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<span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Overweight</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofergewiht" title="Ofergewiht – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ofergewiht" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="فرط الوزن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرط الوزن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwagwichd" title="Iwagwichd – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Iwagwichd" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrep%C3%A8s" title="Sobrepès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sobrepès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadv%C3%A1ha" title="Nadváha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nadváha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbergewicht" title="Übergewicht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Übergewicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrepeso" title="Sobrepeso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sobrepeso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehiegizko_pisu" title="Gehiegizko pisu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gehiegizko pisu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="اضافه وزن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اضافه وزن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surpoids" title="Surpoids – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surpoids" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrepeso" title="Sobrepeso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sobrepeso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%B2%B4%EC%A4%91" title="과체중 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과체중" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B7" title="Մարմնի ավելորդ քաշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարմնի ավելորդ քաշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovrappeso" title="Sovrappeso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sovrappeso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94" title="השמנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השמנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsvoris" title="Antsvoris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antsvoris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അമിതവണ്ണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമിതവണ്ണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgewicht" title="Overgewicht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Overgewicht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overvekt" title="Overvekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Overvekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadwaga" title="Nadwaga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadwaga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrepeso" title="Sobrepeso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sobrepeso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Избыточная масса тела – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Избыточная масса тела" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Overweight" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadv%C3%A1ha" title="Nadváha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nadváha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прекомерна тежина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прекомерна тежина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylipaino" title="Ylipaino – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ylipaino" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96vervikt" title="Övervikt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Övervikt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazla_kilo" title="Fazla kilo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fazla kilo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%ABa_c%C3%A2n" title="Thừa cân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thừa cân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorpw%C3%A8s" title="Sorpwès – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sorpwès" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%87%8D" title="超重 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="超重" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the medical term. For the stock market term, see <a href="/wiki/Overweight_(stock_market)" title="Overweight (stock market)">Overweight (stock market)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For being very overweight, see <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Overweight</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Body_mass_index_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Body_mass_index_chart.svg/220px-Body_mass_index_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Body_mass_index_chart.svg/330px-Body_mass_index_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Body_mass_index_chart.svg/440px-Body_mass_index_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The overweight range according to the <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI) is the area on the chart where BMI > 25.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical 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.sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_body_weight" title="Category:Human body weight">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_body_weight" title="Human body weight">Human body weight</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_obesity" title="Epidemiology of obesity">Epidemiology</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Overweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">Underweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_shape" title="Body shape">Body shape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">Weight gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">Weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_weight_gain" title="Gestational weight gain">Gestational weight gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_management" title="Weight management">Weight management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overnutrition" title="Overnutrition">Overnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_obesity" title="Childhood obesity">Childhood obesity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_childhood_obesity" title="Epidemiology of childhood obesity">Epidemiology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medical concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_obesity" title="Classification of obesity">Classification of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_paradox" title="Exercise paradox">Exercise paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_of_obesity" title="Genetics of obesity">Genetics of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">Metabolic syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_metabolic_syndrome" title="Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome">Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolically_healthy_obesity" title="Metabolically healthy obesity">Metabolically healthy obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_paradox" title="Obesity paradox">Obesity paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_point_theory" title="Set point theory">Set point theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Measurements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_adiposity_index" title="Body adiposity index">Body adiposity index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">Body mass index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_roundness_index" title="Body roundness index">Body roundness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_fat_percentage" title="Body fat percentage">Body fat percentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_Shape_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Body Shape Index">Body Shape Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpulence_index" title="Corpulence index">Corpulence index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">Lean body mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_Fat_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative Fat Mass">Relative Fat Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist%E2%80%93hip_ratio" title="Waist–hip ratio">Waist–hip ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist-to-height_ratio" title="Waist-to-height ratio">Waist-to-height ratio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related conditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">Type 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anorexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorexia">Anorexia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimia">Bulimia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">Binge eating disorder</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_addiction" title="Food addiction">Food addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">Hyperthyroidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RED-S" class="mw-redirect" title="RED-S">RED-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Starvation_response" title="Starvation response">Starvation response</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PCOS">PCOS</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Obesity-associated_morbidity" title="Obesity-associated morbidity">Obesity-associated morbidity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">Arteriosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver_disease" title="Fatty liver disease">Fatty liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">GERD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">Gynecomastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">Heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_cancer" title="Obesity and cancer">Obesity and cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">Osteoarthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediabetes" title="Prediabetes">Prediabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">Type 2 diabetes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Management_of_obesity" title="Management of obesity">Management of obesity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatrics" title="Bariatrics">Bariatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloric_deficit" title="Caloric deficit">Caloric deficit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">Exercise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_exercise" title="Outline of exercise">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposuction" title="Liposuction">Liposuction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_medicine" title="Obesity medicine">Obesity medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss_camp" title="Weight loss camp">Weight loss camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss_coaching" title="Weight loss coaching">Weight loss coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-yo_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yo-yo effect">Yo-yo effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Social aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_food" title="Comfort food">Comfort food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a> (<a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fast_food" title="Criticism of fast food">Criticism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_fetishism" title="Fat fetishism">Fat fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_at_Every_Size" title="Health at Every Size">Health at Every Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_the_environment" title="Obesity and the environment">Obesity and the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_obesity" title="Social determinants of obesity">Social determinants of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Social stigma of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_cutting" title="Weight cutting">Weight cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_class" title="Weight class">Weight class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_body_weight" title="Template:Human body weight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_body_weight" title="Template talk:Human body weight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_body_weight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human body weight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Being <b>overweight</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is having more <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">body fat</a> than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is especially common where <a href="/wiki/Dietary_energy_supply" title="Dietary energy supply">food supplies</a> are plentiful and <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">lifestyles are sedentary</a>. </p><p>As of 2003<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overweight&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, excess weight reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults being either overweight or <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, this increased to more than 2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increases have been observed across all age groups. </p><p>A healthy body requires a minimum amount of <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> for proper functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormonal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">reproductive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> systems, as <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">shock absorption</a> for sensitive areas, and as <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">energy</a> for future use; however, the accumulation of too much storage fat can impair movement, flexibility, and alter the <a href="/wiki/Body_shape" title="Body shape">appearance of the body</a>. Some people are naturally heavier and the <a href="/wiki/Body_positivity" title="Body positivity">body positivity</a> movement has worked to reduce <a href="/wiki/Body_shaming" title="Body shaming">body shaming</a> and improve <a href="/wiki/Self-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-confidence">self-confidence</a> amongst heavierset people. </p><p>At a basic and fundamental level, the treatments called for are <a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">diet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a>. More extensive treatment may involve support groups like <a href="/wiki/Overeaters_Anonymous" title="Overeaters Anonymous">Overeaters Anonymous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> treatment. The degree to which treatment is necessary varies culturally and with a medical assessment of an unhealthy weight, treatment has been facilitated by new effective weightloss drugs like <a href="/wiki/Zepbound" class="mw-redirect" title="Zepbound">Zepbound</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Body_fat_percentage" title="Body fat percentage">Body fat percentage</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Underweight </td> <td>< 18.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Normal weight </td> <td><span class="nowrap">18.5–24.9</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Overweight </td> <td>25.0–29.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Obese </td> <td>≥ 30.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The degree to which a person is overweight is generally described by the <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI). <i>Overweight</i> is defined as a BMI of 25 or more, thus it includes pre-obesity defined as a BMI between 25 and 29.9 and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> as defined by a BMI of 30 or more.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-obese and overweight however are often used interchangeably, thus giving overweight a common definition of a BMI of between 25 and 29.9. There are, however, several other common ways to measure the amount of adiposity or fat present in an individual's body. </p> <ul><li>Body mass index</li></ul> <dl><dd>The body mass index (BMI) is a measure of a person's weight taking into account their height. It is given by the following formula: BMI equals a person's weight (mass) in kilograms divided by the square of the person's height in meters. The units therefore are kg/m<sup>2</sup> but BMI measures are typically used and written without units.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>BMI provides a significantly more accurate representation of body fat content than simply measuring a person's weight. It is only moderately correlated with both body fat percentage and body fat mass (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_product-moment_correlation_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient">R<sup>2</sup></a> of 0.68).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not take into account certain factors such as pregnancy or bodybuilding; however, the BMI is an accurate reflection of fat percentage in the majority of the adult population.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_volume_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Body volume index">Body volume index</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>The body volume index (BVI) was devised in 2000 as a computer, rather than manual, measurement of the human body for obesity and an alternative to the BMI</dd></dl> <dl><dd>BVI uses 3D software to create an accurate image of a person so BVI can differentiate between people with the same BMI rating, but who have a different shape and different weight distribution.</dd> <dd>BVI measures where a person's weight and the fat are located on the body, rather than total weight or total fat content and places emphasis on the weight carried around the abdomen, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Central_obesity" class="mw-redirect" title="Central obesity">central obesity</a>. There has been an acceptance in recent years that abdominal fat and weight around the abdomen constitute a greater health risk.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">Simple weighing</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>A person's weight is measured and compared to an estimated ideal weight. This is the easiest and most common method, but by far the least accurate, as it only measures one quantity (weight) and often does not take into account many factors such as height, <a href="/wiki/Body_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Body type">body type</a>, and relative amount of <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> mass.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Skinfold <a href="/wiki/Caliper" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliper">calipers</a> or "pinch test"</li></ul> <dl><dd>The skin at several specific points on the body is pinched and the thickness of the resulting fold is measured. This measures the thickness of the layers of fat located under the skin, from which a general measurement of total amount of fat in the body is calculated. This method can be reasonably accurate for many people, but it assumes particular fat distribution patterns over the body—which may not apply to all individuals, and does not account for fat deposits not directly under the skin. Also, as the measurement and analysis generally involves a high degree of practice and interpretation, an accurate result requires that a professional perform it. It cannot generally be done by patients themselves.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioelectrical_impedance_analysis" title="Bioelectrical impedance analysis">Bioelectrical impedance analysis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>A small electric current is passed through the body to measure its <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a>. As fat and muscle conduct electricity differently, this method can provide a direct measurement of the body fat percentage, in relation to muscle mass. In the past, this technique could only be performed reliably by trained professionals with specialized equipment, but it is now possible to buy home testing kits that let people do this themselves with a minimum of training. Despite the improved simplicity of this process over the years, however, a number of factors can affect the results, including <a href="/wiki/Fluid_replacement" title="Fluid replacement">hydration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a>, so it still needs some care when taking the test to ensure that the results are accurate.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">Hydrostatic</a> weighing</li></ul> <dl><dd>Considered one of the more accurate methods of measuring body fat, this technique involves complete submersion of a person in water, with special equipment to measure the person's weight while submerged. This weight is then compared with "dry weight" as recorded outside the water to determine overall body density. As fat is less dense than muscle, careful application of this technique can provide a reasonably close estimate of fat content in the body. This technique does, however, require expensive specialized equipment and trained professionals to administer it properly.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-energy_X-ray_absorptiometry" title="Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry">Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry</a> (DEXA)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Originally developed to measure bone density, DEXA imaging is also used to precisely determine body fat content by using the density of various body tissues to identify which portions of the body are fat. This test is generally considered very accurate, but requires a great deal of expensive medical equipment and trained professionals to perform.</dd></dl> <p>The most common method for discussing this subject and the one used primarily by researchers and advisory institutions is BMI. Definitions of what is considered overweight vary by ethnicity. The current definition proposed by the US <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) designates whites, Hispanics and blacks with a BMI of 25 or more as overweight. For Asians, overweight is a BMI between 23 and 29.9 and obesity for all groups is a BMI of 30 or more. </p><p>BMI, however, does not account extremes of muscle mass, some rare <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> factors, the very young, and a few other individual variations. Thus it is possible for an individual with a BMI of less than 25 to have excess body fat, while others may have a BMI that is significantly higher without falling into this category.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the above methods for determining body fat are more accurate than BMI but are less convenient to measure. </p><p>If an individual is overweight and has excess body fat it can create or lead to health risks. Reports are surfacing, however, that being mildly overweight to slightly obese – BMI being between 24 and 31.9 – may be actually beneficial and that people with a BMI between 24 and 31.9 could actually live longer than normal weight or <a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">underweight</a> persons.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2></div> <p>While some negative health outcomes associated with obesity are accepted within the medical community, the health implications of the overweight category are more controversial. </p><p>A 2016 review estimated that the risk of death increases by seven percent among overweight people with a BMI of 25 to 27.5 and 20 percent among overweight people with a BMI of 27.5 to 30.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016Mort_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016Mort-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Flegal" title="Katherine Flegal">Katherine Flegal</a> et al., however, found that the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> for individuals who are classified as overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9) may actually be lower than for those with an "ideal" weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9), noting that many studies show that the lowest mortality rate is at a BMI close to 25.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific conclusions appear to depend on what other factors are controlled for,<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016Mort_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016Mort-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Flegal has accordingly alleged that the findings from the 2016 review are driven by bias toward preconceived opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being overweight directly increases the risk of type-II diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being overweight has been identified as a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Willett" title="Walter Willett">Walter Willett</a> predicts that being overweight will overtake <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a> as the primary cause of cancer in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a> as cases of smoking-related cancer dwindle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being overweight also increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Oligospermia" title="Oligospermia">oligospermia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azoospermia" title="Azoospermia">azoospermia</a> in men.<sup id="cite_ref-Sermondade_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sermondade-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychological well-being is also at risk in the overweight individual due to <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">social discrimination</a>. </p><p>Being overweight has been shown not to increase mortality<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Qualify_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Qualify evidence"><span title="Cited sources need context/evaluation">qualify evidence</span></a></i>]</sup> in older people: in a study of 70 to 75-year old Australians, mortality was lowest for "overweight" individuals (BMI 25 to 29.9),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a study of Koreans found that, among those initially aged 65 or more, an increase in BMI to above 25 was not associated with increased risk of death.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overweight_teenage_boy_(side).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Overweight_teenage_boy_%28side%29.jpg/300px-Overweight_teenage_boy_%28side%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Overweight_teenage_boy_%28side%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Belly of overweight teenage male</figcaption></figure> <p>Being overweight is generally caused by the intake of more <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> (by eating) than are expended by the body (by exercise and everyday activity). Factors that may contribute to this imbalance include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorders</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">binge eating</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_predisposition" title="Genetic predisposition">Genetic predisposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormonal</a> imbalances (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>)</li> <li>Insufficient or <a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_weight" title="Sleep and weight">poor-quality sleep</a></li> <li>Limited <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">physical exercise</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">sedentary lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Poor nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorders</a>, which could be caused by repeated attempts to lose weight by <a href="/wiki/Yo-yo_dieting" class="mw-redirect" title="Yo-yo dieting">weight cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overeating" title="Overeating">Overeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychotropic medication</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> withdrawal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">Stress</a></li></ul> <p>People who have <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 1">insulin dependent diabetes</a> and chronically overdose insulin may gain weight, while people who already are overweight may develop insulin tolerance, and in the long run develop <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">type II diabetes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_obesity" title="Management of obesity">Management of obesity</a></div> <p>The usual treatments for overweight individuals is <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> and physical exercise. </p><p>Dietitians generally recommend eating several balanced meals dispersed through the day, with a combination of progressive, primarily aerobic, physical exercise. In fact, some research found benefits from physical activity, diet and behaviour changes on BMI in children from 12 to 17 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considering that most of the treatment strategies are directed to change lifestyle-related behaviours of individuals (namely in dietary and <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">transtheoretical model</a> (TTM) has been used as a framework to design weight management interventions. A systematic review assessed the effectiveness of dietary and physical activity interventions based on the TTM in producing sustainable (one year or longer) <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a> in overweight and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obese</a> adults. The included studies did not allow to produce conclusive evidence about the impact of the use of this model combined with these interventions on sustainable weight loss. Nevertheless, very low quality scientific evidence suggests that this approach may lead to improvements in physical activity and dietary habits, namely increased in both <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a> duration and frequency, and fruits and vegetables consumption, along with reduced dietary fat intake.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) estimated that nearly 2 billion adults worldwide, aged 18 years and older, were overweight in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), an estimated 71.6% of the United States' adult population aged 20 and over is considered either overweight or obese, and this percentage has increased over the last four decades.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The degree to which "fat" is pejorative in colloquial usage must be assessed.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">Body image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">Underweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Obesity_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Obesity Network">Canadian Obesity Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Beautiful_Woman" title="Big Beautiful Woman">Big Beautiful Woman</a> (BBW)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481371">"Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2017</b> (6): CD012691. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD012691">10.1002/14651858.CD012691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481371">6481371</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28639320">28639320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Diet%2C+physical+activity+and+behavioural+interventions+for+the+treatment+of+overweight+or+obese+adolescents+aged+12+to+17+years&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD012691&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6481371%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28639320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD012691&rft.aulast=Al-Khudairy&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft.au=Loveman%2C+Emma&rft.au=Colquitt%2C+Jill+L&rft.au=Mead%2C+Emma&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Rebecca+E&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Olajide%2C+Joan&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Marie&rft.au=Velho%2C+Rochelle+Marian&rft.au=O%27Malley%2C+Claire&rft.au=Azevedo%2C+Liane+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6481371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverweight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastellosGunnFelixCar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mastellos, Nikolaos; Gunn, Laura H; Felix, Lambert M; Car, Josip; Majeed, Azeem (2014-02-05). Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10088065">"Transtheoretical model stages of change for dietary and physical exercise modification in weight loss management for overweight and obese adults"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2014</b> (2): CD008066. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008066.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD008066.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10088065">10088065</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500864">24500864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Transtheoretical+model+stages+of+change+for+dietary+and+physical+exercise+modification+in+weight+loss+management+for+overweight+and+obese+adults&rft.volume=2014&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD008066&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10088065%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24500864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD008066.pub3&rft.aulast=Mastellos&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos&rft.au=Gunn%2C+Laura+H&rft.au=Felix%2C+Lambert+M&rft.au=Car%2C+Josip&rft.au=Majeed%2C+Azeem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10088065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverweight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight">"Obesity and overweight"</a>. World Health Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obesity+and+overweight&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fobesity-and-overweight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverweight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight.htm">"Obesity and Overweight"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Obesity+and+Overweight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Ffastats%2Fobesity-overweight.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverweight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D050177">D050177</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003101.htm">003101</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Overweight" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Overweight">Overweight</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/">WHO fact sheet on obesity and overweight</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208193319/http://www.epidemiologic.org/2006/10/obesity-epidemic-us-temporal-trends.html">Obesity Epidemic: U.S. Temporal Trends 1985–2004</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 8, 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629175048/http://www.epidemiologic.org/2007/02/most-overweight-countries-in-world.html">Ranking of Most Overweight Countries in the World 2005</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived June 29, 2007)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Obesity51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Obesity" title="Template:Obesity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Obesity" title="Template talk:Obesity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_cancer" title="Obesity and cancer">Obesity and cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_hypoventilation_syndrome" title="Obesity hypoventilation syndrome">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_obesity" title="Management of obesity">Management of obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_walking" title="Obesity and walking">Obesity and walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_the_environment" title="Obesity and the environment">Obesity and the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_paradox" title="Obesity paradox">Obesity paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_obesity" title="Parental obesity">Parental obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectobesity" 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