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id="toc-Stave_one" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stave_one"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Stave one</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stave_one-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stave_two" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stave_two"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Stave two</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stave_two-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stave_three" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stave_three"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Stave three</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stave_three-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stave_four" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stave_four"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Stave four</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stave_four-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stave_five" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stave_five"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Stave five</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stave_five-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Literary influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Social influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Writing history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performances_and_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performances_and_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Performances and adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performances_and_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Online resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers,_journals_and_magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers,_journals_and_magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Newspapers, journals and magazines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers,_journals_and_magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>A Christmas Carol</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="ترنيمة عيد الميلاد (رواية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترنيمة عيد الميلاد (رواية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milad_n%C9%99%C4%9Fm%C9%99si" title="Milad nəğməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milad nəğməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Коледна песен (новела) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коледна песен (новела)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%B3_de_Nadal_(Dickens)" title="Cançó de Nadal (Dickens) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cançó de Nadal (Dickens)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1no%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_koleda_(Dickens)" title="Vánoční koleda (Dickens) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vánoční koleda (Dickens)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et_juleeventyr" title="Et juleeventyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Et juleeventyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χριστουγεννιάτικη ιστορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστουγεννιάτικη ιστορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristnaska_Kanto_(Dickens)" title="Kristnaska Kanto (Dickens) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristnaska Kanto (Dickens)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eguberri_kanta_(eleberria)" title="Eguberri kanta (eleberria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eguberri kanta (eleberria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3" title="سرود کریسمس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرود کریسمس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_chant_de_No%C3%ABl" title="Un chant de Noël – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Un chant de Noël" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Krystliet_yn_Proaza" title="In Krystliet yn Proaza – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="In Krystliet yn Proaza" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duan_na_Nollag" title="Duan na Nollag – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duan na Nollag" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_conto_de_Nadal" title="Un conto de Nadal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Un conto de Nadal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BA%90%EB%9F%B4_(%EC%86%8C%EC%84%A4)" title="크리스마스 캐럴 (소설) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스마스 캐럴 (소설)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87na_pri%C4%8Da" title="Božićna priča – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Božićna priča" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3ladraumur" title="Jóladraumur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jóladraumur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto_di_Natale" title="Canto di Natale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canto di Natale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93" title="מזמור חג המולד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזמור חג המולד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Nadelik" title="Karol Nadelik – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karol Nadelik" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Рождество учурунда ырдалган ыр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рождество учурунда ырдалган ыр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tku_dziesma" title="Ziemassvētku dziesma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemassvētku dziesma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%97d%C5%B3_giesm%C4%97_(novel%C4%97)" title="Kalėdų giesmė (novelė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalėdų giesmė (novelė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_canta_de_natal" title="Un canta de natal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Un canta de natal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C3%A1csonyi_%C3%A9nek_(reg%C3%A9ny)" title="Karácsonyi ének (regény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karácsonyi ének (regény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Божикна приказна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Божикна приказна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="ഒരു ക്രിസ്മസ് കരോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒരു ക്രിസ്മസ് കരോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-G%C4%A7anja_tal-Milied" title="L-Għanja tal-Milied – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="L-Għanja tal-Milied" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="ခရစ်စမတ်သီချင်းတစ်ပုဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရစ်စမတ်သီချင်းတစ်ပုဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(boek)" title="A Christmas Carol (boek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="A Christmas Carol (boek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AB_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC)" title="クリスマス・キャロル (小説) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリスマス・キャロル (小説)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_julefortelling" title="En julefortelling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="En julefortelling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eit_juleeventyr" title="Eit juleeventyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eit juleeventyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਏ ਕ੍ਰਿਸਮਸ ਕੈਰੋਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏ ਕ੍ਰਿਸਮਸ ਕੈਰੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opowie%C5%9B%C4%87_wigilijna" title="Opowieść wigilijna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opowieść wigilijna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colind_de_Cr%C4%83ciun" title="Colind de Crăciun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colind de Crăciun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Рождественская песнь в прозе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рождественская песнь в прозе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godni%C5%8F_pie%C5%9B%C5%84" title="Godniŏ pieśń – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Godniŏ pieśń" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Божићна прича – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Божићна прича" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulukertomus_(Charles_Dickens)" title="Joulukertomus (Charles Dickens) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joulukertomus (Charles Dickens)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_julsaga" title="En julsaga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="En julsaga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="อะคริสต์มาสแครอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะคริสต์มาสแครอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Noel_%C5%9Eark%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Bir Noel Şarkısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bir Noel Şarkısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%96,_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Різдвяна пісня в прозі, або Різдвяне оповідання з привидами – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Різдвяна пісня в прозі, або Різдвяне оповідання з привидами" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93n_ma_%C4%91%C3%AAm_Gi%C3%A1ng_sinh" title="Hồn ma đêm Giáng sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồn ma đêm Giáng sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="A Christmas Carol" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%AA%95%E9%A0%8C%E6%AD%8C_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA)" title="聖誕頌歌 (小說) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖誕頌歌 (小說)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%B0%A3%E8%B2%A1%E7%A5%9E" title="小氣財神 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="小氣財神" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62879#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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For songs or hymns on the theme of Christmas, see <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="A Christmas Carol (disambiguation)">A Christmas Carol (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">A Christmas Carol <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol&rft.author=%5B%5BCharles+Dickens%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BChapman+%26+Hall%5D%5D&rft.place=England"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Cloth-First_Edition_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brown book cover bearing the words "A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens" in gold."><img alt="Brown book cover bearing the words "A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens" in gold." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Cloth-First_Edition_1843.jpg/220px-Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Cloth-First_Edition_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Cloth-First_Edition_1843.jpg/330px-Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Cloth-First_Edition_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Cloth-First_Edition_1843.jpg/440px-Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Cloth-First_Edition_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2308" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First edition cover (1843)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Illustrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">19 December 1843<span class="noprint">; 180 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">19 December 1843</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(Dickens,_1843)" class="extiw" title="s:A Christmas Carol (Dickens, 1843)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas</b></i>, commonly known as <i><b>A Christmas Carol</b></i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, first published in London by <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a> in 1843 and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a>. It recounts the story of <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Ebenezer Scrooge</a>, an elderly <a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">miser</a> who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marley" title="Jacob Marley">Jacob Marley</a> and the spirits of <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Past" title="Ghost of Christmas Past">Christmas Past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Present</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Yet_to_Come" title="Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come">Yet to Come</a>. In the process, Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man. </p><p>Dickens wrote <i>A Christmas Carol</i> during a period when the British were exploring and re-evaluating past <a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Christmas traditions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">carols</a>, and newer customs such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree#18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a>. He was influenced by the experiences of his own youth and by the Christmas stories of other authors, including <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Jerrold" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Jerrold">Douglas Jerrold</a>. Dickens had written three Christmas stories prior to the novella, and was inspired following a visit to the Field Lane <a href="/wiki/Ragged_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragged School">Ragged School</a>, one of several establishments for London's street children. The treatment of the poor and the ability of a selfish man to redeem himself by transforming into a more sympathetic character are the key themes of the story. There is discussion among academics as to whether this is a fully secular story, or if it is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature#Christian_allegory" title="Christian literature">Christian allegory</a>. </p><p>Published on 19 December, the first edition sold out by Christmas Eve; by the end of 1844 thirteen editions had been released. Most critics reviewed the novella favourably. The story was <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">illicitly copied</a> in January 1844; Dickens took legal action against the publishers, who went bankrupt, further reducing Dickens's small profits from the publication. He subsequently wrote four other Christmas stories. In 1849 he began public readings of the story, which proved so successful he undertook 127 further performances until 1870, the year of his death. <i>A Christmas Carol</i> has never been out of print and has been translated into several languages; the story <a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_A_Christmas_Carol" title="Adaptations of A Christmas Carol">has been adapted many times</a> for film, stage, opera and other media. </p><p><i>A Christmas Carol</i> captured the <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">zeitgeist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">early Victorian</a> revival of the Christmas holiday. Dickens acknowledged the influence of the modern Western observance of Christmas and later inspired several aspects of Christmas, including family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games and a festive generosity of spirit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marley%27s_Ghost_-_A_Christmas_Carol_(1843),_opposite_25_-_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The ghost of Marley walking towards Scrooge, who is warming himself by the fire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Marley%27s_Ghost_-_A_Christmas_Carol_%281843%29%2C_opposite_25_-_BL.jpg/170px-Marley%27s_Ghost_-_A_Christmas_Carol_%281843%29%2C_opposite_25_-_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Marley%27s_Ghost_-_A_Christmas_Carol_%281843%29%2C_opposite_25_-_BL.jpg/255px-Marley%27s_Ghost_-_A_Christmas_Carol_%281843%29%2C_opposite_25_-_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Marley%27s_Ghost_-_A_Christmas_Carol_%281843%29%2C_opposite_25_-_BL.jpg/340px-Marley%27s_Ghost_-_A_Christmas_Carol_%281843%29%2C_opposite_25_-_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Marley%27s_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Marley's Ghost">Marley's Ghost</a>", original illustration by John Leech from the 1843 edition</figcaption></figure> <p>The book is divided into five chapters, which Dickens titled "<a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">staves</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stave_one">Stave one</h3></div> <p><i>A Christmas Carol</i> opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Ebenezer Scrooge</a>'s business partner, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marley" title="Jacob Marley">Jacob Marley</a>. Scrooge, an ageing <a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">miser</a>, dislikes Christmas and refuses a dinner invitation from his nephew Fred. He turns away two men seeking a donation to provide food and heating for the poor and only grudgingly allows his overworked, underpaid <a href="/wiki/Clerk" title="Clerk">clerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cratchit" title="Bob Cratchit">Bob Cratchit</a>, Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom. </p><p>That night Scrooge is visited at home by Marley's ghost, who wanders the Earth entwined by heavy chains and money boxes forged during a lifetime of greed and selfishness. Marley tells Scrooge that he has a single chance to avoid the same fate: he will be visited by three spirits and must listen or be cursed to carry much heavier chains of his own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stave_two">Stave two</h3></div> <p>The first spirit, the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Past" title="Ghost of Christmas Past">Ghost of Christmas Past</a>, takes Scrooge to Christmas scenes of Scrooge's boyhood, reminding him of a time when he was more innocent. The scenes reveal Scrooge's lonely childhood at boarding school, his relationship with his beloved sister Fan, the long-dead mother of Fred, and a Christmas party hosted by his first employer, <a href="/wiki/Mr_Fezziwig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Fezziwig">Mr Fezziwig</a>, who treated him like a son. Scrooge's neglected fiancée Belle is shown ending their relationship, as she realises that he will never love her as much as he loves money. Finally, they visit a now-married Belle with her large, happy family on the Christmas Eve that Marley died. Scrooge, upset by hearing a description of the man that he has become, demands that the ghost remove him from the house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stave_three">Stave three</h3></div> <p>The second spirit, the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a>, takes Scrooge to a joyous market with people buying the makings of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Christmas dinner</a> and to celebrations of Christmas in a miner's cottage and in a <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a>. Scrooge and the ghost also visit Fred's Christmas party. A major part of this stave is taken up with Bob Cratchit's family feast and introduces his youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Tim_(A_Christmas_Carol)" title="Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol)">Tiny Tim</a>, a happy boy who is seriously ill. The spirit informs Scrooge that Tiny Tim will die unless the course of events changes. Before disappearing, the spirit shows Scrooge two hideous, emaciated children named Ignorance and Want. He tells Scrooge to beware the former above all and mocks Scrooge's concern for their welfare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stave_four">Stave four</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white drawing of Scrooge and Bob Cratchit having a drink in front of a large fire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg/170px-Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg/255px-Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg/340px-Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Scrooge and Bob Cratchit celebrate Christmas in an illustration from stave five of the original edition, 1843.</figcaption></figure> <p>The third spirit, the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Yet_to_Come" title="Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come">Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come</a>, shows Scrooge a Christmas Day in the future. The silent ghost reveals scenes involving the death of a disliked man whose funeral is attended by local businessmen only on condition that lunch is provided. His <a href="/wiki/Charwoman" title="Charwoman">charwoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washerwoman" title="Washerwoman">laundress</a> and the local <a href="/wiki/Undertaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Undertaker">undertaker</a> steal his possessions to sell to a <a href="/wiki/Fence_(criminal)" title="Fence (criminal)">fence</a>. When he asks the spirit to show a single person who feels emotion over his death, he is only given the pleasure of a poor couple who rejoice that his death gives them more time to put their finances in order. When Scrooge asks to see tenderness connected with any death, the ghost shows him Bob Cratchit and his family mourning the death of Tiny Tim. The ghost then allows Scrooge to see a neglected grave, with a tombstone bearing Scrooge's name. Sobbing, Scrooge pledges to change his ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stave_five">Stave five</h3></div> <p>Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning a changed man. He makes a large donation to the charity he rejected the previous day, anonymously sends a large turkey to the Cratchit home for Christmas dinner and spends the afternoon at Fred's Christmas party. The following day he gives Cratchit an increase in pay, and begins to become a father figure to Tiny Tim. From then on Scrooge treats everyone with kindness, generosity and compassion, embodying the spirit of Christmas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dickens-at-the-Blacking-Warehouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small boy asleep at work" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dickens-at-the-Blacking-Warehouse.jpg/170px-Dickens-at-the-Blacking-Warehouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dickens-at-the-Blacking-Warehouse.jpg/255px-Dickens-at-the-Blacking-Warehouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dickens-at-the-Blacking-Warehouse.jpg/340px-Dickens-at-the-Blacking-Warehouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption>Dickens at the blacking warehouse, as envisioned by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Barnard" title="Fred Barnard">Fred Barnard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The writer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> was born to a middle-class family which got into financial difficulties as a result of the spendthrift nature of <a href="/wiki/John_Dickens" title="John Dickens">his father John</a>. In 1824 John was committed to the <a href="/wiki/Marshalsea" title="Marshalsea">Marshalsea</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">debtors' prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, London. Dickens, aged 12, was forced to <a href="/wiki/Pawnbroker" title="Pawnbroker">pawn</a> his collection of books, leave school and work at a dirty and rat-infested <a href="/wiki/Shoe_polish" title="Shoe polish">shoe-blacking</a> factory. The change in circumstances gave him what his biographer, Michael Slater, describes as a "deep personal and social outrage", which heavily influenced his writing and outlook.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd199067–68Slater2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd199067–68Slater2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1842 Dickens was a well-established author with six major works<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as several short stories, novellas and other pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiedrick198780_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiedrick198780-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 December that year he began publishing his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit" title="Martin Chuzzlewit">Martin Chuzzlewit</a></i> as a monthly serial;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was his favourite work, but sales were disappointing and he faced temporary financial difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990392_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas season">Christmas season</a> had been growing in popularity through the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallow200927_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200927-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a> was introduced in Britain during the 18th century, and its use was popularised by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalumia2001Sutherland,_British_Library_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalumia2001Sutherland,_British_Library-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 19th century there had been a revival of interest in <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carols" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas carols">Christmas carols</a>, following a decline in popularity over the previous hundred years. The publication of <a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a>'s 1823 work <i>Some Ancient Christmas Carols, With the Tunes to Which They Were Formerly Sung in the West of England</i> and <a href="/wiki/William_Sandys_(antiquarian)" title="William Sandys (antiquarian)">William Sandys's</a> 1833 collection <i>Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern</i> led to a growth in the form's popularity in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell1993StudwellJones19988,_10Callow2009128_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell1993StudwellJones19988,_10Callow2009128-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dickens had an interest in Christmas, and his first story on the subject was "Christmas Festivities", published in <i><a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_Weekly_Messenger" title="Bell's Weekly Messenger">Bell's Weekly Messenger</a></i> in 1835; the story was then published as "A Christmas Dinner" in <i><a href="/wiki/Sketches_by_Boz" title="Sketches by Boz">Sketches by Boz</a></i> (1836).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallow200930_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200930-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton", another Christmas story, appeared in the 1836 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers" title="The Pickwick Papers">The Pickwick Papers</a></i>. In the episode, a Mr Wardle describes a misanthropic <a href="/wiki/Sexton_(office)" title="Sexton (office)">sexton</a>, Gabriel Grub, who undergoes a Christmas conversion after being visited by <a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">goblins</a> who show him the past and future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200319–20Slater2003xvi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200319–20Slater2003xvi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slater considers that "the main elements of the <i>Carol</i> are present in the story", but not yet in a firm form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2003xvi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2003xvi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story is followed by a passage about Christmas in Dickens's editorial <i><a href="/wiki/Master_Humphrey%27s_Clock" title="Master Humphrey's Clock">Master Humphrey's Clock</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2003xvi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2003xvi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The professor of English literature Paul Davis writes that although the "Goblins" story appears to be a prototype of <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, all Dickens's earlier writings about Christmas influenced the story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a25_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a25-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_influences">Literary influences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Irving_by_Charles_Turner_after_Gilbert_Stuart_Newton_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and torso engraving of a man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Washington_Irving_by_Charles_Turner_after_Gilbert_Stuart_Newton_cropped.jpg/170px-Washington_Irving_by_Charles_Turner_after_Gilbert_Stuart_Newton_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Washington_Irving_by_Charles_Turner_after_Gilbert_Stuart_Newton_cropped.jpg/255px-Washington_Irving_by_Charles_Turner_after_Gilbert_Stuart_Newton_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Washington_Irving_by_Charles_Turner_after_Gilbert_Stuart_Newton_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> in 1820</figcaption></figure> <p>Dickens was not the first author to celebrate the Christmas season in literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200312_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200312-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among earlier authors who influenced Dickens was <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>, whose 1819–20 work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sketch_Book_of_Geoffrey_Crayon,_Gent." title="The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.">The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.</a></i> included four essays on old English <a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Christmas traditions</a> that he experienced while staying at <a href="/wiki/Aston_Hall" title="Aston Hall">Aston Hall</a> near Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200320_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200320-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tales and essays attracted Dickens, and the two authors shared the belief that returning to Christmas traditions might promote a type of social connection that they felt had been lost in the modern world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERestad1996137_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERestad1996137-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several works may have had an influence on the writing of <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, including two <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Jerrold" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Jerrold">Douglas Jerrold</a> essays: one from an 1841 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i>, "How Mr. Chokepear Keeps a Merry Christmas" and one from 1843, "The Beauties of the Police".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viiiLedger2007117_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viiiLedger2007117-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More broadly, Dickens was influenced by fairy tales and nursery stories, which he closely associated with Christmas, because he saw them as stories of conversion and transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxiv_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxiv-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_influences">Social influences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Alexander_-_Charles_Dickens_1842.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man with shoulder-length black hair, sitting at a desk, writing with a quill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Francis_Alexander_-_Charles_Dickens_1842.jpeg/170px-Francis_Alexander_-_Charles_Dickens_1842.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Francis_Alexander_-_Charles_Dickens_1842.jpeg/255px-Francis_Alexander_-_Charles_Dickens_1842.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Francis_Alexander_-_Charles_Dickens_1842.jpeg/340px-Francis_Alexander_-_Charles_Dickens_1842.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Charles Dickens in 1842, the year before the publication of <i>A Christmas Carol</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Dickens was touched by the lot of poor children in the middle decades of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1843 he toured the <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall_and_Devon" title="Mining in Cornwall and Devon">Cornish tin mines</a>, where he was angered by seeing <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">children working</a> in appalling conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPykett201792_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPykett201792-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suffering he witnessed there was reinforced by a visit to the Field Lane <a href="/wiki/Ragged_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragged School">Ragged School</a>, one of several London schools set up for the education of the capital's half-starved, illiterate street children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_British_Library_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_British_Library-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1843 the <i>Second Report of the Children's Employment Commission</i> was published. It was a parliamentary report exposing the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> upon working class children. Horrified by what he read, Dickens planned to publish an inexpensive political pamphlet tentatively titled, <i>An Appeal to the People of England, on behalf of the Poor Man's Child</i>, but changed his mind, deferring the pamphlet's production until the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallow200938_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200938-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March he wrote to Dr <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Southwood_Smith" title="Thomas Southwood Smith">Southwood Smith</a>, one of the four commissioners responsible for the <i>Second Report</i>, about his change in plans: "you will certainly feel that a Sledge hammer has come down with twenty times the force—twenty thousand times the force—I could exert by following out my first idea".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedger2007119_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedger2007119-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a fundraising speech on 5 October 1843 at the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Athenaeum" title="Manchester Athenaeum">Manchester Athenaeum</a>, Dickens urged workers and employers to join together to combat ignorance with educational reform,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200315Sutherland,_British_Library_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200315Sutherland,_British_Library-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and realised in the days following that the most effective way to reach the broadest segment of the population with his social concerns about poverty and injustice was to write a deeply felt Christmas narrative rather than polemical pamphlets and essays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200315Douglas-Fairhurst2006xvi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200315Douglas-Fairhurst2006xvi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_history">Writing history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnLeechHimself.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="head and shoulders engraving of a man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/JohnLeechHimself.jpg/170px-JohnLeechHimself.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/JohnLeechHimself.jpg/255px-JohnLeechHimself.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/JohnLeechHimself.jpg/340px-JohnLeechHimself.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a>, illustrator of the first edition</figcaption></figure> <p>By mid-1843 Dickens began to suffer from financial problems. Sales of <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i> were falling off, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Dickens" title="Catherine Dickens">Catherine</a>, was pregnant with their fifth child. Matters worsened when <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>, his publishers, threatened to reduce his monthly income by £50 if sales dropped further.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviCallow200938_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviCallow200938-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began <i>A Christmas Carol</i> in October 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell1993_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell1993-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Slater, Dickens's biographer, describes the book as being "written at white heat"; it was completed in six weeks, the final pages being written in early December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixSlater2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixSlater2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He built much of the work in his head while taking night-time walks of 15 to 20 miles (24 to 32 km) around London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin2011148–149_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin2011148–149-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickens's sister-in-law wrote how he "wept, and laughed, and wept again, and excited himself in a most extraordinary manner, in composition".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a7_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slater says that <i>A Christmas Carol</i> was </p> <blockquote><p>intended to open its readers' hearts towards those struggling to survive on the lower rungs of the economic ladder and to encourage practical benevolence, but also to warn of the terrible danger to society created by the toleration of widespread ignorance and actual want among the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a>, the illustrator who had earlier worked with Dickens on <i>Sketches by Boz</i> (1836) and <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i> (1838), introduced him to the caricaturist <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a>. By 24 October Dickens invited Leech to work on <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, and four hand-coloured etchings and four black-and-white wood engravings by the artist accompanied the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixTomalin2011148_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixTomalin2011148-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickens's hand-written manuscript of the story does not include the sentence in the penultimate paragraph "... and to Tiny Tim, who did <i>not</i> die"; this was added later, during the printing process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a133_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a133-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Elwes,_1801_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An engraving, in profile of John Elwes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/John_Elwes%2C_1801_print.jpg/170px-John_Elwes%2C_1801_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/John_Elwes%2C_1801_print.jpg/255px-John_Elwes%2C_1801_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/John_Elwes%2C_1801_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Elwes_(politician)" title="John Elwes (politician)">John Elwes</a>, also called John the Miser; one of the models for Scrooge</figcaption></figure> <p>The central character of <i>A Christmas Carol</i> is Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly London-based businessman,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014522_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014522-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described in the story as "a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens18433_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens18433-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised. This psychological conflict may be responsible for the two radically different Scrooges in the tale—one a cold, stingy and greedy semi-recluse, the other a benevolent, sociable man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200314_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200314-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The professor of English literature Robert Douglas-Fairhurst considers that in the opening part of the book covering young Scrooge's lonely and unhappy childhood, and his aspiration for money to avoid poverty "is something of a self-parody of Dickens's fears about himself"; the post-transformation parts of the book are how Dickens optimistically sees himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scrooge could also be based on two misers: the eccentric <a href="/wiki/John_Elwes_(politician)" title="John Elwes (politician)">John Elwes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonMcConnell2008DeVito2014424_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonMcConnell2008DeVito2014424-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Jemmy_Wood" title="Jemmy Wood">Jemmy Wood</a>, the owner of the <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Old_Bank" title="Gloucester Old Bank">Gloucester Old Bank</a> and also known as "The Gloucester Miser".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2015Chapter_5Sillence201540_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2015Chapter_5Sillence201540-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the sociologist Frank W. Elwell, Scrooge's views on the poor are a reflection of those of the <a href="/wiki/Demographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographer">demographer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economist">political economist</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElwell2001DeVito2014645_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElwell2001DeVito2014645-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the miser's questions "Are there no prisons? ... And the Union workhouses? ... The treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, then?" are a reflection of a sarcastic question raised by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, "Are there not treadmills, gibbets; even hospitals, poor-rates, New Poor-Law?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are literary precursors for Scrooge in Dickens's own works. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Peter Ackroyd</a>, Dickens's biographer, sees similarities between the character and the elder Martin Chuzzlewit character, although the miser is "a more fantastic image" than the Chuzzlewit patriarch; Ackroyd observes that Chuzzlewit's transformation to a charitable figure is a parallel to that of the miser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990409_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990409-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas-Fairhurst sees that the minor character Gabriel Grub from <i>The Pickwick Papers</i> was also an influence when creating Scrooge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviiiAlleyne2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviiiAlleyne2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that Scrooge's name came from a tombstone Dickens had seen on a visit to Edinburgh. The grave was for Ebenezer Lennox Scroggie, whose job was given as a meal man—a corn merchant; Dickens misread the inscription as "mean man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014392_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014392-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory has been described as "a probable Dickens hoax" for which "[n]o one could find any corroborating evidence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling2014_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Dickens was young he lived near a tradesman's premises with the sign "Goodge and Marney", which may have provided the name for Scrooge's former business partner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014548_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014548-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the chained Marley, Dickens drew on his memory of a visit to the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Commons_(Pittsburgh)#Western_Penitentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegheny Commons (Pittsburgh)">Western Penitentiary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania, in March 1842, where he saw—and was affected by seeing—fettered prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the character Tiny Tim, Dickens used his nephew Henry, a disabled boy who was five at the time <i>A Christmas Carol</i> was written.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990519–520_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990519–520-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two figures of Want and Ignorance, sheltering in the robes of the Ghost of Christmas Present, were inspired by the children Dickens had seen on his visit to a ragged school in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_British_Library_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_British_Library-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmascarol1843_--_137.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scrooge being shown two small children, depicting Ignorance and Want, by the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Christmascarol1843_--_137.jpg/170px-Christmascarol1843_--_137.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Christmascarol1843_--_137.jpg/255px-Christmascarol1843_--_137.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Christmascarol1843_--_137.jpg/340px-Christmascarol1843_--_137.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Ignorance and Want from the original edition, 1843</figcaption></figure> <p>The transformation of Scrooge is central to the story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200325GarryEl_Shamy2005132_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200325GarryEl_Shamy2005132-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davis considers Scrooge to be "a <a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">protean</a> figure always in process of reformation";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990b111_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990b111-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelly writes that the transformation is reflected in the description of Scrooge, who begins as a two-dimensional character, but who then grows into one who "possess[es] an emotional depth [and] a regret for lost opportunities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200325–26_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200325–26-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some writers, including the Dickens scholar Grace Moore, consider that there is a Christian theme running through <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, and that the novella should be seen as an <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature#Christian_allegory" title="Christian literature">allegory</a> of the Christian concept of <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201157_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201157-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickens's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Tomalin" title="Claire Tomalin">Claire Tomalin</a>, sees the conversion of Scrooge as carrying the Christian message that "even the worst of sinners may repent and become a good man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin2011149–150_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin2011149–150-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickens's attitudes towards organised religion were complex;<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he based his beliefs and principles on the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESable198667_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESable198667-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His statement that Marley "had no bowels" is a reference to the "bowels of compassion" mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a>, the reason for his eternal damnation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006421_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006421-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other writers, including Kelly, consider that Dickens put forward a "secular vision of this sacred holiday".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200312_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200312-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dickens scholar John O. Jordan argues that <i>A Christmas Carol</i> shows what Dickens referred to in a letter to his friend <a href="/wiki/John_Forster_(biographer)" title="John Forster (biographer)">John Forster</a> as his "<i>Carol</i> philosophy, cheerful views, sharp anatomisation of humbug, jolly good temper ... and a vein of glowing, hearty, generous, mirthful, beaming reference in everything to Home and Fireside".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2001121_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2001121-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a secular viewpoint, the cultural historian Penne Restad suggests that Scrooge's redemption underscores "the conservative, individualistic and patriarchal aspects" of Dickens's "<i>Carol</i> philosophy" of <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">charity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERestad1996139_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERestad1996139-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dickens wrote <i>A Christmas Carol</i> in response to British social attitudes towards poverty, particularly <a href="/wiki/Child_poverty" title="Child poverty">child poverty</a>, and wished to use the novella as a means to put forward his arguments against it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviSutherland,_British_Library_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviSutherland,_British_Library-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story shows Scrooge as a paradigm for self-interest, and the possible repercussions of ignoring the poor, especially children—personified by the allegorical figures of Want and Ignorance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201118_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201118-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two figures were created to arouse sympathy with readers—as was Tiny Tim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffe1994262_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffe1994262-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas-Fairhurst observes that the use of such figures allowed Dickens to present his message of the need for charity without alienating his largely middle-class readership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xvi_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xvi-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Title_page-First_edition_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Left-hand page shows Mr and Mrs Fezziwig dancing; the right-hand page shows the words "A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas by Charles Dickens. With illustrations by John Leech" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Title_page-First_edition_1843.jpg/220px-Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Title_page-First_edition_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Title_page-First_edition_1843.jpg/330px-Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Title_page-First_edition_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Title_page-First_edition_1843.jpg/440px-Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Title_page-First_edition_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption>First edition frontispiece and title page (1843)</figcaption></figure> <p>As the result of the disagreements with Chapman and Hall over the commercial failures of <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200317_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200317-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickens arranged to pay for the publishing himself, in exchange for a percentage of the profits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of <i>A Christmas Carol</i> was not without problems. The first printing was meant to have festive green <a href="/wiki/Endpapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Endpapers">endpapers</a>, but they came out a dull olive colour. Dickens' publisher Chapman and Hall replaced these with yellow endpapers and reworked the title page in harmonising red and blue shades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxxiVarese2009_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxxiVarese2009-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final product was bound in red cloth with gilt-edged pages, completed only two days before the publication date of 19 December 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixVarese2009Sutherland,_British_Library_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixVarese2009Sutherland,_British_Library-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following publication, Dickens arranged for the manuscript to be bound in red <a href="/wiki/Morocco_leather" title="Morocco leather">Morocco leather</a> and presented as a gift to his solicitor, Thomas Mitton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Priced at five shillings (equal to £31 in 2024 pounds),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first run of 6,000 copies sold out by Christmas Eve. Chapman and Hall issued second and third editions before the new year, and the book continued to sell well into 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix–xxStandiford2008132_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix–xxStandiford2008132-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1844 eleven more editions had been released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson19996_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19996-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its initial publication the book has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions, translated into several languages and has never been out of print.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viiiA_Christmas_Carol,_WorldCat_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viiiA_Christmas_Carol,_WorldCat-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Dickens's most popular book in the United States, and sold over two million copies in the hundred years following its first publication there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin2011150_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin2011150-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high production costs upon which Dickens insisted led to reduced profits, and the first edition brought him only £230 (equal to £29,000 in 2024 pounds)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than the £1,000 (equal to £124,000 in 2024 pounds)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he expected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200317Douglas-Fairhurst2006xx,_xvii_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200317Douglas-Fairhurst2006xx,_xvii-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, the profits were only £744, and Dickens was deeply disappointed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200317_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200317-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1864)_b_181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of Thackeray sitting in a chair at his desk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Die_Gartenlaube_%281864%29_b_181.jpg/170px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281864%29_b_181.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Die_Gartenlaube_%281864%29_b_181.jpg/255px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281864%29_b_181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Die_Gartenlaube_%281864%29_b_181.jpg/340px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281864%29_b_181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption>Thackeray in 1864. He wrote that <i>A Christmas Carol</i> was "a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackeray1844169_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackeray1844169-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Douglas-Fairhurst, contemporary reviews of <i>A Christmas Carol</i> "were almost uniformly kind".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i> described how the story's "impressive eloquence ... its unfeigned lightness of heart—its playful and sparkling humour ... its gentle spirit of humanity" all put the reader "in good humour with ourselves, with each other, with the season and with the author".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiterature,_The_Illustrated_London_News_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiterature,_The_Illustrated_London_News-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critic from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Athenaeum_(British_magazine)" title="The Athenaeum (British magazine)">The Athenaeum</a></i>, the literary magazine, considered it a "tale to make the reader laugh and cry – to open his hands, and open his heart to charity even toward the uncharitable ... a dainty dish to set before a King."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChorley18431127_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorley18431127-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a></i>, described the book as "a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness. The last two people I heard speak of it were women; neither knew the other, or the author, and both said, by way of criticism, 'God bless him!'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackeray1844169_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackeray1844169-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poet <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hood" title="Thomas Hood">Thomas Hood</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hood%27s_Magazine_and_Comic_Miscellany" title="Hood's Magazine and Comic Miscellany">his own journal</a>, wrote that "If Christmas, with its ancient and hospitable customs, its social and charitable observances, were ever in danger of decay, this is the book that would give them a new lease."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHood184468_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHood184468-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reviewer for <i><a href="/wiki/Tait%27s_Edinburgh_Magazine" title="Tait's Edinburgh Magazine">Tait's Edinburgh Magazine</a></i>—<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Martin" title="Theodore Martin">Theodore Martin</a>, who was usually critical of Dickens's work<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—spoke well of <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, noting it was "a noble book, finely felt and calculated to work much social good".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1844129_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1844129-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Dickens's death, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Oliphant" title="Margaret Oliphant">Margaret Oliphant</a> deplored the turkey and plum pudding aspects of the book but admitted that in the days of its first publication it was regarded as "a new gospel", and noted that the book was unique in that it made people behave better.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religious press generally ignored the tale but, in January 1844, <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Remembrancer" title="Christian Remembrancer">Christian Remembrancer</a></i> thought the tale's old and hackneyed subject was treated in an original way and praised the author's sense of humour and pathos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2015169Notice_of_Books,_The_Christian_Remembrancer119_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2015169Notice_of_Books,_The_Christian_Remembrancer119-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer and social thinker <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> told a friend that he thought Dickens had taken the religion from Christmas, and had imagined it as "mistletoe and pudding – neither resurrection from the dead, nor rising of new stars, nor teaching of wise men, nor shepherds".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a59_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a59-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were critics of the book. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Monthly_Magazine" title="The New Monthly Magazine">The New Monthly Magazine</a></i> praised the story, but thought the book's physical excesses—the gilt edges and expensive binding—kept the price high, making it unavailable to the poor. The review recommended that the tale should be printed on cheap paper and priced accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristmas_Carol,_New_Monthly_Magazine_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristmas_Carol,_New_Monthly_Magazine-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unnamed writer for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Westminster_Review" title="The Westminster Review">The Westminster Review</a></i> mocked Dickens's grasp of economics, asking "Who went without turkey and punch in order that Bob Cratchit might get them—for, unless there were turkeys and punch in surplus, someone must go without".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior1844186_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior1844186-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dickens had criticised the US in <i><a href="/wiki/American_Notes" title="American Notes">American Notes</a></i> and <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i>, making American readers reluctant to embrace his work, but by the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the book had gained wide recognition in American households.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERestad1996136_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERestad1996136-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1863 <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> published an enthusiastic review, noting that the author brought the "old Christmas ... of bygone centuries and remote manor houses, into the living rooms of the poor of today".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_Dickens,_New_York_Times_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_Dickens,_New_York_Times-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech,1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Ghost of Christmas Present sitting in front of a roaring fire, and a large spread of food, talking to a scared Scrooge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/170px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/255px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/340px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>"The Ghost of Christmas Present" from the original edition, 1843</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1844 Parley's Illuminated Library published an unauthorised version of the story in a condensed form which they sold for <a href="/wiki/Twopence_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Twopence (British pre-decimal coin)">twopence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickens wrote to his solicitor </p> <blockquote><p>I have not the least doubt that if these Vagabonds can be stopped they must. ... Let us be the <i>sledge-hammer</i> in this, or I shall be beset by hundreds of the same crew when I come out with a long story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200318–19_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200318–19-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Two days after the release of the Parley version, Dickens sued on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> and won. The publishers declared themselves bankrupt and Dickens was left to pay £700 in costs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990416Tomalin2011150_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990416Tomalin2011150-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small profits Dickens earned from <i>A Christmas Carol</i> further strained his relationship with his publishers, and he broke with them in favour of <a href="/wiki/Bradbury_and_Evans" title="Bradbury and Evans">Bradbury and Evans</a>, who had been printing his works to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2011_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dickens returned to the tale several times during his life to amend the phrasing and punctuation. He capitalised on the success of the book by publishing other Christmas stories: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chimes" title="The Chimes">The Chimes</a></i> (1844), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cricket_on_the_Hearth" title="The Cricket on the Hearth">The Cricket on the Hearth</a></i> (1845), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Life" title="The Battle of Life">The Battle of Life</a></i> (1846) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Man_and_the_Ghost%27s_Bargain" title="The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain">The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain</a></i> (1848); these were secular conversion tales which acknowledged the progressive societal changes of the previous year, and highlighted those social problems which still needed to be addressed. While the public eagerly bought the later books, the reviewers were highly critical of the stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxi–xxiii_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxi–xxiii-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performances_and_adaptations">Performances and adaptations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_A_Christmas_Carol" title="Adaptations of A Christmas Carol">Adaptations of <i>A Christmas Carol</i></a></div> <p>By 1849 Dickens was engaged with <i><a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield" title="David Copperfield">David Copperfield</a></i> and had neither the time nor the inclination to produce another Christmas book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxvii_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxvii-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He decided the best way to reach his audience with his "Carol philosophy" was by public readings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxviii_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxviii-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Christmas 1853 he gave a reading in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall" title="Birmingham Town Hall">Birmingham Town Hall</a> to the Industrial and Literary Institute. He insisted that tickets be reserved for working-class attendees at quarter-price and the performance was a great success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2009353_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2009353-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens_Visits_Birmingham,_Birmingham_Conservation_Trust_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens_Visits_Birmingham,_Birmingham_Conservation_Trust-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari2020_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari2020-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, he read the tale in an abbreviated version 127 times, until 1870 (the year of his death), including at his farewell performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillen20058–10Douglas-Fairhurst2006xxviiiLedger2007119_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillen20058–10Douglas-Fairhurst2006xxviiiLedger2007119-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm/220px--Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="160" data-durationhint="300" data-mwtitle="Scrooge_or_Marley's_Ghost_(1901)_-_yt.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_(1901)_-_yt.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="660" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="660" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="198" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="330" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="496" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm/Scrooge_or_Marley%27s_Ghost_%281901%29_-_yt.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="496" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>First film adaptation, <i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge,_or,_Marley%27s_Ghost" title="Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost">Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost</a></i>, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years following the book's publication, responses to the tale were published by W. M. Swepstone (<i>Christmas Shadows</i>, 1850), <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger" title="Horatio Alger">Horatio Alger</a> (<i>Job Warner's Christmas</i>, 1863), <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a> (<i>A Christmas Dream, and How It Came True</i>, 1882), and others who followed Scrooge's life as a reformed man – or some who thought Dickens had got it wrong and needed to be corrected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxi_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxi-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The novella was adapted for the stage almost immediately. Three productions opened on 5 February 1844, one by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stirling_(playwright)" title="Edward Stirling (playwright)">Edward Stirling</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol;_or,_Past,_Present,_and_Future" title="A Christmas Carol; or, Past, Present, and Future">A Christmas Carol; or, Past, Present, and Future</a></i>, being sanctioned by Dickens and running for more than 40 nights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008168_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008168-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the close of February 1844 eight rival <i>A Christmas Carol</i> theatrical productions were playing in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story has been adapted for film and television more than any of Dickens's other works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland,_British_Library_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland,_British_Library-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901 it was produced as <i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge,_or,_Marley%27s_Ghost" title="Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost">Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent</a> <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-and-white film">black-and-white</a> British film; it was one of the first known adaptations of a Dickens work on film, but it is now largely <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrooge,_or,_Marley's_Ghost,_BFI_Screenonline_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrooge,_or,_Marley's_Ghost,_BFI_Screenonline-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story was adapted in 1923 for <a href="/wiki/BBC_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC radio">BBC radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA_Christmas_Carol,_BBC_Genome_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_Christmas_Carol,_BBC_Genome-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been adapted to other media, including opera, ballet, animation, stage musicals and a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> mime production starring <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Marceau" title="Marcel Marceau">Marcel Marceau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viii_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viii-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davis considers the adaptations have become better remembered than the original. Some of Dickens's scenes—such as visiting the miners and lighthouse keepers—have been forgotten by many, while other events often added—such as Scrooge visiting the Cratchits on Christmas Day—are now thought by many to be part of the original story. Accordingly, Davis distinguishes between the original text and the "remembered version".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a3–4_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a3–4-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Christmas_Carol_-_Scrooge_Extinguishes_the_First_of_the_Three_Spirits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scrooge pushing a large candle damper over the first ghost" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/A_Christmas_Carol_-_Scrooge_Extinguishes_the_First_of_the_Three_Spirits.jpg/170px-A_Christmas_Carol_-_Scrooge_Extinguishes_the_First_of_the_Three_Spirits.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/A_Christmas_Carol_-_Scrooge_Extinguishes_the_First_of_the_Three_Spirits.jpg/255px-A_Christmas_Carol_-_Scrooge_Extinguishes_the_First_of_the_Three_Spirits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/A_Christmas_Carol_-_Scrooge_Extinguishes_the_First_of_the_Three_Spirits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Scrooge extinguishing the first spirit</figcaption></figure> <p>The phrase "<a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season#History_of_the_phrase" title="Christmas and holiday season">Merry Christmas</a>" had been around for many years – the earliest known written use was in a letter in 1534 – but Dickens's use of the phrase in <i>A Christmas Carol</i> popularised it among the Victorian public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECochrane1996126Martin2011_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECochrane1996126Martin2011-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exclamation "<a href="/wiki/Humbug" title="Humbug">Bah! Humbug!</a>" entered popular use in the English language as a retort to anything sentimental or overly festive;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008183_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008183-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the name "Scrooge" became used as a designation for a miser and was added to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> as such in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrooge,_n._OED_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrooge,_n._OED-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 19th century the celebration of Christmas was associated in Britain with the countryside and peasant revels, disconnected to the increasing urbanisation and industrialisation taking place. Davis considers that in <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, Dickens showed that Christmas could be celebrated in towns and cities, despite increasing modernisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a13_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a13-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern observance of Christmas in English-speaking countries is largely the result of a Victorian-era revival of the holiday. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> of the 1830s and 1840s had produced a resurgence of the traditional rituals and religious observances associated with <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a> and, with <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, Dickens captured the <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">zeitgeist</a> while he reflected and reinforced his vision of Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell1993Hutton1996113Kelly20039_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell1993Hutton1996113Kelly20039-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dickens advocated a humanitarian focus of the holiday,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes200862_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200862-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which influenced several aspects of Christmas that are still celebrated in Western culture, such as family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games and a festive generosity of spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20039,_12_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20039,_12-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> writes that Dickens "linked worship and feasting, within a context of social reconciliation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton1996113_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1996113-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The novelist <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a>, analysing several of Dickens's Christmas stories, including <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, considered that by 1891 the "pathos appears false and strained; the humor largely horseplay; the characters theatrical; the joviality pumped; the psychology commonplace; the sociology alone funny".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowells1910276–277_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowells1910276–277-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a98_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a98-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> considered that Dickens took a childish approach with <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, producing a gap between the naïve optimism of the story and the realities of life at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a98_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a98-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dickens_-_Christmas_Carol_editions_-_2020-01-03_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dickens_-_Christmas_Carol_editions_-_2020-01-03_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_04.jpg/170px-Dickens_-_Christmas_Carol_editions_-_2020-01-03_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dickens_-_Christmas_Carol_editions_-_2020-01-03_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_04.jpg/255px-Dickens_-_Christmas_Carol_editions_-_2020-01-03_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dickens_-_Christmas_Carol_editions_-_2020-01-03_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_04.jpg/340px-Dickens_-_Christmas_Carol_editions_-_2020-01-03_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption>A few of the many editions of <i>A Christmas Carol</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Ruth Glancy, the professor of English literature, states that the largest impact of <i>A Christmas Carol</i> was the influence felt by individual readers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlancy1985xii_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlancy1985xii-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1844 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine" title="The Gentleman's Magazine">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i> attributed a rise of charitable giving in Britain to Dickens's novella;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200828_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200828-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1874, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>, after reading Dickens's Christmas books, vowed to give generously to those in need,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy201644_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy201644-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Thomas Carlyle expressed a generous hospitality by hosting two Christmas dinners after reading the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2003xx_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2003xx-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867 one American businessman was so moved by attending a reading that he closed his factory on Christmas Day and sent every employee a turkey,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the early years of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Wales" title="Maud of Wales">Maud of Wales</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Norway">Queen of Norway</a> – sent gifts to London's crippled children signed "With Tiny Tim's Love".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlancy1985xiii_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlancy1985xiii-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the novella, the author <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> wrote "The beauty and blessing of the story ... lie in the great furnace of real happiness that glows through Scrooge and everything around him. ... Whether the Christmas visions would or would not convert Scrooge, they convert us."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterton1989137_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterton1989137-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysing the changes made to adaptations over time, Davis sees changes to the focus of the story and its characters to reflect mainstream thinking of the period. While Dickens's Victorian audiences would have viewed the tale as a spiritual but secular parable, in the early 20th century it became a children's story, read by parents who remembered their parents reading it when they were younger. In the lead-up to and during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Davis suggests that while some saw the story as a "denunciation of capitalism, ...most read it as a way to escape oppressive economic realities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a13–14_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a13–14-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film versions of the 1930s were different in the UK and US. British-made films showed a traditional telling of the story, while US-made works showed Cratchit in a more central role, escaping the depression caused by European bankers and celebrating what Davis calls "the Christmas of the common man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a14_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a14-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, Scrooge was sometimes portrayed as a Freudian figure wrestling with his past. By the 1980s he was again set in a world of depression and economic uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a14_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a14-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas-themed_literature" title="List of Christmas-themed literature">List of Christmas-themed literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickens_Christmas_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dickens Christmas fair">Dickens Christmas fair</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Invented_Christmas_(film)" title="The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)">The Man Who Invented Christmas</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These were <i><a href="/wiki/Sketches_by_Boz" title="Sketches by Boz">Sketches by Boz</a></i> (1836); <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers" title="The Pickwick Papers">The Pickwick Papers</a></i> (1836); <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Nickleby" title="Nicholas Nickleby">Nicholas Nickleby</a></i> (1837); <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i> (1838); <i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Curiosity_Shop" title="The Old Curiosity Shop">The Old Curiosity Shop</a></i> (1841); and <i><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rudge" title="Barnaby Rudge">Barnaby Rudge</a></i> (1841).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiedrick198780_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiedrick198780-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serialisation was in 20 parts, which concluded on 30 June 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990392_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990392-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The addition of the line has proved contentious to some.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a133_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a133-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One writer in <i>The Dickensian</i> – the journal of the <a href="/wiki/Dickens_Fellowship" title="Dickens Fellowship">Dickens Fellowship</a> wrote in 1933 that "the fate of Tiny Tim should be a matter of dignified reticence ... Dickens was carried away by exuberance, and momentarily forgot good taste".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a133_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a133-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlyle's original question was written in his 1840 work <i>Chartism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlyle184032_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlyle184032-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grub's name came from a 19th-century Dutch miser, Gabriel de Graaf, a morose gravedigger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlleyne2007_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlleyne2007-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scroggie was unlike Scrooge in nature, and was described as "a well-known hedonist who loved wine, women, and parties ... a dandy and terrible philanderer who had several sexual liaisons which made him the talk of the town ... a jovial and kindly man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014412_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014412-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry was also used as the basis for Paul Dombey Jr in <i><a href="/wiki/Dombey_and_Son" title="Dombey and Son">Dombey and Son</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990519_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990519-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Others who have examined the Christian theme include <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rowell" title="Geoffrey Rowell">Geoffrey Rowell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell1993_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell1993-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claire_Tomalin" title="Claire Tomalin">Claire Tomalin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin2011150_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin2011150-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Martin Sable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESable198667_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESable198667-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The author <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> wrote of Dickens's religious views that "the tone of Dickens towards religion, though like that of most of his contemporaries, philosophically disturbed and rather historically ignorant, had an element that was very characteristic of himself. He had all the prejudices of his time. He had, for instance, that dislike of defined dogmas, which really means a preference for unexamined dogmas."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterton1989163_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterton1989163-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dickens stated that "I have always striven in my writings to express the veneration for the life and lessons of our Saviour."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1871308_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1871308-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full verse of I John 3:17 is "But whoso hath this world's good, and seeth his brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006421_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006421-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1875 Mitton sold the manuscript to the bookseller <a href="/wiki/Francis_Harvey" title="Francis Harvey">Francis Harvey</a> – reportedly for £50 (equal to £5,900 in 2024 pounds) –<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who sold it to the autograph collector, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Churchill">Henry George Churchill</a>, in 1882; in turn Churchill sold the manuscript to Bennett, a Birmingham bookseller. Bennett sold it for £200 to Robson and Kerslake of London, which sold it to Dickens collector <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Samuel_(politician)" title="Stuart Samuel (politician)">Stuart M. Samuel</a> for £300. It was purchased by <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. Pierpont Morgan</a> for an undisclosed sum and is now held by the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a>, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxxProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxxProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickens's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Tomalin" title="Claire Tomalin">Claire Tomalin</a>, puts the first edition profits at £137, and those by the end of 1844 at £726.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin2011150_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin2011150-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Parley version was titled <i>A Christmas Ghost Story reoriginated from the original by Charles Dickens Esquire and analytically condensed for this work</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200318_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200318-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One example of this was the introduction of turkey as the main meat of the Christmas meal. In Britain the tradition had been to eat roast goose, but a change to turkey followed the publication of the book. By 1868 <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Beeton" title="Isabella Beeton">Mrs Beeton</a>, in her <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management">Book of Household Management</a></i>, advised her readers that "A Christmas dinner, with the middle-class of this empire, would scarcely be a Christmas dinner without its turkey."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008183_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008183-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd199067–68Slater2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd199067–68Slater2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroyd1990">Ackroyd 1990</a>, pp. 67–68; <a href="#CITEREFSlater2011">Slater 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiedrick198780-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiedrick198780_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiedrick198780_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiedrick1987">Diedrick 1987</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990392-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990392_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990392_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroyd1990">Ackroyd 1990</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200927-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallow200927_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallow2009">Callow 2009</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalumia2001Sutherland,_British_Library-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalumia2001Sutherland,_British_Library_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalumia2001">Lalumia 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSutherland,_British_Library">Sutherland, British Library</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell1993StudwellJones19988,_10Callow2009128-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell1993StudwellJones19988,_10Callow2009128_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell1993">Rowell 1993</a>; <a href="#CITEREFStudwellJones1998">Studwell & Jones 1998</a>, pp. 8, 10; <a href="#CITEREFCallow2009">Callow 2009</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200930-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallow200930_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallow2009">Callow 2009</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200319–20Slater2003xvi-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200319–20Slater2003xvi_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, pp. 19–20; <a href="#CITEREFSlater2003">Slater 2003</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2003xvi-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2003xvi_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2003xvi_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlater2003">Slater 2003</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a25-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a25_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990a">Davis 1990a</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200312-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200312_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200312_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200320-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200320_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERestad1996137-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERestad1996137_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRestad1996">Restad 1996</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viiiLedger2007117-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viiiLedger2007117_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. viii; <a href="#CITEREFLedger2007">Ledger 2007</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxiv-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxiv_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2011-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2011_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2011_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2011_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlater2011">Slater 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPykett201792-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPykett201792_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPykett2017">Pykett 2017</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_British_Library-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_British_Library_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_British_Library_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee,_British_Library">Lee, British Library</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200938-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallow200938_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallow2009">Callow 2009</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELedger2007119-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedger2007119_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLedger2007">Ledger 2007</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200315Sutherland,_British_Library-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200315Sutherland,_British_Library_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFSutherland,_British_Library">Sutherland, British Library</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200315Douglas-Fairhurst2006xvi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200315Douglas-Fairhurst2006xvi_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviCallow200938-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviCallow200938_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xvi; <a href="#CITEREFCallow2009">Callow 2009</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell1993-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell1993_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell1993_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell1993">Rowell 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixSlater2011-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixSlater2011_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xix; <a href="#CITEREFSlater2011">Slater 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin2011148–149-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin2011148–149_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomalin2011">Tomalin 2011</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a7-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a7_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990a">Davis 1990a</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixTomalin2011148-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixTomalin2011148_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xix; <a href="#CITEREFTomalin2011">Tomalin 2011</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a133-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a133_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a133_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a133_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990a">Davis 1990a</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014522-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014522_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeVito2014">DeVito 2014</a>, 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens18433-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens18433_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickens1843">Dickens 1843</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200314-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200314_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonMcConnell2008DeVito2014424-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonMcConnell2008DeVito2014424_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordonMcConnell2008">Gordon & McConnell 2008</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDeVito2014">DeVito 2014</a>, 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2015Chapter_5Sillence201540-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2015Chapter_5Sillence201540_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan2015">Jordan 2015</a>, Chapter 5; <a href="#CITEREFSillence2015">Sillence 2015</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElwell2001DeVito2014645-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElwell2001DeVito2014645_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElwell2001">Elwell 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDeVito2014">DeVito 2014</a>, 645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlyle184032-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlyle184032_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlyle1840">Carlyle 1840</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990409-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990409_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroyd1990">Ackroyd 1990</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviiiAlleyne2007-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviiiAlleyne2007_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xviii; <a href="#CITEREFAlleyne2007">Alleyne 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlleyne2007-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlleyne2007_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlleyne2007">Alleyne 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014392-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014392_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeVito2014">DeVito 2014</a>, 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014412-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014412_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeVito2014">DeVito 2014</a>, 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling2014-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling2014_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling2014">Pelling 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014548-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVito2014548_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeVito2014">DeVito 2014</a>, 548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990519–520-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990519–520_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroyd1990">Ackroyd 1990</a>, pp. 519–520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990519-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990519_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroyd1990">Ackroyd 1990</a>, p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200325GarryEl_Shamy2005132-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200325GarryEl_Shamy2005132_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFGarryEl_Shamy2005">Garry & El Shamy 2005</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990b111-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990b111_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990b">Davis 1990b</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200325–26-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200325–26_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201157-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201157_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore2011">Moore 2011</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin2011150-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin2011150_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin2011150_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin2011150_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomalin2011">Tomalin 2011</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESable198667-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESable198667_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESable198667_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSable1986">Sable 1986</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin2011149–150-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin2011149–150_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomalin2011">Tomalin 2011</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterton1989163-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterton1989163_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChesterton1989">Chesterton 1989</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1871308-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1871308_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1871">Hammond 1871</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006421-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006421_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006421_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2001121-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2001121_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan2001">Jordan 2001</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERestad1996139-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERestad1996139_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRestad1996">Restad 1996</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviSutherland,_British_Library-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviSutherland,_British_Library_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xvi; <a href="#CITEREFSutherland,_British_Library">Sutherland, British Library</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201118-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201118_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore2011">Moore 2011</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffe1994262-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffe1994262_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffe1994">Jaffe 1994</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xvi-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xvi_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200317-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200317_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200317_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxxiVarese2009-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxxiVarese2009_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xxxi; <a href="#CITEREFVarese2009">Varese 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixVarese2009Sutherland,_British_Library-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xixVarese2009Sutherland,_British_Library_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xix; <a href="#CITEREFVarese2009">Varese 2009</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSutherland,_British_Library">Sutherland, British Library</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum">Provenance, The Morgan Library & Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUK_CPI_inflation_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUK_CPI_inflation">UK CPI inflation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxxProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxxProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xxx; <a href="#CITEREFProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum">Provenance, The Morgan Library & Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix–xxStandiford2008132-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix–xxStandiford2008132_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, pp. xix–xx; <a href="#CITEREFStandiford2008">Standiford 2008</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19996-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson19996_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1999">Jackson 1999</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viiiA_Christmas_Carol,_WorldCat-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viiiA_Christmas_Carol,_WorldCat_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. viii; <a href="#CITEREFA_Christmas_Carol,_WorldCat">A Christmas Carol, WorldCat</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200317Douglas-Fairhurst2006xx,_xvii-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200317Douglas-Fairhurst2006xx,_xvii_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, pp. xx, xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackeray1844169-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackeray1844169_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackeray1844169_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThackeray1844">Thackeray 1844</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xx_87-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiterature,_The_Illustrated_London_News-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiterature,_The_Illustrated_London_News_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiterature,_The_Illustrated_London_News">Literature, The Illustrated London News</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorley18431127-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChorley18431127_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChorley1843">Chorley 1843</a>, p. 1127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHood184468-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHood184468_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHood1844">Hood 1844</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1844129-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1844129_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1844">Martin 1844</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2015169Notice_of_Books,_The_Christian_Remembrancer119-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2015169Notice_of_Books,_The_Christian_Remembrancer119_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch2015">Welch 2015</a>, p. 169; <a href="#CITEREFNotice_of_Books,_The_Christian_Remembrancer">Notice of Books, The Christian Remembrancer</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a59-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a59_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990a">Davis 1990a</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristmas_Carol,_New_Monthly_Magazine-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristmas_Carol,_New_Monthly_Magazine_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristmas_Carol,_New_Monthly_Magazine">Christmas Carol, New Monthly Magazine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior1844186-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior1844186_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenior1844">Senior 1844</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERestad1996136-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERestad1996136_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRestad1996">Restad 1996</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_Dickens,_New_York_Times-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_Dickens,_New_York_Times_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharles_Dickens,_New_York_Times">Charles Dickens, New York Times</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200318-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200318_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200318–19-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200318–19_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990416Tomalin2011150-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990416Tomalin2011150_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroyd1990">Ackroyd 1990</a>, p. 416; <a href="#CITEREFTomalin2011">Tomalin 2011</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxi–xxiii-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxi–xxiii_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, pp. xxi–xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxvii-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxvii_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxviii-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxviii_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2009353-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2009353_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlater2009">Slater 2009</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens_Visits_Birmingham,_Birmingham_Conservation_Trust-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens_Visits_Birmingham,_Birmingham_Conservation_Trust_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickens_Visits_Birmingham,_Birmingham_Conservation_Trust">Dickens Visits Birmingham, Birmingham Conservation Trust</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari2020-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari2020_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsari2020">Ansari 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillen20058–10Douglas-Fairhurst2006xxviiiLedger2007119-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillen20058–10Douglas-Fairhurst2006xxviiiLedger2007119_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBillen2005">Billen 2005</a>, pp. 8–10; <a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xxviii; <a href="#CITEREFLedger2007">Ledger 2007</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxi-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xxi_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008168-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008168_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandiford2008">Standiford 2008</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland,_British_Library-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland,_British_Library_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland,_British_Library">Sutherland, British Library</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrooge,_or,_Marley's_Ghost,_BFI_Screenonline-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrooge,_or,_Marley's_Ghost,_BFI_Screenonline_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScrooge,_or,_Marley's_Ghost,_BFI_Screenonline">Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost, BFI Screenonline</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA_Christmas_Carol,_BBC_Genome-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA_Christmas_Carol,_BBC_Genome_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA_Christmas_Carol,_BBC_Genome">A Christmas Carol, BBC Genome</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viii-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006viii_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a3–4-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a3–4_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990a">Davis 1990a</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECochrane1996126Martin2011-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECochrane1996126Martin2011_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCochrane1996">Cochrane 1996</a>, p. 126; <a href="#CITEREFMartin2011">Martin 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008183-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008183_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandiford2008183_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandiford2008">Standiford 2008</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScrooge,_n._OED-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScrooge,_n._OED_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScrooge,_n._OED">Scrooge, n. OED</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a13-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a13_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990a">Davis 1990a</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell1993Hutton1996113Kelly20039-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell1993Hutton1996113Kelly20039_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell1993">Rowell 1993</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHutton1996">Hutton 1996</a>, p. 113; <a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200862-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes200862_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForbes2008">Forbes 2008</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20039,_12-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20039,_12_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, pp. 9, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1996113-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton1996113_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton1996">Hutton 1996</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowells1910276–277-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowells1910276–277_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowells1910">Howells 1910</a>, pp. 276–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a98-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a98_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a98_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990a">Davis 1990a</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlancy1985xii-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlancy1985xii_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlancy1985">Glancy 1985</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200828-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison200828_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison2008">Harrison 2008</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy201644-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeacy201644_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeacy2016">Deacy 2016</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2003xx-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2003xx_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlater2003">Slater 2003</a>, p. xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlancy1985xiii-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlancy1985xiii_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlancy1985">Glancy 1985</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesterton1989137-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesterton1989137_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChesterton1989">Chesterton 1989</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a13–14-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a13–14_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990a">Davis 1990a</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a14-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a14_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990a14_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990a">Davis 1990a</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAckroyd1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Ackroyd, Peter</a> (1990). <i>Dickens</i>. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85619-000-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85619-000-8"><bdi>978-1-85619-000-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dickens&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sinclair-Stevenson&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85619-000-8&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillen2005" class="citation book cs1">Billen, Andrew (2005). <i>Charles Dickens: The Man Who Invented Christmas</i>. London: Short Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904977-18-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904977-18-6"><bdi>978-1-904977-18-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Dickens%3A+The+Man+Who+Invented+Christmas&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Short+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904977-18-6&rft.aulast=Billen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallow2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Callow" title="Simon Callow">Callow, Simon</a> (2009). <i>Dickens' Christmas: A Victorian Celebration</i>. London: Frances Lincoln. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3031-6"><bdi>978-0-7112-3031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dickens%27+Christmas%3A+A+Victorian+Celebration&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-3031-6&rft.aulast=Callow&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle1840" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle, Thomas</a> (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chartism02carlgoog"><i>Chartism</i></a>. London: J. Fraser. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247585901">247585901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chartism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Fraser&rft.date=1840&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247585901&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchartism02carlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesterton1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton, G. K.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFVZUHh6KUwC&pg=PP1"><i>The Collected Works of G.K. Chesterton: Chesterton on Dickens</i></a>. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-258-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-258-3"><bdi>978-0-89870-258-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+G.K.+Chesterton%3A+Chesterton+on+Dickens&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-258-3&rft.aulast=Chesterton&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFVZUHh6KUwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane1996" class="citation book cs1">Cochrane, Robertson (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wordplayoriginsm0000coch"><i>Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language</i></a></span>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7752-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-7752-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wordplay%3A+origins%2C+meanings%2C+and+usage+of+the+English+language&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7752-3&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwordplayoriginsm0000coch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1990a" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Paul (1990a). <i>The Lives and Times of Ebenezer Scrooge</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04664-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04664-9"><bdi>978-0-300-04664-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+and+Times+of+Ebenezer+Scrooge&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04664-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeacy2016" class="citation book cs1">Deacy, Christopher (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=13jADAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Christmas as Religion: Rethinking Santa, the Secular, and the Sacred</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-106955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-106955-0"><bdi>978-0-19-106955-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+as+Religion%3A+Rethinking+Santa%2C+the+Secular%2C+and+the+Sacred&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-106955-0&rft.aulast=Deacy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D13jADAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVito2014" class="citation book cs1">DeVito, Carlo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eM9tBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Inventing Scrooge</i></a> (Kindle ed.). Kennebunkport, ME: Cider Mill Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60433-555-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60433-555-2"><bdi>978-1-60433-555-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Scrooge&rft.place=Kennebunkport%2C+ME&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Cider+Mill+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-60433-555-2&rft.aulast=DeVito&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeM9tBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1843" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens, Charles</a> (1843). <i>A Christmas Carol</i>. London: Chapman and Hall. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181675592">181675592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181675592&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiedrick1987" class="citation book cs1">Diedrick, James (1987). "Charles Dickens". In Thesing, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victorianprosewr55nari"><i>Dictionary of Literary Biography: Victorian Prose Writers before 1867</i></a>. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-1733-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-1733-8"><bdi>978-0-8103-1733-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+Dickens&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Literary+Biography%3A+Victorian+Prose+Writers+before+1867&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-1733-8&rft.aulast=Diedrick&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictorianprosewr55nari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006" class="citation book cs1">Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert (2006). "Introduction". In Dickens, Charles (ed.). <i>A Christmas Carol and other Christmas Books</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. vii–xxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920474-8"><bdi>978-0-19-920474-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol+and+other+Christmas+Books&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=vii-xxix&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920474-8&rft.aulast=Douglas-Fairhurst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2008" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Bruce David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqmlzjMYMRAC&pg=PP1"><i>Christmas: A Candid History</i></a>. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25802-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25802-0"><bdi>978-0-520-25802-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas%3A+A+Candid+History&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25802-0&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Bruce+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDqmlzjMYMRAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarryEl_Shamy2005" class="citation book cs1">Garry, Jane; El Shamy, Hasan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn6pWMverBIC&pg=PP1"><i>Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature</i></a>. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2953-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2953-1"><bdi>978-0-7656-2953-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archetypes+and+Motifs+in+Folklore+and+Literature&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2953-1&rft.aulast=Garry&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=El+Shamy%2C+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCn6pWMverBIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlancy1985" class="citation book cs1">Glancy, Ruth F. (1985). <i>Dickens' Christmas Books, Christmas Stories, and Other Short Fiction</i>. Michigan: Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8988-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8988-7"><bdi>978-0-8240-8988-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dickens%27+Christmas+Books%2C+Christmas+Stories%2C+and+Other+Short+Fiction&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-8988-7&rft.aulast=Glancy&rft.aufirst=Ruth+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1871" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, R. A. (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandwritings00hammgoog"><i>The Life and Writings of Charles Dickens: A Memorial Volume</i></a>. Toronto: Maclear & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Writings+of+Charles+Dickens%3A+A+Memorial+Volume&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Maclear+%26+Company&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeandwritings00hammgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2008" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Mary-Catherine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sblHJnMGUA8C&pg=PP1"><i>Sentimental Realism: Poverty and the Ethics of Empathy, 1832–1867</i></a> (Thesis). Ann Arbor, MI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-51095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-51095-6"><bdi>978-0-549-51095-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sentimental+Realism%3A+Poverty+and+the+Ethics+of+Empathy%2C+1832%E2%80%931867&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-51095-6&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Mary-Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsblHJnMGUA8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowells1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">Howells, William Dean</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/my00howeliterarypassiorich#page/n7"><i>My literary passions, criticism and fiction</i></a>. New York and London: Harper & Brother. p. 2986994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77667-633-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77667-633-0"><bdi>978-1-77667-633-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+literary+passions%2C+criticism+and+fiction&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=2986994&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brother&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-1-77667-633-0&rft.aulast=Howells&rft.aufirst=William+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmy00howeliterarypassiorich%23page%2Fn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt"><i>Stations of the Sun: The Ritual Year in England</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285448-3"><bdi>978-0-19-285448-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stations+of+the+Sun%3A+The+Ritual+Year+in+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285448-3&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstationsofsunhis0000hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2015" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Christine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tuYgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Secret Gloucester</i></a>. Stroud, Glos: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4689-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4689-3"><bdi>978-1-4456-4689-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Gloucester&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Glos&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-4689-3&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtuYgCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2001" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, John O. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPe7uCbGvPUC&pg=PP1"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66964-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66964-1"><bdi>978-0-521-66964-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Charles+Dickens&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66964-1&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPe7uCbGvPUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2003" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Richard Michael (2003). "Introduction". In Dickens, Charles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APL1OY2t3JgC&pg=PA9"><i>A Christmas Carol</i></a>. Ontario: Broadway Press. pp. 9–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-476-7"><bdi>978-1-55111-476-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol&rft.place=Ontario&rft.pages=9-30&rft.pub=Broadway+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-476-7&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Richard+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPL1OY2t3JgC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedger2007" class="citation book cs1">Ledger, Sally (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtrJ9LOzIwwC&pg=PP1"><i>Dickens and the Popular Radical Imagination</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84577-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84577-9"><bdi>978-0-521-84577-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dickens+and+the+Popular+Radical+Imagination&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84577-9&rft.aulast=Ledger&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEtrJ9LOzIwwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Grace (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lfmqz6ybAVEC&pg=PP1"><i>Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol</i></a>. St Kilda, VIC: Insight Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921411-91-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921411-91-5"><bdi>978-1-921411-91-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Dickens%27+A+Christmas+Carol&rft.place=St+Kilda%2C+VIC&rft.pub=Insight+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-921411-91-5&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlfmqz6ybAVEC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPykett2017" class="citation book cs1">Pykett, Lyn (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChpHEAAAQBAJ"><i>Charles Dickens</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1919-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1919-9"><bdi>978-1-4039-1919-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Dickens&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1919-9&rft.aulast=Pykett&rft.aufirst=Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DChpHEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestad1996" class="citation book cs1">Restad, Penne L. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0pnJDKfYi3QC&pg=PP1"><i>Christmas in America: a History</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510980-1"><bdi>978-0-19-510980-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+America%3A+a+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510980-1&rft.aulast=Restad&rft.aufirst=Penne+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0pnJDKfYi3QC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSillence2015" class="citation book cs1">Sillence, Rebecca (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bWnGCQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Gloucester History Tour</i></a>. Stroud, Glos: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4859-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4859-0"><bdi>978-1-4456-4859-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gloucester+History+Tour&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Glos&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-4859-0&rft.aulast=Sillence&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbWnGCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2003" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Michael (2003). "Introduction". In Dickens, Charles (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christmascarolot00dick_0/page/"><i>A Christmas Carol and other Christmas Writings</i></a></span>. London: Penguin Books. pp. xi–xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043905-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043905-2"><bdi>978-0-14-043905-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol+and+other+Christmas+Writings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xi-xxviii&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-043905-2&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristmascarolot00dick_0%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2009" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Michael (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesdickens0000slat"><i>Charles Dickens</i></a></span>. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16552-4"><bdi>978-0-300-16552-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Dickens&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16552-4&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlesdickens0000slat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandiford2008" class="citation book cs1">Standiford, Les (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manwhoinventedch0000stan"><i>The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits</i></a>. New York: Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-40578-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-40578-4"><bdi>978-0-307-40578-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Invented+Christmas%3A+How+Charles+Dickens%27s+A+Christmas+Carol+Rescued+His+Career+and+Revived+Our+Holiday+Spirits&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-307-40578-4&rft.aulast=Standiford&rft.aufirst=Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanwhoinventedch0000stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudwellJones1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Studwell" title="William Studwell">Studwell, William Emmett</a>; Jones, Dorothy E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae7mH0jR_k4C&pg=PP1"><i>Publishing Glad Tidings: Essays on Christmas Music</i></a>. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-0398-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-0398-0"><bdi>978-0-7890-0398-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Publishing+Glad+Tidings%3A+Essays+on+Christmas+Music&rft.place=Binghamton%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Haworth+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7890-0398-0&rft.aulast=Studwell&rft.aufirst=William+Emmett&rft.au=Jones%2C+Dorothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAe7mH0jR_k4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomalin2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claire_Tomalin" title="Claire Tomalin">Tomalin, Claire</a> (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesdickensli0000toma"><i>Charles Dickens: A Life</i></a></span>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91767-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-91767-9"><bdi>978-0-670-91767-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Dickens%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-670-91767-9&rft.aulast=Tomalin&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlesdickensli0000toma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2015" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Bob (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vh-MBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>52 Little Lessons from a Christmas Carol</i></a>. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4002-0675-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4002-0675-9"><bdi>978-1-4002-0675-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=52+Little+Lessons+from+a+Christmas+Carol&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4002-0675-9&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvh-MBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_resources">Online resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Christmas_Carol,_BBC_Genome" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/f8a47638c2584fd396b9275f5c6b2e29">"A Christmas Carol"</a>. <i>The Radio Times</i> (12): 23. 14 December 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Radio+Times&rft.atitle=A+Christmas+Carol&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1923-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenome.ch.bbc.co.uk%2Ff8a47638c2584fd396b9275f5c6b2e29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Christmas_Carol,_WorldCat" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3AA+Christmas+Carol&qt=results_page">"A Christmas Carol"</a>. WorldCat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dti%253AA%2BChristmas%2BCarol%26qt%3Dresults_page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2020" class="citation web cs1">Ansari, Samina (7 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmi.org.uk/how-the-bmi-gave-charles-dickens-a-new-career/">"How the BMI gave Charles Dickens a new career"</a>. <i>The Birmingham & Midland Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Birmingham+%26+Midland+Institute&rft.atitle=How+the+BMI+gave+Charles+Dickens+a+new+career&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Samina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmi.org.uk%2Fhow-the-bmi-gave-charles-dickens-a-new-career%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrooge,_or,_Marley's_Ghost,_BFI_Screenonline" class="citation web cs1">Davidson, Ewan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/698299/index.html">"Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost (1901)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Screenonline" title="Screenonline">Screenonline</a></i>. British Film Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screenonline&rft.atitle=Scrooge%2C+or%2C+Marley%27s+Ghost+%281901%29&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Ffilm%2Fid%2F698299%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwell2001" class="citation web cs1">Elwell, Frank W. (2 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324221035/http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/users/f/felwell/www/Theorists/Malthus/reclaim.htm">"Reclaiming Malthus"</a>. Rogers State University. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=merry%2C+adj&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Connor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.oxforddictionaries.com%2F2011%2F12%2Fwhat-makes-christmas-merry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_&_Museum" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themorgan.org/collections/works/dickens/provenance">"Provenance"</a>. <i>The Morgan Library & Museum</i>. 20 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Morgan+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=Provenance&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themorgan.org%2Fcollections%2Fworks%2Fdickens%2Fprovenance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell1993" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rowell" title="Geoffrey Rowell">Rowell, Geoffrey</a> (12 December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/geoffrey-rowell/dickens-and-construction-christmas">"Dickens and the Construction of Christmas"</a>. <i>History Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Dickens+and+the+Construction+of+Christmas&rft.date=1993-12-12&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fgeoffrey-rowell%2Fdickens-and-construction-christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrooge,_n._OED" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/173667?redirectedFrom=scrooge#eid">"Scrooge, n"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Scrooge%2C+n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F173667%3FredirectedFrom%3Dscrooge%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland,_British_Library" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Sutherland_(author)" title="John Sutherland (author)">Sutherland, John</a> (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130163405/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-origins-of-a-christmas-carol">"The Origins of A Christmas Carol"</a>. British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-origins-of-a-christmas-carol">the original</a> on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+A+Christmas+Carol&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fromantics-and-victorians%2Farticles%2Fthe-origins-of-a-christmas-carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarese2009" class="citation news cs1">Varese, Jon Michael (22 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/dec/22/christmas-carol-flop-dickens">"Why A Christmas Carol was a flop for Dickens"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+A+Christmas+Carol+was+a+flop+for+Dickens&rft.date=2009-12-22&rft.aulast=Varese&rft.aufirst=Jon+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2009%2Fdec%2F22%2Fchristmas-carol-flop-dickens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUK_CPI_inflation" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index_(United_Kingdom)" title="Consumer Price Index (United Kingdom)">UK CPI</a> inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i>MeasuringWorth</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.au=UK+CPI+inflation+numbers+based+on+data+available+from+Gregory+Clark+%282016%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens_Visits_Birmingham,_Birmingham_Conservation_Trust" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghamconservationtrust.org/2012/12/19/dickens-visits-birmingham/">"Dickens Visits Birmingham"</a>. <i>Birmingham Conservation Trust</i>. 19 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Conservation+Trust&rft.atitle=Dickens+Visits+Birmingham&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghamconservationtrust.org%2F2012%2F12%2F19%2Fdickens-visits-birmingham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers,_journals_and_magazines"><span id="Newspapers.2C_journals_and_magazines"></span>Newspapers, journals and magazines</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlleyne2007" class="citation news cs1">Alleyne, Richard (24 December 2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1573589/Real-Scrooge-was-Dutch-gravedigger.html">"Real Scrooge 'was Dutch gravedigger'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1573589/Real-Scrooge-was-Dutch-gravedigger.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Real+Scrooge+%27was+Dutch+gravedigger%27&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft.aulast=Alleyne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1573589%2FReal-Scrooge-was-Dutch-gravedigger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Dickens,_New_York_Times" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1863/12/19/news/charles-dickens-works-charles-dickens-household-edition-illustrated-drawings-fo.html">"Charles Dickens; Works of Charles Dickens. Household Edition"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 19 December 1863.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Charles+Dickens%3B+Works+of+Charles+Dickens.+Household+Edition&rft.date=1863-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1863%2F12%2F19%2Fnews%2Fcharles-dickens-works-charles-dickens-household-edition-illustrated-drawings-fo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChorley1843" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._F._Chorley" class="mw-redirect" title="H. F. Chorley">Chorley, H. F.</a> (23 December 1843). "A Christmas Carol". <i>The Athenaeum</i> (843): 1127–1128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=A+Christmas+Carol&rft.issue=843&rft.pages=1127-1128&rft.date=1843-12-23&rft.aulast=Chorley&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristmas_Carol,_New_Monthly_Magazine" class="citation journal cs1">"Christmas Carol". <i>The New Monthly Magazine</i>. <b>70</b> (277): 148–149. January 1844.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Monthly+Magazine&rft.atitle=Christmas+Carol&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=277&rft.pages=148-149&rft.date=1844-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1990b" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Paul (Winter 1990b). "Literary History: Retelling A Christmas Carol: Text and Culture-Text". <i>The American Scholar</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 109–15. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41211762">41211762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Scholar&rft.atitle=Literary+History%3A+Retelling+A+Christmas+Carol%3A+Text+and+Culture-Text&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-15&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41211762%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonMcConnell2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gordon, Alexander; McConnell, Anita (2008). "Elwes [<i>formerly</i> Meggott], John". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8776">10.1093/ref:odnb/8776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elwes+%5Bformerly+Meggott%5D%2C+John&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8776&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=McConnell%2C+Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood1844" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hood" title="Thomas Hood">Hood, Thomas</a> (January 1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZAlAAAAMAAJ">"A Christmas Carol"</a>. <i>Hood's Magazine</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 68–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hood%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Christmas+Carol&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-75&rft.date=1844-01&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZAlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+Christmas+Carol" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Crispin (December 1999). 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Dickens&#039;s_A_Christmas_Carol" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:A_Christmas_Carol" title="Template:A Christmas Carol"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:A_Christmas_Carol" title="Template talk:A Christmas Carol"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:A_Christmas_Carol" title="Special:EditPage/Template:A Christmas Carol"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Dickens&#039;s_A_Christmas_Carol" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A Christmas Carol</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Ebenezer Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Cratchit" title="Bob Cratchit">Bob Cratchit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Fezziwig" title="Mr. Fezziwig">Mr. Fezziwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Tim_(A_Christmas_Carol)" title="Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol)">Tiny Tim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marley" title="Jacob Marley">Jacob Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Past" title="Ghost of Christmas Past">Ghost of Christmas Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Yet_to_Come" title="Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come">Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge,_or,_Marley%27s_Ghost" title="Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost">Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1908_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1908 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1910_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1910 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1913_film)" title="Scrooge (1913 film)">Scrooge</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_to_Be_Happy" title="The Right to Be Happy">The Right to Be Happy</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1935_film)" title="Scrooge (1935 film)">Scrooge</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1938_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1938 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1951_film)" title="Scrooge (1951 film)">Scrooge</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Never_Too_Late_(1953_film)" title="It's Never Too Late (1953 film)">It's Never Too Late</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1960_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1960 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1970_film)" title="Scrooge (1970 film)">Scrooge</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(TV_special)" title="A Christmas Carol (TV special)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Christmas_Carol" title="An American Christmas Carol">An American Christmas Carol</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mickey%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Mickey's Christmas Carol">Mickey's Christmas Carol</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooged" title="Scrooged">Scrooged</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muppet_Christmas_Carol" title="The Muppet Christmas Carol">The Muppet Christmas Carol</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1997_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1997 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Carol:_The_Movie" title="Christmas Carol: The Movie">Christmas Carol: The Movie</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Carol_Christmas" title="A Carol Christmas">A Carol Christmas</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Springtime_with_Roo" title="Springtime with Roo">Springtime with Roo</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chasing_Christmas" title="Chasing Christmas">Chasing Christmas</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2006_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2006 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Carol" title="An American Carol">An American Carol</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbie_in_a_Christmas_Carol" title="Barbie in a Christmas Carol">Barbie in a Christmas Carol</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_of_Girlfriends_Past" title="Ghosts of Girlfriends Past">Ghosts of Girlfriends Past</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2009_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2009 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs:_A_Christmas_Carol" title="The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol">The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_%26_Marley_(2012_film)" title="Scrooge & Marley (2012 film)">Scrooge & Marley</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2020_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2020 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirited_(film)" title="Spirited (film)">Spirited</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge:_A_Christmas_Carol" title="Scrooge: A Christmas Carol">Scrooge: A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christmas_Carol" title="The Christmas Carol">The Christmas Carol</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(Shower_of_Stars)" title="A Christmas Carol (Shower of Stars)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mister_Magoo%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol">Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carol_for_Another_Christmas" title="Carol for Another Christmas">Carol for Another Christmas</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Special_Sesame_Street_Christmas" title="A Special Sesame Street Christmas">A Special Sesame Street Christmas</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stingiest_Man_in_Town" title="The Stingiest Man in Town">The Stingiest Man in Town</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol">Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rich_Little%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Rich Little's Christmas Carol">Rich Little's Christmas Carol</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1982_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1982 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1984_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1984 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Blackadder's Christmas Carol">Blackadder's Christmas Carol</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Flintstones_Christmas_Carol" title="A Flintstones Christmas Carol">A Flintstones Christmas Carol</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ebbie" title="Ebbie">Ebbie</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ms._Scrooge" title="Ms. Scrooge">Ms. Scrooge</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_All_Dogs_Christmas_Carol" title="An All Dogs Christmas Carol">An All Dogs Christmas Carol</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_(film)" title="Ebenezer (film)">Ebenezer</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1999_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1999 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Diva%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="A Diva's Christmas Carol">A Diva's Christmas Carol</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2000_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2000 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2004_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2004 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Easter_Carol" class="mw-redirect" title="An Easter Carol">An Easter Carol</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karroll%27s_Christmas" title="Karroll's Christmas">Karroll's Christmas</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bah,_Humduck!_A_Looney_Tunes_Christmas" title="Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas">Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nan%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Nan's Christmas Carol">Nan's Christmas Carol</a></i> (2009)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(Doctor_Who)" title="A Christmas Carol (Doctor Who)">A Christmas Carol</a>" (<i>Doctor Who</i>) (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Christmas,_Carol!" title="It's Christmas, Carol!">It's Christmas, Carol!</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson%27s_Cautionary_Christmas_Music_Tale" title="Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale">Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Hearth%27s_Warming_Tail" title="A Hearth's Warming Tail">A Hearth's Warming Tail</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(TV_series)" title="A Christmas Carol (TV series)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(musical)" title="Scrooge (musical)">Scrooge</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(musical)" title="A Christmas Carol (musical)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Bob_Cratchit%27s_Wild_Christmas_Binge" title="Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge">Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol;_or,_Past,_Present,_and_Future" title="A Christmas Carol; or, Past, Present, and Future">A Christmas Carol; or, Past, Present, and Future</a></i> (1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1988_play)" title="A Christmas Carol (1988 play)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fellow_Passengers" title="Fellow Passengers">Fellow Passengers</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Klingon_Christmas_Carol" title="A Klingon Christmas Carol">A Klingon Christmas Carol</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2017_play)" title="A Christmas Carol (2017 play)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol:_A_Ghost_Story" title="A Christmas Carol: A Ghost Story">A Christmas Carol: A Ghost Story</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soundtracks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(soundtrack)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Christmas Carol (soundtrack)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who:_A_Christmas_Carol_(soundtrack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol (soundtrack)">Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_A_Christmas_Carol" title="Adaptations of A Christmas Carol">Adaptations of <i>A Christmas Carol</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_No%C3%ABl" title="Batman: Noël">Batman: Noël</a></i> (comic)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Green_Christmas_(Stan_Freberg_song)" title="Green Christmas (Stan Freberg song)">Green Chri$tma$</a>" (single)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Misadventures_of_the_Wholesome_Twins" title="The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins">The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins</a></i> (2005 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Invented_Christmas_(film)" title="The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)">The Man Who Invented Christmas</a></i> (2017 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_and_the_Invisible_World" title="Ebenezer and the Invisible World">Ebenezer and the Invisible World</a></i> (video game)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech (illustrator)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">List of Christmas films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Dickens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Dickens" title="Template:Charles Dickens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Dickens" title="Template talk:Charles Dickens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Dickens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Dickens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Dickens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens_bibliography" title="Charles Dickens bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers" title="The Pickwick Papers">The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club</a></i> (1836–1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress</a></i> (1837–1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Nickleby" title="Nicholas Nickleby">Nicholas Nickleby</a></i> (1838–1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Curiosity_Shop" title="The Old Curiosity Shop">The Old Curiosity Shop</a></i> (1840–1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rudge" title="Barnaby Rudge">Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit" title="Martin Chuzzlewit">The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit</a></i> (1843–1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dombey_and_Son" title="Dombey and Son">Dombey and Son</a></i> (1846–1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield" title="David Copperfield">David Copperfield</a></i> (1849–1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bleak_House" title="Bleak House">Bleak House</a></i> (1852–1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Times_(novel)" title="Hard Times (novel)">Hard Times: For These Times</a></i> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Dorrit" title="Little Dorrit">Little Dorrit</a></i> (1855–1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a></i> (1860–1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Mutual_Friend" title="Our Mutual Friend">Our Mutual Friend</a></i> (1864–1865)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood" title="The Mystery of Edwin Drood">The Mystery of Edwin Drood</a></i> (1870)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg/100px-Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg/150px-Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg/200px-Dickens_Gurney_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christmas books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chimes" title="The Chimes">The Chimes</a></i> (1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cricket_on_the_Hearth" title="The Cricket on the Hearth">The Cricket on the Hearth</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Life" title="The Battle of Life">The Battle of Life</a></i> (1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Man_and_the_Ghost%27s_Bargain" title="The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain">The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain</a></i> (1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/To_Be_Read_at_Dusk" title="To Be Read at Dusk">To Be Read at Dusk</a>" (1852)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Long_Voyage" title="The Long Voyage">The Long Voyage</a>" (1853)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Signal-Man" title="The Signal-Man">The Signal-Man</a>" (1866)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Trial_for_Murder" title="The Trial for Murder">The Trial for Murder</a>" (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story <br /> collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sketches_by_Boz" title="Sketches by Boz">Sketches by Boz</a></i> (1833–1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mudfog_Papers" title="The Mudfog Papers">The Mudfog Papers</a></i> (1837–1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_Humphrey%27s_Clock" title="Master Humphrey's Clock">Master Humphrey's Clock</a></i> (1840–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Notes" title="American Notes">American Notes for General Circulation</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictures_from_Italy" title="Pictures from Italy">Pictures from Italy</a></i> (1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Our_Lord" title="The Life of Our Lord">The Life of Our Lord</a></i> (1846–1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Child%27s_History_of_England" title="A Child's History of England">A Child's History of England</a></i> (1851–1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Uncommercial_Traveller" title="The Uncommercial Traveller">The Uncommercial Traveller</a></i> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Charles_Dickens" title="Letters of Charles Dickens">Letters</a> (1821–1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Frozen_Deep" title="The Frozen Deep">The Frozen Deep</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Thoroughfare" title="No Thoroughfare">No Thoroughfare</a></i> (1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bentley%27s_Miscellany" title="Bentley's Miscellany">Bentley's Miscellany</a></i> (1836–1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_Humphrey%27s_Clock" title="Master Humphrey's Clock">Master Humphrey's Clock</a></i> (1840–1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_(UK)" title="The Daily News (UK)">The Daily News</a></i> (1846–1870)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Household_Words" title="Household Words">Household Words</a></i> (1850–1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Year_Round" title="All the Year Round">All the Year Round</a></i> (1859–1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_House_to_Let" title="A House to Let">A House to Let</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_House_(story)" title="The Haunted House (story)">The Haunted House</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Message_from_the_Sea" title="A Message from the Sea">A Message from the Sea</a></i> (1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mugby_Junction" title="Mugby Junction">Mugby Junction</a></i> (1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Thoroughfare" title="No Thoroughfare">No Thoroughfare</a></i> (1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dickens_family" title="Dickens family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickens" title="John Dickens">John Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dickens" title="Elizabeth Dickens">Elizabeth Dickens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brothers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Dickens" title="Frederick Dickens">Frederick Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lamert_Dickens" title="Alfred Lamert Dickens">Alfred Lamert Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Dickens" title="Augustus Dickens">Augustus Dickens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Dickens" title="Catherine Dickens">Catherine Dickens (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ternan" title="Ellen Ternan">Ellen Ternan (mistress)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens_Jr." title="Charles Dickens Jr.">Charles Dickens Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dickens" title="Mary Dickens">Mary Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Perugini" title="Kate Perugini">Kate Perugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Landor_Dickens" title="Walter Landor Dickens">Walter Landor Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dickens" title="Francis Dickens">Francis Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%27Orsay_Tennyson_Dickens" title="Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens">Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Smith_Haldimand_Dickens" title="Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens">Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding_Dickens" title="Henry Fielding Dickens">Henry Fielding Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Annie_Dickens" title="Dora Annie Dickens">Dora Annie Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dickens" title="Edward Dickens">Edward Dickens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombstone_of_Charles_Irving_Thornton" title="Tombstone of Charles Irving Thornton">Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleak_House,_Broadstairs" title="Bleak House, Broadstairs">Bleak House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_work_of_Charles_Dickens" title="Racism in the work of Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens and racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavistock_House" title="Tavistock House">Tavistock House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gads_Hill_Place" title="Gads Hill Place">Gads Hill Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(raven)" title="Grip (raven)">Grip (raven)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickens_fair" title="Dickens fair">Dickens fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickens_and_Little_Nell_(Elwell)" title="Dickens and Little Nell (Elwell)"><i>Dickens and Little Nell</i> (statue)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens_in_His_Study" title="Charles Dickens in His Study">Charles Dickens in His Study</a></i> (1859 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickens_of_London" title="Dickens of London">Dickens of London</a></i> (1976 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickens_in_America" title="Dickens in America">Dickens in America</a></i> (2005 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Woman_(2013_film)" title="The Invisible Woman (2013 film)">The Invisible Woman</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickensian_(TV_series)" title="Dickensian (TV series)">Dickensian</a></i> (2015 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Invented_Christmas_(film)" title="The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)">The Man Who Invented Christmas</a></i> (2017 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Charles_Dickens" title="Category:Charles Dickens">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas"><span style="color:white">Christmas</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)"><span style="color:white">Blue Christmas</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day"><span style="color:white">Boxing Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day"><span style="color:white">Children's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve"><span style="color:white">Christmas Eve</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day"><span style="color:white">Saint Nicholas Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day"><span style="color:white">St. Stephen's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus"><span style="color:white">Sol Invictus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule"><span style="color:white">Yule</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span style="color:white">folklore</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer"><span style="color:white">Gift-bringers</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas"><span style="color:white">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions"><span style="color:white">Traditions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country"><span style="color:white">By country</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music"><span style="color:white">Music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium"><span style="color:white">Other media</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes"><span style="color:white">Food and<br />drink</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner"><span style="color:white">Dinner</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas"><span style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62879#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62879#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62879#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/175787312">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4294679-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79129517">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12237222z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12237222z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007602037305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/07455378X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost-Story of Christmas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/1a1aed02-5387-4d55-86c9-606e7cbdbf9e">MusicBrainz work</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eine Weihnachtsgeschichte"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/61c00c53-19a5-47fa-a19e-1fbe9cf95770">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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[\"CITEREFPelling2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProvenance,_The_Morgan_Library_\u0026amp;_Museum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPykett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRestad1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowell1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSable1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScrooge,_n._OED\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScrooge,_or,_Marley\u0026#039;s_Ghost,_BFI_Screenonline\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenior1844\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSillence2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStandiford2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudwellJones1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland,_British_Library\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThackeray1844\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomalin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUK_CPI_inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarese2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"A Christmas Carol\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 4,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Charles Dickens\"] = 1,\n [\"Christmas\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Christmas Carol, A\"] = 1,\n [\"Date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{Inflation\"] = 4,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal-inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 14,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 120,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 13,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 28,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisourcelang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gtx6v","timestamp":"20241122140456","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"A Christmas Carol","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A_Christmas_Carol","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q62879","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q62879","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-20T09:49:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T11:40:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Charles_Dickens-A_Christmas_Carol-Cloth-First_Edition_1843.jpg","headline":"novella by the English author Charles Dickens, first published in 1843"}</script> 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