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Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonmassa" title="Sonmassa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sonmassa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كتلة شمسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتلة شمسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_solar" title="Masa solar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Masa solar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0" title="সৌর ভর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৌর ভর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-i%C3%B4ng_chit-li%C5%8Dng" title="Thài-iông chit-liōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-iông chit-liōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сонечная маса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сонечная маса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сонечная маса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сонечная маса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Слънчева маса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слънчева маса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolz_Heol" title="Tolz Heol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tolz Heol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_solar" title="Massa solar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massa solar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Хĕвел масси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕвел масси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slune%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_hmotnost" title="Sluneční hmotnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sluneční hmotnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenmasse" title="Sonnenmasse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sonnenmasse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ikese_mass" title="Päikese mass – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Päikese mass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B1" title="Ηλιακή μάζα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλιακή μάζα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_solar" title="Masa solar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masa solar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suna_maso" title="Suna maso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suna maso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eguzki_masa" title="Eguzki masa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eguzki masa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جرم خورشیدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرم خورشیدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse_solaire" title="Masse solaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masse solaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="태양질량 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태양질량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Արեգակի զանգված – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արեգակի զանգված" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सौर द्रव्यमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सौर द्रव्यमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarna_masa" title="Solarna masa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Solarna masa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cd%E1%BB%8Bd%E1%BB%8B_anyanw%E1%BB%A5" title="Ọdịdị anyanwụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọdịdị anyanwụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_Matahari" title="Massa Matahari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Massa Matahari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_solar" title="Massa solar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Massa solar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_solare" title="Massa solare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massa solare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A9" title="מסת שמש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסת שמש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="მზის მასა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მზის მასა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungamo_ya_Jua" title="Tungamo ya Jua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tungamo ya Jua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_Solis" title="Massa Solis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Massa Solis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saules_masa" title="Saules masa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saules masa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnemass" title="Sonnemass – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sonnemass" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%C4%97s_mas%C4%97" title="Saulės masė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saulės masė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napt%C3%B6meg" title="Naptömeg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Naptömeg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сончева маса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сончева маса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanjamasoandro" title="Lanjamasoandro – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lanjamasoandro" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82" title="സൗരപിണ്ഡം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗരപിണ്ഡം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सौर वस्तुमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सौर वस्तुमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ბჟაშ მასა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟაშ მასა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisim_suria" title="Jisim suria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jisim suria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_Matoari" title="Massa Matoari – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Massa Matoari" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF" title="နေဒြပ်ထု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နေဒြပ်ထု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonsmassa" title="Zonsmassa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zonsmassa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="太陽質量 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太陽質量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solmasse" title="Solmasse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Solmasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solmasse" title="Solmasse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Solmasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_solara" title="Massa solara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Massa solara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyosh_massasi" title="Quyosh massasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quyosh massasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C" title="ਸੌਰ ਪੁੰਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੌਰ ਪੁੰਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnnmasse" title="Sünnmasse – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sünnmasse" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_S%C5%82o%C5%84ca" title="Masa Słońca – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masa Słońca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_solar" title="Massa solar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massa solar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Masă solară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masă solară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Солнечная масса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Солнечная масса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Solar mass" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_sulari" title="Massa sulari – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Massa sulari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Solar mass" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solar mass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmotnos%C5%A5_Slnka" title="Hmotnosť Slnka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hmotnosť Slnka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son%C4%8Deva_masa" title="Sončeva masa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sončeva masa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بارستەی خۆری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بارستەی خۆری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сунчева маса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сунчева маса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auringon_massa" title="Auringon massa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Auringon massa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solmassa" title="Solmassa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Solmassa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="சூரியப் பொருண்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூரியப் பொருண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF" title="సౌరద్రవ్యరాశి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సౌరద్రవ్యరాశి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="มวลดวงอาทิตย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มวลดวงอาทิตย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_k%C3%BCtlesi" title="Güneş kütlesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güneş kütlesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCn_massasy" title="Gün massasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gün massasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Шунды масса – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Шунды масса" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Маса Сонця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маса Сонця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_M%E1%BA%B7t_Tr%E1%BB%9Di" title="Khối lượng Mặt Trời – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khối lượng Mặt Trời" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solamasat" title="Solamasat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Solamasat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_solar" title="Masa solar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Masa solar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="太阳质量 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="太阳质量" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="太陽質量 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太陽質量" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="太阳质量 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太阳质量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180892#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Solar mass</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_vs_planets_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sun_vs_planets_en.svg/220px-Sun_vs_planets_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sun_vs_planets_en.svg/330px-Sun_vs_planets_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sun_vs_planets_en.svg/440px-Sun_vs_planets_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Sun contains 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System. Bodies less massive than <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> are not visible at this scale.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7030198841600000000♠"></span>1.988<span style="margin-left:.25em;">416</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>30</sup> kg</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>solar mass</b> (<b><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub></b>) is a standard <a href="/wiki/Mass#Units_of_mass" title="Mass">unit of mass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, equal to approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7030200000000000000♠"></span>2<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>30</sup> <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a></span>. It is approximately equal to the mass of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. It is often used to indicate the masses of other <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">stellar clusters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebulae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>. More precisely, the mass of the Sun is </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">nominal solar mass <span class="texhtml"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7030198841600000000♠"></span>1.988<span style="margin-left:.25em;">416</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>30</sup> kg</span></span> or a best estimate of <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7030198847500000000♠"></span>(1.988<span style="margin-left:.25em;">475</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">092</span>)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>30</sup> kg</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <p>The solar mass is about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005333000000000000♠"></span>333<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> times the <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">mass of Earth</a> (<var>M</var><sub>E</sub>), or <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003104700000000000♠"></span>1047</span> times the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_mass" title="Jupiter mass">mass of Jupiter</a> (<var>M</var><sub>J</sub>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_measurement">History of measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_mass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The value of the gravitational constant was first derived from measurements that were made by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> in 1798 with a <a href="/wiki/Torsion_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsion balance">torsion balance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value he obtained differs by only 1% from the modern value, but was not as precise.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parallax#Diurnal_parallax" title="Parallax">diurnal parallax</a> of the Sun was accurately measured during the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yielding a value of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995436332312998583♠"></span>9″</span> (9 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">arcseconds</a>, compared to the present value of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995426352326410207♠"></span>8.794<span style="margin-left:.25em;">148</span>″</span>). From the value of the diurnal parallax, one can determine the distance to the Sun from the geometry of Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known estimate of the solar mass was by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his work <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i> (1687), he estimated that the ratio of the mass of Earth to the Sun was about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004287000000000000♠"></span>28<span style="margin-left:.25em;">700</span></span></span></span>. Later he determined that his value was based upon a faulty value for the solar parallax, which he had used to estimate the distance to the Sun. He corrected his estimated ratio to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005169282000000000♠"></span>169<span style="margin-left:.25em;">282</span></span></span></span> in the third edition of the <i>Principia</i>. The current value for the solar parallax is smaller still, yielding an estimated mass ratio of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005332946000000000♠"></span>332<span style="margin-left:.25em;">946</span></span></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a unit of measurement, the solar mass came into use before the AU and the gravitational constant were precisely measured. This is because the relative mass of another planet in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> or the combined mass of two <a href="/wiki/Binary_star#Use_in_astrophysics" title="Binary star">binary stars</a> can be calculated in units of Solar mass directly from the orbital radius and orbital period of the planet or stars using Kepler's third law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculation">Calculation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_mass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mass of the Sun cannot be measured directly, and is instead calculated from other measurable factors, using the equation for the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> of a small body orbiting a central mass.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the length of the year, the distance from Earth to the Sun (an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a> or AU), and the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a> (<span class="texhtml"><i>G</i></span>), the mass of the Sun is given by solving <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's third law</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\odot }={\frac {4\pi ^{2}\times (1\,\mathrm {AU} )^{3}}{G\times (1\,\mathrm {yr} )^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\odot }={\frac {4\pi ^{2}\times (1\,\mathrm {AU} )^{3}}{G\times (1\,\mathrm {yr} )^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8f47c67854ba0f6cc8e333c749994a57267eaaf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:21.99ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\odot }={\frac {4\pi ^{2}\times (1\,\mathrm {AU} )^{3}}{G\times (1\,\mathrm {yr} )^{2}}}}"></span> </p><p>The value of <i>G</i> is difficult to measure and is only known with limited accuracy (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_experiment" title="Cavendish experiment">Cavendish experiment</a>). The value of <i>G</i> times the mass of an object, called the <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter" title="Standard gravitational parameter">standard gravitational parameter</a>, is known for the Sun and several planets to a much higher accuracy than <i>G</i> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the solar mass is used as the standard mass in the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_system_of_units" title="Astronomical system of units">astronomical system of units</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation">Variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_mass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sun is losing mass because of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion reactions</a> occurring within its core, leading to the emission of <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">electromagnetic energy</a>, neutrinos and by the ejection of matter with the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>. It is expelling about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6986200000000000000♠"></span>(2–3)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−14</sup></span> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>/year.<sup id="cite_ref-carroll_ostlie1995_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carroll_ostlie1995-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mass loss rate will increase when the Sun enters the <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> stage, climbing to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6986700000000000000♠"></span>(7–9)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−14</sup></span> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>/year when it reaches the <a href="/wiki/Tip_of_the_red-giant_branch" title="Tip of the red-giant branch">tip of the red-giant branch</a>. This will rise to 10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2999400000000000000♠"></span>−6</span></sup> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>/year on the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">asymptotic giant branch</a>, before peaking at a rate of 10<sup>−5</sup> to 10<sup>−4</sup> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>/year as the Sun generates a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a>. By the time the Sun becomes a degenerate <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>, it will have lost 46% of its starting mass.<sup id="cite_ref-mnras361_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnras361-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mass of the Sun has been decreasing since the time it formed. This occurs through two processes in nearly equal amounts. First, in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_core" title="Solar core">Sun's core</a>, hydrogen is converted into helium through <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">p–p chain</a>, and this reaction converts some mass into energy in the form of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> photons. Most of this energy eventually <a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity">radiates away</a> from the Sun. Second, high-energy protons and electrons in the atmosphere of the Sun are ejected directly into outer space as the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">coronal mass ejections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original mass of the Sun at the time it reached the <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Sun had much higher mass-loss rates than at present, and it may have lost anywhere from 1–7% of its natal mass over the course of its main-sequence lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-apj583_2_1024_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj583_2_1024-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_units">Related units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_mass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Related units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One solar mass, <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>, can be converted to related units:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007270685100000000♠"></span>27<span style="margin-left:.25em;">068</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">510</span></span> <i>M</i><sub>L</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/Lunar_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar mass">Lunar mass</a>)</li> <li><span class="texhtml"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005332946000000000♠"></span>332<span style="margin-left:.25em;">946</span></span> <var>M</var><sub>E</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth mass</a>)</li> <li><span class="texhtml"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003104734999999999♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">047</span>.35</span> <var>M</var><sub>J</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter_mass" title="Jupiter mass">Jupiter mass</a>)</li></ul> <p>It is also frequently useful in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> to express mass in units of length or time. </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> <i>G</i> / <i>c</i><sup>2</sup> ≈ 1.48 km</span> (half the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radius</a> of the Sun)</li> <li><span class="texhtml"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> <i>G</i> / <i>c</i><sup>3</sup> ≈ 4.93 μs</span></li></ul> <p>The solar mass parameter (<i>G</i>·<var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>), as listed by the IAU Division I Working Group, has the following estimates:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7020132712442099000♠"></span>1.327<span style="margin-left:.25em;">124</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">420</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">99</span>(10)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>20</sup> m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−2</sup></span> (<a href="/wiki/Geocentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">TCG</a>-compatible)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7020132712440041000♠"></span>1.327<span style="margin-left:.25em;">124</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">400</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">41</span>(10)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>20</sup> m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−2</sup></span> (<a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Dynamical_Time" title="Barycentric Dynamical Time">TDB</a>-compatible)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_mass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_gravitational_constant" title="Gaussian gravitational constant">Gaussian gravitational constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)" title="Orders of magnitude (mass)">Orders of magnitude (mass)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Stellar mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_mass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPršaHarmanecTorresMamajek2016" class="citation journal cs1">Prša, Andrej; Harmanec, Petr; Torres, Guillermo; Mamajek, Eric; Asplund, Martin; Capitaine, Nicole; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen; Depagne, Éric; Haberreiter, Margit; Hekker, Saskia; Hilton, James; Kopp, Greg; Kostov, Veselin; Kurtz, Donald W.; Laskar, Jacques (2016-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F0004-6256%2F152%2F2%2F41">"NOMINAL VALUES FOR SELECTED SOLAR AND PLANETARY QUANTITIES: IAU 2015 RESOLUTION B3 * †"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>152</b> (2): 41. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.09788">1605.09788</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AJ....152...41P">2016AJ....152...41P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F0004-6256%2F152%2F2%2F41">10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/41</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256">0004-6256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=NOMINAL+VALUES+FOR+SELECTED+SOLAR+AND+PLANETARY+QUANTITIES%3A+IAU+2015+RESOLUTION+B3+%2A+%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1605.09788&rft.issn=0004-6256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F0004-6256%2F152%2F2%2F41&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016AJ....152...41P&rft.aulast=Pr%C5%A1a&rft.aufirst=Andrej&rft.au=Harmanec%2C+Petr&rft.au=Torres%2C+Guillermo&rft.au=Mamajek%2C+Eric&rft.au=Asplund%2C+Martin&rft.au=Capitaine%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Christensen-Dalsgaard%2C+J%C3%B8rgen&rft.au=Depagne%2C+%C3%89ric&rft.au=Haberreiter%2C+Margit&rft.au=Hekker%2C+Saskia&rft.au=Hilton%2C+James&rft.au=Kopp%2C+Greg&rft.au=Kostov%2C+Veselin&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+Donald+W.&rft.au=Laskar%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F0004-6256%252F152%252F2%252F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+mass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPršaHarmanecTorresMamajek2016" class="citation journal cs1">Prša, Andrej; Harmanec, Petr; Torres, Guillermo; Mamajek, Eric; Asplund, Martin; Capitaine, Nicole; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen; Depagne, Éric; Haberreiter, Margit; Hekker, Saskia; Hilton, James; Kopp, Greg; Kostov, Veselin; Kurtz, Donald W.; Laskar, Jacques (2016-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F0004-6256%2F152%2F2%2F41">"NOMINAL VALUES FOR SELECTED SOLAR AND PLANETARY QUANTITIES: IAU 2015 RESOLUTION B3 * †"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>152</b> (2): 41. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.09788">1605.09788</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AJ....152...41P">2016AJ....152...41P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F0004-6256%2F152%2F2%2F41">10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/41</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256">0004-6256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=NOMINAL+VALUES+FOR+SELECTED+SOLAR+AND+PLANETARY+QUANTITIES%3A+IAU+2015+RESOLUTION+B3+%2A+%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1605.09788&rft.issn=0004-6256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F0004-6256%2F152%2F2%2F41&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016AJ....152...41P&rft.aulast=Pr%C5%A1a&rft.aufirst=Andrej&rft.au=Harmanec%2C+Petr&rft.au=Torres%2C+Guillermo&rft.au=Mamajek%2C+Eric&rft.au=Asplund%2C+Martin&rft.au=Capitaine%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Christensen-Dalsgaard%2C+J%C3%B8rgen&rft.au=Depagne%2C+%C3%89ric&rft.au=Haberreiter%2C+Margit&rft.au=Hekker%2C+Saskia&rft.au=Hilton%2C+James&rft.au=Kopp%2C+Greg&rft.au=Kostov%2C+Veselin&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+Donald+W.&rft.au=Laskar%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F0004-6256%252F152%252F2%252F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+mass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarion" class="citation web cs1">Clarion, Geoffrey R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.utk.edu/labs/modphys/Pasco%20Cavendish%20Experiment.pdf">"Universal Gravitational Constant"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a> Physics</i>. 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"Newton's Determination of the Masses and Densities of the Sun, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Earth". <i><a href="/wiki/Archive_for_History_of_Exact_Sciences" title="Archive for History of Exact Sciences">Archive for History of Exact Sciences</a></i>. <b>53</b> (1): 83–95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AHES...53...83C">1998AHES...53...83C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004070050022">10.1007/s004070050022</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41134054">41134054</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122869257">122869257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archive+for+History+of+Exact+Sciences&rft.atitle=Newton%27s+Determination+of+the+Masses+and+Densities+of+the+Sun%2C+Jupiter%2C+Saturn%2C+and+the+Earth&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-95&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs004070050022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122869257%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41134054%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AHES...53...83C&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=I.+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+mass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeverington2003" class="citation book cs1">Leverington, David (2003). <i>Babylon to Voyager and beyond: a history of planetary astronomy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80840-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80840-8"><bdi>978-0-521-80840-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babylon+to+Voyager+and+beyond%3A+a+history+of+planetary+astronomy&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80840-8&rft.aulast=Leverington&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+mass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/yba/CygX1_mass/gravity/sun_mass.html">"Finding the Mass of the Sun"</a>. <i>imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1995), <i>An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics</i> (revised 2nd ed.), Benjamin Cummings, p. 409, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201547309" title="Special:BookSources/0201547309"><bdi>0201547309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Modern+Astrophysics&rft.pages=409&rft.edition=revised+2nd&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0201547309&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Bradley+W.&rft.au=Ostlie%2C+Dale+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+mass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mnras361-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mnras361_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchröderConnon_Smith2008" class="citation cs2">Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert (2008), "Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited", <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>, <b>386</b> (1): 155–163, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.4031">0801.4031</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386..155S">2008MNRAS.386..155S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10073988">10073988</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Distant+future+of+the+Sun+and+Earth+revisited&rft.volume=386&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155-163&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0801.4031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10073988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008MNRAS.386..155S&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=K.-P.&rft.au=Connon+Smith%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+mass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenovaMazaricoGoossensLemoine2018" class="citation journal cs1">Genova, Antonio; Mazarico, Erwan; Goossens, Sander; Lemoine, Frank G.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T. (18 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773540">"Solar system expansion and strong equivalence principle as seen by the NASA MESSENGER mission"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 289. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9..289G">2018NatCo...9..289G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-017-02558-1">10.1038/s41467-017-02558-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773540">5773540</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29348613">29348613</a>. <q>The fusion cycle that generates energy into the Sun relies on the conversion of hydrogen into helium, which is responsible for a solar mass reduction with a rate of ~ −0.67 × 10<sup>−13</sup> per year. On the other hand, the solar wind contribution is more uncertain. The solar cycle significantly influences the solar mass loss rate due to solar wind. Estimates of the mass carried away with the solar wind showed rates between − (2–3) × 10<sup>−14</sup><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> per year, whereas numerical simulations of coupled corona and solar wind models provided rates between − (4.2–6.9) × 10<sup>−14</sup> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> per year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Solar+system+expansion+and+strong+equivalence+principle+as+seen+by+the+NASA+MESSENGER+mission&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=289&rft.date=2018-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5773540%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatCo...9..289G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29348613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-017-02558-1&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Genova&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Mazarico%2C+Erwan&rft.au=Goossens%2C+Sander&rft.au=Lemoine%2C+Frank+G.&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+David+E.&rft.au=Zuber%2C+Maria+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5773540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+mass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit6/futuresun.html">"Lecture 40: The Once and Future Sun"</a>. <i>www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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