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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A)" title="جون لويس (سياسي أمريكي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون لويس (سياسي أمريكي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جان لویس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان لویس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(Politiker)" title="John Lewis (Politiker) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="John Lewis (Politiker)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(pol%C3%ADtic)" title="John Lewis (polític) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Lewis (polític)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politik)" title="John Lewis (politik) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Lewis (politik)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Lewis" title="John Robert Lewis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Robert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politiker)" title="John Lewis (politiker) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Lewis (politiker)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(Politiker)" title="John Lewis (Politiker) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Lewis (Politiker)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="John Lewis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(pol%C3%ADtico)" title="John Lewis (político) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Lewis (político)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(civilrajta_aktivulo)" title="John Lewis (civilrajta aktivulo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Lewis (civilrajta aktivulo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Lewis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="جان لویس (نماینده کنگره آمریکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان لویس (نماینده کنگره آمریکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(homme_politique)" title="John Lewis (homme politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Lewis (homme politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EC%9D%B8)" title="존 루이스 (정치인) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 루이스 (정치인)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(pemimpin_hak_sipil)" title="John Lewis (pemimpin hak sipil) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Lewis (pemimpin hak sipil)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politico)" title="John Lewis (politico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Lewis (politico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1_(%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99)" title="ג'ון לואיס (פוליטיקאי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון לואיס (פוליטיקאי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Lewis" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Lewis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politikus)" title="John Lewis (politikus) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Lewis (politikus)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جون لويس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون لويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Lewis" title="John Robert Lewis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Robert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9_(%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%AE%B6)" title="ジョン・ルイス (公民権運動活動家) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ルイス (公民権運動活動家)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AD%DF%A3_%DF%9F%DF%8B%DF%A5%DF%8C%DF%9B" title="ߖߐ߲߭ߣ ߟߋߥߌߛ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߐ߲߭ߣ ߟߋߥߌߛ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politiker)" title="John Lewis (politiker) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Lewis (politiker)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جان لویس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان لویس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(polityk)" title="John Lewis (polityk) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Lewis (polityk)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Lewis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Льюис, Джон Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Льюис, Джон Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Lewis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(ihmisoikeustaistelija)" title="John Lewis (ihmisoikeustaistelija) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Lewis (ihmisoikeustaistelija)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politiker)" title="John Lewis (politiker) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Lewis (politiker)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(nh%C3%A0_l%C3%A3nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_d%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n)" title="John Lewis (nhà lãnh đạo dân quyền) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Lewis (nhà lãnh đạo dân quyền)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John Lewis" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%8A%89%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF" title="約翰劉易斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約翰劉易斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF_(%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9)" title="約翰·路易斯 (喬治亞州政治人物) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·路易斯 (喬治亞州政治人物)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45380#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:125%;" class="fn">John Lewis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis-2006_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/John_Lewis-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Lewis-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/John_Lewis-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_Lewis-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, 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class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1987 – July 17, 2020</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyche_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wyche Fowler (not yet started)">Wyche Fowler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanza_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwanza Hall (not yet started)">Kwanza Hall</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">3rd Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 1963 – May 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_McDew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles McDew (not yet started)">Charles McDew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Ture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwame Ture (not yet started)">Kwame Ture</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Robert Lewis</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1940-02-21</span>)</span>February 21, 1940<br /><a href="/wiki/Troy,_Alabama" title="Troy, Alabama">Troy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 17, 2020<span style="display:none">(2020-07-17)</span> (aged 80)<br /><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9640852">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Lillian Miles</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1968; died 2012)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Baptist_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Baptist College (not yet started)">American Baptist College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnlewis.house.gov">House website</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Robert Lewis</b> (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and civil rights leader. He was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia%27s_5th_congressional_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia's 5th congressional district (not yet started)">Georgia's 5th congressional district</a> from 1987 until his death in 2020. He was the dean of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States congressional delegations from Georgia (not yet started)">Georgia congressional delegation</a>. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. </p><p>Lewis, who as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) was one of the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Six_(activists)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Six (activists) (not yet started)">Big Six</a>" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Life">Early Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Early Life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Early Life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Lewis was born in 1940 in <a href="/wiki/Troy,_Alabama" title="Troy, Alabama">Troy, Alabama</a> to Eddie Lewis and Willie Mae Lewis (née Carter), who were <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecroppers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Alabama" title="Pike County, Alabama">Pike County, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fid1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fid1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReportingCivilRights_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReportingCivilRights-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharecroppers were people who were allowed to rent a part of a piece of land for return of a share of the crops they harvested. He was the third of ten children. </p><p>He experienced <a href="/wiki/Segregation" class="mw-disambig" title="Segregation">segregation</a> as a young boy in the Southern United States. When he went to visit relatives in the Northern US, he learned that places there were integrated and served Black people and white people equally.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_Life">Personal Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Personal Life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Personal Life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lewis married Lilian Miles in 1968. They had a son, John-Miles. Lillian died on December 31, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Death" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Death"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2019, Lewis was diagnosed with stage IV <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a> on July 17, 2020 from the disease, aged 80.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His funeral was held at <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> in Atlanta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span 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0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/#interview">"Congressman John R. Lewis Biography and Interview"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Achievement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Academy of Achievement (not yet started)">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Congressman+John+R.+Lewis+Biography+and+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fcongressman-john-r-lewis%2F%23interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fid1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fid1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stated on <i>Finding Your Roots</i>, PBS, March 25, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John. <i>Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement</i>. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+with+the+Wind%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Movement&rft.pages=15&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReportingCivilRights-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReportingCivilRights_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973, Part Two </i>Carson, Clayborne, Garrow, David, Kovach, Polsgrove, Carol (Editorial Advisory Board), (Library of America: 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931082-29-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931082-29-7">978-1-931082-29-7</a>, pp. 15–16, 48, 56, 84, 323, 374, 384, 392, 491–94, 503, 505, 513, 556, 726, 751, 846, 873.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwinda00lewi"><i>Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement</i></a>. San Diego: Harcourt Brace. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780156007085" title="Special:BookSources/9780156007085"><bdi>9780156007085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+with+the+Wind%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Movement&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780156007085&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkingwithwinda00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lewis1998" class="citation book cs1">John Lewis (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi"><i>Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi/page/n10">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-600708-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-600708-5"><bdi>978-0-15-600708-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2013</span>. <q>john lewis The church he attended was attacked by the Ku Klux Klan in 1904.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+with+the+Wind%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-15-600708-5&rft.au=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkingwithwindm00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Malloy2012" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Malloy (December 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.com/news/news/local-obituaries/lillian-miles-lewis-73-wife-adviser-of-us-rep-john/nTjg3/">"Rep. John Lewis' wife, Lillian, dies"</a>. Blogs.ajc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113023808/http://www.ajc.com/news/news/local-obituaries/lillian-miles-lewis-73-wife-adviser-of-us-rep-john/nTjg3/">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rep.+John+Lewis%27+wife%2C+Lillian%2C+dies&rft.pub=Blogs.ajc.com&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft.au=Daniel+Malloy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Flocal-obituaries%2Flillian-miles-lewis-73-wife-adviser-of-us-rep-john%2FnTjg3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/john-lewis-cancer-representative-john-lewis-diagnosed-with-stage-iv-pancreatic-cancer-2019-12-29-today/">"Representative John Lewis diagnosed with Stage IV pancreatic cancer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. December 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Representative+John+Lewis+diagnosed+with+Stage+IV+pancreatic+cancer&rft.pub=CBS&rft.date=2019-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjohn-lewis-cancer-representative-john-lewis-diagnosed-with-stage-iv-pancreatic-cancer-2019-12-29-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Tom Vanden Brook, Deborah Barfield Berry and Ledyard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/07/17/rep-john-lewis-civil-rights-icon-original-freedom-rider-has-died/795340002/">"Rep. John Lewis, a civil rights icon who began pushing for racial justice in the Jim Crow south, has died"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Rep.+John+Lewis%2C+a+civil+rights+icon+who+began+pushing+for+racial+justice+in+the+Jim+Crow+south%2C+has+died&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Tom+Vanden+Brook%2C+Deborah+Barfield+Berry+and+Ledyard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F07%2F17%2Frep-john-lewis-civil-rights-icon-original-freedom-rider-has-died%2F795340002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rep-john-lewis-has-died-2020-7">"Georgia congressman and civil rights icon John Lewis has died at age 80"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Georgia+congressman+and+civil+rights+icon+John+Lewis+has+died+at+age+80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frep-john-lewis-has-died-2020-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johnlewis.house.gov">Congressman John Lewis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126170040/https://johnlewis.house.gov/">Archived</a> 2020-11-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> official U.S. House site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnlewisforcongress.com/">John Lewis for Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417233940/http://www.johnlewisforcongress.com/">Archived</a> 2014-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Georgia/Government/Federal/US_House_of_Representatives/John_Lewis_%5BD-5%5D">John Lewis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snccdigital.org/people/john-lewis/">SNCC Digital Gateway: John Lewis</a>, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=l000287">Biography</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/l000287">Voting record</a> maintained by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/26820">Biography</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/key-votes/26820">voting record</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/evaluations/26820">interest group ratings</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vote_Smart" title="Vote Smart">Vote Smart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/H6GA05217">Campaign finance reports and data</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/clip/4397709">John Lewis debates the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205001/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/clip/4397709">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, June 11, 1996.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/17/rep_john_lewis_on_congress_after">Rep. Lewis on Congress, Gitmo, Afghan War and Charles Rangel</a> – video interview by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>, November 17, 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/John">Lewis Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Church">Black Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_leagues" title="Negro leagues">Negro league baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">SWAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category:African-American people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <i>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">short article</a> about a <a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_stubs" title="Category:American people stubs">person</a> from the United States can be made longer. 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