="/wiki/Gagea" title="Gagea">Gagea</a></i> (200), <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i> (130), <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i> (110), and <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i> (75 species), all within the tribe Lilieae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_pronunciation">Etymology and pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Etymology and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Liliaceae" (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) comes to <a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">international scientific vocabulary</a> from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a>, + <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-aceae#Suffix" class="extiw" title="wikt:-aceae">-aceae</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-MWU_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWU-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a standardized <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lilium#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:lilium">lilium</a></i>, "lily", which in turn came from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">leírion</i></span></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λείριον</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Liliaceae are widely distributed, but mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate regions">temperate regions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of diversity">centre of diversity</a> is from <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">southwest Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Their distribution is diverse, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine meadows">alpine meadows</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forests">deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_scrubland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean scrubland">Mediterranean scrub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tundra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic tundra">arctic tundra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simp11_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simp11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tulipa</i> and <i>Gagea</i> provide examples of ornamental geophyte biomorphological types representing continental thermoperiodic zones (<a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Irano-Turanian region</a>), characterised by cessation of underground growth at high temperatures in early summer and requiring low winter temperatures for spring flowering.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamenetsky_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamenetsky-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some genera are shade-dwelling, such as the Medeoleae, and Streptopoideae, <i>Tricyrtis</i>, and <i>Cardiocrinum</i>, others prefer a more open habitat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Liliaceae are ecologically diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species of Liliaceae bloom at various times from spring to late summer. The colorful flowers produce large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> that attract <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> which <a href="/wiki/Pollinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinate">pollinate</a> them (entomophily), particularly <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wasps" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasps">wasps</a> (hymenopterophily), <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a> (psychophily) and <a href="/wiki/Moths" class="mw-redirect" title="Moths">moths</a> (phalaenophily).<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a> are <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">dispersed</a> by wind and water. Some species (e.g. <i>Scoliopus</i>, <i>Erythronium and Gagea</i>) have seeds with an <a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">aril</a> structure that are dispersed by <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Myrmecochory" title="Myrmecochory">myrmecochory</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_2002_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proliferation of deer populations in many areas, due to human factors such as the elimination of their animal predators and introduction to alien environments, is placing considerable herbivory pressure on many of the family's species.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecological_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecological-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Hearst_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearst-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i> are particularly palatable, while species in <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i> are repellant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_predators">Pests and predators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pests and predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarlet_lily_beetle_lilioceris_lilii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Scarlet_lily_beetle_lilioceris_lilii.jpg/180px-Scarlet_lily_beetle_lilioceris_lilii.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Scarlet_lily_beetle_lilioceris_lilii.jpg/270px-Scarlet_lily_beetle_lilioceris_lilii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Scarlet_lily_beetle_lilioceris_lilii.jpg/360px-Scarlet_lily_beetle_lilioceris_lilii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_lily_beetle" title="Scarlet lily beetle">Scarlet lily beetle</a> (<i>Lilioceris lilii</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semper_Augustus_Tulip_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Semper_Augustus_Tulip_17th_century.jpg/180px-Semper_Augustus_Tulip_17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Semper_Augustus_Tulip_17th_century.jpg/270px-Semper_Augustus_Tulip_17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Semper_Augustus_Tulip_17th_century.jpg/360px-Semper_Augustus_Tulip_17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption>17th-century painting of affected <i>Tulipa</i> 'Semper Augustus', showing '<a href="/wiki/Tulip_breaking_virus" title="Tulip breaking virus">breaking</a>'</figcaption></figure> <p>Liliaceae are subject to a wide variety of diseases and pests, including <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">thrips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphids">aphids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beetles">beetles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a>. Also <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> animals such as <a href="/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCIPML_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCIPML-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCIPMT_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCIPMT-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important horticultural and garden pest is the <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_lily_beetle" title="Scarlet lily beetle">scarlet lily beetle</a> (Japanese red lily beetle, <i>Lilioceris lilii</i>) and other <a href="/wiki/Lilioceris" title="Lilioceris">Lilioceris</a> species which attack <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Majka_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majka-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Lilium</i> species may be food plants for the <a href="/wiki/Cosmia_trapezina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmia trapezina">Cosmia trapezina</a> moth. A major pest of Tulips is the fungus, <i><a href="/wiki/Botryotinia" title="Botryotinia">Botrytis tulipae</a></i>. </p><p>Both <i>Lilium</i> and <i>Tulipa</i> are susceptible to a group of five viruses of the family <i><a href="/wiki/Potyviridae" title="Potyviridae">Potyviridae</a></i>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Potyvirus" title="Potyvirus">potyvirus</a> (named for <i><a href="/wiki/Potato_virus_Y" title="Potato virus Y">potato virus Y</a>)</i> group, which includes the <i><a href="/wiki/Tulip-breaking_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip-breaking virus">tulip-breaking virus</a></i> (<i>TBV</i>) and the <i>lily streak virus</i> (lily mottle virus, <i>LMoV</i>) resulting in 'breaking' of the color of the flowers. The viruses are transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Aphids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphids">aphids</a>. This breaking effect was of economic importance during the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">tulip mania</a> of the seventeenth century, because it appeared to be producing new varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garber_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garber-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times tulip breeders have produced varieties that mimic the effect of the virus, without being infected. One of these varieties is known as 'Rembrandt', after the <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Dutch artist of that name</a>. Contemporary tulip owners commonly had Rembrandt and other artists paint their flowers to preserve them for posterity, hence the 'broken' tulips were known as Rembrandt tulips at that time. Another modern variety is 'Princess Irene'.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckerman_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckerman-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esther_Inglis-Arkell_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esther_Inglis-Arkell-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RPD634_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPD634-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the tulip breaking viruses is also named the <i>Rembrandt tulip-breaking virus</i> (ReTBV).<sup id="cite_ref-Dekker_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dekker-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UniprotReTBV_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniprotReTBV-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Cultivation</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Spring_22.JPG/180px-Spring_22.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Spring_22.JPG/270px-Spring_22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Spring_22.JPG/360px-Spring_22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Tulipa</i> varieties are popular ornamental flowers in public and private spaces in the spring</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bollenveld_Hillegom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bollenveld_Hillegom.JPG/180px-Bollenveld_Hillegom.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bollenveld_Hillegom.JPG/270px-Bollenveld_Hillegom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bollenveld_Hillegom.JPG/360px-Bollenveld_Hillegom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tulip production, <a href="/wiki/Hillegom" title="Hillegom">Hillegom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%8E%89%E6%B0%B4%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E5%9C%92.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%E7%8E%89%E6%B0%B4%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E5%9C%92.jpg/180px-%E7%8E%89%E6%B0%B4%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E5%9C%92.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%E7%8E%89%E6%B0%B4%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E5%9C%92.jpg/270px-%E7%8E%89%E6%B0%B4%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E5%9C%92.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%E7%8E%89%E6%B0%B4%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E5%9C%92.jpg/360px-%E7%8E%89%E6%B0%B4%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E5%9C%92.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lily production, Japan</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floriculture">Floriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Floriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many species of Lilieae (in genera <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Erythronium" title="Erythronium">Erythronium</a></i>) and Calochortoideae (<i><a href="/wiki/Calochortus" title="Calochortus">Calochortus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tricyrtis" title="Tricyrtis">Tricyrtis</a></i>) are grown as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental plants">ornamental plants</a> worldwide. Within these genera a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a> have been developed by <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridisation</a>. They are generally used in outdoor <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a> and other displays, although in common with many bulbous flowering plants they are often induced to bloom indoors, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a> months. They also form a significant part of the <a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">cut flower market</a>, in particular <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tulips">Tulips</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tulips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tulips have been cultivated since at least the tenth century in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tulip production has two main markets: <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_bulbous_plant" title="Ornamental bulbous plant">bulbs</a>. The latter are used, in turn, to meet the demand for bulbs for parks, gardens, and home use and, secondly, to provide the necessary bulbs for cut flower production. <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> in cut flowers has an approximate total value of 11 billion <a href="/wiki/Euros" class="mw-redirect" title="Euros">euros</a>, which provides an indication of the economic importance of this activity. The main producer of tulip bulbs is the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, a country that accounts for 87% of the global cultivated area, with approximately 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a>. Other leading producers include <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Approximately ten other countries produce commercial tulips, largely for the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_market" title="Domestic market">domestic market</a>. By contrast, the Netherlands is the leading international producer, to the extent of 4 billion bulbs per annum. Of these, 53% are used for the cut flower market and the remainder for the dry bulb market. Of the cut flowers, 57% are used for the domestic market in the Netherlands and the remainder exported.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunshine_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-floridata_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floridata-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Original <i>Tulipa</i> species can be obtained for ornamental purposes, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa_tarda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa tarda">Tulipa tarda</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa_turkestanica" title="Tulipa turkestanica">Tulipa turkestanica</a></i>. These are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Species_Tulips" class="mw-redirect" title="Species Tulips">species, or botanical, tulips</a>, and tend to be smaller plants but better at <a href="/wiki/Naturalising" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalising">naturalising</a> than the cultivated forms. Breeding programs have produced a wide range of tulip types, enabling blooming through a much longer season by creating early, mid- and late spring varieties. Fourteen distinct types are available in addition to botanical tulips, including Lily-flowered, Fringed, Viridiflora, and Rembrandt. In addition to blooming season, tulip varieties differ in shape and height, and exhibit a wide range of colours, both pure and in combination.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilford_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilford-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lilies">Lilies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lilies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest area of production is also the Netherlands, with 76% of the global cultivated area, followed by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Approximately ten countries produce lilies commercially altogether. About half of the commercial production is for cut flowers. Many of these countries export bulbs as well as supplying the domestic market. The Netherlands produces about 2,200 million lily bulbs annually, of which 96% is used domestically and the remainder exported, principally within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. One particularly important crop is the production of <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum" title="Lilium longiflorum">Lilium longiflorum</a></i>, whose white flowers are associated with purity and Easter.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunshine_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many <i>Lilium</i> species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_martagon" title="Lilium martagon">Lilium martagon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_candidum" title="Lilium candidum">Lilium candidum</a></i> can be obtained commercially, the majority of commercially available lilies represent the products of a very diverse hybridisation program, which has resulted in a separate horticultural classification, including such groupings as Asian, Oriental and Orienpet. In addition to a very wide variety of heights, lilies can be obtained in many colours and combinations of colours, and if properly selected can produce an extensive blooming season from early summer to autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-NALS_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NALS-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the history of Liliaceae, many species such as <a href="/wiki/Watsonia_(plant)" title="Watsonia (plant)">Watsonia</a> (bugle lily) that were previously classified in this family bear the name 'lily' but are neither part of the genus <i>Lilium</i>, or the family Liliaceae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of <i>Fritillaria</i> species are used as early spring ornamental flowers. These vary from the large <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_imperialis" title="Fritillaria imperialis">Fritillaria imperialis</a></i> (crown imperial) available in a number of colours such as yellow or orange, to much smaller species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_meleagris" title="Fritillaria meleagris">Fritillaria meleagris</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_uva-vulpis" title="Fritillaria uva-vulpis">Fritillaria uva-vulpis</a></i> with their chequered patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-McGary_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGary-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Erythronium" title="Erythronium">Erythronium</a></i> is less common but a popular cultivar is 'Pagoda' with its sulphur yellow flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_Erythronium_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS_Erythronium-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Calochortus" title="Calochortus">Calochortus</a></i> (mariposa lily) may be sold as a mixture or as cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_Calochortus_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS_Calochortus-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propagation">Propagation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Propagation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilium_lancifolium_bulbils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lilium_lancifolium_bulbils.jpg/180px-Lilium_lancifolium_bulbils.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lilium_lancifolium_bulbils.jpg/270px-Lilium_lancifolium_bulbils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lilium_lancifolium_bulbils.jpg/360px-Lilium_lancifolium_bulbils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bulbils" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulbils">Bulbils</a> in the leaf axils of <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_lancifolium" title="Lilium lancifolium">Lilium lancifolium</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liliaceae_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Liliaceae_seeds.jpg/180px-Liliaceae_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Liliaceae_seeds.jpg/270px-Liliaceae_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Liliaceae_seeds.jpg/360px-Liliaceae_seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7302" data-file-height="8380" /></a><figcaption>Seeds of Liliaceae species</figcaption></figure> <p>Methods of <a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a> include both sexual and <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a>. Commercial cultivars are usually sterile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_reproduction">Sexual reproduction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sexual reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seeds can be used for propagation of the plant or to create <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> and can take five to eight years to produce flowering plants. Since <a href="/wiki/Interspecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Interspecific">interspecific</a> <a href="/wiki/Cross-pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-pollination">cross-pollination</a> occurs, overlapping wild populations can create natural hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-Halinar_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halinar-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asexual_reproduction">Asexual reproduction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Asexual reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bulb <a href="/wiki/Offset_(botany)" title="Offset (botany)">offsets</a>: Daughter bulbs that form on the mother bulb and can be detached.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropropagation" title="Micropropagation">Micropropagation</a> techniques including <a href="/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture" title="Plant tissue culture">tissue culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nhut_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nhut-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nishiuchi_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishiuchi-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbil" title="Bulbil">Bulbils</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Adventitious" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventitious">adventitious</a> bulbs formed on the parent plant's stem.</li> <li>Scaling and <a href="/wiki/Twin-scaling" title="Twin-scaling">twin-scaling</a>, used to increase production in slower-growing varieties, in which multiple whole scales are detached from a single bulb.</li></ul> <p>Bulb <a href="/wiki/Offset_(botany)" title="Offset (botany)">offsets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_culture" title="Tissue culture">tissue culture</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">clones</a> of the parent plant and thus maintaining genetic integrity of the <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a>. Bulb offsets usually require at least a year before flowering. Commercially, plants may be propagated <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanzhou_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanzhou-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heuser_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heuser-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicology">Toxicology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Toxicology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While members of the Liliaceae <i>s.s.</i> have been used as food sources in humans, the bulbs of some species are <a href="/wiki/Poisonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisonous">poisonous</a> to household pets (bulb toxicosis) if eaten and may cause serious complications, such as <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> from Lilies, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum" title="Lilium longiflorum">Lilium longiflorum</a></i> (Easter Lily).<sup id="cite_ref-langston_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langston-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hall_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-volmer_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volmer-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dogs may develop less serious effects such as gastrointestinal problems and central nervous system depression.<sup id="cite_ref-Winkle_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkle-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a> (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_imperialis" title="Fritillaria imperialis">Fritillaria imperialis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_meleagris" title="Fritillaria meleagris">Fritillaria meleagris</a></i>) bulbs contain poisonous <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxic">neurotoxic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Imperialin" title="Imperialin">imperialin</a> (peiminine),<sup id="cite_ref-peiminine_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peiminine-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichl_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichl-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wink_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be deadly if ingested in quantity, while other species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_camschatcensis" title="Fritillaria camschatcensis">Fritillaria camschatcensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_affinis" title="Fritillaria affinis">Fritillaria affinis</a></i> are edible.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner83_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner83-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li2006_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tulips can cause skin irritation due to the presence of tuliposides and tulipalins,<sup id="cite_ref-Sasseville_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasseville-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christensen_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christensen-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nomura_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomura-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are also found in the flowers, leaves and stems of <i>Fritillaria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichl_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichl-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are also toxic to a variety of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-ASPCA_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASPCA-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a> extracts are used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> under the name <i>chuan bei mu</i>, and in Latin, <i><a href="/wiki/Bulbus_fritillariae_cirrhosae" title="Bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae">bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner83_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner83-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li2006_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yeum_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yeum-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulbs of <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_roylei" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritillaria roylei">Fritillaria roylei</a></i> have been used as <a href="/wiki/Antipyretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipyretics">antipyretics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expectorants" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectorants">expectorants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Lilium</i> bulbs, particularly Lanzhou lily (<i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_davidii" title="Lilium davidii">Lilium davidii</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Lanzhou_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanzhou-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are used as food in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and other parts of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-chinesefood_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinesefood-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch famine of 1944">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> conditions in the Netherlands (<i>Hongerwinter</i>, hunger winter 1944) led to using <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i> bulbs as food. <i><a href="/wiki/Calochortus" title="Calochortus">Calochortus</a></i> bulbs were eaten by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> settlers in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> during starvation. Other members of the family used for food include <i><a href="/wiki/Clintonia" title="Clintonia">Clintonia</a></i> (leaves), <i><a href="/wiki/Medeola" title="Medeola">Medeola</a></i> (roots), <i><a href="/wiki/Erythronium" title="Erythronium">Erythronium</a></i> (corms), and <i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i> (bulbs).<sup id="cite_ref-Couplan_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couplan-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lilies_2">Lilies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lilies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg/180px-Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg/270px-Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg/360px-Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1576" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lilies (far right) growing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Paradiesg%C3%A4rtlein" title="Paradiesgärtlein">Paradiesgärtlein</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins" class="mw-redirect" title="Meister des Frankfurter Paradiesgärtleins">Meister des Frankfurter Paradiesgärtleins</a></i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1410</span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilium_candidum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lilium_candidum_1.jpg/180px-Lilium_candidum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lilium_candidum_1.jpg/270px-Lilium_candidum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lilium_candidum_1.jpg/360px-Lilium_candidum_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1343" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_candidum" title="Lilium candidum">Lilium candidum</a></i> (Madonna lily)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The type genus, Lily (<i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i>), has a long history in literature and art, and a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolism</a> as well as becoming a <a href="/wiki/Lily_(name)" title="Lily (name)">popular female name</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">floral emblem</a>, particularly of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="#Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a>). The cultivation of lilies has been described since at least the ninth century, when <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> ordered it to be grown at his imperial palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandeler_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandeler-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the name 'lily' has historically been applied to a wide variety of plants other than the genus <i>Lilium</i>. </p><p>The lily appears in ancient literature associated with both sovereignty and virginal innocence, and is mentioned on a number of occasions in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, such as the description in Solomon's <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> (2, 1–2) "<i>I am a rose of Sharon, a lily of the valleys. Like a lily among thorns is my darling among the young women</i>" or the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mathew" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Mathew">Gospel of Mathew</a> (6, 28) "<i>Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin</i>" to represent beauty. Artistic representations can be found as far back as <a href="/wiki/Frescos" class="mw-redirect" title="Frescos">frescos</a> from the second century BC, at <a href="/wiki/Amnisos" title="Amnisos">Amnisos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>. Early Christian churches, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27_Apollinare_in_Classe" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe</a> were sometimes decorated with lilies. While predominantly depicted as white, those seen at <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a> are red lilies. The white lily has long been seen as a symbol of purity, coming to be associated with the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, from which came the name ‘Madonna lily’ (<i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_candidum" title="Lilium candidum">Lilium candidum</a></i>). A well-known example is <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(Leonardo)" title="Annunciation (Leonardo)">Annunciation</a></i> (1472–1475) in which the archangel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> bears a Madonna lily. Other symbolic meanings include glory, love and birth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Fleur-de-lis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleur_de_lys_(or).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg/100px-Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg/150px-Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg/200px-Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Symbolic <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The stylised lily, or <i>fleur-de-lis</i> (lily flower) has long been associated with royalty, although it may originally have been derived from the form of an <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">iris</a>. It has also been associated with the head of a spear.<sup id="cite_ref-Sauvages1756_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauvages1756-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its three parts have been associated with the three classes of mediaeval society,<sup id="cite_ref-Duby_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duby-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or alternatively faith, wisdom and chivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-MichaudPoujoulat1836_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MichaudPoujoulat1836-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever its exact derivation, it has come to be associated with France and the French monarchy since the earliest <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> kings. Consequently, it became incorporated into not only French <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> but also into many heraldic devices in jurisdictions where there had been historic French influence, such as <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. In modern times it appears in many forms, symbolic and decorative, and can be used on <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compasses</a> to indicate the direction north, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis_in_Scouting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleur-de-lis in Scouting">Scouting</a> movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tulips_2">Tulips</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tulips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Mania">Tulip Mania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/180px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/270px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/360px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dish_with_a_spray_of_tulips,_roses,_and_hyacinths,_Turkey,_Iznik,_about_1600_AD,_composite_body,_underglaze-painted_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dish_with_a_spray_of_tulips%2C_roses%2C_and_hyacinths%2C_Turkey%2C_Iznik%2C_about_1600_AD%2C_composite_body%2C_underglaze-painted_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05013.JPG/180px-Dish_with_a_spray_of_tulips%2C_roses%2C_and_hyacinths%2C_Turkey%2C_Iznik%2C_about_1600_AD%2C_composite_body%2C_underglaze-painted_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05013.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dish_with_a_spray_of_tulips%2C_roses%2C_and_hyacinths%2C_Turkey%2C_Iznik%2C_about_1600_AD%2C_composite_body%2C_underglaze-painted_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05013.JPG/270px-Dish_with_a_spray_of_tulips%2C_roses%2C_and_hyacinths%2C_Turkey%2C_Iznik%2C_about_1600_AD%2C_composite_body%2C_underglaze-painted_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dish_with_a_spray_of_tulips%2C_roses%2C_and_hyacinths%2C_Turkey%2C_Iznik%2C_about_1600_AD%2C_composite_body%2C_underglaze-painted_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05013.JPG/360px-Dish_with_a_spray_of_tulips%2C_roses%2C_and_hyacinths%2C_Turkey%2C_Iznik%2C_about_1600_AD%2C_composite_body%2C_underglaze-painted_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> dish, <a href="/wiki/Iznik" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik">Iznik</a> ca. 1600, with tulips, roses and hyacinths</figcaption></figure> <p>Tulips (<i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i>) also have a long cultural tradition, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> world. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word for tulips, <i>lâleh</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">لاله</span></span>), was borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as <i>lale</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic letters">Arabic letters</a>, <i>lale</i> is written with the same letters as <i><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></i>, and is used to denote God symbolically. Tulips became widely used in decorative <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motifs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiles">tiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrics">fabrics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">ceramics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in particular,<sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were revered in poetry, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Khayam">Omar Khayam</a> in the twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pavord_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pavord-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tulips were an essential part of the gardens of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, having been cultivated from the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Steppes</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oghuz-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz-Turkic">Oghuz-Turkic</a> leaders originated from the steppes – moved to Persia, and then west, they took tulips with them to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, where many escaped cultivation and became <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalization (biology)">naturalised</a>. Today there are a number of places in Turkey called <i><a href="/wiki/Laleli_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Laleli (disambiguation)">Laleli</a></i> (‘with tulips’). Tulips first appeared in the decorative arts in Turkey in the thirteenth century and flourished under the Ottomans, in particular in the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">royal palaces</a>, and was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Osmans</a> as their symbol. Further species were collected from Persia and the spreading Ottoman Empire saw to it that tulip culture also spread. By the sixteenth century it was a national symbol, hence the designation "<a href="/wiki/Tulip_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip era">Tulip era</a>", by which time they were becoming of economic importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1562 the tulip trade had reached Europe with the first shipment to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they were mistaken for vegetables,<sup id="cite_ref-Dash2010_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dash2010-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they had been cultivated in Portugal since 1530, and first appeared in illustration in 1559, and the first tulip flowers were seen in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in 1625. Tulips spread rapidly across Europe in the seventeenth century, and became an important trading item, initially in France before concentrating in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Upchurch_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upchurch-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually speculative trading in tulips became so intense as to cause a <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">financial bubble</a> which eventually collapsed, a period known as <a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">tulip mania</a> (tulipomania), from 1634 to 1637,<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to the Ottoman Empire's Tulip era. </p><p>Nevertheless, since then the tulip has become indelibly associated with the Netherlands and all things Dutch. it was during this period that the <a href="/wiki/Tulipiere" title="Tulipiere">tulipiere</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> vase for growing tulips indoors was devised, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Golden Age of Dutch Painting</a> was replete with images of tulips. Although <a href="/wiki/Tulip_festival" title="Tulip festival">tulip festivals</a> are held around the world in the spring, the most famous of these is the display at <a href="/wiki/Keukenhof" title="Keukenhof">Keukenhof</a>. One of the better-known novels on tulips is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Tulip" title="The Black Tulip">The Black Tulip</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a> in 1850, dealing with a contest to grow a black tulip in late seventeenth-century <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i> are also often used as <a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">floral emblems</a>, for instance as the county flower of <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, UK.<sup id="cite_ref-countyflower_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countyflower-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Calochortus_nuttallii" title="Calochortus nuttallii">Calochortus nuttallii</a></i>, the sego lily, is the official <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state flowers">state flower</a> of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jussieu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jussieu_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJussieu1789" class="citation book cs1">Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/143/mode/1up">"Lilia"</a>. <i>Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam</i>. Paris. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5161409">5161409</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119145940/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/143/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lilia&rft.btitle=Genera+Plantarum%2C+secundum+ordines+naturales+disposita+juxta+methodum+in+Horto+Regio+Parisiensi+exaratam&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1789&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5161409&rft.aulast=Jussieu&rft.aufirst=Antoine+Laurent+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F7125%23page%2F143%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens_2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_2001_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_2001_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_2001_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_2001_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens" class="citation web cs1">Stevens, P.F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lilialesweb.htm#Liliaceae">"Liliaceae"</a>. <i>Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 12, September 28, 2013</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103060131/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lilialesweb.htm#Liliaceae">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teaching+Issues+and+Experiments+in+Ecology&rft.atitle=Ecological+Impacts+of+High+Deer+Densities&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.org%2Ftiee%2Fvol%2Fv2%2Fissues%2Ffigure_sets%2Fdeer%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hearst-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hearst_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hearst_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127164343/https://homeguides.sfgate.com/deer-eat-hostas-lilies-104420.html">"Will Deer Eat Hostas & Lilies?"</a>. <i>SFGate</i>. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01334.x">"Phylogeny, concerted convergence, and phylogenetic niche conservatism in the core Liliales: insights from <i>rbcL</i> and <i>ndhF</i> sequence data"</a>. <i>Evolution</i>. <b>56</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01334.x">10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01334.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11926492">11926492</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39420833">39420833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogeny%2C+concerted+convergence%2C+and+phylogenetic+niche+conservatism+in+the+core+Liliales%3A+insights+from+rbcL+and+ndhF+sequence+data&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39420833%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11926492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01334.x&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=T.B.&rft.au=Givnish%2C+T.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01334.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamura_1998b-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tamura_1998b_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamura_1998b_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamura_1998b_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamura_1998b_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamura1998" class="citation book cs1">Tamura, M.N. (1998). "Liliaceae". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC"><i>Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons</i></a>. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA345">343–353</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_41">10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-08377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-08377-8"><bdi>978-3-642-08377-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243791987">243791987</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200827232051/https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liliaceae&rft.btitle=Flowering+Plants+%C2%B7+Monocotyledons&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.series=The+families+and+genera+of+vascular+plants&rft.pages=343-353&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243791987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_41&rft.isbn=978-3-642-08377-8&rft.aulast=Tamura&rft.aufirst=M.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFyPVYzL76sMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spichiger-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spichiger_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpichigerPerret2004" class="citation book cs1">Spichiger, Rodolphe; Perret, Mathieu, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liliaceae&rft.btitle=Botanique+syst%C3%A9matique+des+plantes+%C3%A0+fleurs%3A+une+approche+phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique+nouvelle+des+angiospermes+des+r%C3%A9gions+temp%C3%A9r%C3%A9es+et+tropicales+%28Systematic+Botany+of+Flowering+Plants%29&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Science+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57808-373-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUw8fg0rAVgC%26pg%3D118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simp11-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simp11_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simp11_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simp11_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simp11_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simp11_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simp11_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simp11_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simp11_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2011" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Michael G. 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(1995). "Molecular phylogenetics of Lilianae". In Rudall, P.J.; Cribb, P.J.; Cutler, D.F.; Humphries, C.J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/M/bo9856357.html"><i>Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Kew 1993)</i></a>. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947643-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947643-85-0"><bdi>978-0-947643-85-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105025134/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/M/bo9856357.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-7843.2007.00043.x">"<i>Fritillaria cirrhosa</i>, <i>Anemarrhena asphodeloides</i>, lee-mo-tang and cyclosporine a inhibit ovalbumin-induced eosinophil accumulation and Th2-mediated bronchial hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma"</a>. <i>Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology</i>. <b>100</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-7843.2007.00043.x">10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00043.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17309526">17309526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basic+%26+Clinical+Pharmacology+%26+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Fritillaria+cirrhosa%2C+Anemarrhena+asphodeloides%2C+lee-mo-tang+and+cyclosporine+a+inhibit+ovalbumin-induced+eosinophil+accumulation+and+Th2-mediated+bronchial+hyperresponsiveness+in+a+murine+model+of+asthma.&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1742-7843.2007.00043.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17309526&rft.aulast=Yeum&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1742-7843.2007.00043.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinesefood-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chinesefood_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221202220/http://besteats.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/lily-bulb-exotic-chinese-food-series-105/">"Lily Bulb – Exotic Chinese Food"</a>. <i>Best Eats</i>. 24 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://besteats.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/lily-bulb-exotic-chinese-food-series-105/">the original</a> on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Best+Eats&rft.atitle=Lily+Bulb+%E2%80%93+Exotic+Chinese+Food&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbesteats.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F06%2F24%2Flily-bulb-exotic-chinese-food-series-105%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Couplan-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Couplan_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouplan1998" class="citation book cs1">Couplan, François (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tb_qBpULHKcC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America</i></a>. McGraw Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87983-821-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87983-821-8"><bdi>978-0-87983-821-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103104311/http://books.google.com/books?id=tb_qBpULHKcC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Edible+Plants+of+North+America&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87983-821-8&rft.aulast=Couplan&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtb_qBpULHKcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kandeler-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kandeler_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandelerUllrich2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kandeler, Riklef; Ullrich, Wolfram R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp088">"Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art. JUNE: Lilies"</a>. <i>J. Exp. Bot</i>. <b>60</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1893–</span>1895. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp088">10.1093/jxb/erp088</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19363202">19363202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Exp.+Bot.&rft.atitle=Symbolism+of+plants%3A+examples+from+European-Mediterranean+culture+presented+with+biology+and+history+of+art.+JUNE%3A+Lilies&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1893-%3C%2Fspan%3E1895&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp088&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19363202&rft.aulast=Kandeler&rft.aufirst=Riklef&rft.au=Ullrich%2C+Wolfram+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjxb%252Ferp088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sauvages1756-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sauvages1756_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Sauvages1756" class="citation book cs1">de Sauvages, Pierre Augustin Boissier (1756). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8RDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA153">"Éli"</a>. <i>Languedocien Dictionnaire François</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">153–</span>154. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140630093702/http://books.google.com/books?id=B8RDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA153">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%89li&rft.btitle=Languedocien+Dictionnaire+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=1756&rft.aulast=de+Sauvages&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Augustin+Boissier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8RDAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duby-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duby_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuby1993" class="citation book cs1">Duby, Georges (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franceinmiddleag00geor"><i>France in the Middle Ages 987-1460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc</i></a></span>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18945-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18945-9"><bdi>978-0-631-18945-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+in+the+Middle+Ages+987-1460%3A+From+Hugh+Capet+to+Joan+of+Arc&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18945-9&rft.aulast=Duby&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranceinmiddleag00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MichaudPoujoulat1836-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MichaudPoujoulat1836_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaudPoujoulat1836" class="citation book cs1">Michaud, Joseph Fr.; Poujoulat, Jean Joseph François (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvAJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA333">"Gestes de Louis IX"</a>. <i>Nouvelle collection des mémoires pour servir a l'histoire de France: depuis le XIIIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe; précédés de notices pour caractériser chaque auteur des mémoires et son époque; suivis de l'analyse des documents historiques qui s'y rapportent</i>. Éditeur du Commentaire analytique du Code civil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629170144/http://books.google.com/books?id=LvAJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA333">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gestes+de+Louis+IX&rft.btitle=Nouvelle+collection+des+m%C3%A9moires+pour+servir+a+l%27histoire+de+France%3A+depuis+le+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+jusqu%27%C3%A0+la+fin+du+XVIIIe%3B+pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9s+de+notices+pour+caract%C3%A9riser+chaque+auteur+des+m%C3%A9moires+et+son+%C3%A9poque%3B+suivis+de+l%27analyse+des+documents+historiques+qui+s%27y+rapportent&rft.pub=%C3%89diteur+du+Commentaire+analytique+du+Code+civil&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Michaud&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Fr.&rft.au=Poujoulat%2C+Jean+Joseph+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvAJAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pavord-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pavord_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavord1999" class="citation book cs1">Pavord, Anna (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LeMRBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Tulip</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a> Plc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-013-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-013-5"><bdi>978-1-58234-013-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630011219/https://books.google.com/books?id=LeMRBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tulip&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-58234-013-5&rft.aulast=Pavord&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLeMRBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1976" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, John H. (Autumn 1976). "Turkey as a Source of Garden Plants". <i>Garden History</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1586521">10.2307/1586521</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1586521">1586521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Garden+History&rft.atitle=Turkey+as+a+Source+of+Garden+Plants&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1586521&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1586521%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dash2010-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dash2010_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDash2010" class="citation book cs1">Dash, Mike (10 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=piXqsiQ4h1QC&pg=PA36"><i>Tulipomania: The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower & the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused</i></a>. Crown Publishing Group. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56082-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56082-7"><bdi>978-0-307-56082-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707151523/http://books.google.com/books?id=piXqsiQ4h1QC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tulipomania%3A+The+Story+of+the+World%27s+Most+Coveted+Flower+%26+the+Extraordinary+Passions+It+Aroused&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft.isbn=978-0-307-56082-7&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpiXqsiQ4h1QC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upchurch-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Upchurch_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpchurch2001" class="citation news cs1">Upchurch, Michael (4 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/04/magazine/how-a-turkish-blossom-enflamed-the-dutch-landscape.html">"How A Turkish Blossom Enflamed the Dutch Landscape"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227055643/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/04/magazine/how-a-turkish-blossom-enflamed-the-dutch-landscape.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+A+Turkish+Blossom+Enflamed+the+Dutch+Landscape&rft.date=2001-03-04&rft.aulast=Upchurch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F03%2F04%2Fmagazine%2Fhow-a-turkish-blossom-enflamed-the-dutch-landscape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunt1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Jasper_Walter_Blunt" title="Wilfrid Jasper Walter Blunt">Blunt, Wilfred</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmREAAAAYAAJ"><i>Tulipomania</i></a>. King Penguin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901211047/https://books.google.com/books?id=SmREAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tulipomania&rft.pub=King+Penguin&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSmREAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldgar2007" class="citation book cs1">Goldgar, Anne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gViwLbCJ7X0C"><i>Tulipmania: money, honor, and knowledge in the Dutch golden age</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226301303" title="Special:BookSources/9780226301303"><bdi>9780226301303</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406064305/https://books.google.com/books?id=gViwLbCJ7X0C">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tulipmania%3A+money%2C+honor%2C+and+knowledge+in+the+Dutch+golden+age&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780226301303&rft.aulast=Goldgar&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgViwLbCJ7X0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-countyflower-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-countyflower_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130223039/http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/plant_species/fritillary">"Fritillary (<i>Fritillaria meleagris</i>)"</a>. Plantlife. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantlife.org.uk//wild_plants/plant_species/fritillary/">the original</a> on 30 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fritillary+%28Fritillaria+meleagris%29&rft.pub=Plantlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantlife.org.uk%2F%2Fwild_plants%2Fplant_species%2Ffritillary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_reading">Additional reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Additional reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systematics">Systematics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_S_Judd" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter S Judd">Judd, Walter S.</a>; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kr3uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. (1st ed. 1999, 2nd 2002)</i></a> (3 ed.). Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-407-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-407-2"><bdi>978-0-87893-407-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=kr3uAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+systematics%3A+a+phylogenetic+approach.+%281st+ed.+1999%2C+2nd+2002%29&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-407-2&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Christopher+S.&rft.au=Kellogg%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Peter+F.&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkr3uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Michael G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC"><i>Plant Systematics</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051404-8"><bdi>978-0-08-051404-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427145421/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-08-051404-8&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIa2eIPVksMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rodolphe Spichiger; Mathieu Perret, eds. (2004) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUw8fg0rAVgC"><i>Botanique systématique des plantes à fleurs: une approche phylogénétique nouvelle des angiospermes des régions tempérées et tropicales (Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants)</i></a>. Lausanne: Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-373-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-373-2"><bdi>978-1-57808-373-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botanique+syst%C3%A9matique+des+plantes+%C3%A0+fleurs%3A+une+approche+phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique+nouvelle+des+angiospermes+des+r%C3%A9gions+temp%C3%A9r%C3%A9es+et+tropicales+%28Systematic+Botany+of+Flowering+Plants%29&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pub=Science+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57808-373-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUw8fg0rAVgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Peter Francis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kh9HXVALm9oC"><i>The Development of Biological Systematics: Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, Nature, and the Natural System</i></a>. Columbia University Press, 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51508-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51508-5"><bdi>978-0-231-51508-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Biological+Systematics%3A+Antoine-Laurent+de+Jussieu%2C+Nature%2C+and+the+Natural+System&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press%2C+2013&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51508-5&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Peter+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkh9HXVALm9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stuessy, Tod F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC"><i>Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14712-5"><bdi>978-0-231-14712-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101105308/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Taxonomy%3A+The+Systematic+Evaluation+of+Comparative+Data&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14712-5&rft.aulast=Stuessy&rft.aufirst=Tod+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bYs8F0Mb9gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxonomic_classifications">Taxonomic classifications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Taxonomic classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Adanson, Michel (1763). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary"><i>Familles des plantes</i></a>. Paris: Vincent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304024453/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familles+des+plantes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Vincent&rft.date=1763&rft.aulast=Adanson&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F271%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up">Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012095442/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/521/mode/1up">Archived</a> 12 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up">Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012095442/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/528/mode/1up">Archived</a> 12 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284#/summary"><i>Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam</i></a>. Paris. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5161409">5161409</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324140319/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+Plantarum%2C+secundum+ordines+naturales+disposita+juxta+methodum+in+Horto+Regio+Parisiensi+exaratam&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1789&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5161409&rft.aulast=Jussieu&rft.aufirst=Antoine+Laurent+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F284%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._P._de_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="A. P. de Candolle">de Candolle, A.P.</a> (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary"><i>Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225111702/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Th%C3%A9orie+%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire+de+la+botanique%2C+ou+exposition+des+principes+de+la+classification+naturelle+et+de+l%27art+de+d%C3%A9crire+et+d%27etudier+les+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9taux&rft.date=1813&rft.aulast=de+Candolle&rft.aufirst=A.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F39705%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gray, Samuel Frederick (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/43804#/summary"><i>A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c. including those cultivated for use; with an introduction to botany, in which the terms newly introduced are explained</i></a>. London: Baldwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224132808/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/43804#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+natural+arrangement+of+British+plants%3A+according+to+their+relations+to+each+other+as+pointed+out+by+Jussieu%2C+De+Candolle%2C+Brown%2C+%26c.+including+those+cultivated+for+use%3B+with+an+introduction+to+botany%2C+in+which+the+terms+newly+introduced+are+explained&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Baldwin&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F43804%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley</a>, John (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551#/summary"><i>An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy</i></a>. London: Longman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204174407/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+natural+system+of+botany+%3A+or%2C+A+systematic+view+of+the+organisation%2C+natural+affinities%2C+and+geographical+distribution%2C+of+the+whole+vegetable+kingdom+%3A+together+with+the+uses+of+the+most+important+species+in+medicine%2C+the+arts%2C+and+rural+or+domestic+economy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F7551%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lindley, John (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756#/summary"><i>The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system</i></a>. London: Bradbury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304022650/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vegetable+Kingdom%3A+or%2C+The+structure%2C+classification%2C+and+uses+of+plants%2C+illustrated+upon+the+natural+system&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bradbury&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F7756%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Bentham, G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Hooker, JD</a> (1862–1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary"><i>Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita</i></a>. London: L Reeve & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225105745/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+plantarum+ad+exemplaria+imprimis+in+herbariis+kewensibus+servata+definita.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=L+Reeve+%26+Co.&rft.date=1862%2F1883&rft.aulast=Bentham&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Hooker%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F747%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Engler, Adolf; Prantl, Karl, eds. (1887–1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/4635#/summary"><i>Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten</i></a>. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414214106/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/4635#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Nat%C3%BCrlichen+Pflanzenfamilien+nebst+ihren+Gattungen+und+wichtigeren+Arten%2C+insbesondere+den+Nutzpflanzen%2C+unter+Mitwirkung+zahlreicher+hervorragender+Fachgelehrten&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=W.+Engelmann&rft.date=1887%2F1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F4635%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Adolf Engler, ed. (1900–1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/250#/summary"><i>Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus</i></a>. Leipzig: Engelmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118064712/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/250#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Pflanzenreich%3A+regni+vegetablilis+conspectus&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Engelmann&rft.date=1900%2F1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F250%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Engler, Adolf (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary"><i>Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik</i></a>. Berlin: Borntraeger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225105743/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syllabus+der+Pflanzenfamilien+%3A+eine+%C3%9Cbersicht+%C3%BCber+das+gesamte+Pflanzensystem+mit+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+der+Medicinal-+und+Nutzpflanzen+nebst+einer+%C3%9Cbersicht+%C3%BCber+die+Florenreiche+und+Florengebiete+der+Erde+zum+Gebrauch+bei+Vorlesungen+und+Studien+%C3%BCber+specielle+und+medicinisch-pharmaceutische+Botanik&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Borntraeger&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F22956%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Carter, Humphrey G. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/20451#/summary"><i>Genera of British plants arranged according to Engler's Syllabus der pflanzenfamilien</i></a> (7 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304034704/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/20451#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+of+British+plants+arranged+according+to+Engler%27s+Syllabus+der+pflanzenfamilien&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Humphrey+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F20451%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lotsy, Johannes Paulus (1907–1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary"><i>Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik</i></a>. Jena: Fischer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304033050/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vortr%C3%A4ge+%C3%BCber+botanische+Stammesgeschichte%2C+gehalten+an+der+Reichsuniversit%C3%A4t+zu+Leiden.+Ein+Lehrbuch+der+Pflanzensystematik.&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Fischer&rft.date=1907%2F1911&rft.aulast=Lotsy&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Paulus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F33103%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, John (1959). <i>The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+of+flowering+plants%2C+arranged+according+to+a+new+system+based+on+their+probable+phylogeny.+2+vols&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren, R.M.</a>; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC"><i>The families of the monocotyledons</i></a>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64903-5"><bdi>978-3-642-64903-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630190521/https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+of+the+monocotyledons&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-642-64903-5&rft.aulast=Dahlgren&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft.au=Clifford%2C+H.T.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+P.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3iGndTFY0skC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Takhtadzhi︠a︡n, Armen Leonovich (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC"><i>Flowering Plants</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9609-9"><bdi>978-1-4020-9609-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103132651/http://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowering+Plants&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9609-9&rft.aulast=Takhtadzhi%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1n&rft.aufirst=Armen+Leonovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoumyfO-NHuUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_3">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Boisset, Caroline, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhslilygroup.org/75thAnniversary_LR.pdf"><i>Lilies and related plants. 2007-2008 75th Anniversary Issue</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902896-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902896-84-7"><bdi>978-1-902896-84-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717053207/http://www.rhslilygroup.org/75thAnniversary_LR.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lilies+and+related+plants.+2007-2008+75th+Anniversary+Issue&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society+Lily+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-902896-84-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhslilygroup.org%2F75thAnniversary_LR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Erhardt, Walter; et al. (2008). <i>Der große Zander. Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen</i>. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8001-5406-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8001-5406-7"><bdi>978-3-8001-5406-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+gro%C3%9Fe+Zander.+Enzyklop%C3%A4die+der+Pflanzennamen&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Verlag+Eugen+Ulmer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-8001-5406-7&rft.aulast=Erhardt&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mabberley, David J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFFgAgAAQBAJ"><i>Mabberley's Plant-Book</i></a> (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-78259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-78259-4"><bdi>978-1-107-78259-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mabberley%27s+Plant-Book&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-78259-4&rft.aulast=Mabberley&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFFgAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sharma, O.P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Roi0lwSXFnUC"><i>Plant Taxonomy</i></a> (2 ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-259-08137-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-259-08137-8"><bdi>978-1-259-08137-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209043434/https://books.google.com/books?id=Roi0lwSXFnUC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Taxonomy&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-259-08137-8&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=O.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoi0lwSXFnUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Reddy S. M.; et al., eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuQJeFkYoRIC"><i>University Botany - 3</i></a>. New Age International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1547-6"><bdi>978-81-224-1547-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+Botany+-+3&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1547-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuQJeFkYoRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC"><i>Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-4924-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-4924-8"><bdi>978-1-4398-4924-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024151941/https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornamental+Geophytes%3A+From+Basic+Science+to+Sustainable+Production&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-4924-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5B-ucdbgA3wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Redout%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Redouté">Redouté</a>, P. J. (1802–1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/537#/summary"><i>Les liliacées</i></a>. Paris: Redouté. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227071535/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/537#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+liliac%C3%A9es&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Redout%C3%A9&rft.date=1802%2F1816&rft.aulast=Redout%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F537%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=QK495F38R321805V1">HTML version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519135504/http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=QK495F38R321805V1">Archived</a> 19 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Kerner_von_Marilaun" title="Anton Kerner von Marilaun">Kerner von Marilaun, Anton</a> (1895–96). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/54631#/summary"><i>The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution', trans. FW Oliver et al. from </i>Pflanzenleben<i>, 1890–1891</i></a>. New York: Holt. p. 4: 603. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304022630/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/54631#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+natural+history+of+plants%2C+their+forms%2C+growth%2C+reproduction%2C+and+distribution%27%2C+trans.+FW+Oliver+et+al.+from+Pflanzenleben%2C+1890%E2%80%931891&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4%3A+603&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1895%2F1896&rft.aulast=Kerner+von+Marilaun&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F54631%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221173359/http://naturalhistoryofplants.com/">HTML version </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Walters, Dirk R.; Keil, David J. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vascularplanttax00walt"><i>Vascular Plant Taxonomy</i></a></span>. Kendall Hunt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-2108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-2108-9"><bdi>978-0-7872-2108-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vascular+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.pub=Kendall+Hunt&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7872-2108-9&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Dirk+R.&rft.au=Keil%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvascularplanttax00walt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Weberling, Focko (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZlOAAAAIAAJ"><i>Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences (trans. Richard J. Pankhurst)</i></a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43832-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43832-2"><bdi>978-0-521-43832-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphology+of+Flowers+and+Inflorescences+%28trans.+Richard+J.+Pankhurst%29&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43832-2&rft.aulast=Weberling&rft.aufirst=Focko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZlOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Williams, D. M.; Knapp, Sandra, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aH5B3ifHmuwC"><i>Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26772-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26772-5"><bdi>978-0-520-26772-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621043528/https://books.google.com/books?id=aH5B3ifHmuwC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Cladistics%3A+The+Branching+of+a+Paradigm&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26772-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaH5B3ifHmuwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symposia">Symposia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Symposia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Columbus, J.T.; Friar, E.A.; Porter, J.M.; Prince, L.M.; Simpson, M.G., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbgpress.info/index.php?task=id&id=07015">"Symposium issue: Monocots: comparative biology and evolution (excluding Poales).<i> Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, 31 Mar–4 Apr 2003</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aliso:_A_Journal_of_Systematic_and_Evolutionary_Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany">Aliso</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6275">0065-6275</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116105621/http://www.mbgpress.info/index.php?task=id&id=07015">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aliso&rft.atitle=Symposium+issue%3A+Monocots%3A+comparative+biology+and+evolution+%28excluding+Poales%29.+Proceedings+of+the+Third+International+Conference+on+the+Comparative+Biology+of+the+Monocotyledons%2C+31+Mar%E2%80%934+Apr+2003&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0065-6275&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbgpress.info%2Findex.php%3Ftask%3Did%26id%3D07015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Anders Barfod; Jerrold I. Davis; Gitte Petersen; Ole Seberg, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510043628/http://en.unipress.dk/udgivelser/d/diversity,-phylogeny,-and-evolution-in-the-monocotyledons/"><i>Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons (</i>Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Fifth International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution, Copenhagen 2008<i>)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University_Press" title="Aarhus University Press">Aarhus University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7934-398-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7934-398-6"><bdi>978-87-7934-398-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.unipress.dk/udgivelser/d/diversity,-phylogeny,-and-evolution-in-the-monocotyledons/">the original</a> on 10 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity%2C+Phylogeny%2C+and+Evolution+in+the+Monocotyledons+%28Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Conference+on+the+Comparative+Biology+of+the+Monocotyledons+and+the+Fifth+International+Symposium+on+Grass+Systematics+and+Evolution%2C+Copenhagen+2008%29&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-87-7934-398-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.unipress.dk%2Fudgivelser%2Fd%2Fdiversity%2C-phylogeny%2C-and-evolution-in-the-monocotyledons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regonline.com/builder/site/Default.aspx?EventID=1060172">"MONOCOTS V: 5th International Conference on Comparative Biology of Monocotyledons. New York July 2013"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024002136/https://www.regonline.com/builder/site/Default.aspx?EventID=1060172">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MONOCOTS+V%3A+5th+International+Conference+on+Comparative+Biology+of+Monocotyledons.+New+York+July+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regonline.com%2Fbuilder%2Fsite%2FDefault.aspx%3FEventID%3D1060172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Kelch, D.G. (2000). "What happened to the lily family?". <i>Pacific Horticulture</i>. <b>61</b>: <span class="nowrap">76–</span>79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Horticulture&rft.atitle=What+happened+to+the+lily+family%3F&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kelch&rft.aufirst=D.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Peruzzi, Lorenzo; Jarvis, Charlie E. (2009). "Typification of Linnaean Names in Liliaceae". <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>58</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1359–</span>1365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.584024">10.1002/tax.584024</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757024">27757024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Typification+of+Linnaean+Names+in+Liliaceae&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1359-%3C%2Fspan%3E1365&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Ftax.584024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27757024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peruzzi&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft.au=Jarvis%2C+Charlie+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Databases">Databases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">AP Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APWeb/orders/Lilialesweb.htm#Liliaceae">"Liliaceae"</a>. Missouri Botanical Garden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202100637/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APWeb/orders/Lilialesweb.htm#Liliaceae">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liliaceae&rft.pub=Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.au=AP+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2FMOBOT%2FResearch%2FAPWeb%2Forders%2FLilialesweb.htm%23Liliaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">GRIN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030150230/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?652">"Liliaceae"</a>. Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?652">the original</a> on 30 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liliaceae&rft.pub=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.au=GRIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-grin.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnpgs%2Fhtml%2Ffamily.pl%3F652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/itisca/next?v_tsn=42633&taxa=Liliaceae&p_ifx=&p_lang=">"Liliaceae"</a>. Integrated Taxonomic Information System<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liliaceae&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft.au=ITIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbif.gc.ca%2Fpls%2Fitisca%2Fnext%3Fv_tsn%3D42633%26taxa%3DLiliaceae%26p_ifx%3D%26p_lang%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">NCBI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=4677">"Liliaceae"</a>. National Center for Biotechnology Information. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010144605/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=4677">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liliaceae&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information&rft.au=NCBI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FTaxonomy%2FBrowser%2Fwwwtax.cgi%3Fid%3D4677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. (1992–2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/liliacea.htm">"The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval"</a>. DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509184004/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/liliacea.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+descriptions%2C+illustrations%2C+identification%2C+and+information+retrieval&rft.pub=DELTA+%E2%80%93+DEscription+Language+for+TAxonomy&rft.date=1992%2F2014&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Dallwitz%2C+M.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdelta-intkey.com%2Fangio%2Fwww%2Fliliacea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Desmet, Peter; Brouilet, Luc (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/100011958">"Liliaceae de Jussieu"</a>. <i>PhytoKeys</i> (25): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fphytokeys.25.3100">10.3897/phytokeys.25.3100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819130">3819130</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24198712">24198712</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222041243/http://www.gbif.org/species/100011958">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PhytoKeys&rft.atitle=Liliaceae+de+Jussieu&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3819130%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24198712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fphytokeys.25.3100&rft.aulast=Desmet&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Brouilet%2C+Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbif.org%2Fspecies%2F100011958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flora">Flora</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Chen, Xinqi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10507">"Liliaceae"</a>. <i>Flora of China</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314073200/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10507">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+China&rft.atitle=Liliaceae&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Xinqi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D2%26taxon_id%3D10507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Utech, Frederick H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507">"Liliaceae"</a>. <i>Flora of North America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306071348/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Liliaceae&rft.aulast=Utech&rft.aufirst=Frederick+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D10507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Cronquist, Arthur</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floranorthamerica.org/Volume/V01/Chapter14">"A Commentary on the General System of Classification of Flowering Plants, in"</a>. <i>Flora of North America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223001352/http://floranorthamerica.org/Volume/V01/Chapter14">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+North+America&rft.atitle=A+Commentary+on+the+General+System+of+Classification+of+Flowering+Plants%2C+in&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cronquist&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffloranorthamerica.org%2FVolume%2FV01%2FChapter14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102191244/http://www.herbarium.hawaii.edu/bot461/query/details.php?family=LILIACEAE&field=family">"Liliaceae"</a>. <i>Flora of Hawaii & Plant Family Profiles</i>. University of Hawai'i. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herbarium.hawaii.edu/bot461/query/details.php?family=Liliaceae&field=family">the original</a> on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+Hawaii+%26+Plant+Family+Profiles&rft.atitle=Liliaceae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herbarium.hawaii.edu%2Fbot461%2Fquery%2Fdetails.php%3Ffamily%3DLiliaceae%26field%3Dfamily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Ali, S. I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=10507">"Liliaceae"</a>. <i>Flora of Pakistan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302224254/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=10507">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Liliaceae&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=S.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D5%26taxon_id%3D10507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Walters, Stuart Max; Cullen, James, eds. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dd5M-ToXAcC"><i>The European Garden Flora</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24859-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24859-4"><bdi>978-0-521-24859-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323224843/https://books.google.com/books?id=1dd5M-ToXAcC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Garden+Flora&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24859-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dd5M-ToXAcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Brittan, N.H.; et al. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/main-query-styles.html">"(Search for:) Liliaceae"</a>. <i>Flora of Australia Online. vol. 45</i>. Australian Biological Resources Study. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216003635/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/main-query-styles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+Australia+Online.+vol.+45&rft.atitle=%28Search+for%3A%29+Liliaceae&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Brittan&rft.aufirst=N.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anbg.gov.au%2Fabrs%2Fonline-resources%2Fflora%2Fmain-query-styles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Frodin, D.G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMjXCF4rmDUC"><i>Guide to Standard Floras of the World: An Annotated, Geographically Arranged Systematic Bibliography of the Principal Floras, Enumerations, Checklists and Chorological Atlases of Different Areas</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42865-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42865-1"><bdi>978-1-139-42865-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507002554/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMjXCF4rmDUC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Standard+Floras+of+the+World%3A+An+Annotated%2C+Geographically+Arranged+Systematic+Bibliography+of+the+Principal+Floras%2C+Enumerations%2C+Checklists+and+Chorological+Atlases+of+Different+Areas&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-139-42865-1&rft.aulast=Frodin&rft.aufirst=D.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMjXCF4rmDUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_4">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliaceae&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Stephen Downie; Ken Robertson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.illinois.edu/help/digitalflowers/index.htm">"Digital Flowers"</a>. University of Illinois. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202184849/http://www.life.illinois.edu/help/digitalflowers/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Flowers&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&rft.au=Stephen+Downie&rft.au=Ken+Robertson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.illinois.edu%2Fhelp%2Fdigitalflowers%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title">"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104060236/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants&rft.place=Bratislava&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fmain.php%3Fpage%3Dtitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Liliaceae">"Liliaceae"</a>. Pacific Bulb Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219165807/http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Liliaceae">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liliaceae&rft.pub=Pacific+Bulb+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificbulbsociety.org%2Fpbswiki%2Findex.php%2FLiliaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Lobstein, Marion Blois. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112160133/http://vnps.org/wp/pwws/where-have-all-the-lilies-gone-long-time-changing-in-the-lilaceous-families/">"Where Have All the Lilies Gone? Long-Time Changin' in the Liliaceous Families"</a>. Prince William Wildflower Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vnps.org/wp/pwws/where-have-all-the-lilies-gone-long-time-changing-in-the-lilaceous-families/">the original</a> on 12 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Have+All+the+Lilies+Gone%3F+Long-Time+Changin%27+in+the+Liliaceous+Families&rft.pub=Prince+William+Wildflower+Society&rft.aulast=Lobstein&rft.aufirst=Marion+Blois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvnps.org%2Fwp%2Fpwws%2Fwhere-have-all-the-lilies-gone-long-time-changing-in-the-lilaceous-families%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Saylor, Jesse L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saylorplants.com/SaylorPlants/Ref_Info/2112LiliaceaeSeg2.htm">"Liliaceae Segregated According to Brummitt (1992)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111220203/http://saylorplants.com/SaylorPlants/Ref_Info/2112LiliaceaeSeg2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liliaceae+Segregated+According+to+Brummitt+%281992%29&rft.aulast=Saylor&rft.aufirst=Jesse+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saylorplants.com%2FSaylorPlants%2FRef_Info%2F2112LiliaceaeSeg2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030113647/http://e-monocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:family:59">"Liliaceae"</a>. <i>eMonocot</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-monocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:family:59">the original</a> on 30 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eMonocot&rft.atitle=Liliaceae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-monocot.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Akew.org%3Awcs%3Afamily%3A59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erick.dronnet.free.fr/belles_fleurs_de_france/liliaceae.htm">"Liliaceae"</a>. <i>Belles fleurs de France</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625002808/http://erick.dronnet.free.fr/belles_fleurs_de_france/liliaceae.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belles+fleurs+de+France&rft.atitle=Liliaceae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferick.dronnet.free.fr%2Fbelles_fleurs_de_france%2Fliliaceae.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Liliaceae" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Liliaceae"><i>Liliaceae</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Liliaceae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lilium_longiflorum_%28Easter_Lily%29.JPG/18px-Lilium_longiflorum_%28Easter_Lily%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lilium_longiflorum_%28Easter_Lily%29.JPG/27px-Lilium_longiflorum_%28Easter_Lily%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lilium_longiflorum_%28Easter_Lily%29.JPG/36px-Lilium_longiflorum_%28Easter_Lily%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span> Genera of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liliaceae</a> family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lilioideae" title="Lilioideae">Lilioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medeoleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Medeoleae">Medeoleae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clintonia" title="Clintonia">Clintonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medeola_virginiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Medeola virginiana">Medeola</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lilieae" title="Lilieae">Lilieae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiocrinum" title="Cardiocrinum">Cardiocrinum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erythronium" title="Erythronium">Erythronium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria" title="Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gagea" title="Gagea">Gagea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomocharis" title="Nomocharis">Nomocharis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notholirion" title="Notholirion">Notholirion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calochortoideae" title="Calochortoideae">Calochortoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calochortus" title="Calochortus">Calochortus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tricyrtis" title="Tricyrtis">Tricyrtis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Streptopoideae" title="Streptopoideae">Streptopoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosartes" title="Prosartes">Prosartes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scoliopus" title="Scoliopus">Scoliopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptopus" title="Streptopus">Streptopus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)741" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;;background:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angiosperm_families" title="Template talk:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)741" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Families of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>angio<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>sperms</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydatellaceae" title="Hydatellaceae">Hydatellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabombaceae" title="Cabombaceae">Cabombaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrobaileyaceae">Austrobaileyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimeniaceae" title="Trimeniaceae">Trimeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisandraceae" title="Schisandraceae">Schisandraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="margin:+20px; position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiospermae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellaceae" title="Canellaceae">Canellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winteraceae" title="Winteraceae">Winteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saururaceae" title="Saururaceae">Saururaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myristicaceae" title="Myristicaceae">Myristicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himantandraceae" title="Himantandraceae">Himantandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupomatiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupomatiaceae">Eupomatiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calycanthaceae" title="Calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siparunaceae" title="Siparunaceae">Siparunaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomortegaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomortegaceae">Gomortegaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherospermataceae" title="Atherospermataceae">Atherospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandiaceae" title="Hernandiaceae">Hernandiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monimiaceae" title="Monimiaceae">Monimiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Chloranthidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chloranthales17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Lilidae</b> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoraceae">Acoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofieldiaceae" title="Tofieldiaceae">Tofieldiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismataceae" title="Alismataceae">Alismataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Butomaceae">Butomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocharitaceae" title="Hydrocharitaceae">Hydrocharitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheuchzeriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheuchzeriaceae">Scheuchzeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aponogetonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponogetonaceae">Aponogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaginaceae" title="Juncaginaceae">Juncaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundiaceae">Maundiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteraceae" title="Zosteraceae">Zosteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamogetonaceae" title="Potamogetonaceae">Potamogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Posidoniaceae">Posidoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruppiaceae">Ruppiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoceaceae" title="Cymodoceaceae">Cymodoceaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velloziaceae" title="Velloziaceae">Velloziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanthaceae" title="Cyclanthaceae">Cyclanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campynemataceae" title="Campynemataceae">Campynemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsiaceae" title="Corsiaceae">Corsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petermanniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petermanniaceae">Petermanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstroemeriaceae" title="Alstroemeriaceae">Alstroemeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philesiaceae" title="Philesiaceae">Philesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripogonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripogonaceae">Ripogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">Orchidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryaceae" title="Boryaceae">Boryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandfordiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blandfordiaceae">Blandfordiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteliaceae" title="Asteliaceae">Asteliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanariaceae">Lanariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxidaceae" title="Hypoxidaceae">Hypoxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doryanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryanthaceae">Doryanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixioliriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixioliriaceae">Ixioliriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecophilaeaceae" title="Tecophilaeaceae">Tecophilaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeronemataceae">Xeronemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodelaceae" title="Asphodelaceae">Asphodelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasypogonaceae" title="Dasypogonaceae">Dasypogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanguanaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanguanaceae">Hanguanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinaceae" title="Commelinaceae">Commelinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philydraceae" title="Philydraceae">Philydraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederiaceae" title="Pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodoraceae" title="Haemodoraceae">Haemodoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strelitziaceae" title="Strelitziaceae">Strelitziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowiaceae">Lowiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliconiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliconiaceae">Heliconiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannaceae">Cannaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantaceae" title="Marantaceae">Marantaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costaceae" title="Costaceae">Costaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhaceae" title="Typhaceae">Typhaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapateaceae" title="Rapateaceae">Rapateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyridaceae" title="Xyridaceae">Xyridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriocaulaceae" title="Eriocaulaceae">Eriocaulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayacaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayacaceae">Mayacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurniaceae" title="Thurniaceae">Thurniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">Restionaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinvilleaceae" title="Joinvilleaceae">Joinvilleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdeiocoleaceae" title="Ecdeiocoleaceae">Ecdeiocoleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Ceratophyllidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ceratophyllales19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxaceae" title="Buxaceae">Buxaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabiaceae" title="Sabiaceae">Sabiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbonaceae" title="Nelumbonaceae">Nelumbonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eupteleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupteleaceae">Eupteleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circaeasteraceae" title="Circaeasteraceae">Circaeasteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardizabalaceae" title="Lardizabalaceae">Lardizabalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Menispermaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myrothamnaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrothamnaceae">Myrothamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunneraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunneraceae">Gunneraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rosids97" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vitales11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vitales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitales">Vitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apodanthaceae" title="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisophylleaceae" title="Anisophylleaceae">Anisophylleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynocarpaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corynocarpaceae">Corynocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriariaceae">Coriariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramelaceae" title="Tetramelaceae">Tetramelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datiscaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Datiscaceae">Datiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quillajaceae" title="Quillajaceae">Quillajaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surianaceae" title="Surianaceae">Surianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nothofagaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagaceae">Nothofagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Casuarinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticodendraceae">Ticodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeyaceae">Barbeyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeagnaceae" title="Elaeagnaceae">Elaeagnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krameriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krameriaceae">Krameriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidobotryaceae" title="Lepidobotryaceae">Lepidobotryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandaceae" title="Pandaceae">Pandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingiaceae" title="Irvingiaceae">Irvingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenolophonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenolophonaceae">Ctenolophonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylaceae" title="Erythroxylaceae">Erythroxylaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochnaceae" title="Ochnaceae">Ochnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnetiaceae" title="Bonnetiaceae">Bonnetiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calophyllaceae" title="Calophyllaceae">Calophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podostemaceae" title="Podostemaceae">Podostemaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericaceae" title="Hypericaceae">Hypericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocaraceae" title="Caryocaraceae">Caryocaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophopyxidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopyxidaceae">Lophopyxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putranjivaceae" title="Putranjivaceae">Putranjivaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centroplacaceae" title="Centroplacaceae">Centroplacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatinaceae" title="Elatinaceae">Elatinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanopaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanopaceae">Balanopaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigoniaceae" title="Trigoniaceae">Trigoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichapetalaceae" title="Dichapetalaceae">Dichapetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphroniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphroniaceae">Euphroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysobalanaceae" title="Chrysobalanaceae">Chrysobalanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiriaceae" title="Humiriaceae">Humiriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achariaceae" title="Achariaceae">Achariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goupiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Goupiaceae">Goupiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passifloraceae" title="Passifloraceae">Passifloraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacistemataceae" title="Lacistemataceae">Lacistemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraceae" title="Peraceae">Peraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixonanthaceae" title="Ixonanthaceae">Ixonanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrodendraceae" title="Picrodendraceae">Picrodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthaceae" title="Phyllanthaceae">Phyllanthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaceae" title="Huaceae">Huaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaraceae" title="Connaraceae">Connaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidaceae" title="Oxalidaceae">Oxalidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpaceae" title="Elaeocarpaceae">Elaeocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalotaceae">Cephalotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunelliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelliaceae">Brunelliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akaniaceae" title="Akaniaceae">Akaniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeolaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropaeolaceae">Tropaeolaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moringaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moringaceae">Moringaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnanthaceae" title="Limnanthaceae">Limnanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setchellanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setchellanthaceae">Setchellanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeberliniaceae">Koeberliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataceae">Bataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoraceae" title="Salvadoraceae">Salvadoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblingiaceae">Emblingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovariaceae">Tovariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadiplandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadiplandraceae">Pentadiplandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrostemonaceae" title="Gyrostemonaceae">Gyrostemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">Resedaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">Capparaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomaceae" title="Cleomaceae">Cleomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphloiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphloiaceae">Aphloiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geissolomataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geissolomataceae">Geissolomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasburgeriaceae" title="Strasburgeriaceae">Strasburgeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphyleaceae" title="Staphyleaceae">Staphyleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamatelaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamatelaceae">Guamatelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stachyuraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stachyuraceae">Stachyuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomataceae" title="Crossosomataceae">Crossosomataceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoaceae" title="Francoaceae">Francoaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrardinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrardinaceae">Gerrardinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petenaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petenaeaceae">Petenaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapisciaceae" title="Tapisciaceae">Tapisciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipentodontaceae" title="Dipentodontaceae">Dipentodontaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytinaceae" title="Cytinaceae">Cytinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntingiaceae" title="Muntingiaceae">Muntingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuradaceae" title="Neuradaceae">Neuradaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerosepalaceae" title="Sphaerosepalaceae">Sphaerosepalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">Bixaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">Cistaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcolaenaceae" title="Sarcolaenaceae">Sarcolaenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">Vochysiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypteroniaceae" title="Crypteroniaceae">Crypteroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzateaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzateaceae">Alzateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaeaceae" title="Penaeaceae">Penaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picramniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Picramniales">Picramniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biebersteiniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Biebersteiniaceae">Biebersteiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrariaceae" title="Nitrariaceae">Nitrariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkiaceae" title="Kirkiaceae">Kirkiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aextoxicaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aextoxicaceae">Aextoxicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidaceae" title="Berberidopsidaceae">Berberidopsidaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankeniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankeniaceae">Frankeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaricaceae" title="Tamaricaceae">Tamaricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droseraceae" title="Droseraceae">Droseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophyllaceae">Drosophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdodendraceae">Rhabdodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmondsiaceae" title="Simmondsiaceae">Simmondsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physenaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physenaceae">Physenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropeiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteropeiaceae">Asteropeiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarthuriaceae" title="Macarthuriaceae">Macarthuriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microteaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microteaceae">Microteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achatocarpaceae" title="Achatocarpaceae">Achatocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegnospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegnospermataceae">Stegnospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeaceae">Limeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophiocarpaceae" title="Lophiocarpaceae">Lophiocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaceae">Kewaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeuiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeuiaceae">Barbeuiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisekiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisekiaceae">Gisekiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytolaccaceae" title="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiveriaceae" title="Petiveriaceae">Petiveriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcobataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcobataceae">Sarcobataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluginaceae" title="Molluginaceae">Molluginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiaceae" title="Montiaceae">Montiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basellaceae" title="Basellaceae">Basellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophytaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytaceae">Halophytaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinaceae" title="Talinaceae">Talinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacampserotaceae" title="Anacampserotaceae">Anacampserotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olacaceae" title="Olacaceae">Olacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiliaceae" title="Opiliaceae">Opiliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanophoraceae" title="Balanophoraceae">Balanophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalaceae" title="Santalaceae">Santalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Misodendraceae">Misodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoepfiaceae" title="Schoepfiaceae">Schoepfiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loranthaceae" title="Loranthaceae">Loranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asterids99" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyssaceae" title="Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostachyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostachyaceae">Hydrostachyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrangeaceae" title="Hydrangeaceae">Hydrangeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loasaceae" title="Loasaceae">Loasaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtisiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtisiaceae">Curtisiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grubbiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbiaceae">Grubbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornaceae" title="Cornaceae">Cornaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcgraviaceae" title="Marcgraviaceae">Marcgraviaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrameristaceae" title="Tetrameristaceae">Tetrameristaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouquieriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouquieriaceae">Fouquieriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemoniaceae" title="Polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sladeniaceae" title="Sladeniaceae">Sladeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphylacaceae" title="Pentaphylacaceae">Pentaphylacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapotaceae" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenaceae" title="Ebenaceae">Ebenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaceae" title="Theaceae">Theaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplocaceae" title="Symplocaceae">Symplocaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapensiaceae" title="Diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styracaceae" title="Styracaceae">Styracaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarraceniaceae" title="Sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roridulaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roridulaceae">Roridulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinidiaceae" title="Actinidiaceae">Actinidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clethraceae" title="Clethraceae">Clethraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillaceae" title="Cyrillaceae">Cyrillaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrastemonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrastemonaceae">Mitrastemonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncothecaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncothecaceae">Oncothecaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icacinaceae" title="Icacinaceae">Icacinaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Metteniusales" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucommiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucommiaceae">Eucommiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryaceae" title="Garryaceae">Garryaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianaceae" title="Gentianaceae">Gentianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemiaceae" title="Gelsemiaceae">Gelsemiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vahliales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliales">Vahliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliaceae">Vahliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiniaceae" title="Montiniaceae">Montiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenocleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenocleaceae">Sphenocleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroleaceae">Hydroleaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plocospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plocospermataceae">Plocospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlemanniaceae" title="Carlemanniaceae">Carlemanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachondraceae" title="Tetrachondraceae">Tetrachondraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceolariaceae" title="Calceolariaceae">Calceolariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantaginaceae" title="Plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaceae" title="Stilbaceae">Stilbaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linderniaceae" title="Linderniaceae">Linderniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Byblidaceae">Byblidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyniaceae" title="Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomandersiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomandersiaceae">Thomandersiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaceae" title="Mazaceae">Mazaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulowniaceae" title="Paulowniaceae">Paulowniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennantiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantiaceae">Pennantiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelliaceae" title="Torricelliaceae">Torricelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Griseliniaceae">Griseliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittosporaceae" title="Pittosporaceae">Pittosporaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araliaceae" title="Araliaceae">Araliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myodocarpaceae" title="Myodocarpaceae">Myodocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stemonuraceae" title="Stemonuraceae">Stemonuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopteridaceae" title="Cardiopteridaceae">Cardiopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllonomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllonomaceae">Phyllonomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Helwingiaceae">Helwingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifoliaceae">Aquifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rousseaceae" title="Rousseaceae">Rousseaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphragmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaphragmataceae">Pentaphragmataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylidiaceae" title="Stylidiaceae">Stylidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseuosmiaceae" title="Alseuosmiaceae">Alseuosmiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinaceae">Phellinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argophyllaceae" title="Argophyllaceae">Argophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyanthaceae" title="Menyanthaceae">Menyanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodeniaceae" title="Goodeniaceae">Goodeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyceraceae" title="Calyceraceae">Calyceraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columelliaceae" title="Columelliaceae">Columelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniaceae" title="Bruniaceae">Bruniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoxaceae" title="Adoxaceae">Adoxaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprifoliaceae" title="Caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Escalloniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalloniales">Escalloniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracryphiales">Paracryphiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_families" title="Category:Angiosperm families">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Liliaceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53480" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q53480">Q53480</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54481">54481</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121209">121209</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6259D">6259D</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4174">4174</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1LILF">1LILF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22927">22927</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507">10507</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10507">10507</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7699">7699</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=652">652</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47328">47328</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30000259-2">30000259-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114848">114848</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/1079">1079</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42633">42633</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000160311">NBNSYS0000160311</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4677">4677</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/ae3f9af3-deab-4ab5-81b2-95271baca3df">ae3f9af3-deab-4ab5-81b2-95271baca3df</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=781605">781605</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54578">54578</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/478AC4A9-D409-FADE-31CA-E99CF6F3E971">478AC4A9-D409-FADE-31CA-E99CF6F3E971</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000259-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000259-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/42000374">42000374</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/155">155</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/e9650979-d7a8-41f4-ae35-0d3cbda3bc32">e9650979-d7a8-41f4-ae35-0d3cbda3bc32</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Watson & Dallwitz: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/liliacea.htm">liliacea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-7000000336">wfo-7000000336</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382480">382480</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1700" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4167667-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liliaceae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85076962">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liliacées"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12255350d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liliacées"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12255350d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577446">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="liliovité"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph191027&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000174658&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529223905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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