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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of El Salvador</div><div class="ib-country-names">República de El Salvador</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1931–1979</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of El Salvador"><img alt="Flag of El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/125px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/188px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/250px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_El_Salvador" title="Flag of El Salvador">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of El Salvador"><img alt="Coat of arms of El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador" title="Coat of arms of El Salvador"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Dios, Unión, Libertad" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) English: "God, Unity, Freedom"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_El_Salvador" title="National Anthem of El Salvador">Himno Nacional de El Salvador</a> English: "National Anthem of El Salvador" <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="255" data-mwtitle="El_Salvador_National_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/El_Salvador_National_Anthem.ogg/El_Salvador_National_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/El_Salvador_National_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEl_Salvador_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEl_Salvador_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Salvador_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of El Salvador"><img alt="Location of El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/El_Salvador_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-El_Salvador_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/El_Salvador_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-El_Salvador_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/El_Salvador_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-El_Salvador_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran people">Salvadoran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_El_Salvador" title="Politics of El Salvador">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1931–1934, 1935–1944 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1934–1935, 1944 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ignacio_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Ignacio Menéndez">Andrés Ignacio Menéndez</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1944–1945 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osm%C3%ADn_Aguirre_y_Salinas" title="Osmín Aguirre y Salinas">Osmín Aguirre y Salinas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Castaneda_Castro" title="Salvador Castaneda Castro">Salvador Castaneda Castro</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1950–1956 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Osorio" title="Óscar Osorio">Óscar Osorio</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1956–1960 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lemus" title="José María Lemus">José María Lemus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1962 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Rodolfo_Cord%C3%B3n_Cea" title="Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea">Eusebio Cordón Cea</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1962–1967 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julio_Adalberto_Rivera_Carballo" title="Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo">Julio Aldaberto Rivera</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1972 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fidel_S%C3%A1nchez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Fidel Sánchez Hernández">Fidel Sánchez Hernández</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1972–1977 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Armando_Molina" title="Arturo Armando Molina">Arturo Armando Molina</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1977–1979 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_Romero" title="Carlos Humberto Romero">Carlos Humberto Romero</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_El_Salvador" title="Vice President of El Salvador">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1931 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Adriano_Vilanova" title="Manuel Adriano Vilanova">Manuel Adriano Vilanova</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1950–1956 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta_Salazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María Peralta Salazar (page does not exist)">José María Peralta Salazar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1956–1960 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Costa" title="Humberto Costa">Humberto Costa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1962 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_Guerrero" title="Francisco José Guerrero">Francisco José Guerrero</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvador_Ram%C3%ADrez_Sili%C3%A9zar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvador Ramírez Siliézar (page does not exist)">Salvador Ramírez Siliézar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1962–1967 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Roberto_Lima" title="Francisco Roberto Lima">Francisco Roberto Lima</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1972 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Guillermo_Cuestas" title="Humberto Guillermo Cuestas">Humberto Guillermo Cuestas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1972–1977 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Mayorga_Rivas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Mayorga Rivas (page does not exist)">Enrique Mayorga Rivas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1977–1979 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julio_Ernesto_Astacio" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio Ernesto Astacio">Julio Ernesto Astacio</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Constitutional Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1931_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1931 Salvadoran coup d'état">1931 coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 1931</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22–25 January 1932</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez#Strike_of_Fallen_Arms" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Strike of Fallen Arms</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7–11 May 1944</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Football_War" title="Football War">Football War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14–18 July 1969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">1979 coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 October 1979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1979–1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_El_Salvador" title="Demographics of El Salvador">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1950 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,200,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,736,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_col%C3%B3n" title="Salvadoran colón">Salvadoran colón</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SV" title="ISO 3166-2:SV">SV</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/20px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/30px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/40px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_Junta_of_El_Salvador" title="Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/20px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/30px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/40px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> </td></tr> 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:History of El Salvador">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">History of El Salvador</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of El Salvador"><img alt="Coat of Arms of El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuzcatlan" title="Cuzcatlan">Kingdom of Cuzcatlan (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1200–1528)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">Spanish conquest (1524–1539)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendancy_of_San_Salvador" title="Intendancy of San Salvador">Intendancy of San Salvador (1785–1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement" title="1811 Independence Movement">1811 Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule (1822–1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Greater Republic of Central America">Greater Republic of Central America (1895–1898)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military dictatorship (1931–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/16px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/24px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/32px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:El_Salvador" title="Portal:El Salvador">El Salvador portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_El_Salvador" title="Template:History of El Salvador"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_El_Salvador" title="Template talk:History of El Salvador"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_El_Salvador" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of El Salvador"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Salvadoran military dictatorship was the period of time in <a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">Salvadoran history</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador" title="Armed Forces of El Salvador">Salvadoran Armed Forces</a> governed the country for almost 48 years from 2 December 1931 until 15 October 1979. The <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> limited political rights throughout the country and maintained its governance through rigged elections. The military came to power in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> when the first <a href="/wiki/1931_Salvadoran_general_election" title="1931 Salvadoran general election">democratically elected</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Araujo" title="Arturo Araujo">Arturo Araujo</a>, was overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/1931_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1931 Salvadoran coup d'état">military coup d'état</a> on 2 December 1931. The military appointed Araujo's <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_El_Salvador" title="Vice President of El Salvador">vice president</a>, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a>, as acting president on 4 December 1931. He remained in office until he was forced to resign on 9 May 1944 following strikes and protests by students<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> in the capital of <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>. He was followed by three short-lived presidents, who were then succeeded by <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Osorio" title="Óscar Osorio">Óscar Osorio</a> in 1950. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lemus" title="José María Lemus">José María Lemus</a>, was overthrown in a military coup d'état in 1960 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Julio_Adalberto_Rivera_Carballo" title="Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo">Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo</a> in 1962. From 1962 to 1979, the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party_(El_Salvador)" title="National Coalition Party (El Salvador)">National Conciliation Party</a> (PCN) ruled the country in a de facto one party state; opposition parties existed, but in practice held no real power. The military regime ended on 15 October 1979, when young military officers <a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">overthrew</a> President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_Romero" title="Carlos Humberto Romero">Carlos Humberto Romero</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_Junta_of_El_Salvador" title="Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador">Revolutionary Government Junta</a>, a joint civilian-military government which ruled the country from 1979 until the <a href="/wiki/1982_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1982 Salvadoran presidential election">presidential elections of 1982</a>. The fall of the military government marked the beginning of the twelve-year-long <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a> which lasted until 1992.<a href="#cite_note-wood-2">[1]</a> Many atrocities and human rights violations were committed under the Salvadoran military government. Under Martínez, the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Army" title="Salvadoran Army">Salvadoran Army</a> massacred anywhere from 10,000 to 40,000 peasants and indigenous people in response to a communist uprising in 1932, in an event known in El Salvador as <a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-anderson-4">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Democr%C3%A1tica_Nacionalista" title="Organización Democrática Nacionalista">National Democratic Organization</a> was established by Rivera in 1965. It was a collection of <a href="/wiki/Death_squads_in_El_Salvador" title="Death squads in El Salvador">far-right paramilitaries and death squads</a> that tortured political opponents, intimidated voters, rigged elections, and killed peasants.<a href="#cite_note-popkin-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-stanley-6">[4]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Fidel_S%C3%A1nchez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Fidel Sánchez Hernández">Fidel Sánchez Hernández</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Football_War" title="Football War">Football War</a> with <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> in July 1969, claiming that the Honduran government had allowed violence targeting Salvadorans to go unchecked following El Salvador's victory over Honduras in the <a href="/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification" title="1970 FIFA World Cup qualification">1970 FIFA World Cup qualifiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> In March 1979, President Romero ordered soldiers to fire on a crowd of protestors using live ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-casajunta1-8">[6]</a> The military regime received support from the United States due to its <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> stance, which aligned with the United States' <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> interests.<a href="#cite_note-beverley-9">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quiñónez–Meléndez_dynasty">Quiñónez–Meléndez dynasty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quiñónez–Meléndez dynasty">edit</a>]</div> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Enrique_Araujo" title="Manuel Enrique Araujo">Manuel Enrique Araujo</a> became <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">president of El Salvador</a> on 1 March 1911.<a href="#cite_note-casamearaujo-10">[8]</a> He was president until his assassination on 9 February 1913 by farmers.<a href="#cite_note-araujoassassination-11">[9]</a> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mel%C3%A9ndez_(politician)" title="Carlos Meléndez (politician)">Carlos Meléndez</a> who served as acting president until 29 August 1914 when he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Qui%C3%B1%C3%B3nez_Molina" title="Alfonso Quiñónez Molina">Alfonso Quiñónez Molina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-casacmelendez-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-casaaqmolina-13">[11]</a> Carlos Meléndez and Quiñónez established a political dynasty under the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(El_Salvador)" title="National Democratic Party (El Salvador)">National Democratic Party</a> (PDN) which lasted from 1913 until 1931.<a href="#cite_note-coffee-14">[12]</a> Carlos Meléndez was president from 1 March 1915 until his resignation on 21 December 1918.<a href="#cite_note-casacmelendez-12">[10]</a> He later died on 8 October 1919 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newspapers-15">[13]</a> Meléndez was succeeded by Quiñónez until his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Mel%C3%A9ndez" title="Jorge Meléndez">Jorge Meléndez</a>, was <a href="/wiki/1919_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1919 Salvadoran presidential election">elected</a> President.<a href="#cite_note-casaaqmolina-13">[11]</a> Jorge Meléndez was president from 1 March 1919 until 1 March 1923 when he was succeeded by Quiñónez who remained in power until 1 March 1927.<a href="#cite_note-casaaqmolina-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-jmelendez-16">[14]</a> Quiñónez's <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_El_Salvador" title="Vice President of El Salvador">vice president</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Romero_Bosque" title="Pío Romero Bosque">Pío Romero Bosque</a>, succeeded him on 1 March 1927.<a href="#cite_note-prbosques-17">[15]</a> Unlike his predecessors, Romero Bosque did not appoint a successor and held El Salvador's first <a href="/wiki/1931_Salvadoran_general_election" title="1931 Salvadoran general election">free election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h14-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-grieb-19">[17]</a> In the election, <a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(El_Salvador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Party (El Salvador)">Labor Party</a> (PL) candidate <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Araujo" title="Arturo Araujo">Arturo Araujo</a>, a relative of Araujo, won 46.65 percent of the vote and became president on 1 March 1931, ending the Quiñónez–Meléndez dynasty and the PDN's grip on power.<a href="#cite_note-grieb-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a> Araujo's vice president was Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party_(El_Salvador)" title="National Republican Party (El Salvador)">National Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grieb-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_crisis">Economic crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic crisis">edit</a>]</div> Araujo became president during a severe economic crisis due to the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h14-18">[16]</a> From 1871 to 1927, El Salvador was called a "coffee republic" due to its heavy reliance on <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> exports to sustain its economy.<a href="#cite_note-h9-10-21">[19]</a> However, because of the Great Depression, coffee prices fell 54 percent and the Salvadoran economy was unable to sustain itself.<a href="#cite_note-h14-18">[16]</a> Because of the economic crisis, wages fell, food supplies became limited, and living conditions worsened.<a href="#cite_note-h14-18">[16]</a> The crisis caused peasant unrest across western El Salvador, and as a result, Araujo appointed Martínez to be the country's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Defense of El Salvador">Minister of National Defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fuerzaarmada-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-h400-23">[21]</a> Araujo attempted to implement a tax reform to combat the economic crisis, however, resistance from wealthy landowners caused the reforms to fail.<a href="#cite_note-grieb-19">[17]</a> Araujo cut expenditures to the military and refused to pay its soldiers which caused anger within the military.<a href="#cite_note-grieb-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-h400-23">[21]</a> The military moved to overthrow Araujo and on 2 December 1931, the Army <a href="/wiki/1931_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1931 Salvadoran coup d'état">overthrew</a> his government at 10 pm local time.<a href="#cite_note-grieb-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-h400-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-carmelo5-24">[22]</a> The coup was a watershed moment in Salvadoran history since it began the nearly 48 year long military dictatorship of the country.<a href="#cite_note-h15-25">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maximiliano_Hernández_Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Civic_Directory" title="Civic Directory">Civic Directory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civic_Directory_of_1931_(El_Salvador).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Civic_Directory_of_1931_%28El_Salvador%29.jpg/220px-Civic_Directory_of_1931_%28El_Salvador%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Civic_Directory_of_1931_%28El_Salvador%29.jpg/330px-Civic_Directory_of_1931_%28El_Salvador%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Civic_Directory_of_1931_%28El_Salvador%29.jpg/440px-Civic_Directory_of_1931_%28El_Salvador%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Civic_Directory" title="Civic Directory">Civic Directory</a> of El Salvador in December 1931.</figcaption></figure> The military established the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Directory" title="Civic Directory">Civic Directory</a>, a junta composed of military officers, to govern the country on 2 December 1931.<a href="#cite_note-casadirectory-26">[24]</a> The directory was co-chaired by Colonels <a href="/wiki/Osm%C3%ADn_Aguirre_y_Salinas" title="Osmín Aguirre y Salinas">Osmín Aguirre y Salinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Joaquín Valdés">Joaquín Valdés</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grieb-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-casadirectory-26">[24]</a> The directory was dissolved on 4 December and power was transferred to Martínez who assumed dictatorial powers as acting president.<a href="#cite_note-grieb-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-casadirectory-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-mhmartinez-27">[25]</a> Martínez promised to hold a <a href="/wiki/1932_Salvadoran_legislative_election" title="1932 Salvadoran legislative election">legislative election</a> in January 1932, but when the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_El_Salvador" title="Communist Party of El Salvador">Communist Party</a> won many municipalities, he canceled the election results.<a href="#cite_note-beverley-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Further elections were also canceled.<a href="#cite_note-N2-29">[27]</a> The elections did, however, give the government a list of communist party members.<a href="#cite_note-anderson-4">[2]</a> The list allowed the government to arrest prominent communist leaders on 18 January 1932.<a href="#cite_note-h16-30">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hernandez_Martinez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hernandez_Martinez.jpg/170px-Hernandez_Martinez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hernandez_Martinez.jpg/255px-Hernandez_Martinez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hernandez_Martinez.jpg/340px-Hernandez_Martinez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a> was president from 1931 until his resignation in 1944.</figcaption></figure> The communist party believed that democracy had failed them,<a href="#cite_note-cedema-31">[29]</a> and communists and peasants across the country, led by <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD" title="Farabundo Martí">Farabundo Martí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feliciano_Ama" title="Feliciano Ama">Feliciano Ama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Zapata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Zapata (page does not exist)">Mario Zapata</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Luna_(Salvadoran_activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfonso Luna (Salvadoran activist) (page does not exist)">Alfonso Luna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Peasants rose up on 22 January 1932 in <a href="/wiki/Ahuachap%C3%A1n" title="Ahuachapán">Ahuachapán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Tecla,_El_Salvador" title="Santa Tecla, El Salvador">Santa Tecla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonsonate,_El_Salvador" title="Sonsonate, El Salvador">Sonsonate</a>, killing at most 100 people in the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-anderson2-33">[31]</a> Martínez responded by sending the military to crush the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-payes-34">[32]</a> In Martínez's crackdown, around 10,000 to 40,000 peasants were killed.<a href="#cite_note-anderson-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-beverley-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-h16-30">[28]</a> The event is known as <a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a>, "the Massacre," in El Salvador.<a href="#cite_note-h16-30">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Constitutional Assembly</a> issued Legislative Decree No. 121 on 11 July 1932, which granted unconditional amnesty to anyone who committed crimes of any nature during La Matanza in order to "restore order, repress, persecute, punish and capture those accused of the crime of rebellion of this year."<a href="#cite_note-cuellar-35">[33]</a> Because of the <a href="/wiki/1923_Central_American_Treaty_of_Peace_and_Amity" title="1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity">1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity</a>, the United States refused to recognize Martínez's government's legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo50-36">[34]</a> The US only recognized his government after the events of La Matanza.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo84-37">[35]</a> Martínez eventually denounced El Salvador's membership of the treaty on 26 December 1932.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo84-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-woolsey-39">[37]</a> Martínez helped El Salvador's financial situation improve during his presidency. On 23 February 1932, Martínez suspended payment on foreign debt, and again on 1 January 1938, but the debt was eventually paid off in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo118123-40">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_El_Salvador" title="Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador">Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador</a> was established during his administration on 19 June 1934 to help stabilize the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_col%C3%B3n" title="Salvadoran colón">colón</a>, the national currency.<a href="#cite_note-bank-41">[39]</a> He appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Alfaro_Dur%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Alfaro Durán (page does not exist)">Luis Alfaro Durán</a> as president of the Central Bank.<a href="#cite_note-bank-41">[39]</a> Martínez established Social Improvement, a welfare program to support poor peasants in July 1932.<a href="#cite_note-h17-42">[40]</a> The Martínez regime sought to maintain the image of democratic legitimacy in the nation. Martínez won the <a href="/wiki/1935_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1935 Salvadoran presidential election">1935</a>, <a href="/wiki/1939_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1939 Salvadoran presidential election">1939</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1944_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1944 Salvadoran presidential election">1944</a> presidential elections under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a> (PNPP).<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-h17-42">[40]</a> His party also won legislative elections in <a href="/wiki/1936_Salvadoran_legislative_election" title="1936 Salvadoran legislative election">1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/1939_Salvadoran_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1939 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election">1939</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1944_Salvadoran_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1944 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election">1944</a>, however, for both the legislative and presidential elections, he was the only candidate, the PNPP was the only legal political party, and election results were sometimes not publicized.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-williams27-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America during World War II</a></div> Martínez was personally sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h17-42">[40]</a> He appointed <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> General <a href="/wiki/Eberhardt_Bohnstedt" title="Eberhardt Bohnstedt">Eberhardt Bohnstedt</a> as the director of the Military School.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo161-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-germany-45">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Air_Force" title="Salvadoran Air Force">Salvadoran Air Force</a> purchased aircraft from Italy in 1938 for US$39,000 with some of the payment being made with coffee.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo155157-46">[44]</a> Minister of National Defense <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ignacio_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Ignacio Menéndez">Andrés Ignacio Menéndez</a> attempted to purchase planes from the United States but <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> refused to accept coffee as a percentage of the payment.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo155157-46">[44]</a> El Salvador was one of the first nations to recognize the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a> under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> as the legitimate government of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo151-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong31-48">[46]</a> El Salvador was also the first country after <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> to recognize the independence of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Some Salvadorans supported the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> as on 10 June 1940, the day Italy joined the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, 300 men dressed like the Italian <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> marched in the streets of San Salvador in support of Italy; however, the government suppressed the march.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo167-51">[49]</a> Under pressure from the United States, the government fully supported the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> on 8 December 1941 after the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Pearl Harbor">attack</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h17-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-carmelo184-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong34-53">[51]</a> El Salvador declared war on Japan on 8 December and then later Germany and Italy on 12 December.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo184-52">[50]</a> The government arrested German, Italian, and Japanese nationals and seized their land.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo188-54">[52]</a> El Salvador never provided soldiers to directly fight in the war but it did send workers to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-carmelo189191-55">[53]</a> During the war, <a href="/wiki/George_Mantello" title="George Mantello">George Mantello</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castellanos_Contreras" title="José Castellanos Contreras">José Castellanos Contreras</a> saved 40,000 Jews from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>, by providing them false <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_passport" title="Salvadoran passport">Salvadoran passports</a> and political asylum.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:April_1944_El_Salvador_coup_attempt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/April_1944_El_Salvador_coup_attempt.jpg/220px-April_1944_El_Salvador_coup_attempt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/April_1944_El_Salvador_coup_attempt.jpg/330px-April_1944_El_Salvador_coup_attempt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/April_1944_El_Salvador_coup_attempt.jpg/440px-April_1944_El_Salvador_coup_attempt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_Coup" title="Palm Sunday Coup">Palm Sunday Coup</a> attempt.</figcaption></figure> In 1944, he held an election and elected himself to a third term as president.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-h17-42">[40]</a> The move angered many politicians, military officers, bankers, and businessmen since it overtly violated the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-h18-57">[55]</a> On 2 April 1944, Palm Sunday, pro-Axis military officers attempted a coup against Martínez.<a href="#cite_note-h18-57">[55]</a> The 1st Infantry Regiment and the 2nd Artillery Regiment rose up in <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_Department" title="San Salvador Department">San Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Department" title="Santa Ana Department">Santa Ana</a> and seized the national radio station, took control of the Air Force, and captured the Santa Ana police station.<a href="#cite_note-zunes-58">[56]</a> Martínez was able to take control of the situation and ordered military units still loyal to put down the uprising which was accomplished by 3 April.<a href="#cite_note-zunes-58">[56]</a> Reprisals lasted for two weeks, martial law was declared, and a national curfew was established.<a href="#cite_note-zunes-58">[56]</a> Civilians wanted to remove Martínez from power and so on 2 May 1944, students took to the streets of San Salvador in the Strike of Fallen Arms to force his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-zunes-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-ackerman-59">[57]</a> The students engaged in non-violence to oppose the government.<a href="#cite_note-ackerman-59">[57]</a> On 7 May, the police shot and killed José Wright Alcaine, a 17-year-old who was a US citizen, which put pressure on Martínez to resign.<a href="#cite_note-ackerman-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong35-60">[58]</a> Martínez resigned on 9 May and left for exile in Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-h18-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-zunes-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-ackerman-59">[57]</a> Menéndez replaced Martínez as acting president and accepted the protestors' demands for amnesty for political prisoners, freedom of the press, and new general elections.<a href="#cite_note-h18-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-ackerman-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-aimenendez-61">[59]</a> His term in office was short-lived as he was overthrown in a military coup d'état on 20 October 1944 and replaced by Aguirre.<a href="#cite_note-h18-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-oasalina-62">[60]</a> Aguirre held the promised <a href="/wiki/1945_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1945 Salvadoran presidential election">elections</a> in January 1945.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-h18-57">[55]</a> He was accused of rigging the election in favor of a candidate he supported and the election resulted in Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Castaneda_Castro" title="Salvador Castaneda Castro">Salvador Castaneda Castro</a> becoming president with 99.70% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-h18-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong36-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-sccastro-64">[62]</a> Castaneda was deposed in a coup d'état on 14 December 1948 by young military officers.<a href="#cite_note-h18-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong37-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-h201-66">[64]</a> The coup, known as the Major's Coup, forced all Salvadoran military officers above the rank of lieutenant colonel to resign.<a href="#cite_note-h201-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong38-67">[65]</a> The young officers established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Council_of_Government_(El_Salvador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary Council of Government (El Salvador) (page does not exist)">Revolutionary Council of Government</a> which governed the country until Major <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Osorio" title="Óscar Osorio">Óscar Osorio Hernández</a>, the chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Government, was <a href="/wiki/1950_Salvadoran_general_election" title="1950 Salvadoran general election">elected</a> President in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong38-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-crevol1-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_Party_rule">Revolutionary Party rule</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revolutionary Party rule">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Democratic_Unification" title="Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification">Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Osorio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Oscar_Osorio.jpg/220px-Oscar_Osorio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Oscar_Osorio.jpg/330px-Oscar_Osorio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Oscar_Osorio.jpg/440px-Oscar_Osorio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Osorio" title="Óscar Osorio">Óscar Osorio Hernández</a> was president from 1950 to 1956.</figcaption></figure> Osorio Hernández ran under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Democratic_Unification" title="Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification">Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification</a> (PRUD).<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a> He became President of El Salvador on 14 September 1950 under a new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-h201-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong38-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-oosorio-69">[67]</a> Osorio Hernández's policies supported economic development, agricultural reform, and social security programs, although policies like agrarian reform were not implemented as to not alienate wealthy landlords and oligarchs.<a href="#cite_note-h1920-70">[68]</a> Osorio Hernández was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lemus" title="José María Lemus">José María Lemus</a> on 14 September 1956 following the <a href="/wiki/1956_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1956 Salvadoran presidential election">1956 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jmlemus-71">[69]</a> In the election, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Edmundo_Cannessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Edmundo Cannessa (page does not exist)">Roberto Edmundo Cannessa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(El_Salvador)" title="National Action Party (El Salvador)">National Action Party</a>, his primary and most popular opponent, was disqualified by the Central Electoral Council a month before the election which led to his landslide victory.<a href="#cite_note-h1920-70">[68]</a> In office, he granted amnesty to many political prisoners and exiled politicians.<a href="#cite_note-h1920-70">[68]</a> He also repealed several repressive laws instituted by his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-h1920-70">[68]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> in 1959, students in El Salvador were influenced by the nationalistic and revolutionary movement of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> which led to protests for a truly democratic system to be implemented in the country.<a href="#cite_note-h1920-70">[68]</a> In response, Lemus abandoned his reforms and cracked down on freedom of expression and arrested political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-h1920-70">[68]</a> Lemus' turn to authoritarianism caused the military to turn against him and he was <a href="/wiki/1960_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Salvadoran coup d'état">overthrown</a> on 26 October 1960.<a href="#cite_note-jmlemus-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-h21-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong4142-73">[71]</a> The military established the <a href="/wiki/Junta_of_Government_(El_Salvador)" title="Junta of Government (El Salvador)">Junta of Government</a> and was led by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Castillo" title="Miguel Ángel Castillo">Miguel Ángel Castillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h21-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong4142-73">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Castillo_Figueroa" title="Fabio Castillo Figueroa">Fabio Castillo Figueroa</a>, one of the three civilian members of the junta, had pro-Castro views who was seen as a potential threat by the military.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong4142-73">[71]</a> The military <a href="/wiki/1961_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Salvadoran coup d'état">overthrew</a> the junta and replaced it with another junta, the <a href="/wiki/Civic-Military_Directory" title="Civic-Military Directory">Civic-Military Directory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h21-72">[70]</a> Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Julio_Adalberto_Rivera_Carballo" title="Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo">Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo</a> served as the chairman of the new junta and promised new elections for 1962.<a href="#cite_note-h21-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong4142-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conciliation_Party_rule">Conciliation Party rule</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conciliation Party rule">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party_(El_Salvador)" title="National Coalition Party (El Salvador)">National Coalition Party (El Salvador)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(El_Salvador)" title="Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador)">Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador)</a></div> The junta was dissolved on 25 January 1962 and an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent politician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Rodolfo_Cord%C3%B3n_Cea" title="Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea">Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea</a>, was appointed as Provisional President.<a href="#cite_note-rcordon-74">[72]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1962_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1962 Salvadoran presidential election">1962 presidential election</a>, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party_(El_Salvador)" title="National Coalition Party (El Salvador)">National Conciliation Party</a> (PCN) ran unopposed and its candidate, Rivera, won 100% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a> He became president on 1 July 1962 under a new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-jarivera-75">[73]</a> Although only the PCN had a candidate in the 1962 presidential election, other parties had formed and ran in the <a href="/wiki/1961_Salvadoran_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1961 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election">1961 legislative election</a> but gained no seats.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a> The most prominent opposition party was the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(El_Salvador)" title="Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador)">Christian Democratic Party</a> (PDC).<a href="#cite_note-h21-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong51-76">[74]</a> The party formed in 1960 and had broad support from the middle class.<a href="#cite_note-h21-72">[70]</a> The party came under attack from both the political left and right, with the left believing the party would uphold the capitalist economic system and increase wealth gaps while the right saw the party as a socialist reactionary movement that threatened their wealth and power.<a href="#cite_note-h21-72">[70]</a> The party, under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Portillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Rodríguez Portillo (page does not exist)">Abraham Rodríguez Portillo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Lara_Velado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Lara Velado (page does not exist)">Roberto Lara Velado</a>, believed <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a> was the best path forward for El Salvador's modernization.<a href="#cite_note-h21-72">[70]</a> The party's ideology was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a> and from the works of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> and French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h21-72">[70]</a> The party was also inspired from other Christian democratic movements in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h21-72">[70]</a> Rivera got El Salvador involved in US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a>, an initiative to improve <a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">relations</a> between <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the United States through economic cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-h2223-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-aop-78">[76]</a> He supported the implementation of agrarian reform but it was never actually implemented.<a href="#cite_note-h23-79">[77]</a> He established the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_of_El_Salvador" title="National Security Agency of El Salvador">National Security Agency of El Salvador</a> (ANSESAL) in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-allan-80">[78]</a> It served as the national intelligence agency of the country and it oversaw the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Democr%C3%A1tica_Nacionalista" title="Organización Democrática Nacionalista">National Democratic Organization</a> (ORDEN), a group of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in El Salvador">paramilitaries</a> that killed peasants, rigged elections, and intimidated voters.<a href="#cite_note-popkin-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-stanley-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-countrystudiesorden-81">[79]</a> Rivera instituted electoral reforms by allowed opposition political parties to run in presidential elections and compete in legislative elections.<a href="#cite_note-h23-79">[77]</a> Previously, whichever party won the most votes in a certain <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_El_Salvador" title="Departments of El Salvador">department</a>, that party won all seats and all representation for that department, but under his reforms, seats and representatives were elected proportional to how many votes a party got.<a href="#cite_note-h23-79">[77]</a> The reform allowed the PDC to gain 14 seats and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renovating_Action_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renovating Action Party (page does not exist)">Renovating Action Party</a> (PAR) won 6 seats in the Constitutional Assembly in the <a href="/wiki/1964_Salvadoran_legislative_election" title="1964 Salvadoran legislative election">1964 legislative elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-h23-79">[77]</a> In the election, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Napole%C3%B3n_Duarte" title="José Napoleón Duarte">José Napoleón Duarte</a>, a prominent PDC politician, was elected as <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador#City_mayors_since_1964" title="San Salvador">Mayor of San Salvador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h23-79">[77]</a> The PCN maintained its control on power with United States support and through the country's continued economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-h23-79">[77]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1967_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1967 Salvadoran presidential election">1967 presidential election</a>, the PCN won with 54.37% of the vote with the PDC's nominee, Rodríguez Portillo, coming in second place with 21.62%.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-h24-82">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fidel_S%C3%A1nchez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Fidel Sánchez Hernández">Fidel Sánchez Hernández</a> of the PCN became president on 1 July 1967.<a href="#cite_note-fshernandez-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football_War">Football War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Football War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Football_War" title="Football War">Football War</a></div> In the late 1960s, around 300,000 Salvadorans migrated to Honduras, many of whom <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">entered the country illegally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-h25-84">[82]</a> On 3 October 1963, <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_L%C3%B3pez_Arellano" title="Oswaldo López Arellano">Oswaldo López Arellano</a> overthrew President <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Villeda_Morales" title="Ramón Villeda Morales">Ramón Villeda Morales</a> of Honduras and established a military dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-h25-84">[82]</a> During López Arellano's regime, the Honduran economy staggered and he blamed the country's economic issues on the Salvadoran immigrants who were stealing Honduran jobs.<a href="#cite_note-h25-84">[82]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification" title="1970 FIFA World Cup qualification">1970 FIFA World Cup qualifiers</a>, Honduras and El Salvador competed in separate groups for the <a href="/wiki/CONCACAF" title="CONCACAF">Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football</a> (CONCACAF) qualifications, Honduras was in Group 3 and El Salvador was in Group 4, both winning their respective groups.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong5354-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> The met each other in the semifinals.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong5354-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> Honduras won the first match in <a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a> 1–0 on 8 June 1969.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> Salvador won the second match in San Salvador 3–0 on 15 June.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> Both matches witnessed violence from fans on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-h25-84">[82]</a> During the second match, the Salvadorans raised a dirty rag instead of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Honduras" title="Flag of Honduras">Honduran flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> One of the players of the <a href="/wiki/Honduran_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduran national football team">Honduran team</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Cardona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Cardona (page does not exist)">Enrique Cardona</a>, reportedly stated, "We're awfully lucky that we lost. Otherwise we wouldn't be alive today."<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> The loss caused Honduran civilians to attack Salvadoran immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-cacm-86">[84]</a> Salvadorans were murdered, assaulted, and had their homes burned, forcing 17,000 to flee back to El Salvador.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-cacm-86">[84]</a> The Salvadorans called the attacks on the Salvadorans a massacre.<a href="#cite_note-cacm-86">[84]</a> A third match was held in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> on 26 June to decide who would go on to the final round against <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-cacm-86">[84]</a> The Salvadorans defeated the Honduras 3–2 in <a href="/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football" title="Overtime (sports)">extra time</a> and the <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team" title="El Salvador national football team">Salvadoran team</a> advanced to the finals.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> The defeat caused further attacks against the Salvadoran immigrants and led to a migrant crisis in El Salvador since the government was unable to provide housing for all the refugees coming from Honduras.<a href="#cite_note-cacm-86">[84]</a> Due to the ongoing crisis, El Salvador severed diplomatic ties with Honduras on 26 June and declared war on 14 July 1969.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-h25-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-cacm-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong57-87">[85]</a> The Salvadoran Air Force attacked the <a href="/wiki/Toncont%C3%ADn_International_Airport" title="Toncontín International Airport">Toncontín International Airport</a> to disable the <a href="/wiki/Honduran_Air_Force" title="Honduran Air Force">Honduran Air Force</a> and the Salvadoran Army launched a two prong invasion following two major roads connecting the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> After two days, the Honduran Air Force began attacking Salvadoran air bases in Chalatenango and <a href="/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_Department" title="La Unión Department">La Unión</a>, halting the Salvadoran advance.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> After four days of fighting, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) negotiated a <a href="/wiki/Cease_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease fire">cease fire</a> on 18 July.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> El Salvador withdrew its troops on 2 August and the OAS promised to guarantee the safety of the Salvadorans in Honduras.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> Around 2,000 people, most of whom were civilians, were killed during the war.<a href="#cite_note-h26-88">[86]</a> Initially, Salvadoran politics were united against Honduras, but the Communist Party and the left eventually turned against the war and continued to oppose the government.<a href="#cite_note-h26-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong60-89">[87]</a> The war also caused the Salvadoran economy to stagnate and many refugees overcrowded the country.<a href="#cite_note-beverley-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-h26-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_social_tensions">Political and social tensions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political and social tensions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in El Salvador">Right-wing paramilitarism in El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/1972_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1972 Salvadoran presidential election">1972 Salvadoran presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Napoleon_Duarte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Jose_Napoleon_Duarte.png/220px-Jose_Napoleon_Duarte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Jose_Napoleon_Duarte.png/330px-Jose_Napoleon_Duarte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Jose_Napoleon_Duarte.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Napole%C3%B3n_Duarte" title="José Napoleón Duarte">José Napoleón Duarte</a> was the UNO presidential candidate in 1972 and was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> after a coup attempt in 1972.</figcaption></figure> The refugees coming from Honduras to El Salvador received little to no aid or support from the Salvadoran government.<a href="#cite_note-soccer-7">[5]</a> To the refugees, now living in poverty, left-wing groups such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_for_Revolutionary_Action" title="United Front for Revolutionary Action">United Front for Revolutionary Action</a> (FUAR), <a href="/wiki/Unified_Popular_Action_Front" title="Unified Popular Action Front">Unified Popular Action Front</a> (FAPU), and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Federation_of_Salvadoran_Peasants" title="Christian Federation of Salvadoran Peasants">Christian Federation of Salvadoran Peasants</a> (FECCAS) seemed as the only opportunity to raise themselves out of poverty.<a href="#cite_note-beverley-9">[7]</a> As a result, left-wing militant organizations grew in size and numbers and continued to gain more support among the poor population.<a href="#cite_note-beverley-9">[7]</a> The increased support led to an increase in left-wing terrorist actions against the government.<a href="#cite_note-h202-90">[88]</a> The PDC gained more support from the refugees as well.<a href="#cite_note-beverley-9">[7]</a> The PDC advocated for land and agrarian reform to gain the support of the voter base.<a href="#cite_note-h26-88">[86]</a> The refugees coming from Honduras had no land to farm like they had in Honduras so they overwhelmingly supported the PDC.<a href="#cite_note-h26-88">[86]</a> In January 1970, the government established the National Agrarian Reform Congress to begin implementing agrarian reforms that were demanded for by the people.<a href="#cite_note-h26-88">[86]</a> The congress consisted of members that were from the government, the opposition, labor groups, and businesses.<a href="#cite_note-h27-91">[89]</a> The PDC lost 3 seats in the Constitutional Assembly in the <a href="/wiki/1970_Salvadoran_legislative_election" title="1970 Salvadoran legislative election">1970 legislative elections</a> while the PCN gained 7 seats.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-h27-91">[89]</a> The election was claimed to have been rigged by the PCN to ensure they would gain seats and retain a majority.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-h27-91">[89]</a> In 1972, the PDC joined forced with two other political parties, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolutionary_Movement_(El_Salvador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Revolutionary Movement (El Salvador) (page does not exist)">National Revolutionary Movement</a> (MRN) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_Democratic_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalist Democratic Union (page does not exist)">Nationalist Democratic Union</a> (UDN), to run in the 1972 <a href="/wiki/1972_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1972 Salvadoran presidential election">presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/1972_Salvadoran_legislative_election" title="1972 Salvadoran legislative election">legislative</a> elections under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/National_Opposing_Union" title="National Opposing Union">National Opposing Union</a> (UNO).<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-h28-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-williams8081-93">[91]</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Armando_Molina" title="Arturo Armando Molina">Arturo Armando Molina</a> was the candidate of the PCN while Duarte was the PDC candidate.<a href="#cite_note-h28-92">[90]</a> The Central Election Board stated that Duarte had won by 9,000 votes with 327,000 votes compared to Molina's 318,000, but the PCN called for a recount.<a href="#cite_note-h28-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong62-94">[92]</a> A recount was conducted and the statement was changed and it declared that Molina won by 10,000 votes.<a href="#cite_note-HB-95">[93]</a> The final result was that Molina won 43.42% of the vote while Duarte won 42.14%.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a> Duarte and <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Ungo" title="Guillermo Ungo">Guillermo Ungo</a>, his running mate, petitioned for a second recount but the petition was denied.<a href="#cite_note-h28-92">[90]</a> UNO also lost 9 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1972_Salvadoran_legislative_election" title="1972 Salvadoran legislative election">1972 legislative election</a> while the PCN gained 5 more seats.<a href="#cite_note-N1-20">[18]</a> On 25 March 1972, a group of young left-leaning military officers called the Military Youth <a href="/wiki/1972_Salvadoran_coup_attempt" title="1972 Salvadoran coup attempt">attempted a coup d'état</a> against Sánchez Hernández to prevent Molina from becoming president.<a href="#cite_note-h28-92">[90]</a> The officers were led by Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Mej%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Mejía (page does not exist)">Benjamin Mejía</a> and their goal was to establish a revolutionary junta and establish Duarte as president.<a href="#cite_note-h28-92">[90]</a> The coup plotters captured Sánchez Hernández and the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(El_Salvador)" title="National Palace (El Salvador)">National Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h28-92">[90]</a> Duarte announced his support for the coup and the coup plotters called for garrisons to support the coup, however, the Air Force attacked the National Palace and garrisons engaged the revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-h29-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong63-97">[95]</a> By 26 March, the coup was over and 200 were killed.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong63-97">[95]</a> Sánchez Hernández retook power and Duarte was arrested.<a href="#cite_note-h29-96">[94]</a> He was initially sentenced to death but it was commuted to torture and he was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h29-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong63-97">[95]</a> Molina took office on 1 July 1972.<a href="#cite_note-aamolina-98">[96]</a> On 19 July, he had tanks attack the <a href="/wiki/University_of_El_Salvador" title="University of El Salvador">University of El Salvador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong64-99">[97]</a> Around 800 were arrested and another 15 were exiled to Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong64-99">[97]</a> He closed the university for two years to "eliminate the opposition."<a href="#cite_note-armstrong64-99">[97]</a> Molina attempted to institute land reform in 1976 but it only increased political unrest since the reforms redistributed little to no land to the peasants.<a href="#cite_note-williams90-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-h31-101">[99]</a> UNO selected <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Antonio_Claramount_Roseville" title="Ernesto Antonio Claramount Roseville">Ernesto Antonio Claramount Roseville</a> as its candidate for the <a href="/wiki/1977_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1977 Salvadoran presidential election">1977 presidential election</a> while the PCN selected brigadier general and incumbent Minister of National Defense <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_Romero" title="Carlos Humberto Romero">Carlos Humberto Romero</a> as its nominee.<a href="#cite_note-h3233-102">[100]</a> Romero was declared to have the election with 67.30% of the vote while according to witnesses, Claramount actually won with 75% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-HB-95">[93]</a> Romero assumed office on 1 July 1977.<a href="#cite_note-chromero-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse_of_the_regime">Collapse of the regime</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Collapse of the regime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">1979 Salvadoran coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_Junta_of_El_Salvador" title="Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador">Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Salvadoran Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Salvadoran Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Salvadoran Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salvadoran_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prelude <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_War" title="Football War">Football War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Salvadoran_coup_attempt" title="1972 Salvadoran coup attempt">1972 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political tensions</a></li></ul> Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">1979 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_1981_(El_Salvador)" title="Final offensive of 1981 (El Salvador)">Offensive of 1981</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilopango_Airport" title="Battle of Ilopango Airport">Ilopango Airport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_offensive_of_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General offensive of 1982 (page does not exist)">Offensive of 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_1989" title="Final offensive of 1989">Offensive of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolotique_shootdown_incident" title="Lolotique shootdown incident">Lolotique shootdown</a></li></ul> Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumpul_River_massacre" title="Sumpul River massacre">Sumpul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero#Massacre_at_Romero's_funeral" title="Óscar Romero">Romero's funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_murders_of_U.S._missionaries_in_El_Salvador" title="1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mozote_massacre" title="El Mozote massacre">El Mozote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rita_massacre" title="Santa Rita massacre">Santa Rita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Calabozo_massacre" title="El Calabozo massacre">El Calabozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Zona_Rosa_attacks" title="1985 Zona Rosa attacks">Zona Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_murders_of_Jesuits_in_El_Salvador" title="1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador">Jesuits</a></li></ul> Aftermath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Peace_Accords" title="Chapultepec Peace Accords">Peace Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Commission_for_El_Salvador" title="Truth Commission for El Salvador">Truth Commission</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> When the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a> began in 1978, Romero grew concerned that the revolution would spread to El Salvador.<a href="#cite_note-casajunta1-8">[6]</a> He attempted to begin negotiation with the opposition to ensure that did not happen, but his attempt emboldened opposition forces who took to the streets of San Salvador to strike in March 1979.<a href="#cite_note-casajunta1-8">[6]</a> Romero cracked down on the strikes and ordered his soldiers to fire live ammunition into the crowds to end the strike.<a href="#cite_note-casajunta1-8">[6]</a> The event was broadcast in the United States and Europe which resulted in Costa Rica, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> closing their respective embassies in El Salvador.<a href="#cite_note-casajunta1-8">[6]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a> of Nicaragua was finally deposed by the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a> (FSLN) in September 1979 which caused alarm among young military officers in the Salvadoran Army.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudiescoup-104">[102]</a> The Military Youth, led by Colonels <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Arnoldo_Majano" title="Adolfo Arnoldo Majano">Adolfo Arnoldo Majano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Abdul_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez">Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez</a> staged a <a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">coup d'état</a> against Romero on 15 October 1979 with the support of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-pastor-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-gleijeses-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-williams99100-107">[105]</a> Romero fled for exile in Guatemala, as did <a href="/wiki/Federico_Castillo_Yanes" title="Federico Castillo Yanes">Federico Castillo Yanes</a>, the Minister of National Defense.<a href="#cite_note-fuerzaarmada-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-leogrande-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-diarioone-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-internacional-110">[108]</a> On 18 October 1979, the military established the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_Junta_of_El_Salvador" title="Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador">Revolutionary Government Junta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-casajunta1-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rabasa-111">[109]</a> The junta was composed of five men: Colonels Majano and Gutiérrez, Ungo, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Antonio_Andino" title="Mario Antonio Andino">Mario Antonio Andino</a>, the former president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of El Salvador (CCIES), and <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Mayorga_Quir%C3%B3s" title="Román Mayorga Quirós">Román Mayorga Quirós</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_University_(San_Salvador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American University (San Salvador)">Central American University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-beverley-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ugno-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-jung-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-fuga-114">[112]</a> The coup of October 1979 marked the end of the military regime of El Salvador and many mark is as the start of the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wood-2">[1]</a> The civil war lasted until 1992 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Peace_Accords" title="Chapultepec Peace Accords">Chapultepec Peace Accords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wood-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-un-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heads_of_state">Heads of state</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heads of state">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presidents">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Presidents during the military regime (1931–1979)</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hernandez_Martinez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brigadier General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (1931–1934) (1935–1944)"><img alt="Brigadier General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (1931–1934) (1935–1944)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hernandez_Martinez.jpg/147px-Hernandez_Martinez.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hernandez_Martinez.jpg/221px-Hernandez_Martinez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hernandez_Martinez.jpg/294px-Hernandez_Martinez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="764" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a> (1931–1934) (1935–1944)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:67_General_Andres_I._Menendez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brigadier General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (1934–1935) (1944)"><img alt="Brigadier General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (1934–1935) (1944)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/67_General_Andres_I._Menendez.jpg/163px-67_General_Andres_I._Menendez.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/67_General_Andres_I._Menendez.jpg/244px-67_General_Andres_I._Menendez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/67_General_Andres_I._Menendez.jpg/325px-67_General_Andres_I._Menendez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1338" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ignacio_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Ignacio Menéndez">Andrés Ignacio Menéndez</a> (1934–1935) (1944)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronel_Osmin_Aguirre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas (1944–1945)"><img alt="Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas (1944–1945)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coronel_Osmin_Aguirre.jpg/151px-Coronel_Osmin_Aguirre.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coronel_Osmin_Aguirre.jpg/227px-Coronel_Osmin_Aguirre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coronel_Osmin_Aguirre.jpg/302px-Coronel_Osmin_Aguirre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="1209" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colonel <a href="/wiki/Osm%C3%ADn_Aguirre_y_Salinas" title="Osmín Aguirre y Salinas">Osmín Aguirre y Salinas</a> (1944–1945)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gral-castaneda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brigadier General Salvador Castaneda Castro (1945–1948)"><img alt="Brigadier General Salvador Castaneda Castro (1945–1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gral-castaneda.jpg/171px-Gral-castaneda.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gral-castaneda.jpg/257px-Gral-castaneda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gral-castaneda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Castaneda_Castro" title="Salvador Castaneda Castro">Salvador Castaneda Castro</a> (1945–1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Osorio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant Colonel Óscar Osorio (1950–1956)"><img alt="Lieutenant Colonel Óscar Osorio (1950–1956)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Oscar_Osorio.jpg/167px-Oscar_Osorio.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Oscar_Osorio.jpg/251px-Oscar_Osorio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Oscar_Osorio.jpg/334px-Oscar_Osorio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1345" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Osorio" title="Óscar Osorio">Óscar Osorio</a> (1950–1956)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lemus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant Colonel José María Lemus (1956–1960)"><img alt="Lieutenant Colonel José María Lemus (1956–1960)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lemus.jpg/186px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lemus.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lemus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="241" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lemus" title="José María Lemus">José María Lemus</a> (1956–1960)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Humberto_Romero_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brigadier General Carlos Humberto Romero (1977–1979)"><img alt="Brigadier General Carlos Humberto Romero (1977–1979)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Humberto_Romero_1977.jpg/179px-Humberto_Romero_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Humberto_Romero_1977.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="236" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_Romero" title="Carlos Humberto Romero">Carlos Humberto Romero</a> (1977–1979)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juntas">Juntas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Juntas">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Juntas during the military regime (1931–1979)</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civic Directory (1931–1931)"><img alt="Civic Directory (1931–1931)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Civic_Directory" title="Civic Directory">Civic Directory</a> (1931–1931)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Revolutionary Council of Government (1948–1950)"><img alt="Revolutionary Council of Government (1948–1950)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Council_of_Government_(El_Salvador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary Council of Government (El Salvador) (page does not exist)">Revolutionary Council of Government</a> (1948–1950)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Junta of Government (1960–1961)"><img alt="Junta of Government (1960–1961)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_Government_(El_Salvador)" title="Junta of Government (El Salvador)">Junta of Government</a> (1960–1961)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civic-Military Directory (1961–1962)"><img alt="Civic-Military Directory (1961–1962)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Civic-Military_Directory" title="Civic-Military Directory">Civic-Military Directory</a> (1961–1962)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/32px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/48px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/64px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:El_Salvador" title="Portal:El Salvador">El Salvador portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador" title="Armed Forces of El Salvador">Armed Forces of El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Films_depicting_Latin_American_military_dictatorships" title="Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships">Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">History of El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez#Strike_of_Fallen_Arms" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Strike of Fallen Arms</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> "La Matanza" is Spanish for "the Massacre." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wood-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wood_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wood_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWood2003" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Elizabeth (2003). Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgent+Collective+Action+and+Civil+War+in+El+Salvador&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1971" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Thomas P. (1971). Matanza: El Salvador's Communist Revolt of 1932. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 88–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803207943" title="Special:BookSources/9780803207943"><bdi>9780803207943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matanza%3A+El+Salvador%27s+Communist+Revolt+of+1932&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=88-91&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780803207943&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-popkin-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popkin_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-popkin_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Popkin, Margaret (2000). "Peace without Justice: Obstacles to Building the Rule of Law in El Salvador". 44 (1). 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The Protection Racket State Elite Politics, Military Extortion, and Civil War in El Salvador. 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Schorr, Matthew, Barrett, Lindsey, & Leachman, Colby (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.duke.edu/wcwp/research-projects/the-soccer-war/#war">"The Soccer War"</a>. Soccer Politics. Duke University. 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Presidente Elías Antonio Saca El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casapres.gob.sv/presidentes/pres/junta11979.htm">the original</a> on 2 March 2009. 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Vértice (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsalvador.com/vertice/2003/110503/especial.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2008. 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Ejinsight.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ejinsight&rft.atitle=Why+El+Salvador+has+Always+been+a+Wild+Card+in+World+Diplomacy&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft.au=Shen%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejinsight.com%2Feji%2Farticle%2Fid%2F1929917%2F20180829-why-el-salvador-has-always-been-a-wild-card-in-world-diplomacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+dictatorship+in+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNish2002" class="citation book cs1">Nish, Ian Hill (2002). Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period. 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Nonviolent Conflict. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns-summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=34&sobi2Id=32">the original</a> on 31 December 2010. 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Salvador">El Salvador</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_El_Salvador%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of El Salvador–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Pre-Columbian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General (Guatemalan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendancy_of_San_Salvador" title="Intendancy of San Salvador">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement" title="1811 Independence Movement">1811 Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Greater Republic of Central America">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#World_War_II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_El_Salvador" title="Geography of El Salvador">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:Biota of El Salvador">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_El_Salvador" title="List of cities in El Salvador">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_El_Salvador" title="List of earthquakes in El Salvador">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_El_Salvador" title="List of islands of El Salvador">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_El_Salvador" title="List of national parks of El Salvador">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_El_Salvador" title="List of rivers of El Salvador">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_El_Salvador" title="List of volcanoes in El Salvador">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_El_Salvador" title="Water resources management in El Salvador">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_El_Salvador" title="Politics of El Salvador">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_El_Salvador" title="Departments of El Salvador">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_El_Salvador" title="Constitution of El Salvador">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Court system of El Salvador">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_El_Salvador" title="Elections in El Salvador">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_El_Salvador" title="Foreign relations of El Salvador">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_El_Salvador" title="Human rights in El Salvador">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in El Salvador">LGBT rights</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_El_Salvador" title="International rankings of El Salvador">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Police_(El_Salvador)" title="National Civil Police (El Salvador)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador" title="Armed Forces of El Salvador">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_El_Salvador" title="List of political parties in El Salvador">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">Presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_in_El_Salvador" title="Bitcoin in El Salvador">Bitcoin adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_El_Salvador" title="Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_El_Salvador" title="Coffee production in El Salvador">Coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_col%C3%B3n" title="Salvadoran colón">pre-dollarization currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_El_Salvador" title="Electricity sector in El Salvador">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_El_Salvador" title="Mining in El Salvador">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Stock_Exchange" title="Salvadoran Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_El_Salvador" title="Tourism in El Salvador">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_El_Salvador" title="Transport in El Salvador">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:Society of El Salvador">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_El_Salvador" title="Corruption in El Salvador">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_El_Salvador" title="Crime in El Salvador">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_El_Salvador" title="Demographics of El Salvador">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_El_Salvador" title="Gender inequality in El Salvador">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_El_Salvador" title="Languages of El Salvador">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_El_Salvador" title="Prostitution in El Salvador">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Departments_by_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran Departments by HDI">Regions by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_El_Salvador" title="Sex trafficking in El Salvador">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_El_Salvador" title="Water supply and sanitation in El Salvador">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_El_Salvador" title="Culture of El Salvador">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_El_Salvador" title="National Anthem of El Salvador">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador" title="Coat of arms of El Salvador">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_El_Salvador" title="Flag of El Salvador">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_literature" title="Salvadoran literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_El_Salvador" title="Public holidays in El Salvador">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in El Salvador">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_stations_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:Television stations in El Salvador">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_El_Salvador" title="Outline of El Salvador">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_El_Salvador%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of El Salvador–related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:El_Salvador" title="Category:El Salvador">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:El_Salvador" title="Portal:El Salvador">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=El_Salvador&#124;link=El_Salvador_1979_Salvadoran_coup_d&#039;état" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=El_Salvador&#124;link=El_Salvador_1979_Salvadoran_coup_d&#039;état" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> <a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">1979 Salvadoran coup d'état</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1977 Salvadoran presidential election">1977 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Democr%C3%A1tica_Nacionalista" title="Organización Democrática Nacionalista">National Democratic Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Opposing_Union" title="National Opposing Union">National Opposing Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_Romero" title="Carlos Humberto Romero">Carlos Humberto Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Castillo_Yanes" title="Federico Castillo Yanes">Federico Castillo Yanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Arnoldo_Majano" title="Adolfo Arnoldo Majano">Adolfo Arnoldo Majano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Abdul_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez">Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_Junta_of_El_Salvador" title="Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador">Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Ungo" title="Guillermo Ungo">Guillermo Ungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Antonio_Andino" title="Mario Antonio Andino">Mario Antonio Andino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Mayorga_Quir%C3%B3s" title="Román Mayorga Quirós">Román Mayorga Quirós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Salvadoran_presidential_election" title="1982 Salvadoran presidential election">1982 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in El Salvador">Right-wing paramilitarism in El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_El_Salvador" title="Human rights in El Salvador">Human rights in El Salvador</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1931_establishments_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:1931 establishments in El Salvador">1931 establishments in El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1979_disestablishments_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:1979 disestablishments in El Salvador">1979 disestablishments in El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930s_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:1930s in El Salvador">1930s in El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:1940s in El Salvador">1940s in El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:1950s in El Salvador">1950s in El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:1960s in El Salvador">1960s in El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:1970s in El Salvador">1970s in El Salvador</a></li><li><a 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