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href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ornamental_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamental_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ornamental plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamental_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cut_flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cut_flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cut flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cut_flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perfume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Perfume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Food and drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_food_ingredient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_food_ingredient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>As a food ingredient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_food_ingredient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Art and symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 152 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">152 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roos" title="Roos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosen" title="Rosen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rosen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%BD%E1%8C%8C_%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%B3" title="ጽጌ ረዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጽጌ ረዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Абнагәил – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абнагәил" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_(%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="ورد (نبات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورد (نبات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܘܪܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܘܪܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trandafilu" title="Trandafilu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Trandafilu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="গোলাপ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গোলাপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_(planta)" title="Rosa (planta) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rosa (planta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvotyje" title="Yvotyje – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvotyje" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8" title="ГӀинтӀи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀинтӀи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0tburnu" title="İtburnu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtburnu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="روز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawa" title="Mawa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="গোলাপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোলাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%BB%E2%81%BF-b%C3%AE" title="Chhiûⁿ-bî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiûⁿ-bî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Ружа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ружа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Ружа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ружа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="गुलाब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गुलाब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Роза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱ་སེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་སེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%BEa" title="Ruža – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ruža" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roz_(plant)" title="Roz (plant) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roz (plant)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa" title="Rosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шăлан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăлан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AF%C5%BEe" title="Růže – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Růže" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhozi" title="Rhozi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rhozi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhosyn" title="Rhosyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhosyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose" title="Rose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruvsut" title="Ruvsut – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ruvsut" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosen" title="Rosen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rosen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB" title="गुलाफ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गुलाफ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibuvits" title="Kibuvits – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kibuvits" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Τριανταφυλλιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τριανταφυλλιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%9Ba_(fi%C5%8Dr)" title="Róśa (fiōr) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Róśa (fiōr)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Овтоумарь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Овтоумарь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa" title="Rosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozo" title="Rozo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrosa_(landarea)" title="Arrosa (landarea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrosa (landarea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="رز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosier" title="Rosier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rosier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3s" title="Rós – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rós" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_(flor)" title="Rosa (flor) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rosa (flor)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хьандар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьандар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC" title="ગુલાબ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુલાબ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗುಲಾಬ್ ಫೂಲ್ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ಗುಲಾಬ್ ಫೂಲ್" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%AF%B8" title="장미 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장미" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Մասրենի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մասրենի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="गुलाब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुलाब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BEa" title="Róža – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Róža" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%BEa" title="Ruža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozo" title="Rozo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rozo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawar" title="Mawar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mawar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_(taxon)" title="Rosa (taxon) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rosa (taxon)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Уагъылы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уагъылы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3s" title="Rós – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rós" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_(botanica)" title="Rosa (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rosa (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawar" title="Mawar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mawar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗುಲಾಬಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಲಾಬಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ვარდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="گۄلاب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گۄلاب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Итмұрын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Итмұрын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroza" title="Iroza – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Iroza" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwaridi" title="Mwaridi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwaridi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woz_(fl%C3%A8)" title="Woz (flè) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Woz (flè)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul" title="Gul – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gul" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ит мурун – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ит мурун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%A7%D1%87%D0%BA%D3%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Лӧчкӓванды – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Лӧчкӓванды" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza" title="Roza – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Roza" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%82%D3%80%D1%83%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8" title="ХъункӀул тӀутӀи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ХъункӀул тӀутӀи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa" title="Rosa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rosa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozes" title="Rozes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rozes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="ЖикӀияр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЖикӀияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C5%A1k%C4%97tis" title="Erškėtis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erškėtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukoinmuarju" title="Kukoinmuarju – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kukoinmuarju" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2sa" title="Ròsa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ròsa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3zsa" title="Rózsa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rózsa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="गुलाब – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गुलाब" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Роза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raozy" title="Raozy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Raozy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="പനിനീർപ്പൂവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പനിനീർപ്പൂവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="गुलाब – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुलाब" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ورد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ورد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawar" title="Mawar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mawar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9" title="ꯁꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯂꯩ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯂꯩ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE" title="နှင်းဆီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှင်းဆီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxtillan_tlapalpopozon" title="Caxtillan tlapalpopozon – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Caxtillan tlapalpopozon" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozen" title="Rozen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rozen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB" title="गुलाफ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुलाफ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E5%B1%9E" title="バラ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruusen" title="Ruusen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruusen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseslekta" title="Roseslekta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roseslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseslekta" title="Roseslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Roseslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA" title="ଗୋଲାପ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୋଲାପ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angooxoo" title="Angooxoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Angooxoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%CA%BCmatak" title="Naʼmatak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Naʼmatak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਗੁਲਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਲਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="گلاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa" title="Róża – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Róża" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa" title="Rosa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipovnik" title="Shipovnik – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shipovnik" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trandafir" title="Trandafir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trandafir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waysallpu" title="Waysallpu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Waysallpu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шиповник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шиповник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D2%BB%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Дьөлүһүөн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьөлүһүөн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AF" title="ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱯ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa" title="Rosa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rosa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose" title="Rose – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rose" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ABndafili" title="Trëndafili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trëndafili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_(but%C3%A0nica)" title="Rosa (butànica) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rosa (butànica)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83" title="රෝස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose" title="Rose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="گلاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گلاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%BEa" title="Ruža – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruža" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrtnica" title="Vrtnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vrtnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%82za" title="Rołza – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rołza" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Ружа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ружа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%BEa" title="Ruža – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawar" title="Mawar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mawar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruusut" title="Ruusut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruusut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossl%C3%A4ktet" title="Rossläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rossläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosas_(bulaklak)" title="Rosas (bulaklak) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rosas (bulaklak)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="உரோசா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajjig" title="Ajjig – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ajjig" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Гөлҗимеш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөлҗимеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF" title="గులాబి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గులాబి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="กุหลาบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กุหลาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гули садбарг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гули садбарг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lose" title="Lose – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lose" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AB%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%B2%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henen%C3%B3%27e" title="Henenó'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Henenó'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗುಲಾಬಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗುಲಾಬಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl" title="Gül – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gül" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itburun" title="Itburun – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Itburun" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Шипшина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шипшина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="گلاب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roz" title="Roz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Roz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoa_h%E1%BB%93ng" title="Hoa hồng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hoa hồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B4z%C3%AE" title="Rôzî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rôzî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa" title="Rosa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rosa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%B7%E8%96%87%E5%B1%9E" title="蔷薇属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蔷薇属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96" title="רויז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רויז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0" title="玫瑰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="玫瑰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gule_(nebat)" title="Gule (nebat) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gule (nebat)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C5%A1ketis" title="Eršketis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Eršketis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%B7%E8%96%87%E5%B1%9E" title="蔷薇属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蔷薇属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros" title="Ros – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ros" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusak_ros" title="Tusak ros – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tusak ros" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawar" title="Mawar – 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rose_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rose (disambiguation)">Rose (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rosé (disambiguation)">Rosé (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roses_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Roses (disambiguation)">Roses (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rosa (disambiguation)">Rosa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Rose<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Eocene–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:16.953846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg/220px-Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg/330px-Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg/440px-Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1671" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_rubiginosa" title="Rosa rubiginosa">Rosa rubiginosa</a></i>, a wild rose native to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Precious_platinum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rosa_Precious_platinum.jpg/220px-Rosa_Precious_platinum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rosa_Precious_platinum.jpg/330px-Rosa_Precious_platinum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rosa_Precious_platinum.jpg/440px-Rosa_Precious_platinum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1682" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Precious_Platinum%27" title="Rosa 'Precious Platinum'"><i>Rosa</i> 'Precious Platinum'</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_tea_rose" title="Hybrid tea rose">hybrid tea</a> garden cultivar </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Rosa" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosoideae" title="Rosoideae">Rosoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roseae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roseae">Roseae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Rosa</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-IPNI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPNI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_cinnamomea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosa cinnamomea">Rosa cinnamomea</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">L.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rosa_species" title="List of Rosa species">List of <i>Rosa</i> species</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-POWO_30002432-2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWO_30002432-2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul class="taxonlist"><li><i>Bakeria</i> <small>(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg. </small></li><li><i>Chabertia</i> <small>(Gand.) Gand. </small></li><li><i>Chavinia</i> <small>(Gand.) Gand. </small></li><li><i>Cottetia</i> <small>(Gand.) Gand. </small></li><li><i>Crepinia</i> <small>(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg. </small></li><li><i>Ernestella</i> <small>Germ. </small></li><li><i>Hesperhodos</i> <small>Cockerell </small></li><li><i>Hulthemia</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Charles_Joseph_Dumortier" title="Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier">Dumort.</a> </small></li><li><i><span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> Hulthemosa</i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Vasilievich_Juzepczuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Vasilievich Juzepczuk (page does not exist)">Juz.</a> </small></li><li><i>Juzepczukia</i> <small>Chrshan. </small></li><li><i>Laggeria</i> <small>(Gand.) Gand. </small></li><li><i>Lowea</i> <small>Lindl. </small></li><li><i>Ozanonia</i> <small>(Gand.) Gand. </small></li><li><i>Platyrhodon</i> <small>Decne. ex Hurst, nom. illeg. </small></li><li><i>Pugetia</i> <small>(Gand.) Gand. </small></li><li><i>Rhodophora</i> <small>Neck., nom. invalid. </small></li><li><i>Rhodopsis</i> <small>(Endl.) Rchb., nom. rejic. </small></li><li><i>Ripartia</i> <small>(Gand.) Gand. </small></li><li><i>Saintpierrea</i> <small>Germ. </small></li><li><i>Scheutzia</i> <small>(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg. </small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>rose</b> is either a woody <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Rosa</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-W3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the family <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-W3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> it bears. There are over three hundred <a href="/wiki/Rose_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose species">species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">tens of thousands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They form a group of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> that can be erect <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp <a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">prickles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, with smaller numbers native to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">Northwest Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species, <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses to climbers that can reach seven meters in height.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of <a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">garden roses</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name <i>rose</i> comes from Latin <i>rosa</i>, which was perhaps borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Oscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscan">Oscan</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ῥόδον <i>rhódon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a> βρόδον <i>wródon</i>), itself borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a> <i>wrd-</i> (<i>wurdi</i>), related to <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> <i>varəδa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> <i>ward</i>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> <i>wâr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botany">Botany</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are borne alternately on the stem. In most species, they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a>, with (3–) 5–9 (−13) leaflets and basal <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a>; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> but a few (particularly from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> or nearly so. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> of most species have five petals, with the exception of <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_omeiensis" title="Rosa omeiensis">Rosa omeiensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_sericea" title="Rosa sericea">Rosa sericea</a></i>, which usually have only four. Each <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petal</a> is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five <a href="/wiki/Sepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepals">sepals</a> (or in the case of some <i>Rosa omeiensis</i> and <i>Rosa sericea</i>, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)#Superior_ovary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">superior</a> ovaries that develop into <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achenes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roses are insect-pollinated in nature. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_fruit" title="Aggregate fruit">aggregate fruit</a> of the rose is a berry-like structure called a <a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">rose hip</a>. Many of the domestic <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> do not produce hips, as the <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_pimpinellifolia" title="Rosa pimpinellifolia">Rosa pimpinellifolia</a></i>) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the <a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">hypanthium</a>, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achenes</a>) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the <a href="/wiki/Dog_rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog rose">dog rose</a> (<i>Rosa canina</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Rugosa_rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugosa rose">rugosa rose</a> (<i>R. rugosa</i>), are very rich in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">thrushes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waxwing" title="Waxwing">waxwings</a>, which then disperse the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> in their droppings. </p><p>The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called "thorns", are technically <a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines_and_prickles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorns, spines and prickles">prickles</a>, outgrowths of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a> (the outer layer of tissue of the stem), unlike true thorns, which are <a href="/wiki/Aerial_stem_modification" title="Aerial stem modification">modified stems</a>. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_rugosa" title="Rosa rugosa">Rosa rugosa</a></i> and <i>[R. pimpinellifolia</i> have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browsing</a> by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and so reduce <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and protect their <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> (both of these species grow naturally on <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">sand dunes</a>). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points. </p><p>Plant geneticist Zachary Lippman of <a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</a> found that prickles are controlled by the LOG gene.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blocking the LOG gene in roses reduced the thorns (large prickles) into tiny buds. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Prickles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rose thorns"><img alt="Rose thorns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rose_Prickles.jpg/179px-Rose_Prickles.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rose_Prickles.jpg/268px-Rose_Prickles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rose_Prickles.jpg/357px-Rose_Prickles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rose thorns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roseleaves3800px.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rose leaflets"><img alt="Rose leaflets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roseleaves3800px.JPG/404px-Roseleaves3800px.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roseleaves3800px.JPG/605px-Roseleaves3800px.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Roseleaves3800px.JPG/807px-Roseleaves3800px.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rose leaflets</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_hip_02_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Longitudinal section of a developing rose hip"><img alt="Longitudinal section of a developing rose hip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rose_hip_02_ies.jpg/309px-Rose_hip_02_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rose_hip_02_ies.jpg/463px-Rose_hip_02_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rose_hip_02_ies.jpg/617px-Rose_hip_02_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Longitudinal section of a developing rose hip</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roses_Boutons_FR_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior view of rose buds"><img alt="Exterior view of rose buds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Roses_Boutons_FR_2012.jpg/270px-Roses_Boutons_FR_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Roses_Boutons_FR_2012.jpg/405px-Roses_Boutons_FR_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Roses_Boutons_FR_2012.jpg/540px-Roses_Boutons_FR_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior view of rose buds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 392px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 390px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bright_yellow_rose.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bright yellow rose in Radovanu, Romania"><img alt="A bright yellow rose in Radovanu, Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_bright_yellow_rose.jpg/585px-A_bright_yellow_rose.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_bright_yellow_rose.jpg/878px-A_bright_yellow_rose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_bright_yellow_rose.jpg/1170px-A_bright_yellow_rose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="1884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bright yellow rose in <a href="/wiki/Radovanu" title="Radovanu">Radovanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 322px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 320px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_close-up_of_climbing_roses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A close-up of a climbing rose"><img alt="A close-up of a climbing rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A_close-up_of_climbing_roses.jpg/480px-A_close-up_of_climbing_roses.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A_close-up_of_climbing_roses.jpg/720px-A_close-up_of_climbing_roses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A_close-up_of_climbing_roses.jpg/960px-A_close-up_of_climbing_roses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A close-up of a climbing rose</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <p>The oldest remains of roses are from the Late <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Florissant_Formation" title="Florissant Formation">Florissant Formation</a> of Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roses were present in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> by the early <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today's garden roses come from 18th-century China.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome">Genome</h3></div> <p>A study of the patterns of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of roses indicated that <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> related to <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA damage repair</a> and stress adaptation have been positively selected, likely during their domestication.<sup id="cite_ref-Li2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rapid evolution may reflect an adaptation to genome confliction resulting from frequent intra- and inter-species hybridization and switching environmental conditions of growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Li2018_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rosa_species" title="List of Rosa species">List of Rosa species</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rose" title="Special:EditPage/Rose">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blooming_roses_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena,_California._April_2022_20220418_160140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Blooming_roses_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160140.jpg/220px-Blooming_roses_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160140.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Blooming_roses_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160140.jpg/330px-Blooming_roses_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Blooming_roses_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160140.jpg/440px-Blooming_roses_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="5777" /></a><figcaption>Blooming roses at <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Marino,_California" title="San Marino, California">San Marino, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Garden_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena,_California._April_2022_20220418_160351.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rose_Garden_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160351.jpg/220px-Rose_Garden_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160351.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rose_Garden_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160351.jpg/330px-Rose_Garden_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160351.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rose_Garden_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160351.jpg/440px-Rose_Garden_at_Huntington_Library_in_Pasadena%2C_California._April_2022_20220418_160351.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Various roses at Rose Garden at Huntington Library in San Marino, California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redoute_-_Rosa_gallica_purpuro-violacea_magna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Redoute_-_Rosa_gallica_purpuro-violacea_magna.jpg/170px-Redoute_-_Rosa_gallica_purpuro-violacea_magna.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Redoute_-_Rosa_gallica_purpuro-violacea_magna.jpg/255px-Redoute_-_Rosa_gallica_purpuro-violacea_magna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Redoute_-_Rosa_gallica_purpuro-violacea_magna.jpg/340px-Redoute_-_Rosa_gallica_purpuro-violacea_magna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><i>Rosa gallica</i> 'Evêque', painted by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Redout%C3%A9" title="Pierre-Joseph Redouté">Redouté</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The genus <i>Rosa</i> is composed of 140–180 species and divided into four subgenera:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><b>Hulthemia</b></i> (formerly <i>Simplicifoliae</i>, meaning "with single leaves") containing two species from <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_persica" title="Rosa persica">Rosa persica</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosa_berberifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosa berberifolia (page does not exist)">Rosa berberifolia</a></i>, which are the only roses without <a href="/wiki/Compound_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound leaves">compound leaves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Hesperrhodos</b></i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek (language)">Greek</a> for "western rose") contains <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_minutifolia" title="Rosa minutifolia">Rosa minutifolia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_stellata" title="Rosa stellata">Rosa stellata</a></i>, from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.</li> <li><i><b>Platyrhodon</b></i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek (language)">Greek</a> for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_roxburghii" title="Rosa roxburghii">Rosa roxburghii</a></i> (also known as the chestnut rose).</li> <li><i><b>Rosa</b></i> (the <a href="/wiki/Biological_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological type">type</a> subgenus, sometimes incorrectly called <i>Eurosa</i>) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections. <ul><li><i><b>Banksianae</b></i> – white and yellow flowered roses from China.</li> <li><i><b>Bracteatae</b></i> – three species, two from China and one from India.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rosa_sect._Caninae" title="Rosa sect. Caninae">Caninae</a></b></i> – pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.</li> <li><i><b>Carolinae</b></i> – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.</li> <li><i><b>Chinensis</b></i> – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-colour roses from China and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>.</li> <li><i><b>Gallicanae</b></i> – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.</li> <li><i><b>Gymnocarpae</b></i> – one species in western North America (<i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_gymnocarpa" title="Rosa gymnocarpa">Rosa gymnocarpa</a></i>), others in east Asia.</li> <li><i><b>Laevigatae</b></i> – a single white flowered species from China.</li> <li><i><b>Pimpinellifoliae</b></i> – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.</li> <li><i><b>Rosa</b></i> (syn. sect. <i>Cinnamomeae</i>) – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.</li> <li><i><b>Synstylae</b></i> – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <p>Some birds, particularly <a href="/wiki/Finch" title="Finch">finches</a>, eat the seeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pests_and_diseases_of_roses" title="List of pests and diseases of roses">List of pests and diseases of roses</a></div> <p>Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these affect other plants, including other genera of the <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a>. </p><p>Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal">fungal</a> pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <p>Roses are best known as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a> grown for their flowers in the <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">garden</a> and sometimes indoors. They have also been used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamental_plants">Ornamental plants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">Garden roses</a></div> <p>The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_glauca" title="Rosa glauca">Rosa glauca</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_rubiginosa" title="Rosa rubiginosa">R. rubiginosa</a></i>), ornamental thorns (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_sericea" title="Rosa sericea">R. sericea</a></i>) or for their showy fruit (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_moyesii" title="Rosa moyesii">R. moyesii</a></i>). </p><p>Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> countries, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, and China.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 30 to 35 thousand rose <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most are <a href="/wiki/Double-flowered" title="Double-flowered">double-flowered</a> with many or all of the <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> having morphed into additional <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a>. </p><p>In the early 19th century the <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Beauharnais" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephine Beauharnais">Empress Josephine</a> of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Malmaison</a>. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by <a href="/wiki/Loddiges" class="mw-redirect" title="Loddiges">Loddiges</a> nursery for <a href="/wiki/Abney_Park_Cemetery" title="Abney Park Cemetery">Abney Park Cemetery</a>, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cut_flowers">Cut flowers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">Cut flowers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouquet_de_roses_roses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bouquet_de_roses_roses.jpg/220px-Bouquet_de_roses_roses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bouquet_de_roses_roses.jpg/330px-Bouquet_de_roses_roses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bouquet_de_roses_roses.jpg/440px-Bouquet_de_roses_roses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Bouquet of pink roses</figcaption></figure> <p>Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a>. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale. </p><p>In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_rose" title="Rainbow rose">rainbow roses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perfume">Perfume</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rose_oil" title="Rose oil">Rose oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">Rose water</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geraniol_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Geraniol_structure.png/220px-Geraniol_structure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Geraniol_structure.png/330px-Geraniol_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Geraniol_structure.png/440px-Geraniol_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Geraniol (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">10</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sub></span></span>O</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Rose perfumes are made from <a href="/wiki/Rose_oil" title="Rose oil">rose oil</a> (also called attar of roses), which is a mixture of volatile <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">rose water</a> which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices. The production technique originated in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then spread through <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and India, and more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (<a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena"><i>Rosa</i> × <i>damascena</i></a> 'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world <a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_centifolia" title="Rosa × centifolia"><i>Rosa</i> × <i>centifolia</i></a> is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil. </p><p>The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a> <a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">geraniol</a> and L-<a href="/wiki/Citronellol" title="Citronellol">citronellol</a> and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a>, which separates from rose oil.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> β-<a href="/wiki/Damascenone" title="Damascenone">Damascenone</a> is also a significant contributor to the scent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_rubiginosa_hips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rosa_rubiginosa_hips.jpg/170px-Rosa_rubiginosa_hips.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rosa_rubiginosa_hips.jpg/255px-Rosa_rubiginosa_hips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rosa_rubiginosa_hips.jpg/340px-Rosa_rubiginosa_hips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_rubiginosa" title="Rosa rubiginosa">Rosa rubiginosa</a></i> hips</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_fields_Vampula_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rose_fields_Vampula_1.jpg/170px-Rose_fields_Vampula_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rose_fields_Vampula_1.jpg/255px-Rose_fields_Vampula_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rose_fields_Vampula_1.jpg/340px-Rose_fields_Vampula_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption>Farming of <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_rugosa" title="Rosa rugosa">Rosa rugosa</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">Rose hips</a> are high in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, are, after the removal of the irritant hairs, edible raw,<sup id="cite_ref-Angier-1974_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occasionally are made into <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelly_(fruit_preserves)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelly (fruit preserves)">jelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmalade" title="Marmalade">marmalade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rose_hip_soup" title="Rose hip soup">soup</a>, or brewed for tea. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce <a href="/wiki/Rose_hip_seed_oil" title="Rose hip seed oil">rose hip seed oil</a>, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulaab_Jamun_(homemade!)_bright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gulaab_Jamun_%28homemade%21%29_bright.jpg/170px-Gulaab_Jamun_%28homemade%21%29_bright.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gulaab_Jamun_%28homemade%21%29_bright.jpg/255px-Gulaab_Jamun_%28homemade%21%29_bright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gulaab_Jamun_%28homemade%21%29_bright.jpg/340px-Gulaab_Jamun_%28homemade%21%29_bright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">Gulab jamun</a> made with rose water</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">Rose water</a> has a very distinctive flavour and is used in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian cuisine">Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian cuisine</a>—especially in sweets such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_delight" title="Turkish delight">Turkish delight</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barfi" title="Barfi">barfi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">baklava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">gulab jamun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanafeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanafeh">knafeh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">nougat</a>. Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to <a href="/wiki/Tea_blending_and_additives#Flowers" title="Tea blending and additives">flavour ordinary tea</a>, or combined with other <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal teas</a>. A sweet preserve of rose petals called <a href="/wiki/Gulkand" title="Gulkand">gulkand</a> is common in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The leaves and washed roots are also sometimes used to make tea.<sup id="cite_ref-Angier-1974_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, there is much use of <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">rose syrup</a>, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rooh_Afza" title="Rooh Afza">Rooh Afza</a>, a concentrated <a href="/wiki/Squash_(drink)" title="Squash (drink)">squash</a> made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulfi" title="Kulfi">kulfi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flower stems and young shoots are edible, as are the petals (sans the white or green bases).<sup id="cite_ref-Angier-1974_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter are usually used as flavouring or to add their scent to food.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other minor uses include candied rose petals.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rose creams (rose-flavoured <a href="/wiki/Fondant_icing" title="Fondant icing">fondant</a> covered in <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK. </p><p>Under the American <a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are only certain <i>Rosa</i> species, varieties, and parts are listed as <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> (GRAS). </p> <ul><li>Rose absolute: <i>Rosa alba</i> L., <i>Rosa centifolia</i> L., <i>Rosa damascena</i> Mill., <i>Rosa gallica</i> L., and vars. of these spp.</li> <li>Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses): Ditto</li> <li>Rose buds</li> <li>Rose flowers</li> <li>Rose fruit (hips)</li> <li>Rose leaves: <i>Rosa</i> <i>spp.</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_food_ingredient">As a food ingredient</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">rose hip</a>, usually from <i>R. canina</i>, is used as a minor source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diarrhodon" title="Diarrhodon">Diarrhodon</a> (Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a name given to various compounds in which red roses are an ingredient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_symbolism">Art and symbolism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose (symbolism)">Rose (symbolism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_sulfurea_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rosa_sulfurea_001.JPG/220px-Rosa_sulfurea_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rosa_sulfurea_001.JPG/330px-Rosa_sulfurea_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rosa_sulfurea_001.JPG/440px-Rosa_sulfurea_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption><i>Rosa hemisphaerica</i> (syn.: <i>R. sulphurea</i>), watercolor by Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840)</figcaption></figure> <p>The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, the rose was closely associated with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyrino2010_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrino2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, Aphrodite protects the body of <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> using the "immortal oil of the rose"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cyrino2010_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrino2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the archaic Greek lyric poet <a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a> praises a beautiful youth saying that Aphrodite nursed him "among rose blossoms".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cyrino2010_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrino2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second-century AD Greek travel writer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> associates the rose with the story of <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a> and states that the rose is red because Aphrodite wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cyrino2010_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyrino2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> contains a scene in which the goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, who is identified with <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a>, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark2015_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French writer <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rapin" title="René Rapin">René Rapin</a> invented a myth in which a beautiful Corinthian queen named <a href="/wiki/Rhodanthe_(mythology)" title="Rhodanthe (mythology)">Rhodanthe</a> ("she with rose flowers") was besieged inside a temple of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> by three ardent suitors who wished to worship her as a goddess; the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> then transformed her into a rosebush.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Roman empire">Christianization of the Roman Empire</a>, the rose became identified with the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Virgin Mary</a>. The colour of the rose and the number of roses received has symbolic representation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark2015_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rose symbol eventually led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a> and other devotional prayers in Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark2015_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses,_by_Henry_Payne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses%2C_by_Henry_Payne.jpg/220px-Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses%2C_by_Henry_Payne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses%2C_by_Henry_Payne.jpg/330px-Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses%2C_by_Henry_Payne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses%2C_by_Henry_Payne.jpg/440px-Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses%2C_by_Henry_Payne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>Framed print after 1908 painting by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Payne_(artist)" title="Henry Payne (artist)">Henry Payne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses_in_the_Old_Temple_Gardens" title="Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens">the scene in the Temple Garden</a>, where supporters of the rival factions in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> pick either red or white roses</figcaption></figure> <p>Ever since the 1400s, the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> have had a Crown Rosary of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Joys_of_the_Virgin" title="Seven Joys of the Virgin">Seven Joys of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark2015_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1400s and 1500s, the <a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a> promoted the idea of sacred mysteries associated with the rose symbol and rose gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark2015_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>'s painting <i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Rosary" title="Feast of the Rosary">The Feast of the Rosary</a></i> (1506) depicts the Virgin Mary distributing garlands of roses to her devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark2015_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roses symbolised the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">Houses of York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> in a conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>. Subsequently roses of the corresponding colours have been used a emblems for the English counties of <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a> combines the colours of the roses of York and Lancaster, and is an emblem of then <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a> and of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. </p><p>Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg-born <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> artist and botanist <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Redout%C3%A9" title="Pierre-Joseph Redouté">Pierre-Joseph Redouté</a> is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latour" title="Henri Fantin-Latour">Henri Fantin-Latour</a> was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist. </p><p>Other impressionists including <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a> have paintings of roses among their works. In the 19th century, for example, artists associated the city of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> with a certain rare white rose, and this rose developed as the city's symbol. It was not until 2021 that the rose, which was believed to be extinct, was rediscovered there.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986 President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> signed legislation to make the rose<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the floral emblem of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rose is often exchanged on <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">St. Valentines Day</a> and is used often as a symbol of such.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_Rudolf_von_Neuenburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Codex Manesse illuminated with roses, illustrated between 1305 and 1340 in Zürich. It contains love songs in Middle High German"><img alt="Codex Manesse illuminated with roses, illustrated between 1305 and 1340 in Zürich. It contains love songs in Middle High German" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Codex_Manesse_Rudolf_von_Neuenburg.jpg/131px-Codex_Manesse_Rudolf_von_Neuenburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Codex_Manesse_Rudolf_von_Neuenburg.jpg/196px-Codex_Manesse_Rudolf_von_Neuenburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Codex_Manesse_Rudolf_von_Neuenburg.jpg/262px-Codex_Manesse_Rudolf_von_Neuenburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a> illuminated with roses, illustrated between 1305 and 1340 in Zürich. It contains love songs in Middle High German</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Amelia_of_Braganza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil with a rose in her hair (1849)"><img alt="Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil with a rose in her hair (1849)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Maria_Amelia_of_Braganza.jpg/160px-Maria_Amelia_of_Braganza.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Maria_Amelia_of_Braganza.jpg/240px-Maria_Amelia_of_Braganza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Maria_Amelia_of_Braganza.jpg/320px-Maria_Amelia_of_Braganza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="3143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Am%C3%A9lia_of_Brazil" title="Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil">Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil</a> with a rose in her hair (1849)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roses of Heliogabalus by Alma-Tadema (1888)"><img alt="The Roses of Heliogabalus by Alma-Tadema (1888)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg/200px-The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg/300px-The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg/400px-The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus" title="The Roses of Heliogabalus">The Roses of Heliogabalus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Alma-Tadema</a> (1888)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Et-Viljandi_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="White rose pictured in the coat of arms of Viljandi"><img alt="White rose pictured in the coat of arms of Viljandi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Et-Viljandi_coa.svg/173px-Et-Viljandi_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="173" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Et-Viljandi_coa.svg/260px-Et-Viljandi_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Et-Viljandi_coa.svg/346px-Et-Viljandi_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White rose pictured in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Viljandi" title="Viljandi">Viljandi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tudor_Rose.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tudor rose is a combination of the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York"><img alt="The Tudor rose is a combination of the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/200px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/300px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/400px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a> is a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Red_rose_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rose of Lancaster">red rose of Lancaster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_rose_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="White rose of York">white rose of York</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Order_of_the_Rose_(Brazil)_-_Fram_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of the Brazilian Order of the Rose"><img alt="Insignia of the Brazilian Order of the Rose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Imperial_Order_of_the_Rose_%28Brazil%29_-_Fram_Museum.jpg/150px-Imperial_Order_of_the_Rose_%28Brazil%29_-_Fram_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Imperial_Order_of_the_Rose_%28Brazil%29_-_Fram_Museum.jpg/225px-Imperial_Order_of_the_Rose_%28Brazil%29_-_Fram_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Imperial_Order_of_the_Rose_%28Brazil%29_-_Fram_Museum.jpg/300px-Imperial_Order_of_the_Rose_%28Brazil%29_-_Fram_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Insignia of the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rose" title="Order of the Rose">Order of the Rose</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADR_rose" title="ADR rose">ADR rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_roses" title="List of Award of Garden Merit roses">List of Award of Garden Merit roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_cultivars_named_after_people" title="List of rose cultivars named after people">List of rose cultivars named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose (colour)">Rose (colour)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rose Hall of Fame">Rose Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_show" title="Rose show">Rose show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_trial_grounds" title="Rose trial grounds">Rose trial grounds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IPNI-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPNI_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Plant+Names+Index+%28IPNI%29&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3ERosa%3C%2Fi%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fn%2F34015-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/34015-1">"<i>Rosa</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a> (IPNI)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a> & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library">Libraries</a>; <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens" title="Australian National Botanic Gardens">Australian National Botanic Gardens</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Plant+Biol&rft.atitle=Comparative+transcriptomics+identifies+patterns+of+selection+in+roses&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=371&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6303930%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30579326&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12870-018-1585-x&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Zhong%2C+M&rft.au=Dong%2C+X&rft.au=Jiang%2C+X&rft.au=Xu%2C+Y&rft.au=Sun%2C+Y&rft.au=Cheng%2C+F&rft.au=Li%2C+DZ&rft.au=Tang%2C+K&rft.au=Wang%2C+S&rft.au=Dai%2C+S&rft.au=Hu%2C+JY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6303930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Generally+Recognized+as+Safe+%28GRAS%29&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fingredientspackaginglabeling%2Fgras%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/">"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)"</a>. <i>Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+%28eCFR%29&rft.atitle=Electronic+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+%28eCFR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa%20chinensis">"Rosa chinensis China Rose PFAF Plant Database"</a>. Pfaf.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosa+chinensis+China+Rose+PFAF+Plant+Database&rft.pub=Pfaf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpfaf.org%2Fuser%2FPlant.aspx%3FLatinName%3DRosa%2520chinensis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-dia-" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=dia-">"dia-"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=dia-&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Ddia-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyrino2010-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrino2010_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrino2010_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrino2010_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyrino2010_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrino2010" class="citation book cs1">Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino"><i>Aphrodite</i></a>. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World. Routledge. pp. 63, 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77523-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77523-6"><bdi>978-0-415-77523-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphrodite&rft.series=Gods+and+Heroes+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=63%2C+96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77523-6&rft.aulast=Cyrino&rft.aufirst=Monica+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gyVn5GjXPkC%26q%3DAphrodite%2BMonica%2BS.%2BCyrino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark2015-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2015_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2015_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2015_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2015_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2015_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2015_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2015_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Nora (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw7nBwAAQBAJ&q=rose+symbol+Aphrodite&pg=PA210"><i>Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 209–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7127-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7127-3"><bdi>978-1-4438-7127-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphrodite+and+Venus+in+Myth+and+Mimesis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=209-210&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7127-3&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAw7nBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Drose%2Bsymbol%2BAphrodite%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D23%3Acard%3D161">23.185–187</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a>, fragment 288.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Description of Greece</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Paus.%206.24.7">6.24.7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928201140/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Paus.%206.24.7">Archived</a> 2018-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2007" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Donald C. (May 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAagnZNb0cAC"><i>Dictionary of Plant Lore</i></a>. Bath, United Kingdom: Elsevier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAagnZNb0cAC&pg=PA322">322</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374086-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374086-1"><bdi>978-0-12-374086-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Plant+Lore&rft.place=Bath%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007-05-02&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374086-1&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAagnZNb0cAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftd.com/blog/share/rose-meaning-and-symbolism">"Rose Flower Meaning and Symbolism"</a>. 20 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rose+Flower+Meaning+and+Symbolism&rft.date=2016-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftd.com%2Fblog%2Fshare%2Frose-meaning-and-symbolism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCucciniello2008" class="citation book cs1">Cucciniello, Lisa (2008). "Rose to Rosary: The Flower of Venus in Catholicism". In Hutton, Frankie (ed.). <i>Rose Lore: Essays in Semiotics and Cultural History</i>. Lexington Books. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3015-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-3015-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248733215">248733215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rose+to+Rosary%3A+The+Flower+of+Venus+in+Catholicism&rft.btitle=Rose+Lore%3A+Essays+in+Semiotics+and+Cultural+History&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248733215&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3015-5&rft.aulast=Cucciniello&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCucciniello2008">Cucciniello 2008</a>, pp. 65–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ugo Salvini "La rarissima Rosa di Trieste spezza l’oblio e rispunta a sorpresa sulle colline di Muggia" In: Il Piccolo 27.01.2021, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/trieste/cronaca/2021/01/25/news/la-rarissima-rosa-di-trieste-spezza-l-oblio-e-rispunta-a-sorpresa-sulle-colline-di-muggia-1.39817480">La Rosa</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-or-officially-designated-item/state-flower/rose">"National Flower | The Rose"</a>. <i>statesymbolsusa.org</i>. 6 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statesymbolsusa.org&rft.atitle=National+Flower+%26%23124%3B+The+Rose&rft.date=2014-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatesymbolsusa.org%2Fsymbol-or-officially-designated-item%2Fstate-flower%2Frose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.growerflowers.com/SENation.asp">"National Flower of United States – Fresh from the Grower"</a>. Growerflowers.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Flower+of+United+States+%E2%80%93+Fresh+from+the+Grower&rft.pub=Growerflowers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.growerflowers.com%2FSENation.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5519476/roses-symbol-love-valentines-day/">"Giving Roses for Valentine's Day? Here's How the Flower Came to Symbolize Love"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. 2019-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Giving+Roses+for+Valentine%27s+Day%3F+Here%27s+How+the+Flower+Came+to+Symbolize+Love&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5519476%2Froses-symbol-love-valentines-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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(1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rose"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rose">"Rose" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFE5F9"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rosa_species" title="List of Rosa species">List of <i>Rosa</i> species</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rose_cultivars" title="Category:Rose cultivars">Rose cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Abraham_Darby%27" title="Rosa 'Abraham Darby'">Abraham Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Alain%27" title="Rosa 'Alain'">Alain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Alb%C3%A9ric_Barbier%27" title="Rosa 'Albéric Barbier'">Albéric Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27American_Beauty%27" title="Rosa 'American Beauty'">American Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Angel_Face%27" title="Rosa 'Angel Face'">Angel Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Anne_Harkness%27" title="Rosa 'Anne Harkness'">Anne Harkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Arthur_Bell%27" title="Rosa 'Arthur Bell'">Arthur Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Rose" title="Beirut Rose">Beirut Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Belmonte%27" title="Rosa 'Belmonte'">Belmonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Blush_Noisette%27" title="Rosa 'Blush Noisette'">Blush Noisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Bonica_82%27" title="Rosa 'Bonica 82'">Bonica 82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Bridge_of_Sighs%27" title="Rosa 'Bridge of Sighs'">Bridge of Sighs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Buff_Beauty%27" title="Rosa 'Buff Beauty'">Buff Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Camp_David%27" title="Rosa 'Camp David'">Camp David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27C%C3%A9cile_Br%C3%BCnner%27" title="Rosa 'Cécile Brünner'">Cécile Brünner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Charles_Austin%27" title="Rosa 'Charles Austin'">Charles Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Chopin%27" title="Rosa 'Chopin'">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Chrysler_Imperial%27" title="Rosa 'Chrysler Imperial'">Chrysler Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquista_rose" title="Conquista rose">Conquista rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Cupcake%27" title="Rosa 'Cupcake'">Cupcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27de_Rescht%27" title="Rosa 'de Rescht'">De Rescht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Diana,_Princess_of_Wales%27" title="Rosa 'Diana, Princess of Wales'">Diana, Princess of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Double_Delight%27" title="Rosa 'Double Delight'">Double Delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Duchess_of_Cornwall%27" title="Rosa 'Duchess of Cornwall'">Duchess of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Duke_of_Edinburgh%27" title="Rosa 'Duke of Edinburgh'">Duke of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Eden%27" title="Rosa 'Eden'">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Elina%27" title="Rosa 'Elina'">Elina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27English_Miss%27" title="Rosa 'English Miss'">English Miss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Garden_Party%27" title="Rosa 'Garden Party'">Garden Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Jacqueminot%27" title="Rosa 'Général Jacqueminot'">Général Jacqueminot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Great_Maiden%27s_Blush%27" title="Rosa 'Great Maiden's Blush'">Great Maiden's Blush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Harison%27s_Yellow%27" title="Rosa 'Harison's Yellow'">Harison's Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27KORbin%27" title="Rosa 'KORbin'">'KORbin'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Ingrid_Bergman%27" title="Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman'">Ingrid Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Ispahan%27" title="Rosa 'Ispahan'">Ispahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Jeanie_Deans%27" title="Rosa 'Jeanie Deans'">Jeanie Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Joanna_Hill%27" title="Rosa 'Joanna Hill'">Joanna Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child_rose" title="Julia Child rose">Julia Child rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Just_Joey%27" title="Rosa 'Just Joey'">'Just Joey'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_Klum_rose" title="Heidi Klum rose">Heidi Klum rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27La_France%27" title="Rosa 'La France'">La France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Line_Renaud%27" title="Rosa 'Line Renaud'">Line Renaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Louis_de_Fun%C3%A8s%27" title="Rosa 'Louis de Funès'">Louis de Funès rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Margaret_McGredy%27" title="Rosa 'Margaret McGredy'">Margaret McGredy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Marilyn_Monroe%27" title="Rosa 'Marilyn Monroe'">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Mister_Lincoln%27" title="Rosa 'Mister Lincoln'">Mister Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Mrs_Fred_Danks%27" title="Rosa 'Mrs Fred Danks'">Mrs Fred Danks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Mrs._Harkness%27" title="Rosa 'Mrs. Harkness'">Mrs. Harkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Nevada%27" title="Rosa 'Nevada'">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Oklahoma%27" title="Rosa 'Oklahoma'">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Old_Blush%27" title="Rosa 'Old Blush'">Old Blush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosa Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Perle_d%27Or%27" title="Rosa 'Perle d'Or'">Perle d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Pink_Wonder%27" title="Rosa 'Pink Wonder'">Pink Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Precious_Platinum%27" title="Rosa 'Precious Platinum'">Precious Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Princess_Anne%27" title="Rosa 'Princess Anne'">Princess Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Princesse_de_Monaco%27" title="Rosa 'Princesse de Monaco'">Princesse de Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Princess_of_Wales%27" title="Rosa 'Princess of Wales'">Princess of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Queen_Elizabeth%27" title="Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth'">Queen Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Queen_Sirikit%27" title="Rosa 'Queen Sirikit'">Queen Sirikit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_William_rose" title="Royal William rose">Royal William rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Schoener%27s_Nutkana%27" title="Rosa 'Schoener's Nutkana'">Schoener's Nutkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Silver_Jubilee%27" title="Rosa 'Silver Jubilee'">Silver Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Soleil_d%27Or%27" title="Rosa 'Soleil d'Or'">Soleil d'Or'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27" title="Rosa 'Souvenir de la Malmaison'">Souvenir de la Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Spice_Twice%27" title="Rosa 'Spice Twice'">Spice Twice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Sun_Flare%27" title="Rosa 'Sun Flare'">Sun Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Sunsprite%27" title="Rosa 'Sunsprite'">Sunsprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Veilchenblau%27" title="Rosa 'Veilchenblau'">Veilchenblau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Violet_Carson%27" title="Rosa 'Violet Carson'">Violet Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Wife_of_Bath%27" title="Rosa 'Wife of Bath'">Wife of Bath</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_(actm).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg/120px-Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg/180px-Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg/240px-Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="2619" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Rose classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floribunda_(rose)" title="Floribunda (rose)">Floribunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_tea_rose" title="Hybrid tea rose">Hybrid tea rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Uses and products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">Cut flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">Garden roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">Rose hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_hip_seed_oil" title="Rose hip seed oil">Rose hip seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_hip_soup" title="Rose hip soup">Rose hip soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_oil" title="Rose oil">Rose oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">Rose water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pests_and_diseases_of_roses" title="List of pests and diseases of roses">Threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elsino%C3%AB_rosarum" title="Elsinoë rosarum">Anthracnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplocarpon_rosae" title="Diplocarpon rosae">Black spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosphaeria_coniothyrium" title="Leptosphaeria coniothyrium">Canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leotiomycetes" title="Leotiomycetes">Grey mould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podosphaera_pannosa" title="Podosphaera pannosa">Powdery mildew</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phragmidium_mucronatum" title="Phragmidium mucronatum">Phragmidium mucronatum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternaria" title="Alternaria">Sooty moulds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_replant_disease" title="Specific replant disease">Specific replant disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verticillium_dahliae" title="Verticillium dahliae">Verticillium wilt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Pests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicotylenchus_dihystera" title="Helicotylenchus dihystera">Helicotylenchus nannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_root-knot_nematode" title="Northern root-knot nematode">Meloidogyne hapla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratylenchus_penetrans" title="Pratylenchus penetrans">Pratylenchus penetrans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratylenchus_vulnus" title="Pratylenchus vulnus">Pratylenchus vulnus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tylenchorhynchus" title="Tylenchorhynchus">Tylenchorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiphinema_diversicaudatum" title="Xiphinema diversicaudatum">Xiphinema diversicaudatum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_rose_symbolism" title="Black rose symbolism">Black rose symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_rose" title="Blue rose">Blue rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_rose_(epithet)" title="English rose (epithet)">English rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rose" title="Golden Rose">Golden Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold-dipped_roses" title="Gold-dipped roses">Gold-dipped roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutno_Rose_Festival" title="Kutno Rose Festival">Kutno Rose Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_rose" title="Rainbow rose">Rainbow rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalia_(festival)" title="Rosalia (festival)">Rosalia (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)" title="Rose (color)">Rose (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rose Hall of Fame">Rose Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose (heraldry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_the_Year" title="Rose of the Year">Rose of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_show" title="Rose show">Rose show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_symbolism" title="Rose symbolism">Rose symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand-year_Rose" title="Thousand-year Rose">Thousand-year Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Clark_Memorial_Rose_Garden" title="Alister Clark Memorial Rose Garden">Alister Clark Memorial Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Rose_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="All-American Rose Garden">All-American Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Rose_Garden" title="Berkeley Rose Garden">Berkeley Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle" title="Château de Bagatelle">Château de Bagatelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa-Rosarium" title="Europa-Rosarium">Europa-Rosarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Park_Rose_Garden" title="Exposition Park Rose Garden">Exposition Park Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontvieille_Park_and_Princess_Grace_Rose_Garden" title="Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden">Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Society_of_Gothenburg" title="Garden Society of Gothenburg">Garden Society of Gothenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardino_delle_Rose" title="Giardino delle Rose">Giardino delle Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Rose_Garden,_Ooty" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Rose Garden, Ooty">Government Rose Garden, Ooty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Rose_District_of_New_York_City" title="Heritage Rose District of New York City">Heritage Rose District of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_Castle" title="Hex Castle">Hex Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rose_Test_Garden" title="International Rose Test Garden">International Rose Test Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_Rose_Garden" title="McGill Rose Garden">McGill Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottisfont_Abbey" title="Mottisfont Abbey">Mottisfont Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwesteeg_Heritage_Rose_Garden" title="Nieuwesteeg Heritage Rose Garden">Nieuwesteeg Heritage Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_T%C3%AAte_d%27or" title="Parc de la Tête d'or">Parc de la Tête d'or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnell_Rose_Gardens" title="Parnell Rose Gardens">Parnell Rose Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Park" title="Peninsula Park">Peninsula Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Rose_Garden" title="Rome Rose Garden">Rome Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosarium_Uetersen" title="Rosarium Uetersen">Rosarium Uetersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Garden,_Coburg" title="Rose Garden, Coburg">Rose Garden, Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_trial_grounds" title="Rose trial grounds">Rose trial grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosendals_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd" title="Rosendals Trädgård">Rosendals Trädgård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseraie_du_Val-de-Marne" title="Roseraie du Val-de-Marne">Roseraie de L'Haÿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Rose_Society_Gardens" title="Royal National Rose Society Gardens">Royal National Rose Society Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCanka_Rose_Garden" title="Różanka Rose Garden">Różanka Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Municipal_Rose_Garden" title="San Jose Municipal Rose Garden">San Jose Municipal Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gardens_of_the_American_Rose_Center" title="The Gardens of the American Rose Center">The Gardens of the American Rose Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Ephrussi_de_Rothschild" title="Villa Ephrussi de Rothschild">Villa Ephrussi de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden" title="White House Rose Garden">White House Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohl_Rose_Park" title="Wohl Rose Park">Wohl Rose Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_Rose_Garden" title="Zakir Hussain Rose Garden">Zakir Hussain Rose Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Rose competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concours_international_de_roses_nouvelles_de_Bagatelle" title="Concours international de roses nouvelles de Bagatelle">Concours international de roses nouvelles de Bagatelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-America_Rose_Selections" title="All-America Rose Selections">All-America Rose Selections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_the_Year" title="Rose of the Year">Rose of the Year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Rose_Society" title="Royal National Rose Society">Royal National Rose Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Rose_Societies" title="World Federation of Rose Societies">World Federation of Rose Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Gold_Award" title="Portland Gold Award">Portland Gold Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADR_rose" title="ADR rose">ADR rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Garden_Rose_Selections" title="American Garden Rose Selections">American Garden Rose Selections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_roses" title="List of Award of Garden Merit roses">List of Award of Garden Merit roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_breeders" title="List of rose breeders">List of rose breeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_cultivars_named_after_people" title="List of rose cultivars named after people">List of rose cultivars named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_roses" title="Miracle of the roses">Miracle of the roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="Roses in Portland, Oregon">Roses in Portland, Oregon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;background-color:#FFAFEC;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Roses" title="Category:Roses">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template talk:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bald eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Grant_(tree)" title="General Grant (tree)">General Grant (tree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Creed" title="American Creed">American Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty (<i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mottos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum" title="Novus ordo seclorum">Novus ordo seclorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Columbia,_the_Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean">Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Stars_and_Stripes_Forever" title="The Stars and Stripes Forever">The Stars and Stripes Forever</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Chief" title="Hail to the Chief">Hail to the Chief</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_(My_Country,_%27Tis_of_Thee)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)">America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_America" title="God Bless America">God Bless America</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Army_Goes_Rolling_Along" title="The Army Goes Rolling Along">The Army Goes Rolling Along</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh" title="Anchors Aweigh">Anchors Aweigh</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn" title="Marines' Hymn">Marines' Hymn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">Semper Fidelis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Air_Force_(song)" title="The U.S. Air Force (song)">The Air Force Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Paratus_(march)" title="Semper Paratus (march)">Semper Paratus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Supra_(march)" title="Semper Supra (march)">Semper Supra</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/National_Emblem" title="National Emblem">National Emblem March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post_(march)" title="The Washington Post (march)">The Washington Post March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You%27re_a_Grand_Old_Flag" title="You're a Grand Old Flag">You're a Grand Old Flag</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Land_Is_Your_Land" title="This Land Is Your Land">This Land Is Your Land</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom" title="Battle Cry of Freedom">Battle Cry of Freedom</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;The_national_flag_National_symbols_of_Saint_Lucia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_symbols_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Template:National symbols of Saint Lucia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_symbols_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Template talk:National symbols of Saint Lucia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_symbols_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National symbols of Saint Lucia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;The_national_flag_National_symbols_of_Saint_Lucia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The national flag"><img alt="The national flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Saint_Lucia" title="National symbols of Saint Lucia">National symbols</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Flag of Saint Lucia">National flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Coat of arms of Saint Lucia">National coat of arms</a></li> <li>National anthem: <a href="/wiki/Sons_and_Daughters_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia">Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia</a></li> <li>National bird: <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia_amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia amazon">St. Lucia amazon</a></li> <li>National flowers: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rose</a> & <a href="/wiki/Argyranthemum" title="Argyranthemum">Marguerite daisy</a></li> <li>National plant: <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a></li> <li>National tree: <a href="/wiki/Crescentia_cujete" title="Crescentia cujete">Calabash tree</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Lucia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_flowers_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_state_flowers" title="Template:US state flowers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_state_flowers" title="Template talk:US state flowers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_state_flowers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US state flowers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_flowers_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">State flowers of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Camellia_japonica" title="Camellia japonica">Camellia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrangea_quercifolia" title="Hydrangea quercifolia">Oak-leaf hydrangea</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">AK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Myosotis_alpestris" title="Myosotis alpestris">Forget-me-not</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Saguaro" title="Saguaro">Saguaro cactus blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Eschscholzia_californica" title="Eschscholzia californica">California poppy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">CO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_coerulea" title="Aquilegia coerulea">Rocky Mountain columbine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa" title="Mirabilis jalapa">Mirabilis jalapa</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CH</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">DE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">Peach blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange blossom</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coreopsis" title="Coreopsis">Tickseed</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">Azalea</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_laevigata" title="Rosa laevigata">Cherokee rose</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">HI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hibiscus" title="Hawaiian hibiscus">Hawaiian hibiscus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">ID</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphus_lewisii" title="Philadelphus lewisii">Syringa, mock orange</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">Violet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias">Milkweed</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">Peony</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">Wild prairie rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">KS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Solidago_gigantea" title="Solidago gigantea">Goldenrod</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_giganticaerulea" title="Iris giganticaerulea">Louisiana iris</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus">White pine cone and tassel</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rudbeckia_hirta" title="Rudbeckia hirta">Black-eyed susan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Epigaea_repens" title="Epigaea repens">Mayflower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple blossom</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_lacustris" title="Iris lacustris">Dwarf lake iris</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_reginae" title="Cypripedium reginae">Pink and white lady's slipper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coreopsis" title="Coreopsis">Tickseed</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">Hawthorn</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">MT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot" title="Bitterroot">Bitterroot</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">NE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Solidago_gigantea" title="Solidago gigantea">Goldenrod</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata" title="Artemisia tridentata">Sagebrush</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">NH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Syringa_vulgaris" title="Syringa vulgaris">Purple lilac</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_acaule" title="Cypripedium acaule">Pink lady's slipper</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">NM</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca flower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a></b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">Flowering dogwood</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_michauxii" title="Lilium michauxii">Carolina lily</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">ND</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">Wild prairie rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Dianthus_caryophyllus" title="Dianthus caryophyllus">Scarlet carnation</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trillium_grandiflorum" title="Trillium grandiflorum">Large white trillium</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Oklahoma%27" title="Rosa 'Oklahoma'">Oklahoma rose</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaillardia_pulchella" title="Gaillardia pulchella">Indian blanket</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phoradendron_leucarpum" title="Phoradendron leucarpum">Mistletoe</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">OR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Mahonia_aquifolium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahonia aquifolium">Oregon grape</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Securigera_varia" title="Securigera varia">Penngift crown vetch</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">Violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Gelsemium_sempervirens" title="Gelsemium sempervirens">Yellow jessamine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solidago_altissima" title="Solidago altissima">Goldenrod</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">SD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pulsatilla_nuttalliana" title="Pulsatilla nuttalliana">Pasque flower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">Iris</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora_incarnata" title="Passiflora incarnata">Purple passionflower</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Echinacea_tennesseensis" title="Echinacea tennesseensis">Tennessee coneflower</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bluebonnet_(plant)" title="Bluebonnet (plant)">Bluebonnet sp.</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Calochortus_nuttallii" title="Calochortus nuttallii">Sego lily</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">VT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Trifolium_pratense" title="Trifolium pratense">Red clover</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">American dogwood</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">WA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_macrophyllum" title="Rhododendron macrophyllum">Coast rhododendron</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_maximum" title="Rhododendron maximum">Rhododendron</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Wood violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">WY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Castilleja_linariifolia" title="Castilleja linariifolia">Indian paintbrush</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">AS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">Paogo (Ulafala)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">GU</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bougainvillea_spectabilis" title="Bougainvillea spectabilis">Bougainvillea spectabilis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Plumeria" title="Plumeria">Flores mayo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">PR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Thespesia_grandiflora" title="Thespesia grandiflora">Maga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tecoma_stans" title="Tecoma stans">Yellow elder</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><i>Italics</i>: state wildflower <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, state children's flower <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CH</span></span>, state floral emblem <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span>, beautification and conservation <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Rosa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34687" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q34687">Q34687</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rosa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Rosa">Rosa</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/194483">194483</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/76081">76081</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121288">121288</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63S6D">63S6D</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Rosa">Rosa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/29911">29911</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ROSG">1ROSG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21507">21507</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=128746">128746</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=128746">128746</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8395064">8395064</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=10544">10544</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/53438">53438</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/34015-1">34015-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1333135">1333135</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=24807">24807</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000462442">NHMSYS0000462442</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3764">3764</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/0f9e6ea5-35e5-41a3-8732-ffb0a962cfa2">0f9e6ea5-35e5-41a3-8732-ffb0a962cfa2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=259066">259066</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=157343">157343</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ROSA5">ROSA5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30002432-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002432-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40026937">40026937</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1627">1627</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/1279f9a7-dc28-4f4d-bab1-3014d75852d6">1279f9a7-dc28-4f4d-bab1-3014d75852d6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WoI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=517">517</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000033476">wfo-4000033476</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=425714">425714</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34687#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050536-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115443">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rosiers"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119758790">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rosiers"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119758790">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560519">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="růže"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116103&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/315373">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546261305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rose&oldid=1260040009">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rose&oldid=1260040009</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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