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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="إيميل فيشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيميل فيشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fi%C5%9Fer" title="Emil Fişer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Emil Fişer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="امیل فیشر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="امیل فیشر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হের্মান এমিল ফিশার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হের্মান এমিল ফিশার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Герман Эміль Фішэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герман Эміль Фішэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Герман Эміль Фішэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Герман Эміль Фішэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Емил Фишер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Емил Фишер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB_%CE%A6%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Εμίλ Φίσερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμίλ Φίσερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="هرمان امیل فیشر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هرمان امیل فیشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Hermann_Fischer" title="Emil Hermann Fischer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Emil Hermann Fischer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%EC%97%90%EB%B0%80_%ED%94%BC%EC%85%94" title="헤르만 에밀 피셔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤르만 에밀 피셔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B7%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հերման Էմիլ Ֆիշեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերման Էմիլ Ֆիշեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0" title="हरमन एमिल फिशर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हरमन एमिल फिशर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="הרמן אמיל פישר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרמן אמיל פישר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಮಿಲ್ ಫಿಷರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಮಿಲ್ ಫಿಷರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ემილ ფიშერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ემილ ფიშერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Герман Эмиль Фишер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герман Эмиль Фишер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilius_Fischer" title="Aemilius Fischer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aemilius Fischer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanis_Emils_Fi%C5%A1ers" title="Hermanis Emils Fišers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hermanis Emils Fišers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Херман Емил Фишер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Херман Емил Фишер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BC" title="ഹെർമൻ എമിൽ ഫിഷർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെർമൻ എമിൽ ഫിഷർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0" title="हेर्मान एमिल फिशर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेर्मान एमिल फिशर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ემილ ფიშერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ემილ ფიშერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="هيرمان اميل فيشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيرمان اميل فيشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="امیل فیشر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="امیل فیشر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Херманн Эмиль Фишер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Херманн Эмиль Фишер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="エミール・フィッシャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エミール・フィッシャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ہرمن ایمل فشر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہرمن ایمل فشر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фишер, Эмиль Герман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фишер, Эмиль Герман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%B5_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئیمیڵ فیشەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمیڵ فیشەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Херман Емил Фишер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Херман Емил Фишер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="எர்மான் எமில் பிசர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எர்மான் எமில் பிசர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Һерманн Эмил Фишер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һерманн Эмил Фишер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เอมีล ฟิชเชอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอมีล ฟิชเชอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Герман Еміль Фішер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герман Еміль Фішер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ہرمن امیل فشر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہرمن امیل فشر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="赫尔曼·埃米尔·费歇尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赫尔曼·埃米尔·费歇尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hermann Emil Fischer" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%80%E6%B0%91%E8%B2%BB%E6%B2%99" title="賀民費沙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="賀民費沙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="赫尔曼·埃米尔·费歇尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赫尔曼·埃米尔·费歇尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q70554#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Emil Fischer, see <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Emil Fischer (disambiguation)">Emil Fischer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hermann Emil Fischer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg/220px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg/330px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_c1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="566" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fischer <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1895</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hermann Emil Louis Fischer</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1852-10-09</span>)</span>9 October 1852<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Euskirchen" title="Euskirchen">Euskirchen</a>, Rhine Province</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 July 1919<span style="display:none">(1919-07-15)</span> (aged 66)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Study of <a href="/wiki/Sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugars">sugars</a> & <a href="/wiki/Purines" class="mw-redirect" title="Purines">purines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1890)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span><sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Lectureship_Prize" title="Faraday Lectureship Prize">Faraday Lectureship Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a> (1875–81)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen">University of Erlangen</a> (1881–88)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a> (1888–92)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> (1892–1919)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock">Alfred Stock</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ruff" title="Otto Ruff">Otto Ruff</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Jacobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter A. Jacobs">Walter A. Jacobs</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Knorr" title="Ludwig Knorr">Ludwig Knorr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Piloty" title="Oskar Piloty">Oskar Piloty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Julius_Tafel" title="Julius Tafel">Julius Tafel</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hermann Emil Louis Fischer</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Chemical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Chemical Society">FCS</a></span></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈeːmiːl<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfɪʃɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ae\/De-Emil_Fischer.ogg\/De-Emil_Fischer.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Emil Fischer.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/De-Emil_Fischer.ogg/De-Emil_Fischer.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Emil_Fischer.ogg" title="File:De-Emil Fischer.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">1902 recipient</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>. He discovered the <a href="/wiki/Fischer_esterification" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer esterification">Fischer esterification</a>. He also developed the <a href="/wiki/Fischer_projection" title="Fischer projection">Fischer projection</a>, a symbolic way of drawing asymmetric carbon atoms. He also hypothesized lock and key mechanism of enzyme action. He never used his first given name, and was known throughout his life simply as Emil Fischer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_bio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_and_career">Early years and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Fischer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fischer was born in <a href="/wiki/Euskirchen" title="Euskirchen">Euskirchen</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, the son of Laurenz Fischer, a businessman, and his wife Julie Poensgen. After graduating he wished to study <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>, but his father compelled him to work in the family business until determining that his son was unsuitable. Fischer then attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> in 1871, but switched to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a> in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-dsb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned his doctorate in 1874 under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a><sup id="cite_ref-dsb_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his study of <a href="/wiki/Phthaleins" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthaleins">phthaleins</a>. </p><p>Fischer remained with Baeyer in Strassburg as an independent research student. In the fall of 1874, he was appointed assistant of the organic laboratory. There in 1875, he discovered and named <a href="/wiki/Hydrazines" title="Hydrazines">hydrazines</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine" title="Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine">unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine</a>, which became important much later during the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenylhydrazine" title="Phenylhydrazine">phenylhydrazine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter compound reacts with carboxylic compounds (<a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>) producing crystalline solids. The phenylhydrazones of sugars allowed him to develop his work on the synthesis of sugars and purines, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902. Using the phenylhydrazone of piruvic acid, he developed the synthesis of indole. </p><p>In 1875, von Baeyer was asked to succeed <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">University of Munich</a> and Fischer went there with him to become an assistant in organic chemistry. In 1878 Fischer qualified as a "Privatdozent" at Munich, where he was appointed associate professor of analytical chemistry in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1882, he was appointed professor of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen%E2%80%93Nuremberg" title="University of Erlangen–Nuremberg">University of Erlangen</a> and in 1885 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a>. In 1892 he succeeded <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">von Hofmann</a> as professor of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Fischer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He investigated the derivatives of phenylhydriazines, establishing their relation to the <a href="/wiki/Diazo" title="Diazo">diazo</a> compounds, and he noted the readiness with which they entered into combination with other substances, giving origin to a wealth of hitherto unknown compounds. Of such condensation products undoubtedly the most important are the <a href="/wiki/Hydrazones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrazones">hydrazones</a>, which result from the interaction with <a href="/wiki/Aldehydes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldehydes">aldehydes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketones">ketones</a>. His observations, published in 1886, that such hydrazones, by treatment with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zinc_chloride" title="Zinc chloride">zinc chloride</a>, yielded derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Indole" title="Indole">indole</a>, the parent substance of <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>, were a confirmation of the views advanced by von Baeyer on the subject of indigo and the many substances related to it.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He next turned to the <a href="/wiki/Fuchsine" title="Fuchsine">fuchsine</a> (then called "rosaniline") <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magenta_dye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magenta dye (page does not exist)">magenta dyes</a>, and in collaboration with his cousin Otto Fischer, he published papers in 1878 and 1879 which established that these dyes were derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Triphenylmethane" title="Triphenylmethane">triphenylmethane</a>. Emil Fischer's next research was concerned with compounds related to <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>. Here the ground had been broken by von Baeyer, but Fischer greatly advanced the field of knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Purines" class="mw-redirect" title="Purines">purines</a>. In 1881 and 1882 he published papers which established the formulae of <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">xanthine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> (achieving the first synthesis), <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a> and some other compounds of this group. After purine itself was isolated, a variety of derivatives were prepared, some of which were patented in view of possible therapeutical applications.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fischer is particularly noted for his work on sugars. Among his early discoveries related to hydrazine was that <a href="/wiki/Phenylhydrazine" title="Phenylhydrazine">phenylhydrazine</a> reacted with sugars to form substances which he named <a href="/wiki/Osazone" title="Osazone">osazones</a>, and which, being highly crystalline and readily formed, served to identify such carbohydrates more definitely than had been previously possible.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, among other work, he is noted for the <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a> of <small>D</small>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed how to deduce the formulae of the 16 <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomerism" title="Stereoisomerism">stereoisomeric</a> glucoses, and prepared several stereoisomerides, helping to confirm the <a href="/wiki/Le_Bel%E2%80%93Van_%27t_Hoff_rule" title="Le Bel–Van 't Hoff rule">Le Bel–Van 't Hoff rule</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_carbon" title="Asymmetric carbon">asymmetric carbon</a> atom.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the field of enzymology, Fischer is known for his proposal of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme#.22Lock_and_key.22_model" title="Enzyme">"the lock and key"</a> model as a mechanism of substrate binding.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fischer was also instrumental in the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">barbiturates</a>, a class of sedative drugs used for insomnia, epilepsy, anxiety, and anesthesia. Along with the physician <a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Mering" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef von Mering">Josef von Mering</a>, he helped to launch the first barbiturate sedative, <a href="/wiki/Barbital" title="Barbital">barbital</a>, in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He next carried out pioneering work on <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. By the introduction of new methods, he succeeded in breaking down the complex <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumins</a> into <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and other nitrogenous compounds, the constitutions of most of which were known, and by bringing about the recombination of these units, he prepared <a href="/wiki/Peptide_synthesis" title="Peptide synthesis">synthetic peptides</a> which approximated to the natural products. His research group synthesised the first free dipeptide (Glycine-Glycine) in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1906 about 65 peptides of different chain length and amino acid composition had been made by his research group. His researches made from 1899 to 1906 were published in 1907 with the title <i>Untersuchungen über Aminosauren, Polypeptides und Proteine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later the total number of peptides exceeded 100, with the longest being an 18 amino acid peptide containing 15 glycine and three leucine units. The 18 amino acid peptide gave the standard responses to tests for proteins used by physiological chemists - a positive <a href="/wiki/Biuret_test" title="Biuret test">Biuret</a> test, precipitation by inorganic salts and cleavage by proteolytic enzymes<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Fischer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fischer married Agnes Gerlach in 1888. She died seven years later, leaving him a widower with three sons. The younger two died during their military service in World War I, but the oldest, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Otto_Laurenz_Fischer" title="Hermann Otto Laurenz Fischer">Hermann</a>, became an organic chemist.<sup id="cite_ref-dsb_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emil Fischer died in Berlin on 15 July 1919 at the age of 66.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_bio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours,_awards,_and_legacy"><span id="Honours.2C_awards.2C_and_legacy"></span>Honours, awards, and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Fischer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honours, awards, and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Emil_Fischer_berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_berlin.jpg/220px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_berlin.jpg/330px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hermann_Emil_Fischer_berlin.jpg/440px-Hermann_Emil_Fischer_berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Emil Fischer in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1897 he put forward the idea to create the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">International Atomic Weights Commission</a>. Fischer was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1899" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1899">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1899</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize in chemistry "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses."<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_facts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_facts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected an International Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1904, an International Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1908, and an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many names of chemical reactions and concepts are named after him: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_indole_synthesis" title="Fischer indole synthesis">Fischer indole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_projection" title="Fischer projection">Fischer projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_oxazole_synthesis" title="Fischer oxazole synthesis">Fischer oxazole synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_peptide_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer peptide synthesis">Fischer peptide synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_phenylhydrazine_and_oxazone_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer phenylhydrazine and oxazone reaction">Fischer phenylhydrazine and oxazone reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Speier_esterification" title="Fischer–Speier esterification">Fischer–Speier esterification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_glycosidation" title="Fischer glycosidation">Fischer glycosidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliani%E2%80%93Fischer_synthesis" title="Kiliani–Fischer synthesis">Kiliani–Fischer synthesis</a></li></ul> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a> is named after <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Emil_Fischer" title="Franz Joseph Emil Fischer">Franz Emil Fischer</a>, who headed the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Coal_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Coal Research">Max Planck Institute for Coal Research</a> in Muelheim, and is unrelated to Fischer.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Fischer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">"Fellows of the Royal Society"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">the original</a> on 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffellowship%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorst_Kunz2002" class="citation journal cs1">Horst Kunz (2002). "Emil Fischer – Unequalled Classicist, Master of Organic Chemistry Research, and Inspired Trailblazer of Biological Chemistry". <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <b>41</b> (23): 4439–4451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3773%2820021202%2941%3A23%3C4439%3A%3AAID-ANIE4439%3E3.0.CO%3B2-6">10.1002/1521-3773(20021202)41:23<4439::AID-ANIE4439>3.0.CO;2-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12458504">12458504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Emil+Fischer+%E2%80%93+Unequalled+Classicist%2C+Master+of+Organic+Chemistry+Research%2C+and+Inspired+Trailblazer+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=4439-4451&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1521-3773%2820021202%2941%3A23%3C4439%3A%3AAID-ANIE4439%3E3.0.CO%3B2-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12458504&rft.au=Horst+Kunz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtenthaler1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lichtenthaler, F. 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Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1902/fischer/biographical/">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1902/fischer/biographical/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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The Nobel Prize Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emil+Fischer+-+Facts&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Prize+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1902%2Ffischer%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001246.html">"Emil Fischer"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Emil+Fischer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/emil-fischer">"Emil Fischer"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Emil+Fischer&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Femil-fischer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Emil+Fischer&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DEmil%2BFischer%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPichler1967" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pichler, Helmut (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.19671000642">"Franz Fischer, 1877–1947"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chemische_Berichte" title="Chemische Berichte">Chemische Berichte</a></i> (in German). <b>100</b> (6): CXXVII–CLVII. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.19671000642">10.1002/cber.19671000642</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemische+Berichte&rft.atitle=Franz+Fischer%2C+1877%E2%80%931947&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CXXVII-CLVII&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcber.19671000642&rft.aulast=Pichler&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fcber.19671000642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>"From My Life", an English translation of "Aus Meinem Leben", Emil Fischer's autobiography. D. M. and E. J. Behrman, Springer Verlag, 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Fischer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/161">Emil Fischer</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70554#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including his Nobel Lecture Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1902 <i>Syntheses in the Purine and Sugar Group</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OcIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA238">Eminent Chemists of Our Time</a> By Benjamin Harrow pages 216–239, published 1920 by Von Nostrand Company at books.google.com.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAders_Plimmer,_R._H.1907" class="citation journal cs1">Aders Plimmer, R. H. (July 1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035423261&view=1up&seq=106">"The work of Emil Fischer and his school on the chemistry of the proteins"</a>. <i>Science Progress in the Twentieth Century</i>. <b>2</b> (5): 88–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Progress+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.atitle=The+work+of+Emil+Fischer+and+his+school+on+the+chemistry+of+the+proteins&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=88-120&rft.date=1907-07&rft.au=Aders+Plimmer%2C+R.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015035423261%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6000053v/">Guide to the Emil Fischer Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fraaVP7NeOEC&pg=PA149">Text-book of Physiological Chemistry in Thirty Lectures</a> by Emil Abderhalden, translated by William Thomas Hall and George Defren; published 1908 by Wiley Company, has many technical references to Fischer's work in Chemistry.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9YAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA189">American Journal of Diseases of Children 1911</a> volume 2 by the American Medical Association also refers to Fischer's work.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JvoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA708">An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology</a> by Fielding Hudson Garrison, page 708 refers to Fischer and Merings discovery of the drugs <a href="/wiki/Veronal" class="mw-redirect" title="Veronal">veronal</a>(1904) and proponal(1905), published 1921 by Saunders Company.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8URLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA438">1914 Year Book of the American Pharmaceutical Association</a>, page 438 abstracts Fischer and Strauss's work on Phenol-Glucosides – Synthetic Production from Berlin d.D Chem. Germany, page 45(1912) No. 12.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Fischer,_Emil" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Fischer, Emil">Fischer, Emil</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fischer%2C+Emil&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fischer,_Emil" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fischer, Emil">Fischer, Emil</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fischer%2C+Emil&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Fischer,_Emil" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fischer, Emil">Fischer, Emil</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fischer%2C+Emil&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmil+Fischer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emil Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1919</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1933</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1902_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1902 Nobel Prize 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> (Germany)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> (Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Albert Gobat</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (Netherlands)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109140868">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71489994">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/184911/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyxp4DHCwC4vTQgQ3CPcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118691155">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86858871">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124651403">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124651403">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00521656">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fischer, Emil <1852-1919>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV130703">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36147213">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000090050&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072170484">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000248607&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000503618">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201760316">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810634288405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/340740">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007304829905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514288206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14302490">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03046416?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=159714">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/76351363">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1220144">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118691155.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118691155">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028000323">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6st8jct">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Fischer&oldid=1254998868">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Fischer&oldid=1254998868</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emil_Fischer" title="Category:Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></li><li><a 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