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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Đăng nhập</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Thêm tùy chọn" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Công cụ cá nhân" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Công cụ cá nhân</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Bảng chọn thành viên" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_vi.wikipedia.org&uselang=vi"><span>Quyên góp</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:M%E1%BB%9F_t%C3%A0i_kho%E1%BA%A3n&returnto=Ng%E1%BB%AF+t%E1%BB%99c+Tchad" title="Bạn được khuyến khích mở tài khoản và đăng nhập; tuy nhiên, không bắt buộc phải có tài khoản"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Tạo tài khoản</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:%C4%90%C4%83ng_nh%E1%BA%ADp&returnto=Ng%E1%BB%AF+t%E1%BB%99c+Tchad" title="Đăng nhập sẽ có lợi hơn, tuy nhiên không bắt buộc. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Đăng nhập</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Trang dành cho người dùng chưa đăng nhập <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%A3_gi%C3%BAp:Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_thi%E1%BB%87u" aria-label="Tìm hiểu thêm về sửa đổi"><span>tìm hiểu thêm</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:%C4%90%C3%B3ng_g%C3%B3p_c%E1%BB%A7a_t%C3%B4i" title="Danh sách các sửa đổi được thực hiện qua địa chỉ IP này [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Đóng góp</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn_t%C3%B4i" title="Thảo luận với địa chỉ IP này [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Thảo luận cho địa chỉ IP này</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Trang Web"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Nội dung" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nội dung</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Đầu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Thành_phần" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thành_phần"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Thành phần</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thành_phần-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tài_liệu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tài_liệu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tài liệu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tài_liệu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nguồn_tham_khảo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nguồn_tham_khảo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nguồn tham khảo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nguồn_tham_khảo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liêm_kết_ngoài" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liêm_kết_ngoài"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Liêm kết ngoài</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liêm_kết_ngoài-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Nội dung" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Đóng mở mục lục" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Đóng mở mục lục</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ngữ tộc Tchad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Xem bài viết trong ngôn ngữ khác. Bài có sẵn trong 56 ngôn ngữ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 ngôn ngữ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjadiese_tale" title="Tsjadiese tale – Tiếng Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjadiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات تشادية – Tiếng Ả Rập" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات تشادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ả Rập" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_chadicas" title="Luengas chadicas – Tiếng Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas chadicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ch%C3%A1diques" title="Llingües chádiques – Tiếng Asturias" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües chádiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Asturias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چادی دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چادی دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Chad" title="Rumpun bahasa Chad – Tiếng Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_tchadek" title="Yezhoù tchadek – Tiếng Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù tchadek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Чадски езици – Tiếng Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чадски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_txadianes" title="Llengües txadianes – Tiếng Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües txadianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Tsiadaidd" title="Ieithoedd Tsiadaidd – Tiếng Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Tsiadaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschadische_Sprachen" title="Tschadische Sprachen – Tiếng Đức" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschadische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Đức" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages – Tiếng Anh" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chadic languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Anh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_ch%C3%A1dicas" title="Lenguas chádicas – Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas chádicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ada_Grupo" title="Ĉada Grupo – Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉada Grupo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txadar_hizkuntzak" title="Txadar hizkuntzak – Tiếng Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txadar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های چادی – Tiếng Ba Tư" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های چادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Tư" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_tchadiques" title="Langues tchadiques – Tiếng Pháp" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues tchadiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pháp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_chadianas" title="Linguas chadianas – Tiếng Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas chadianas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="차드어파 – Tiếng Hàn" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hàn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarukan_Chadi" title="Yarukan Chadi – Tiếng Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yarukan Chadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="चाडी भाषाएँ – Tiếng Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाडी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadski_jezici" title="Čadski jezici – Tiếng Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čadski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadana_lingui" title="Chadana lingui – Tiếng Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chadana lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%ADsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Tjadísk tungumál – Tiếng Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjadísk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_ciadiche" title="Lingue ciadiche – Tiếng Italy" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue ciadiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Italy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות צ'אדיות – Tiếng Do Thái" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות צ'אדיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Do Thái" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჩადური ენები – Tiếng Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩადური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Чад тилдери – Tiếng Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чад тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Tzadicae" title="Linguae Tzadicae – Tiếng La-tinh" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Tzadicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng La-tinh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadin%C4%97s_kalbos" title="Čadinės kalbos – Tiếng Litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čadinės kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_%C3%A7iadiche" title="Lengue çiadiche – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengue çiadiche" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1di_nyelvek" title="Csádi nyelvek – Tiếng Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csádi nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Чадски јазици – Tiếng Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чадски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tsadika" title="Fiteny tsadika – Tiếng Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tsadika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjadische_talen" title="Tsjadische talen – Tiếng Hà Lan" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjadische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hà Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="チャド語派 – Tiếng Nhật" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャド語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nhật" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschadspriaken" title="Tschadspriaken – Tiếng Frisia Miền Bắc" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschadspriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Frisia Miền Bắc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_chadicas" title="Lengas chadicas – Tiếng Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas chadicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_tillari" title="Chad tillari – Tiếng Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chad tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_si%C3%A0diche" title="Lenghe siàdiche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe siàdiche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_czadyjskie" title="Języki czadyjskie – Tiếng Ba Lan" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki czadyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_ch%C3%A1dicas" title="Línguas chádicas – Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas chádicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чадские языки – Tiếng Nga" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чадские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chadic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadski_jeziki" title="Čadski jeziki – Tiếng Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čadski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqadaha_Tashaadiga" title="Luqadaha Tashaadiga – Tiếng Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luqadaha Tashaadiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Чадски језици – Tiếng Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чадски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1adilaiset_kielet" title="Tšadilaiset kielet – Tiếng Phần Lan" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšadilaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Phần Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchadspr%C3%A5k" title="Tchadspråk – Tiếng Thụy Điển" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tchadspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thụy Điển" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_Titcadiyin" title="Tutlayin Titcadiyin – Tiếng Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayin Titcadiyin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="กลุ่มภาษาชาด – Tiếng Thái" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาชาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thái" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad_dilleri" title="Çad dilleri – Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çad dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Чадські мови – Tiếng Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чадські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="چاڈیہ زبانیں – Tiếng Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاڈیہ زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1d%C3%AD%C3%ACk%C3%AC" title="Sádíìkì – Tiếng Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sádíìkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="乍得语族 – Tiếng Trung" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得语族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Trung" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33184#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sửa liên kết giữa ngôn ngữ" class="wbc-editpage">Sửa liên kết</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Không gian tên"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Tchad" title="Xem bài viết [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bài viết</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="vi" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:12px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.1em;font-size:135%;font-weight:bold;color:black;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;position: relative; padding: 12px; line-height: 1.1em; font-size: 135%; background-color: #faecc8;"><div>Tchad </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Phân bố<br />địa lý</th><td><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad">Tchad</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Trung_Phi" title="Cộng hòa Trung Phi">Cộng hòa Trung Phi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Hệ ngôn ngữ">Phân loại ngôn ngữ học</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Phi-%C3%81" title="Ngữ hệ Phi-Á">Phi-Á</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Tchad</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row">Ngữ ngành con</th><td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_chi_Biu%E2%80%93Mandara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngữ chi Biu–Mandara">Biu–Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%AF_chi_Tchad_%C4%90%C3%B4ng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chữ chi Tchad Đông (trang không tồn tại)">Tchad Đông</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_chi_Masa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngữ chi Masa (trang không tồn tại)">Masa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_chi_Tchad_T%C3%A2y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngữ chi Tchad Tây (trang không tồn tại)">Tchad Tây</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 639-5 (trang không tồn tại)">ISO 639-5</a>:</th><td><samp><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cdc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cdc">cdc</a></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a>:</th><td><samp><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chad1250">chad1250</a></samp><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Afroasiatic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="{{{mapalt}}}"><img alt="{{{mapalt}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Afroasiatic_languages-en.svg/300px-Afroasiatic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Afroasiatic_languages-en.svg/450px-Afroasiatic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Afroasiatic_languages-en.svg/600px-Afroasiatic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ngữ tộc Tchad</b> là một nhánh con của <a href="/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Phi-%C3%81" title="Ngữ hệ Phi-Á">ngữ hệ Phi-Á</a>, nói chủ yếu ở vùng <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, châu Phi. Ngữ tộc này gồm khoảng 150 ngôn ngữ, nói khắp miền bắc <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, nam <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, nam <a href="/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad">Tchad</a>, một phần <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Trung_Phi" title="Cộng hòa Trung Phi">Cộng hòa Trung Phi</a> và bắc <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. Ngôn ngữ Tchad phổ biến hơn cả là <a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hausa" title="Tiếng Hausa">tiếng Hausa</a>, một <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> của miền nội lục Tây Phi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thành_phần"><span id="Th.C3.A0nh_ph.E1.BA.A7n"></span>Thành phần</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Tchad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sửa đổi phần “Thành phần”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Tchad&action=edit&section=1" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Thành phần"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newman (1977) chia ngữ tộc này ra bốn nhóm con; đa phần nghiên cứu về sau đồng tình với phân loài này. Tuy nhiên, việc phân loại "sâu" hơn còn gặp khó khăn; chẳng hạn, Blench (2006) chỉ chấp nhận việc ngữ chi Tchad Đông "phân đôi A/B".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blench (2008) cho rằng <a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kujarg%C3%A9" title="Tiếng Kujargé">tiếng Kujargé</a> có thể là ngôn ngữ Tchad, đề xuất thêm rằng tiếng Kujargé tách ra trước khi ngôn ngữ Tchad nguyên thủy chia tách hoàn toàn, rồi về sau chịu ảnh hưởng của nhóm Tchad Đông.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phân loại dưới đây chỉ liệt kê một số ngôn ngữ/nhóm trong mỗi ngữ chi: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_chi_Tchad_T%C3%A2y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngữ chi Tchad Tây (trang không tồn tại)">Tchad Tây</a></b>, hai phân nhánh</li></ul> <dl><dd>(A) <a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hausa" title="Tiếng Hausa">Hausa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Ron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Ron (trang không tồn tại)">Ron</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Bole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Bole (trang không tồn tại)">Bole</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Angas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Angas (trang không tồn tại)">Angas</a>;</dd> <dd>(B) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Bade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Bade (trang không tồn tại)">Bade</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Warji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Warji (trang không tồn tại)">Warji</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Zaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Zaar (trang không tồn tại)">Zaar</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_chi_Biu%E2%80%93Mandara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngữ chi Biu–Mandara">Biu–Mandara</a></b> (Tchad Trung), ba phân nhánh</li></ul> <dl><dd>(A) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Bura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Bura (trang không tồn tại)">Bura</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kamwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Kamwe (trang không tồn tại)">Kamwe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Bata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Bata (trang không tồn tại)">Bata</a>, một số khác;</dd> <dd>(B) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Buduma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Buduma (trang không tồn tại)">Buduma</a> và <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Musgu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Musgu (trang không tồn tại)">Musgu</a>;</dd> <dd>(C) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Gidar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Gidar (trang không tồn tại)">Gidar</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_chi_Tchad_%C4%90%C3%B4ng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngữ chi Tchad Đông (trang không tồn tại)">Tchad Đông</a></b>, hai nhánh</li></ul> <dl><dd>(A) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Tumak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Tumak (trang không tồn tại)">Tumak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nancere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Nancere (trang không tồn tại)">Nancere</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Kera (trang không tồn tại)">Kera</a>;</dd> <dd>(B) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Dangal%C3%A9at&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Dangaléat (trang không tồn tại)">Dangaléat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Mokilko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Mokilko (trang không tồn tại)">Mukulu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Sokoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiếng Sokoro (trang không tồn tại)">Sokoro</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_chi_Masa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngữ chi Masa (trang không tồn tại)">Masa</a></b></li> <li>? <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kujarg%C3%A9" title="Tiếng Kujargé">Kujargé</a></b></i></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Chadic_Languages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chadic_Languages.jpg/700px-Chadic_Languages.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chadic_Languages.jpg/1050px-Chadic_Languages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chadic_Languages.jpg/1400px-Chadic_Languages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Cây phát sinh ngữ tộc Tchad.</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tài_liệu"><span id="T.C3.A0i_li.E1.BB.87u"></span>Tài liệu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Tchad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sửa đổi phần “Tài liệu”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Tchad&action=edit&section=2" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Tài liệu"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' <i>Africa</i>, 9, 332–349.</li> <li>Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;</li> <li>Newman, Paul and Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Comparative Chadic: phonology and lexicon.' <i>Journal of African Languages</i>, 5, 218–251.</li> <li>Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' <i>Afroasiatic Linguistics</i> 5, 1, 1–42.</li> <li>Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), <i>Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica</i>. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.</li> <li>Newman, Paul (1980) <i>The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic.</i> Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.</li> <li>Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: <i>Chadic lexical roots.</i> Reimer, Berlin 1981.</li> <li>Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: <i>Chadic lexical roots.</i> 2 volumes. Reimer, Berlin 1994</li> <li>Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), <i>Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_M._Diakonoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor M. Diakonoff (trang không tồn tại)">Igor M. 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Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tchad&rft.btitle=Glottolog&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fchad1250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3ANg%E1%BB%AF+t%E1%BB%99c+Tchad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Blench, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf">The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List</a> (ms)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/Blench%20paper%20Cushitic%20symposium%20Paris%202008.pdf">Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge</a>. 5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liêm_kết_ngoài"><span id="Li.C3.AAm_k.E1.BA.BFt_ngo.C3.A0i"></span>Liêm kết ngoài</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Tchad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sửa đổi phần “Liêm kết ngoài”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Tchad&action=edit&section=4" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Liêm kết ngoài"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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