ADW: Eurycea bislineata: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Eurycea bislineata: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/" /> <meta content="Eurycea bislineata (Northern Two-lined Salamander)" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/john_white/john_white_amphibs/twol1/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Eurycea bislineata (Northern Two-lined Salamander)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Eurycea bislineata (Northern Two-lined Salamander) on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/john_white/john_white_amphibs/twol1/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="178" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="561" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; 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Although occasionally found several meters from a water source, adult salamanders commonly occur along stream banks. Adults may remain active in springs, streams, or water laden soil where temperatures are above freezing in winter months. Alternatively, adults may burrow deep into leaf litter, becoming inactive during cold seasons. Larvae typically inhabit the flowing waters of springs or streams (Harding 1997). In at least one region of their range, larvae may also live in lakes (Bahret 1996).</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Adult Northern two-lined salamanders, 6.4 to 12.1 cm in length, are characterized by a broad stripe stretching from head to tail along their slender bodies. The stripe, bordered on both sides by narrow black lines that may separate into dashes along caudal regions, ranges in color from yellow to greenish yellow or tan. Medially, the stripe may be marked with a row of dark spots. Yellow or mottled pigmentation extends down the sides, each with fifteen to sixteen costal grooves, and small legs to the yellow belly. Sexual dimorphism exists among males and females, but is more pronounced in the breeding season. During this time period, males possess whitish lower eyelid glands, a distinictive mental gland on the chin, and cirri (protruding extensions of the naso-labial gooves). Young and older <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Eurycea bislineata</span> larvae differ from adults in coloration and markings. The yellowish ground color of young larvae is spotted with gray or brown on the head and back. Young larvae also possess one dark irregular stripe containing six to nine light spots along upper regions of each side. A secondary row of spots may develop as the larvae age. Distinctive short, reddish brown gills are also characteristic of the larvae (Harding 1997).</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Development - Life Cycle</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145364">metamorphosis</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Northern two-lined salamanders reach sexual maturity the first fall, or occassionally, one year after metamorphosis. Fertilization occurs internally after the female collects a spermatophore in her cloaca. The breeding season lasts from October through May with females typically laying their eggs in April or May. Females may attach as few as fifteen or greater than one hundred eggs to the underside of firm substrate, usually rock, in flowing streams or spring water (Harding 1997). Recent evidence suggests Northern two-lined salamanders, in some areas of their range, attach eggs to vegetational carpets in fish free, acidic lakes (Bahret 1996). Females tend to guard nests for at least part of the incubation period lasting thirty to sixty days. Only one female typically guards a nest in cases where multiple females deposit eggs at the same site. The larvae measure 1.2 to 1.4 cm snout to vent length (svl) when hatched, and usually transform into semiterrestrial juveniles after two to three years as aquatic larvae. Parental care ceases after eggs hatch (Harding 1997).</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <span>gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Northern two-lined salamanders exhibit complex courtship behavior. A male uses his head to nudge or poke a potential mate, and encircles the female's head with the front of his body. The male scratches the female's skin with his teeth, possibly allowing secretions from his mental gland to enter the female's bloodstream. It is hypothesized that these secretions may stimulate courtship behavior in the female. The female eventually presses her chin to the male's glandular area at the tail base and the two engage in a "tail straddling" walk. The male then releases a spermatophore which is picked up by the female(Harding 1997).</p> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Adult and larval Northern two-lined salamanders also exhibit antipredation behavior. Garter snakes constitute a significant predatory force on the adults. Different populations and individual adults within a population display unique behavioral patterns to snake contact. Adults touched by the body or head of a snake typically remain immobile. However, if touched by the snake's tongue, adults may demonstrate running or jumping behavior as an alternative to an immobile response. Adults that run after touching a snake tongue also run faster than other adults in the absence of a predator. The chosen response may be correlated with physical ability (Dowdey and Brodie 1989). Adults can also drop their tails (autotomy) which continue to move as the salamander escapes from a snake or other common predators including various mammmals, birds, and larger salamanders (Harding 1997). Larvae also evade predators by altering their behavior. Aquatic larvae utilize chemical cues in the water to detect the presence of predatory fish. If fish are present, larvae seek shelter and may hide for days even after the fish are no longer present. Although they escape predation, larvae may lose access to food resources, threatening their survival. This may indicate an evolutionary trade-off (Petranka et al 1987).</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced"><em>Eurycea bilineata</em> is primarily insectivorous. Adult diets consist of insects such as beetles, mayflies, and springtails, as well as spiders, pillbugs, and centipedes. Adults may also consume other small invertebrates including earthworms and snails. Larvae eat crustaceans and copepods in addition to aquatic larvae of midges, mosquitos, caddisflys, stoneflys,and beetles (Harding 1997). A high dietary overlap exists among the different sizes of larvae which feed continuously throughout the night and day. The larvae act as opportunistic generalists as they mature, continuing to ingest large amounts of small prey after the developmental point when their jaw size can accomodate larger prey items (Petranka 1984).</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Northern two-lined salamanders are often collected and used as fish bait by humans (Harding 1997).</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Continued exploitation of Northern two-lined salamanders by humans, for fish bait, or destruction of salamander habitat could lead to reduction or extinction of local populations (Harding 1997).</p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Least Concern</span> <br /> <small> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/59261"> More information </a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Least Concern</span> <br /> <small> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/59261"> More information </a> </small> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="comments">Other Comments</h3> <p audience="intermediate advanced">Prior to 1987, the <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Eurycea bislineata</span> complex was thought to encompass several subspecies distributed farther south and west of the current accepted range. The subspecies were <em>Eurycea bislineata bislineata</em>, <em>E.b. wilderae</em>, and <em>E.b. cirrigera</em>. In the late 1980's significant genetic divergence was recognized among these groups, and the subspecies were elevated to species status (Jacobs 1987).</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Elizabeth Vanwormer (author), Michigan State University, James Harding (editor), Michigan State University. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020914235803"> <dl> <dt>Nearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145364"> <dl> <dt>metamorphosis</dt> <dd> <p>A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="ad01ffdd634327a88837f99795f4a98d">Bahret, R. 1996. Ecology of the lake dwelling Eurycea bislineata in the Shawangunk Mountains, New York. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Herpetology</span>, 30: 399-401. </p> <p id="cfc5dc61eff2463337a24ab2347b5116">Dowdey, T., E. Brodie.. 1989. Antipredator strategies of salamanders: individual and geographic variation in responses of Eurycea bislineata to snakes. <span style="font-style: italic">Animal Behavior</span>, 38: 707-711. </p> <p id="f712e93f8235faeee06e8ba8f2803d9c">Harding, J. 1997. <span style="font-style: italic">Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region</span>. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. </p> <p id="d60efb94b7dfb7535a0b6f45b34d9b29">Jacobs, J. 1987. A preliminary investigation of geographic genetic variation and systematics of two-lined salamanders, Eurycea bislineata. <span style="font-style: italic">Herpetologica</span>, 43: 423-446. </p> <p id="854009a4e36a0378a15fd4685b519db0">Petranka, J., L. Kats, A. Sih.. 1987. Predator-prey interactions among fish and larval amphibians; use of chemical cues to detect predatory fish.. <span style="font-style: italic">Animal Behavior</span>, 35: 420-425. </p> <p id="9f7185abf7643fc9eef32f6643ca99ad">Petranka, J. 1984. Ontogeny of diet and feeding behavior of Eurycea bislineata larvae. <span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Herpetology</span>, 18: 48-55. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i class="icon-zoom-in"></i> <span class="offscreen">Search</span> </button> <p style="max-height: 35px"> <label 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data-original-title="Vertebrata: specimens (6827)" data-delay="250">Vertebrata: specimens (6827)</a> <a href="/accounts/Vertebrata/sounds/" class="feature feature-sounds" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Vertebrata: sounds (709)" data-delay="250">Vertebrata: sounds (709)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Class</span> <a href="/accounts/Amphibia/" class="taxon-name rank-class">Amphibia</a> <span class="vernacular-name">frogs, salamanders, and caecilians</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Amphibia/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Amphibia: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="221">Amphibia: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Amphibia/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Amphibia: pictures (648)" data-delay="250">Amphibia: pictures (648)</a> <a href="/accounts/Amphibia/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Amphibia: specimens (13)" data-delay="250">Amphibia: specimens (13)</a> <a href="/accounts/Amphibia/sounds/" class="feature feature-sounds" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Amphibia: sounds (20)" data-delay="250">Amphibia: sounds (20)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Plethodontidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Plethodontidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Lungless Salamanders</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Plethodontidae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Plethodontidae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="36">Plethodontidae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Plethodontidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Plethodontidae: pictures (74)" data-delay="250">Plethodontidae: pictures (74)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Genus</span> <a href="/accounts/Eurycea/" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Eurycea</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <a href="/accounts/Eurycea/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Eurycea: pictures (15)" data-delay="250">Eurycea: pictures (15)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li class="active"> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Eurycea bislineata</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Northern Two-lined Salamander</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Eurycea bislineata: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Eurycea bislineata: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Eurycea bislineata: pictures (5)" data-delay="250">Eurycea bislineata: pictures (5)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" aria-role="contentinfo"> <div class="inner-footer"> <div class="page-citation"> <p class="content">To cite this page: Vanwormer, E. 2000. "Eurycea bislineata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 01, 2025 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eurycea_bislineata/</p> </div> <div class="disclaimer"> <p class="content"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource <strong>written largely by and for college students</strong>. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. </p> </div> <div class="footer-links"> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://www.umich.edu/">U-M Gateway</a> | <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/">U-M Museum of Zoology</a></li> <li> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/">U-M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology</a> </li> <li> 漏 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan </li> <li><a href="/feedback/error_form/">Report Error</a> / <a href="/feedback/comment_form/">Comment</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="thanks-links"> <p>This material is based upon work supported by the <a href="https://nsf.gov">National Science Foundation</a> Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services. </p> <p> The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. </p> </div> </div> </div> <script></script> </div> <script src="/static/js/jquery.colorbox.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/pica.information.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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ADW: Eurycea bislineata: INFORMATION