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class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution_Drafting_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_Drafting_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Constitution Drafting Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_Drafting_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Reconciliation_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Reconciliation_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>National Reconciliation Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Reconciliation_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_the_2006_military_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_the_2006_military_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Support for the 2006 military coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_the_2006_military_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Crown_Prince_Vajiralongkorn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Crown_Prince_Vajiralongkorn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism of Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Crown_Prince_Vajiralongkorn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Royal decorations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Royal_decorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Royal decorations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Royal_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Foreign decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volunteer_Defense_Corps_of_Thailand_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volunteer_Defense_Corps_of_Thailand_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Volunteer Defense Corps of Thailand rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volunteer_Defense_Corps_of_Thailand_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anand Panyarachun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anand Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="أناند بانياراتشون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أناند بانياراتشون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Anand Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anand Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anand Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anand Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="آناند پانیاراچون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آناند پانیاراچون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anan_Panyarachun" title="Anan Panyarachun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anan Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%82%9C_%EB%B9%A4%EC%95%BC%EB%9D%BC%EC%B6%98" title="아난 빤야라춘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아난 빤야라춘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anand Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99_%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%99" title="ອານັນ ປັນຍາຣະຊຸນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອານັນ ປັນຍາຣະຊຸນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="اناند بانياراتشون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اناند بانياراتشون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%97%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အာနာန် ဗညာရဆုန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အာနာန် ဗညာရဆုန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B3" title="アナン・パンヤーラチュン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アナン・パンヤーラチュン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91_%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="អាន័ន្ទ បន្យារជុន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាន័ន្ទ បន្យារជុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Панъярачун, Анан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панъярачун, Анан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anand Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Anand Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99" title="อานันท์ ปันยารชุน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อานันท์ ปันยารชุน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Анан Паньярачун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анан Паньярачун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anand Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Anand Panyarachun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Anand Panyarachun</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">MPCh</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand" title="Order of the Crown of Thailand">MWM</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao" title="Order of Chula Chom Klao">TChW</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="th"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">อานันท์ ปันยารชุน</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anand_Panyarachun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Anand_Panyarachun.jpg/220px-Anand_Panyarachun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Anand_Panyarachun.jpg/330px-Anand_Panyarachun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Anand_Panyarachun.jpg/440px-Anand_Panyarachun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1629" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Anand in 2010</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">18th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 June 1992 – 22 September 1992</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Bhumibol Adulyadej</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meechai_Ruchuphan" title="Meechai Ruchuphan">Meechai Ruchuphan</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai" title="Chuan Leekpai">Chuan Leekpai</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 March 1991 – 23 March 1992</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Kongsompong" title="Sunthorn Kongsompong">Sunthorn Kongsompong</a> (as Head of the <a href="/wiki/National_Peacekeeping_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="National Peacekeeping Council">National Peacekeeping Council</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon" title="Suchinda Kraprayoon">Suchinda Kraprayoon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)">Permanent Secretary for Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 August 1975 – 11 March 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan" title="Chatichai Choonhavan">Chatichai Choonhavan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bhichai_Rattakul" title="Bhichai Rattakul">Bhichai Rattakul</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upadit_Pachariyangkun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upadit Pachariyangkun (page does not exist)">Upadit Pachariyangkun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phan_Wannamethee" title="Phan Wannamethee">Phan Wannamethee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wong_Phonnikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wong Phonnikon (page does not exist)">Wong Phonnikon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Ambassador of Thailand</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />to <b><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></b> 1979 – 1984<br />to the <b>United States</b> 1972 – 1976<br />to <b>Canada</b> 1967 – 1972<br />to the <b><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></b> 1964 – 1976</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1932-08-09</span>) </span>9 August 1932<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 92)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Krung Thep, Siam (now Bangkok, Thailand)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">M.R. Sodsri Panyarachun (née Chakrabandhu) (d. 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_College" title="Dulwich College">Dulwich College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">Diplomat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anand Panyarachun's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9.png/128px-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9.png/192px-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9.png/256px-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="187" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anand Panyarachun</b> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">อานันท์ ปันยารชุน</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn"><i>Anan Panyarachun</i></i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[ʔāː.nān<span class="wrap"> </span>pān.jāː.rā.t͡ɕʰūn]</a></span>; born 9 August 1932) is a Thai retired politician who was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> twice: once in 1991–1992 and again during the latter half of 1992. He was effective in initiating economic and political reforms, one of which was the drafting of Thailand's "People's Constitution", which was promulgated in 1997 and abrogated in 2006. Anand received a <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award" title="Ramon Magsaysay Award">Ramon Magsaysay Award</a> for Government Service in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_career_in_civil_service_and_business">Education career in civil service and business</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education career in civil service and business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anand was the youngest of twelve children<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a wealthy family of <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a> heritage on his father's side and Thai-<a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) on his mother's.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Proud_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proud-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Sern was a son of a high-ranking official of Mon ancestry. His father studied in England on a king's scholarship, and later oversaw all royal schools and thereafter a successful businessman in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-MR-2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MR-2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paternal grandfather built an ethnic Mon monastery in <a href="/wiki/Ratchaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratchaburi Province">Ratchaburi</a> called Wat Khao Chon Phran.<sup id="cite_ref-Proud_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proud-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Anand, he inherited his Chinese heritage from his maternal grandmother, whose surname was Lau (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">刘</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Chinese ancestors came to Thailand in the mid-18th century and eventually became one of the country's most prominent Chinese families. He is distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Korn_Chatikavanij" title="Korn Chatikavanij">Korn Chatikavanij</a> through this branch of his family.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anand attended <a href="/wiki/Dulwich_College" title="Dulwich College">Dulwich College</a> and later read law at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, graduating with honours in 1955. </p><p>Anand spent 23 years in the foreign service, serving at times as the Ambassador of Thailand to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Ambassador_to_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Ambassador to Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Thailand_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Thailand to the United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Thailand_to_Germany" title="List of ambassadors of Thailand to Germany">West Germany</a>. In January 1976 he was appointed Permanent Secretary of the foreign ministry, and played a leading role in ensuring the US military withdrawal from Thailand. Following that year's October coup, Anand was branded a communist by the military during the subsequent political witch hunts,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presumably for the Foreign Ministry's role in the normalisation of diplomatic relations between Thailand and the People's Republic of China. Although the civil service panel set up to investigate the allegations cleared him of any wrongdoing, Anand was put into relatively unimportant posts and in 1979 left the public sector for the private.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the Vice-Chairman of the Saha-Union Group in 1979 and the Chairman of the Board of Directors in 1991. He has been a Director of <a href="/wiki/Siam_Commercial_Bank" title="Siam Commercial Bank">Siam Commercial Bank</a> since 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand-Bio_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand-Bio-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_administration">First administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_(34).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2834%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2834%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2834%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3413" /></a><figcaption>Anand in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 February 1991, a military coup led by General <a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Kongsompong" title="Sunthorn Kongsompong">Sunthorn Kongsompong</a>, supreme commander of the armed forces, and General <a href="/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon" title="Suchinda Kraprayoon">Suchinda Kraprayoon</a>, the commander-in-chief of the army, imprisoned <a href="/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan" title="Chatichai Choonhavan">Chatichai Choonhavan</a>, the democratically elected leader. As in previous Thai coups, the military formed a <a href="/wiki/National_Peace_Keeping_Council" title="National Peace Keeping Council">National Peace Keeping Council</a> (NPKC) to run the country. To shore up its image and gain the trust of King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumibol">Bhumibol</a>, the NPKC appointed Anand as interim prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anand, closely linked to the palace and held in respect by both the bureaucracy and the business community, proved acceptable to the people and the international community. He was regarded as being astute and disciplined, and had never been associated with any financial scandals.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon accepting the position of prime minister, Anand was quick to declare that he did not agree with everything the junta had done and that he intended to follow an independent course. He angered the NPKC by suggesting that Chatichai be released immediately upon a cabinet being appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The interim constitution that was promulgated on 1 March 1991 reconfirmed the intention of the NKPC to retain substantial control.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Anand was allowed relative freedom to select his own cabinet members. For the entire period of his premiership Anand faced constant pressure from the junta leaders, who tried to influence government decisions in order to gain financial benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anand filled his cabinet with well-known academics, technocrats, and ex-bureaucrats with proven records. Various commentators, ranging from the president of the <a href="/wiki/Thailand_Development_Research_Institute" title="Thailand Development Research Institute">Thailand Development Research Institute</a> to the mass-circulation newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Thai_Rath" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Rath">Thai Rath</a></i>, described the cabinet as the most impressive Thailand had ever had.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong guiding hand of privy councillor <a href="/wiki/Prem_Tinsulanonda" title="Prem Tinsulanonda">Prem Tinsulanonda</a> could be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst those selected by Anand were Prem's previous finance minister and economic advisor. A senior diplomat during the years Prem served as prime minister became foreign minister. The <a href="/wiki/Technocracy_(bureaucratic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocracy (bureaucratic)">technocratic</a> orientation of the cabinet substantially diminished the fears of foreign investors.<sup id="cite_ref-Praagh-1996_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Praagh-1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms">Reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anand's administration proved harder-working than his predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration worked on its task of implementing a long list of much-needed reforms. Its emphasis on education, public health, exports, agriculture, industry, environment, and improvement in living conditions, met with widespread approval. In a Bangkok poll in late-July 1991, 61 percent of respondents felt that the Anand government was more honest than previous administrations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguably the most significant of the reforms was a restructuring of the taxation system, which saw the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">value added tax</a> (VAT) and a reduction in corporate and income taxation. Several measures were taken to free up the flow of funds into and out of the country. Thai nationals were allowed to invest abroad without the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Bank of Thailand</a>. Regulations were altered for foreign banks to open branches and the ceiling on bank interest rates was lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the process for obtaining official operating licences for factories was greatly simplified, while the method of allocating textile and tapioca quotas was made more apparent. In the energy sector, price control barriers were dismantled. </p><p>The government was also able to successfully conclude agreements for a number of large-scale infrastructure projects initiated by the Chatichai administration. A regulatory board to oversee the privatisation and private investment in infrastructure projects was established. The projects themselves were also to be independently approved and monitored by agencies outside the government in order to minimise the opportunities for corruption. </p><p>In an attempt to spread the benefits of the country's economic growth, civil servants were given a 23 percent raise in wages, state employers a 20 percent wage rise, and the minimum wage was raised by 15 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, the Anand government allocated six billion <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">baht</a> in the fiscal year 1992 budget to be distributed to villages and spent at their discretion. </p><p>Key accomplishments of Anand's government include: </p> <ul><li>The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> Free Trade Area (AFTA)<sup id="cite_ref-NAR-20181111_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAR-20181111-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A highly effective anti-<a href="/wiki/AIDS/HIV" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS/HIV">AIDS/HIV</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Electricity market reform, including the introduction of Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and the initiation of a 10-year liberalisation and privatisation plan for <a href="/wiki/EGAT" class="mw-redirect" title="EGAT">EGAT</a>. Many have noted that Saha-Union Group, which Anand chaired, won a major bid to build a large coal-fired power plant while Anand was in power.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Award of a multi-billion baht concession to Telecom Asia (today known as <a href="/wiki/True_Corporation" title="True Corporation">True</a>) to build and operate two million telephone lines in Bangkok.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was noted by many that General Suchinda, the coup leader who installed Anand as Prime Minister, was appointed chairman of Telecom Asia after he was toppled from power.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Suspension of the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Elevated_Road_and_Train_System" title="Bangkok Elevated Road and Train System">Hopewell</a> rail-train airport link project.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the international front Anand performed well. Despite international concern over the coup, foreign administrations had sufficient confidence to resume relations quickly. Anand made visits to China in September 1991 and Japan in December 1991, and went on to meetings with President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in the United States. He was able to shake off the stigma of being a junta-installed prime minister, instead successfully presenting the image of an administration determined to deregulate, cut red tape, and create an environment conductive to free enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anand government's policies to its neighbours followed the lead of his predecessor Chatichai. Relationships with <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> improved significantly, with Thailand allocating one-half of its 200 million baht aid budget to the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thailand under Anand became deeply involved in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia#Peace_efforts_and_the_free_elections" title="Modern Cambodia">Cambodian peace process</a>, while relations with Vietnam went through a period of fence-mending and confidence-building. </p><p>The only foreign relations area where there were serious reasons for criticising Anand's administration was Thailand's soft stance towards the repressive military junta of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disagreements_with_the_NPKC">Disagreements with the NPKC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disagreements with the NPKC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anand disagreed with the military junta's plans to increase the defence budget. Anand denied the military's request for supplemental funding that would have totalled 53 billion baht.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Junta member Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Kaset_Rojananil" title="Kaset Rojananil">Kaset Rojananil</a> criticised the government for being too "inefficient" and calling for it to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suchinda justified the military's request by stating that there were still communist fighters in the Indochina region.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November and December Anand publicly repeated his views that the country's security did not lie in military might, but in its economic and political development, on one occasion stating, "Military might is no longer a guarantee of national security. No nation can feel secure as long as its citizens are deprived of freedom of political expression and of the opportunities for a better and more meaningful life."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anand also voiced disagreement with the junta's draft constitution, although the constitution was ultimately promulgated. At first, he refused to comment as the Constitution Scrutinising Committee, hand-picked by Sunthorn, made changes to what became the final draft constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then on 16 November, Anand spoke out against clauses that gave the appointed 360 member Senate the same powers as elected members of the House of Representatives as well as a clause allowing permanent public officials and military officers to hold political posts. Anand suggested that the Senate be reduced in size. The military-dominated Constitution Drafting Assembly refused to accept his suggestions and voted unanimously to pass the draft.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anand's response was simple: "I'm disappointed".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anand's refusal to interfere with the junta's actions meant that his administration failed to come to grips with human rights issues. He had a comprehensive environmental bill passed, but it was ignored by the military, which continued its corrupt activities. Not long after it had taken power, the NPKC announced a huge rural development project that would help solve the problems of rural landlessness and encroachment on protected forests, issues that had for decades occupied the king's attention.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military had promised to resettle more than 1.2 million people to permanent farmlands, but instead evicted villagers from forest reserves, where they had lived in some cases for generations, and transferred the lands to corporate plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In almost all cases, the army failed to provide new homes and food supplies. When an activist monk led villagers to protest, he and his followers were attacked and arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-June 1991, the outspoken president of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Congress_of_Thailand" title="Labour Congress of Thailand">Labour Congress of Thailand</a>, Thanong Phoarn, mysteriously disappeared. The deputy defence minister, a military man, casually brushed the matter aside, claiming that Thanong had probably fled his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has not been seen since. </p><p>With respect to the freedom of information, the Anand administration also disappointed many. With the NPKC in full control of the media, any criticism of the military was censored. News of rallies and demonstrations on a wide range of issues of public concern were kept from the public. The transparency of the denials of censorship by the military-dominated Interior Ministry must have been apparent to Anand, but he chose to do nothing about them.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anand was succeeded by General Suchinda, who was appointed by parliament after general elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_government">Second government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suchinda resigned on 24 May 1992, following an intervention by the king that ended the violent military crackdown on massive popular protests against his government. The five coalition parties that made up his administration still attempted to cling to power, however, despite calls for their resignation by the opposition and the press, and nominated Air Chief Marshal Somboon Rahong, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Chart_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chart Thai">Chart Thai</a> Party, for the premiership.<sup id="cite_ref-Praagh-1996_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Praagh-1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time it looked as if House Speaker Arthit Urairat was set to submit Somboon's name to the king.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthit however held back the nomination of Somboon following a meeting with privy councillor Prem, who was thought to have been exerting pressure on behalf of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House Speaker instead announced that no decision would be made until the constitutional amendments were passed on 10 June 1992, adding that the next prime minister would be a civilian. </p><p>On 10 June 1992, Arthit surprised the country by recommending Anand's name instead of Somboon's to the king. The announcement was greeted with almost universal approval and even relief. Only the coalition parties of the previous government were dismayed, turning at first on Arthit, who they saw as having betrayed them.<sup id="cite_ref-Praagh-1996_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Praagh-1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four days later Anand announced the formation of his cabinet, which included twenty respected technocrats who had held ministerial portfolios during his previous tenure as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top tasks of Anand's government were the rehabilitation of the economy, the organisation of free and fair elections, and the removal of top armed forces commanders from their posts. </p><p>The Internal Peacekeeping Law, which allowed for the use of military force against demonstrators, was abolished on 29 June, and on 1 August, he removed Air Chief Marshal Kaset, General Issarapong, and General Chainarong, the First Regional Army Commander, from their posts. </p><p>Anand was succeeded by democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai" title="Chuan Leekpai">Chuan Leekpai</a> later in 1992. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-political_career">Post-political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anand rejoined the Saha-Union Group as chairman after the general elections of 1992. His government had awarded Saha-Union a major <a href="/wiki/Independent_Power_Producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Power Producer">Independent Power Producer</a> concession. He resigned from Saha-Union Group in 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution_Drafting_Assembly">Constitution Drafting Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Constitution Drafting Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, Anand was elected as a member of the Constitution Drafting Assembly and was appointed Chairman of the Drafting Committee. He oversaw the drafting of what became known as the "Peoples' Constitution" of 1997. The constitution was abrogated in 2006 after a <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">military coup</a> against <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a> that Anand supported. The People's Constitution instituted several important reforms,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including: </p> <ul><li>Decentralisation of government, including the establishment of elected Tambon Administrative Organisations (TAOs) and Provincial Administrative Organisations (PAOs). School administrations were also decentralised, although opposition from teachers delayed implementation of this reform</li> <li>Establishment of several independent government agencies, including the Election Commission, the Office of the Auditor-General, and the National Human Rights Commission</li> <li>Stipulated that candidates for parliament must hold at least a bachelor's degree</li> <li>Mechanisms to increase political stability by favouring large parties over small ones, and hence singular governments over coalition governments</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Reconciliation_Commission">National Reconciliation Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: National Reconciliation Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From March 2005, Anand served as chairman of the National Reconciliation Commission (NRC), tasked with overseeing that peace was restored to the <a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">troubled south</a>. A fierce critic of the <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin</a> government, Anand frequently criticised his handling of the southern unrest, and in particular the State of Emergency Decree. He has been quoted to have said, "The authorities have worked inefficiently. They have arrested innocent people instead of the real culprits, leading to mistrust among locals. So, giving them broader power may lead to increased violence and eventually a real crisis." Unfortunately, the situation deteriorated from 2005 to 2006, with escalating violence, especially among teachers and civilians. Despite much criticism of the Thaksin-government's policies, Anand refused to submit the NRC's final report, choosing instead to wait for the results of the 2006 legislative election.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anand finally submitted the NRC's recommendations on 5 June 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them were </p> <ul><li>Introducing <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a></li> <li>Making ethnic <a href="/wiki/Yawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawi language">Pattani-Malay (Yawi)</a> an official language of the region</li> <li>Establishing an unarmed peacekeeping force</li> <li>Establishing a Peaceful Strategic Administrative Centre for southern border provinces</li></ul> <p>The recommendations were rejected by Privy Council President Prem, who stated, "We cannot accept that [proposal] as we are Thai. The country is Thai and the language is Thai... We have to be proud to be Thai and have the Thai language as the sole national language".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_positions">Other positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anand is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a> and the International Advisory Board of <a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">American International Group</a> (AIG). Anand is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlyle Group">Carlyle Group</a> and sits on the <a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlyle Group">Carlyle Group</a>'s advisory board for Asia-Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anand served as UNICEF Ambassador for Thailand since 1996. During November 2003 and December 2004, Anand was requested by then United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan to chair the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/un-reform/un-reform-initiatives/highlevel-panels/32369.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/150/32629.html">[2]</a> of the United Nations. The panel of former presidents, prime ministers, and scholars was tasked to prepare recommendations for possible UN reform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_for_the_2006_military_coup">Support for the 2006 military coup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Support for the 2006 military coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anand supported the 2006 military coup that abrogated the People's Constitution and overthrew the government of <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>. Anand had been a sharp critic of Thaksin for several years prior to the coup, and he blamed the coup on Thaksin. He also stated fears that the military junta would fail and that Thaksin could make a comeback. Anand claimed that the coup was well received by the people and that the military junta's ban against opposition or political activity would not last long. He also noted surprise at the international community's condemnation to the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_Crown_Prince_Vajiralongkorn">Criticism of Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticism of Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a private meeting with US Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Boyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Boyce">Ralph Boyce</a>, whose post-meeting report was leaked by <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>, Anand was critical of Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a>. Anand stated that the kingdom would be better off if the Crown Prince did not succeed his father; however, he noted that King Bhumibol was unlikely to change the succession. Anand also said that the Prince's succession would face "complicating factors" if he continued interfering in politics and making "embarrassing financial transactions". According to Anand, most Thai citizens believed that the Prince would not be able to change his behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anand neither confirmed nor denied that he made the statements. Anand's alleged negative opinion of the Crown Prince was repeated by Privy Counsellor <a href="/wiki/Prem_Tinsulanonda" title="Prem Tinsulanonda">Prem Tinsulanonda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddhi_Savetsila" title="Siddhi Savetsila">Siddhi Savetsila</a> in their meetings with the US Ambassador, the reports of which were all leaked by Wikileaks.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism of the royal family is illegal in Thailand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_decorations">Royal decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Royal decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anand has received the following royal decorations in the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Honours_Order_of_Precedence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Honours Order of Precedence">Honours System</a> of Thailand:<sup id="cite_ref-decorations_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decorations-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1991 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/160px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Exalted <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Order of the White Elephant</a></li> <li>1988 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand_-_Special_Class_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/160px-Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand" title="Order of the Crown of Thailand">Order of the Crown of Thailand</a></li> <li>2003 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Direkgunabhorn_1st_class_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Order_of_the_Direkgunabhorn_1st_class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Direkgunabhorn_1st_class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Order_of_the_Direkgunabhorn_1st_class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_the_Direkgunabhorn_1st_class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Order_of_the_Direkgunabhorn_1st_class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/160px-Order_of_the_Direkgunabhorn_1st_class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Admirable <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Direkgunabhorn" title="Order of the Direkgunabhorn">Order of the Direkgunabhorn</a></li> <li>1991 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao_-_2nd_Class_upper_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao_-_2nd_Class_upper_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao_-_2nd_Class_upper_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao_-_2nd_Class_upper_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao_-_2nd_Class_upper_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao_-_2nd_Class_upper_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/160px-Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao_-_2nd_Class_upper_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> Knight Grand Commander (Second Class, higher grade) of the Most Illustrious <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao" title="Order of Chula Chom Klao">Order of Chula Chom Klao</a></li> <li>1967 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_IX_Royal_Cypher_Medal_(Thailand)_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_Rama_IX_Royal_Cypher_Medal_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.png/80px-King_Rama_IX_Royal_Cypher_Medal_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/King_Rama_IX_Royal_Cypher_Medal_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">King Rama IX</a> Royal Cypher Medal (Third Class)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_decorations">Foreign decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1961 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commendatore_OMRI_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Commendatore_OMRI_BAR.svg/80px-Commendatore_OMRI_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Commendatore_OMRI_BAR.svg/120px-Commendatore_OMRI_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Commendatore_OMRI_BAR.svg/160px-Commendatore_OMRI_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (Third Class)</li> <li>1970 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit_(Class_1)_Grand_Gwanghwa_Medal_ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit_%28Class_1%29_Grand_Gwanghwa_Medal_ribbon.gif/80px-Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit_%28Class_1%29_Grand_Gwanghwa_Medal_ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit_%28Class_1%29_Grand_Gwanghwa_Medal_ribbon.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit" title="Order of Diplomatic Service Merit">Order of Diplomatic Service Merit</a> Grand Gwanghwa Medal (First Class), <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a></li> <li>1971 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintang_Jasa_Utama_rib.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bintang_Jasa_Utama_rib.svg/80px-Bintang_Jasa_Utama_rib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bintang_Jasa_Utama_rib.svg/120px-Bintang_Jasa_Utama_rib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bintang_Jasa_Utama_rib.svg/160px-Bintang_Jasa_Utama_rib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia">Star of Merit</a> 1st Class, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li>1990 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BEL_Kroonorde_Grootofficier_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BEL_Kroonorde_Grootofficier_BAR.svg/80px-BEL_Kroonorde_Grootofficier_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BEL_Kroonorde_Grootofficier_BAR.svg/120px-BEL_Kroonorde_Grootofficier_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BEL_Kroonorde_Grootofficier_BAR.svg/160px-BEL_Kroonorde_Grootofficier_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Order of the Crown</a> (Second Class), <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li>1991 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/80px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/120px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg/160px-JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li>1996 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg/160px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> Honorary Knight Commander of the Civil Division of the Most Excellent <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> (KBE), <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>2007 - <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Polar_Star_(after_1975)_-_Commander_Grand_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%28after_1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%28after_1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%28after_1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross.svg/120px-Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%28after_1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%28after_1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross.svg/160px-Order_of_the_Polar_Star_%28after_1975%29_-_Commander_Grand_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Commander Grand Cross of the Royal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Polar_Star" title="Order of the Polar Star">Order of the Polar Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-decorations_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decorations-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volunteer_Defense_Corps_of_Thailand_rank">Volunteer Defense Corps of Thailand rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Volunteer Defense Corps of Thailand rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Defense_Corps_(Thailand)" title="Volunteer Defense Corps (Thailand)">Volunteer Defense Corps General</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Honour rank)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="List of prime ministers of Thailand">List of prime ministers of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution of Thailand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmaward.asia/awardee/anand-panyarachun">"Anand Panyarachun"</a>. Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anand+Panyarachun&rft.pub=Ramon+Magsaysay+Award+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmaward.asia%2Fawardee%2Fanand-panyarachun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnand+Panyarachun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/panyarachun-bio.htm">"Biography of Anand Panyarachun"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/panyarachun-bio.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcita.gov.au/crf/papers98/lewis.doc">the original</a> on 19 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Economic+Crisis+and+Thai+Communications+Policy&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcita.gov.au%2Fcrf%2Fpapers98%2Flewis.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnand+Panyarachun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/search/page.arcview.php?clid=3&id=50326&usrsess=">Bangkok's Independent Newspaper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051111210822/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/search/page.arcview.php?clid=3&id=50326&usrsess=">Archived</a> 11 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bangkok Post</i>, 20 February 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bangkok Post</i>, 2 October 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Nation</i>, 5 November 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Nation</i>, 22 November 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Occasional Paper No. 21, Indian Ocean Centre for Peace Studies, University of Western Australia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bangkok Post</i> Weekly Review, 12 July 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320082620/http://www.cdi.anu.edu.au/CDIwebsite_1998-2004/thailand/thailand_downloads/Niyom_ThaiUpdate%20Apr03.rtf">"The 1997 Constitution: the path of reform; A Presentation for the Thai Update 2003 Conference in Canberra"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdi.anu.edu.au/CDIwebsite_1998-2004/thailand/thailand_downloads/Niyom_ThaiUpdate%20Apr03.rtf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1997+Constitution%3A+the+path+of+reform%3B+A+Presentation+for+the+Thai+Update+2003+Conference+in+Canberra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdi.anu.edu.au%2FCDIwebsite_1998-2004%2Fthailand%2Fthailand_downloads%2FNiyom_ThaiUpdate%2520Apr03.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnand+Panyarachun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatasut2006" class="citation web cs1">Satasut, Prakirati (27 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060527170104/http://towardfreedom.com/home/content/view/804/65/">"Recent Trends in the Politics of Thailand: Perspectives on Thaksin Shinawatr"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.towardfreedom.com/home/content/view/804/65/">the original</a> on 27 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recent+Trends+in+the+Politics+of+Thailand%3A+Perspectives+on+Thaksin+Shinawatr&rft.date=2006-04-27&rft.aulast=Satasut&rft.aufirst=Prakirati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.towardfreedom.com%2Fhome%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F804%2F65%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnand+Panyarachun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpi.ac.th/kpi/en/democratization.htm">"Unknown"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpi.ac.th%2Fkpi%2Fen%2Fdemocratization.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnand+Panyarachun" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.net/News/21Mar2006_news14.php">"Unknown"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.net%2FNews%2F21Mar2006_news14.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnand+Panyarachun" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.net/News/06Jun2006_news01.php">"Unknown"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.net%2FNews%2F06Jun2006_news01.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnand+Panyarachun" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605044334/http://nationmultimedia.com/2006/06/25/headlines/headlines_30007268.php">"Prem disagrees with proposed use of Malay as official language"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationmultimedia.com/2006/06/25/headlines/headlines_30007268.php">the original</a> on 5 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prem+disagrees+with+proposed+use+of+Malay+as+official+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationmultimedia.com%2F2006%2F06%2F25%2Fheadlines%2Fheadlines_30007268.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnand+Panyarachun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Nation</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/thanong/03072001.htm">Anand outlines ties to group of giants</a>, 7 March 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Nation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/29/politics/politics_30014940.php">Our coup is different: Anand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061031063023/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/29/politics/politics_30014940.php">Archived</a> 31 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 29 September 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Guardian</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/15/wikileaks-thailand-royal-succession-prince">WikiLeaks cables: Thai leaders doubt suitability of prince to become king</a>, 15 December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FT, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/77990ce8-094b-11e0-ada6-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1DiRZ0qhi">Cables breach taboo on Thai royal family</a>, 16 December</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decorations-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-decorations_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decorations_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anandp.in.th/en_bio_details.html">Biographical data of Mr. Anand Panyacharun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319154146/http://www.anandp.in.th/en_bio_details.html">Archived</a> 19 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 30 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706162059/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2534/D/090/4686.PDF">"ประกาศสำนกนายกรฐมนตรี - เรอง พระราชทานยศกองอาสารไาษาดินแคน"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2534/D/090/4686.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5+-+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2534%2FD%2F090%2F4686.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnand+Panyarachun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulder2018" class="citation book cs1">Faulder, Dominic (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuJjvQEACAAJ"><i>Anand Panyarachun and the Making of Modern Thailand</i></a>. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814385275" title="Special:BookSources/9789814385275"><bdi>9789814385275</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anand+Panyarachun+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Thailand&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2018-11&rft.isbn=9789814385275&rft.aulast=Faulder&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAuJjvQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnand+Panyarachun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003011445/http://www.anandp.in.th/">Anand Panyarachun's website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/panyarachun-bio.htm">Biography of Anand Panyarachun</a> (United Nations)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051120095220/http://www.aseannewsnetwork.com/2004/02/biography-of-anand-panyarachun.html">Profile of Khun Anand Panyarachun</a> (Asean News Network)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan" title="Chatichai Choonhavan">Chatichai Choonhavan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a> </b><br />1991–1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon" title="Suchinda Kraprayoon">Suchinda Kraprayoon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Meechai_Ruchuphan" title="Meechai Ruchuphan">Meechai Ruchuphan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a> </b><br />1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai" title="Chuan Leekpai">Chuan Leekpai</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="Template:Prime ministers of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand_Prime_ministers_of_Thailand_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime ministers of Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="List of prime ministers of Thailand">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Prajadhipok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phraya_Manopakorn_Nitithada" title="Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada">Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraya_Phahon_Phonphayuhasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena">Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Prime Minister of Thailand"><img alt="Seal of the Prime Minister of Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">Ananda Mahidol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraya_Phahon_Phonphayuhasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena">Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuang_Aphaiwong" title="Khuang Aphaiwong">Khuang Aphaiwong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawi_Bunyaket" title="Thawi Bunyaket">Thawi Bunyaket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_Pramoj" title="Seni Pramoj">Seni Pramoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuang_Aphaiwong" title="Khuang Aphaiwong">Khuang Aphaiwong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridi_Banomyong" title="Pridi Banomyong">Pridi Banomyong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridi_Banomyong" title="Pridi Banomyong">Pridi Banomyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawan_Thamrongnawasawat" title="Thawan Thamrongnawasawat">Thawan Thamrongnawasawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuang_Aphaiwong" title="Khuang Aphaiwong">Khuang Aphaiwong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pote_Sarasin" title="Pote Sarasin">Pote Sarasin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn" title="Thanom Kittikachorn">Thanom Kittikachorn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat" title="Sarit Thanarat">Sarit Thanarat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn" title="Thanom Kittikachorn">Thanom Kittikachorn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya_Dharmasakti" title="Sanya Dharmasakti">Sanya Dharmasakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_Pramoj" title="Seni Pramoj">Seni Pramoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukrit_Pramoj" title="Kukrit Pramoj">Kukrit Pramoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_Pramoj" title="Seni Pramoj">Seni Pramoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanin_Kraivichien" title="Thanin Kraivichien">Thanin Kraivichien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kriangsak_Chamanan" title="Kriangsak Chamanan">Kriangsak Chamanan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prem_Tinsulanonda" title="Prem Tinsulanonda">Prem Tinsulanonda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan" title="Chatichai Choonhavan">Chatichai Choonhavan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anand Panyarachun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon" title="Suchinda Kraprayoon">Suchinda Kraprayoon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meechai_Ruchuphan" title="Meechai Ruchuphan">Meechai Ruchuphan</a>†</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anand Panyarachun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai" title="Chuan Leekpai">Chuan Leekpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banharn_Silpa-archa" title="Banharn Silpa-archa">Banharn Silpa-archa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavalit_Yongchaiyudh" title="Chavalit Yongchaiyudh">Chavalit Yongchaiyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai" title="Chuan Leekpai">Chuan Leekpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitchai_Wannasathit" title="Chitchai Wannasathit">Chitchai Wannasathit</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surayud_Chulanont" title="Surayud Chulanont">Surayud Chulanont</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samak_Sundaravej" title="Samak Sundaravej">Samak Sundaravej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somchai_Wongsawat" title="Somchai Wongsawat">Somchai Wongsawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavarat_Charnvirakul" title="Chavarat Charnvirakul">Chavarat Charnvirakul</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra" title="Yingluck Shinawatra">Yingluck Shinawatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwatthamrong_Boonsongpaisan" title="Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan">Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan</a>†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawit_Wongsuwon" title="Prawit Wongsuwon">Prawit Wongsuwon</a>†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srettha_Thavisin" title="Srettha Thavisin">Srettha Thavisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phumtham_Wechayachai" title="Phumtham Wechayachai">Phumtham Wechayachai</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paetongtarn_Shinawatra" title="Paetongtarn Shinawatra">Paetongtarn Shinawatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>"<i>italics</i>" indicate military officeholders</li> <li>"†" indicate acting or caretaker officeholders.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Thailand_(1973–2001)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CCDDCC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="Template:History of Thailand (1973–2001)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="Template talk:History of Thailand (1973–2001)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Thailand (1973–2001)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Thailand_(1973–2001)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">History of Thailand (1973–2001)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:#CCCCFF;">Politics</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#CCCCFF;">Military and institutions</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#CCCCFF;">Key events</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33.3%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy of Thailand</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> (Rama IX)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Ministers of Thailand</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn" title="Thanom Kittikachorn">Thanom Kittikachorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya_Dharmasakti" title="Sanya Dharmasakti">Sanya Dharmasakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_Pramoj" title="Seni Pramoj">Seni Pramoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukrit_Pramoj" title="Kukrit Pramoj">Kukrit Pramoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanin_Kraivichien" title="Thanin Kraivichien">Thanin Kraivichien</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Kriangsak_Chamanan" title="Kriangsak Chamanan">Kriangsak Chamanan</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Prem_Tinsulanonda" title="Prem Tinsulanonda">Prem Tinsulanonda</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan" title="Chatichai Choonhavan">Chatichai Choonhavan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anand Panyarachun</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon" title="Suchinda Kraprayoon">Suchinda Kraprayoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai" title="Chuan Leekpai">Chuan Leekpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banharn_Silpa-archa" title="Banharn Silpa-archa">Banharn Silpa-archa</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Chavalit_Yongchaiyudh" title="Chavalit Yongchaiyudh">Chavalit Yongchaiyudh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.3%;"><div> <p><b>Military dictators</b> </p> <ul><li>Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sangad_Chaloryu" title="Sangad Chaloryu">Sangad Chaloryu</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Kriangsak_Chamanan" title="Kriangsak Chamanan">Kriangsak Chamanan</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Kongsompong" title="Sunthorn Kongsompong">Sunthorn Kongsompong</a></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon" title="Suchinda Kraprayoon">Suchinda Kraprayoon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Institutions</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitutions of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.3%;"><div> <p><b>Key events</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Thai_popular_uprising" title="1973 Thai popular uprising">1973 Thai popular uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre" title="6 October 1976 massacre">6 October 1976 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Thai coup d'état">1976 Thai coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1977_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1977 Thai coup d'état attempt">March 1977 Thai coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1977_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="October 1977 Thai coup d'état">October 1977 Thai coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_border_raids_in_Thailand" title="Vietnamese border raids in Thailand">Vietnamese border raids in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Thai_military_rebellion" title="1981 Thai military rebellion">1981 Thai military rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Thai_coup_attempt" title="1985 Thai coup attempt">1985 Thai coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Thai coup d'état">1991 Thai coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Peace_Keeping_Council" title="National Peace Keeping Council">National Peace Keeping Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1992)" title="Black May (1992)">Black May (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>← <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">History of Thailand (1932–1973)</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Thailand (2001–present)">History of Thailand since 2001</a> →</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/079441920">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10571572">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&oldid=1256131196">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anand_Panyarachun&oldid=1256131196</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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