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water</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: surface water"> <meta name="keywords" content="surface water"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="surface water"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 13497</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: surface water</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13497</span> Surface Water Quality in Orchard Area, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province, Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sisuwan%20Kaseamsawat">Sisuwan Kaseamsawat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sivapan%20Choo-In"> Sivapan Choo-In</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aimed to evaluated the surface water quality for agriculture and consumption in the district. Surface water quality parameters in this study in cluding water temperature, turbidity, conductivity. salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD, nitrate, Suspended solids, phosphorus. Total dissolve solids, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, lead and cadmium. Water samples were collected from small excavation, Lychee, Pomelo, and Coconut orchard for 3 season during January to December 2011. The surface water quality from small excavation, Lychee, pomelo, and coconut orchard are meet the type III of surface water quality standard issued by the National Environmental Quality Act B. E. 1992. except the concentration of heavy metal. And did not differ significantly at 0.05 level, except dissolved oxygen. The water is suitable for consumption by the usual sterile and generally improving water quality through the process before. And is suitable for agriculture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title="water quality">water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water%20quality" title=" surface water quality"> surface water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water "> water </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3886/surface-water-quality-in-orchard-area-amphawa-district-samut-songkram-province-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3886.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13496</span> Evalutaion of the Surface Water Quality Using the Water Quality Index and Discriminant Analysis Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lazhar%20Belkhiri">Lazhar Belkhiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ammar%20Tiri"> Ammar Tiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lotfi%20Mouni"> Lotfi Mouni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water resources present to the public order of the world a very important problem for the protection and management of water quality given the complexity of water quality data sets. In this study, the water quality index (WQI) and irrigation water quality index (IWQI) were calculated in order to evaluate the surface water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes based on nine hydrochemical parameters. In order to separate the variables that are the most responsible for the spatial differentiation, the discriminant analysis (DA) was applied. The results show that the surface water quality for drinking is poor quality and very poor quality based on WQI values, however, the values of IWQI reflect that this water is acceptable for irrigation with a restriction for sensitive plants. Consequently, the discriminant analysis DA method has shown that the following parameters pH, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate are significant discrimination between the different stations with the spatial variation of the surface water quality, therefore, the results obtained in this study provide very useful information to decision-makers <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water%20quality" title="surface water quality">surface water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drinking%20and%20irrigation%20purposes" title=" drinking and irrigation purposes"> drinking and irrigation purposes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality%20index" title=" water quality index"> water quality index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discriminant%20analysis" title=" discriminant analysis"> discriminant analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176146/evalutaion-of-the-surface-water-quality-using-the-water-quality-index-and-discriminant-analysis-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13495</span> Measuring the Amount of Eroded Soil and Surface Runoff Water in the Field </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulfatah%20Faraj%20Aboufayed">Abdulfatah Faraj Aboufayed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water erosion is the most important problems of the soil in the Jebel Nefusa area located in north west of Libya, therefore erosion station had been established in the Faculty of Veterinary and rainfed agriculture research Station, University of the Jepel Algherbee in Zentan. The length of the station is 72.6 feet, 6 feet width, and the percentage of it's slope is 3%. The station was established to measure the mount of soil eroded and amount of surface water produced during the seasons 95/96 and 96/97 from each rain storms. The Monitoring shows that there was a difference between the two seasons in the number of rainstorms which made differences in the amount of surface runoff water and the amount of soil eroded between the two seasons. Although the slope is low (3%), the soil texture is sandy and the land ploughed twice during each season surface runoff and soil eroded occurred. The average amount of eroded soil was 3792 grams (gr) per season and the average amount of surface runoff water was 410 litter (L) per season. The amount of surface runoff water would be much greater from Jebel Nefusa upland with steep slopes and collecting of them will save a valuable amount of water which lost as a runoff while this area is in desperate of this water. The regression analysis of variance show strong correlation between rainfall depth and the other two depended variable (the amount of surface runoff water and the amount of eroded soil). It shows also strong correlation between amount of surface runoff water and amount of eroded soil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain" title="rain">rain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20runoff%20water" title=" surface runoff water"> surface runoff water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20erosion" title=" water erosion"> water erosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20erosion" title=" soil erosion"> soil erosion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2186/measuring-the-amount-of-eroded-soil-and-surface-runoff-water-in-the-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2186.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13494</span> Effect of Chemical Additive on Fixed Abrasive Polishing of LBO Crystal with Non-Water Based Slurry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Li">Jun Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenze%20Wang"> Wenze Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhanggui%20Hu"> Zhanggui Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongwei%20Zhu"> Yongwei Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dunwen%20Zuo"> Dunwen Zuo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Non-water based fixed abrasive polishing was adopted to manufacture LBO crystal for nano precision surface quality because of its deliquescent. Ethyl alcohol was selected as the non-water based slurry solvent and ethanediamine, lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide were add in the slurry as a chemical additive, respectively. Effect of different additives with non-water based slurry on material removal rate, surface topography, microscopic appearances and surface roughness were investigated in fixed abrasive polishing of LBO crystal. The results show the best surface quality of LBO crystal with surface roughness Sa 8.2 nm and small damages was obtained by non-water based slurry with lactic acid. Non-water based fixed abrasive polishing can achieve nano precision surface quality of LBO crystal with high material removal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-water%20based%20slurry" title="non-water based slurry">non-water based slurry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LBO%20crystal" title=" LBO crystal"> LBO crystal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20abrasive%20polishing" title=" fixed abrasive polishing"> fixed abrasive polishing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20roughness" title=" surface roughness"> surface roughness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20129/effect-of-chemical-additive-on-fixed-abrasive-polishing-of-lbo-crystal-with-non-water-based-slurry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20129.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13493</span> Formation of Volatile Iodine from Cesium Iodide Aerosols: A DFT Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houssam%20Hijazi">Houssam Hijazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laurent%20Cantrel"> Laurent Cantrel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Paul"> Jean-François Paul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Periodic DFT calculations were performed to study the chemistry of CsI particles and the possible release of volatile iodine from CsI surfaces for nuclear safety interest. The results show that water adsorbs at low temperature associatively on the (011) surface of CsI, while water desorbs at higher temperatures. On the other hand, removing iodine species from the surface requires oxidizing the surface one time for each removed iodide atom. The activation energy of removing I<sub>2</sub> from the surface in the presence of two OH is 1,2 eV. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosols" title="aerosols">aerosols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CSI" title=" CSI"> CSI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactivity" title=" reactivity"> reactivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFT" title=" DFT"> DFT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20adsorption" title=" water adsorption"> water adsorption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72283/formation-of-volatile-iodine-from-cesium-iodide-aerosols-a-dft-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72283.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13492</span> An Investigation of Surface Water Quality in an Industrial Area Using Integrated Approaches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priti%20Saha">Priti Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biswajit%20Paul"> Biswajit Paul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rapid urbanization and industrialization has increased the pollution load in surface water bodies. However, these water bodies are major source of water for drinking, irrigation, industrial activities and fishery. Therefore, water quality assessment is paramount importance to evaluate its suitability for all these purposes. This study focus to evaluate the surface water quality of an industrial city in eastern India through integrating interdisciplinary techniques. The multi-purpose Water Quality Index (WQI) assess the suitability for drinking, irrigation as well as fishery of forty-eight sampling locations, where 8.33% have excellent water quality (WQI:0-25) for fishery and 10.42%, 20.83% and 45.83% have good quality (WQI:25-50), which represents its suitability for drinking irrigation and fishery respectively. However, the industrial water quality was assessed through Ryznar Stability Index (LSI), which affirmed that only 6.25% of sampling locations have neither corrosive nor scale forming properties (RSI: 6.2-6.8). Integration of these statistical analysis with geographical information system (GIS) helps in spatial assessment. It identifies of the regions where the water quality is suitable for its use in drinking, irrigation, fishery as well as industrial activities. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of statistical and GIS techniques for water quality assessment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water" title="surface water">surface water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality%20assessment" title=" water quality assessment"> water quality assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality%20index" title=" water quality index"> water quality index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20assessment" title=" spatial assessment"> spatial assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103597/an-investigation-of-surface-water-quality-in-an-industrial-area-using-integrated-approaches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13491</span> Influence of Silica Surface Hydrophilicity on Adsorbed Water and Isopropanol Studied by in-situ NMR</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyung%20T.%20Kwak">Hyung T. Kwak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Gao"> Jun Gao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yao%20An"> Yao An</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfred%20Kleinhammes"> Alfred Kleinhammes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yue%20Wu"> Yue Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Surface wettability is a crucial factor in oil recovery. In oil industry, the rock wettability involves the interplay between water, oil, and solid surface. Therefore, studying the interplay between adsorptions of water and hydrocarbon molecules on solid surface would be very informative for understanding rock wettability. Here we use the in-situ Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) gas isotherm technique to study competitive adsorptions of water and isopropanol, an intermediate step from hydrocarbons. This in-situ NMR technique obtains information on thermodynamic properties such as the isotherm, molecular dynamics via spin relaxation measurements, and adsorption kinetics such as how fast the system can reach thermal equilibrium after changes of vapor pressures. Using surfaces of silica glass beads, which can be modified from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, we obtained information on the influence of surface hydrophilicity on the state of surface water via obtained thermodynamic and dynamic properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wettability" title="Wettability">Wettability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NMR" title=" NMR"> NMR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gas%20Isotherm" title=" Gas Isotherm"> Gas Isotherm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hydrophilicity" title=" Hydrophilicity"> Hydrophilicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title=" adsorption"> adsorption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117675/influence-of-silica-surface-hydrophilicity-on-adsorbed-water-and-isopropanol-studied-by-in-situ-nmr" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117675.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13490</span> Evaluation of Water Quality for the Kurtbogazi Dam Outlet and the Streams Feeding the Dam (Ankara, Turkey)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gulsen%20Tozsin">Gulsen Tozsin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20Bakir"> Fatma Bakir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cemil%20Acar"> Cemil Acar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ercument%20Koc"> Ercument Koc</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Kurtbogazi Dam has gained special meaning for Ankara, Turkey for the last decade due to the rapid depletion of nearby resources of drinking water. In this study, the results of the analyses of Kurtbogazi Dam outlet water and the rivers flowing into the Kurtbogazi Dam were discussed for the period of last five years between 2008 and 2012. The quality of these surface water resources were evaluated in terms of pH, temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrate, phosphate and chlorine. They were classified according to the Council Directive (75/440/EEC). Moreover, the properties of these surface waters were assessed to determine the quality of water for drinking and irrigation purposes using Piper, US Salinity Laboratory and Wilcox diagrams. The results revealed that the quality of all the investigated water sources are generally at satisfactory level as surface water except for Pazar Stream in terms of ortho-phosphate and BOD5 concentration for 2008. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kurtbogazi%20dam" title="Kurtbogazi dam">Kurtbogazi dam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality%20assessment" title=" water quality assessment"> water quality assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ankara%20water" title=" Ankara water"> Ankara water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20supply" title=" water supply"> water supply</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34379/evaluation-of-water-quality-for-the-kurtbogazi-dam-outlet-and-the-streams-feeding-the-dam-ankara-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34379.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13489</span> Gas Aggregation and Nanobubbles Stability on Substrates Influenced by Surface Wettability: A Molecular Dynamics Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsu-Hsu%20Yen">Tsu-Hsu Yen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The interfacial gas adsorption presents a frequent challenge and opportunity for micro-/nano-fluidic operation. In this study, we investigate the wettability, gas accumulation, and nanobubble formation on various homogeneous surface conditions by using MD simulation, including a series of 3D and quasi-2D argon-water-solid systems simulation. To precisely determine the wettability on various substrates, several indicators were calculated. Among these wettability indicators, the water PMF (potential of mean force) has the most correlation tendency with interfacial water molecular orientation than depletion layer width and droplet contact angle. The results reveal that the aggregation of argon molecules on substrates not only depending on the level of hydrophobicity but also determined by the competition between gas-solid and water-solid interaction as well as water molecular structure near the surface. In addition, the surface nanobubble is always observed coexisted with the gas enrichment layer. The water structure adjacent to water-gas and water-solid interfaces also plays an important factor in gas out-flux and gas aggregation, respectively. The quasi-2D simulation shows that only a slight difference in the curved argon-water interface from the plane interface which suggests no noticeable obstructing effect on gas outflux from the gas-water interfacial water networks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20aggregation" title="gas aggregation">gas aggregation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interfacial%20nanobubble" title=" interfacial nanobubble"> interfacial nanobubble</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20dynamics%20simulation" title=" molecular dynamics simulation"> molecular dynamics simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wettability" title=" wettability"> wettability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120507/gas-aggregation-and-nanobubbles-stability-on-substrates-influenced-by-surface-wettability-a-molecular-dynamics-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13488</span> Ground Effect on Marine Midge Water Surface Locomotion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chih-Hua%20Wu">Chih-Hua Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bang-Fuh%20Chen"> Bang-Fuh Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keryea%20Soong"> Keryea Soong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Midges can move on the surface of the water at speeds of approximately 340 body-lengths/s and can move continuously for >90 min. Their wings periodically scull the sea surface to push water backward and thus generate thrust; their other body parts, including their three pairs of legs, touch the water only occasionally. The aim of this study was to investigate the locomotion mechanism of marine midges with a size of 2 mm and living in shallow reefs in Wanliton, southern Taiwan. We assumed that midges generate lift through two mechanisms: by sculling the surface of seawater to leverage the generated tension for thrust and by retracting their wings to generate aerodynamic lift at a suitable angle of attack. We performed computational fluid dynamic simulations to determine the mechanism of midge locomotion above the surface of the water. The simulations indicated that ground effects are essential and that both the midge trunk and wing tips must be very close to the water surface to produce sufficient lift to keep the midge airborne. Furthermore, a high wing-beat frequency is crucial for the midge to produce sufficient lift during wing retraction. Accordingly, ground effects, forward speed, and high wing-beat frequency are major factors influencing the ability of midges to generate sufficient lift and remain airborne above the water surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20effect" title="ground effect">ground effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20locomotion" title=" water locomotion"> water locomotion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerodynamic%20lift" title=" aerodynamic lift"> aerodynamic lift</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169099/ground-effect-on-marine-midge-water-surface-locomotion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13487</span> Surface and Drinking Water Quality Monitoring of Thomas Reservoir, Kano State, Nigeria </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20A.%20Adamu">G. A. Adamu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Sallau"> M. S. Sallau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20O.%20Idris"> S. O. Idris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20B.%20Agbaji"> E. B. Agbaji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drinking water is supplied to Danbatta, Makoda and some parts of Minjibir local government areas of Kano State from the surface water of Thomas Reservoir. The present land use in the catchment area of the reservoir indicates high agricultural activities, fishing, as well as domestic and small scale industrial activities. To study and monitor the quality of surface and drinking water of the area, water samples were collected from the reservoir, treated water at the treatment plant and potable water at the consumer end in three seasons November - February (cold season), March - June (dry season) and July - September (rainy season). The samples were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, suspended solids, total solids, colour, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chloride ion (Cl<sup>-</sup>) nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>), nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>). The higher values obtained in some parameters with respect to the acceptable standard set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS) indicate the pollution of both the surface and drinking water. These pollutants were observed to have a negative impact on water quality in terms of eutrophication, largely due to anthropogenic activities in the watershed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water" title="surface water">surface water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drinking%20water" title=" drinking water"> drinking water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title=" water quality"> water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollution" title=" pollution"> pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20reservoir" title=" Thomas reservoir"> Thomas reservoir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kano" title=" Kano"> Kano</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53842/surface-and-drinking-water-quality-monitoring-of-thomas-reservoir-kano-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53842.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13486</span> Investigation of Surface Water Quality Intera-Annual Variations, Gorganroud Basin, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Ebrahimi">K. Ebrahimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Shahid"> S. Shahid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Dehban"> H. Dehban </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate variability can affect surface water quality. The objective of present study is to assess the impacts of climate variability on water quality of Gorganroud River, Iran, over the time period 1971 to 2011. To achieve this aim, climate variability and water quality variations were studied involving a newly developed drought index (MRDI) and hysteresis curves, respectively. The results show that climate variability significantly affected surface water quality over the time. The existence of yearly internal variation and hysteresis phenomenon for pH and EC parameters was observed. It was found that though drought affected pH considerably, it could not affect EC significantly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20variability" title="climate variability">climate variability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hysteresis%20curves" title=" hysteresis curves"> hysteresis curves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi%20drought%20index" title=" multi drought index"> multi drought index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title=" water quality"> water quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31390/investigation-of-surface-water-quality-intera-annual-variations-gorganroud-basin-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31390.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">369</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13485</span> Viability of Irrigation Water Conservation Practices in the Low Desert of California</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Montazar">Ali Montazar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> California and the Colorado River Basin are facing increasing uncertainty concerning water supplies. The Colorado River is the main source of irrigation water in the low desert of California. Currently, due to an increasing water-use competition and long-term drought at the Colorado River Basin, efficient use of irrigation water is one of the highest conservation priorities in the region. This study aims to present some of current irrigation technologies and management approaches in the low desert and assess the viability and potential of these water management practices. The results of several field experiments are used to assess five water conservation practices of sub-surface drip irrigation, automated surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, tail-water recovery system, and deficit irrigation strategy. The preliminary results of several ongoing studies at commercial fields are presented, particularly researches in alfalfa, sugar beets, kliengrass, sunflower, and spinach fields. The findings indicate that all these practices have significant potential to conserve water (an average of 1 ac-ft/ac) and enhance the efficiency of water use (15-25%). Further work is needed to better understand the feasibility of each of these applications and to help maintain profitable and sustainable agricultural production system in the low desert as water and labor costs, and environmental issues increase. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20surface%20irrigation" title="automated surface irrigation">automated surface irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deficit%20irrigation" title=" deficit irrigation"> deficit irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20desert%20of%20California" title=" low desert of California"> low desert of California</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sprinkler%20irrigation" title=" sprinkler irrigation"> sprinkler irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20drip%20irrigation" title=" sub-surface drip irrigation"> sub-surface drip irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tail-water%20recovery%20system" title=" tail-water recovery system"> tail-water recovery system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98630/viability-of-irrigation-water-conservation-practices-in-the-low-desert-of-california" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13484</span> Power Generation through Water Vapour: An Approach of Using Sea/River/Lake Water as Renewable Energy Source</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riad">Riad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As present world needs more and more energy in a low cost way, it needs to find out the optimal way of power generation. In the sense of low cost, renewable energy is one of the greatest sources of power generation. Water vapour of sea/river/lake can be used for power generation by using the greenhouse effect in a large flat type water chamber floating on the water surface. The water chamber will always be kept half filled. When water evaporates by sunlight, the high pressured gaseous water will be stored in the chamber. By passing through a pipe and by using aerodynamics it can be used for power generation. The water level of the chamber is controlled by some means. As a large amount of water evaporates, an estimation can be highlighted, approximately 3 to 4 thousand gallons of water evaporates from per acre of surface (this amount will be more by greenhouse effect). This large amount of gaseous water can be utilized for power generation by passing through a pipe. This method can be a source of power generation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title="renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greenhouse%20effect" title=" greenhouse effect"> greenhouse effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20chamber" title=" water chamber"> water chamber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20vapour" title=" water vapour"> water vapour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63915/power-generation-through-water-vapour-an-approach-of-using-seariverlake-water-as-renewable-energy-source" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13483</span> Comparison of Different Techniques to Estimate Surface Soil Moisture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Farid%20F.%20Mojtahedi">S. Farid F. Mojtahedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Khosravi"> Ali Khosravi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behnaz%20Naeimian"> Behnaz Naeimian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Adel%20A.%20Hosseini"> S. Adel A. Hosseini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Land subsidence is a gradual settling or sudden sinking of the land surface from changes that take place underground. There are different causes of land subsidence; most notably, ground-water overdraft and severe weather conditions. Subsidence of the land surface due to ground water overdraft is caused by an increase in the intergranular pressure in unconsolidated aquifers, which results in a loss of buoyancy of solid particles in the zone dewatered by the falling water table and accordingly compaction of the aquifer. On the other hand, exploitation of underground water may result in significant changes in degree of saturation of soil layers above the water table, increasing the effective stress in these layers, and considerable soil settlements. This study focuses on estimation of soil moisture at surface using different methods. Specifically, different methods for the estimation of moisture content at the soil surface, as an important term to solve Richard’s equation and estimate soil moisture profile are presented, and their results are discussed through comparison with field measurements obtained from Yanco1 station in south-eastern Australia. Surface soil moisture is not easy to measure at the spatial scale of a catchment. Due to the heterogeneity of soil type, land use, and topography, surface soil moisture may change considerably in space and time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20network" title="artificial neural network">artificial neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empirical%20method" title=" empirical method"> empirical method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20soil%20moisture" title=" surface soil moisture"> surface soil moisture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unsaturated%20soil" title=" unsaturated soil"> unsaturated soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57123/comparison-of-different-techniques-to-estimate-surface-soil-moisture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57123.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13482</span> The Influence of Conservation Measures, Limiting Soil Degradation, on the Quality of Surface Water Resources</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Sobotkov%C3%A1">V. Sobotková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20%C5%A0arapatka"> B. Šarapatka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Dumbrovsk%C3%BD"> M. Dumbrovský</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Uhrov%C3%A1"> J. Uhrová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Bedn%C3%A1%C5%99"> M. Bednář</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper deals with the influence of implemented conservation measures on the quality of surface water resources. Recently, a new process of complex land consolidation in the Czech Republic has provided a unique opportunity to improve the quality of the environment and sustainability of crop production by means of better soil and water conservation. The most important degradation factor in our study area in the Hubenov drinking water reservoir catchment basin was water erosion together with loss of organic matter. Hubenov Reservoir water resources were monitored for twenty years (1990–2010) to collect water quality data for nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3-), total P, and undissolved substances. Results obtained from measurements taken before and after land consolidation indicated a decrease in the linear trend of N-NO3- and total P concentrations, this was achieved through implementation of conservation measures limiting soil degradation in the Hubenov reservoir catchment area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20land%20consolidation" title="complex land consolidation">complex land consolidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degradation" title=" degradation"> degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use" title=" land use"> land use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20and%20water%20conservation" title=" soil and water conservation"> soil and water conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water%20resources" title=" surface water resources"> surface water resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9590/the-influence-of-conservation-measures-limiting-soil-degradation-on-the-quality-of-surface-water-resources" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9590.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13481</span> The Monitoring of Surface Water Bodies from Tisa Catchment Area, Maramureş County in 2014</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriela-Andreea%20Despescu">Gabriela-Andreea Despescu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M%C4%83d%C4%83lina%20Mavrodin"> Mădălina Mavrodin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gheorghe%20L%C4%83z%C4%83roiu"> Gheorghe Lăzăroiu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Nacu"> S. Nacu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20B%C4%83stina%C5%9F"> R. Băstinaş</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Monitoring of Surface Water Bodies (Rivers) from Tisa Catchment Area - Maramureş County in 2014. This study is focused on the monitoring and evaluation of river’s water bodies from Maramureş County, using the methodology associated with the EU Water Framework Directive 60/2000. Thus, in the first part are defined the theoretical terms of monitoring activities related to the water bodies’ quality and the specific features of those we can find in the studied area. There are presented the water bodies’ features, quality indicators and the monitoring frequencies for the rivers situated in the Tisa catchment area. The results have shown the actual ecological and chemical state of those water bodies, in relation with the standard values mentioned through the Water Framework Directive. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title="monitoring">monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surveillance" title=" surveillance"> surveillance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20bodies" title=" water bodies"> water bodies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50140/the-monitoring-of-surface-water-bodies-from-tisa-catchment-area-maramures-county-in-2014" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13480</span> Physico-Chemical and Heavy Metals Analysis of Contaminated Ndawuse River in North Central of Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abimbola%20Motunrayo%20Enitan">Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibironke%20Titilayo%20Enitan"> Ibironke Titilayo Enitan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Odiyo"> John Odiyo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study assessed quality of surface water across Ndawuse River Phase 1, District of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria based on physico-chemical variables that are linked to agrochemical and eutrophication, as well as heavy metals concentrations. In total, sixteen surface water samples were obtained from five locations along the river. The results were compared with the standard limits set by both World Health Organization and Federal Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water. The results obtained indicated that BOD5, turbidity, 0.014-3.511 mg Fe/L and 0.078-0.14 mg Cr/L were all above the standard limits. The results further showed that the quality of surface water is being significantly affected by human activities around the Ndawuse River which could pose an adverse health risk to several communities that rely on these receiving water bodies primarily as their source of water. Therefore, there is a need for strict enforcement of environmental laws considering the physico-chemical analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20exposure%20risk" title=" human exposure risk"> human exposure risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ndawuse%20River" title=" Ndawuse River"> Ndawuse River</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water" title=" surface water"> surface water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94868/physico-chemical-and-heavy-metals-analysis-of-contaminated-ndawuse-river-in-north-central-of-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13479</span> Hierarchical Surface Inspired by Lotus-Leaf for Electrical Generators from Waterdrop</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaewook%20Ha">Jaewook Ha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin-beak%20Kim"> Jin-beak Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seongmin%20Kim"> Seongmin Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to solve global warming and climate change issues, increased efforts have been devoted towards clean and sustainable energy sources as well as new energy generating devices. Nanogenerator is a device that converts mechanical/thermal energy as produced by small-scale physical change into electricity. Here we propose that nature-leaf surface could be used for preparation of a triboelectric nanogenerator. The nature-leaf surface consists of polydimethylsiloxane microscale pillars and polytetrafluoroethylene nanoparticles. Interaction between the nature-leaf surface and water was studied and the electrical outputs from the motion of single water drop were measured. A 40-μL water drop can generate a peak voltage of 1 V and a peak current of 0.7 μA. This nanogenerator might be used to drive electric devices in the outdoor environments in a sustainable manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hierarchical%20surface" title="hierarchical surface">hierarchical surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lotus-leaf" title=" lotus-leaf"> lotus-leaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20generator" title=" electrical generator"> electrical generator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waterdrop" title=" waterdrop"> waterdrop</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36939/hierarchical-surface-inspired-by-lotus-leaf-for-electrical-generators-from-waterdrop" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13478</span> Crystallization Fouling from Potable Water in Heat Exchangers and Evaporators</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amthal%20Al-Gailani">Amthal Al-Gailani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olujide%20Sanni"> Olujide Sanni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thibaut%20Charpentier"> Thibaut Charpentier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anne%20Neville"> Anne Neville</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Formation of inorganic scale on heat transfer surfaces is a serious problem encountered in industrial, commercial, and domestic heat exchangers and systems. Several industries use potable/groundwater sources such as rivers, lakes, and oceans to use water as a working fluid in heat exchangers and steamers. As potable/surface water contains diverse salt ionic species, the scaling kinetics and deposit morphology are expected to be different from those found in artificially hardened solutions. In this work, scale formation on the heat transfer surfaces from potable water has been studied using a once-through open flow cell under atmospheric pressure. The surface scaling mechanism and deposit morphology are investigated at high surface temperature. Thus the water evaporation process has to be considered. The effect of surface temperature, flow rate, and inhibitor deployment on the thermal resistance and morphology of the scale have been investigated. The study findings show how an increase in surface temperature enhances the crystallization reaction kinetics on the surface. There is an increase in the amount of scale and the resistance to heat transfer. The fluid flow rate also increases the fouling resistance and the thickness of the scale layer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fouling" title="fouling">fouling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20exchanger" title=" heat exchanger"> heat exchanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20resistance" title=" thermal resistance"> thermal resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystallization" title=" crystallization"> crystallization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potable%20water" title=" potable water"> potable water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109268/crystallization-fouling-from-potable-water-in-heat-exchangers-and-evaporators" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13477</span> Calculating Approach of Thermal Conductivity of 8 YSZ in Different Relative Humidities Corresponding to Low Water Contents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun%20Chol%20Kang">Yun Chol Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Myong%20Nam%20Kong"> Myong Nam Kong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nam%20Chol%20Yu"> Nam Chol Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin%20Sim%20Kim"> Jin Sim Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Un%20Yong%20Paek"> Un Yong Paek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Song%20Ho%20Kim"> Song Ho Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focuses on the calculating approach of the thermal conductivity of 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) in different relative humidity corresponding to low water contents. When water content in 8YSZ is low, water droplets can accumulate in the neck regions. We assume that spherical water droplets are randomly located in the neck regions formed by grains and surrounded by the pores. Based on this, a new hypothetical pore constituted by air and water is proposed using the microstructural modeling. We consider 8YSZ is a two-phase material constituted by the solid region and the hypothetical pore region where the water droplets are penetrated in the pores, randomly. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of the hypothetical pore is calculated using the parallel resistance for low water contents, and the effective thermal conductivity of 8YSZ material constituted by solid and hypothetical pore in different relative humidities using EMPT. When the numbers of water layers on the surface of 8YSZ are less than 1.5, the proposed approach gives a good interpretation of the experimental results. When the theoretical value of the number of water layers on 8YSZ surface is 1, the water content is not enough to cover the internal solid surface completely. The proposed approach gives a better interpretation of the experimental results in different relative humidities that numbers of water layers on the surface of 8YSZ are less than 1.5. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=8YSZ" title="8YSZ">8YSZ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20conductivity" title=" thermal conductivity"> thermal conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20humidity" title=" relative humidity"> relative humidity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168365/calculating-approach-of-thermal-conductivity-of-8-ysz-in-different-relative-humidities-corresponding-to-low-water-contents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168365.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13476</span> Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts by Acid-Fast Staining Method and PCR in Surface Water from Tehran, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Mohsen%20Homayouni">Mohamad Mohsen Homayouni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niloofar%20Taghipour"> Niloofar Taghipour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Reza%20Memar"> Ahmad Reza Memar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niloofar%20Khalaji"> Niloofar Khalaji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Kiani"> Hamed Kiani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyyed%20Javad%20Seyyed%20Tabaei"> Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Objective: Cryptosporidium is a coccidian protozoan parasite; its oocysts in surface water are a global health problem. Due to the low number of parasites in the water resources and the lack of laboratory culture, rapid and sensitive method for detection of the organism in the water resources is necessarily required. We applied modified acid-fast staining and PCR for the detection of the Cryptosporidium spp. and analysed the genotypes in 55 samples collected from surface water. Methods: Over a period of nine months, 55 surface water samples were collected from the five rivers in Tehran, Iran. The samples were filtered by using cellulose acetate membrane filters. By acid fast method, initial identification of Cryptosporidium oocyst were carried out on surface water samples. Then, nested PCR assay was designed for the specific amplification and analysed the genotypes. Results: Modified Ziehl-Neelsen method revealed 5–20 Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per 10 Liter. Five out of the 55 (9.09%) surface water samples were found positive for Cryptosporidium spp. by Ziehl-Neelsen test and seven (12.7%) were found positive by nested PCR. The staining results were consistent with PCR. Seven Cryptosporidium PCR products were successfully sequenced and five gp60 subtypes were detected. Our finding of gp60 gene revealed that all of the positive isolates were Cryptosporidium parvum and belonged to subtype families IIa and IId. Conclusion: Our investigations were showed that collection of water samples were contaminated by Cryptosporidium, with potential hazards for the significant health problem. This study provides the first report on detection and genotyping of Cryptosporidium species from surface water samples in Iran, and its result confirmed the low clinical incidence of this parasite on the community. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cryptosporidium%20spp." title="Cryptosporidium spp.">Cryptosporidium spp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20filtration" title=" membrane filtration"> membrane filtration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subtype" title=" subtype"> subtype</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water" title=" surface water"> surface water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78803/detection-of-cryptosporidium-oocysts-by-acid-fast-staining-method-and-pcr-in-surface-water-from-tehran-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78803.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">416</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13475</span> Study of Water Cluster-Amorphous Silica Collisions in the Extreme Space Environment Using the ReaxFF Reactive Force Field Molecular Dynamics Simulation Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Rahnamoun">Ali Rahnamoun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adri%20van%20Duin"> Adri van Duin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of high velocity particle impact on the spacecraft surface materials has been one of the important issues in the design of such materials. Among these particles, water clusters might be the most abundant and the most important particles to be studied. The importance of water clusters is that upon impact on the surface of the materials, they can cause damage to the material and also if they are sub-cooled water clusters, they can attach to the surface of the materials and cause ice accumulation on the surface which is very problematic in spacecraft and also aircraft operations. The dynamics of the collisions between amorphous silica structures and water clusters with impact velocities of 1 km/s to 10 km/s are studied using the ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulation method. The initial water clusters include 150 water molecules and the water clusters are collided on the surface of amorphous fully oxidized and suboxide silica structures. These simulations show that the most abundant molecules observed on the silica surfaces, other than reflecting water molecules, are H3O+ and OH- for the water cluster impacts on suboxide and fully oxidized silica structures, respectively. The effect of impact velocity on the change of silica mass is studied. At high impact velocities the water molecules attach to the silica surface through a chemisorption process meaning that water molecule dissociates through the interaction with silica surface. However, at low impact velocities, physisorbed water molecules are also observed, which means water molecule attaches and accumulates on the silica surface. The amount of physisorbed waters molecules at low velocities is higher on the suboxide silica surfaces. The evolution of the temperatures of the water clusters during the collisions indicates that the possibility of electron excitement at impact velocities less than 10 km/s is minimal and ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulation can predict the chemistry of these hypervelocity impacts. However, at impact velocities close to 10 km/s the average temperature of the impacting water clusters increase to about 2000K, with individual molecules oocasionally reaching temperatures of over 8000K and thus will be prudent to consider the concept of electron excitation at these higher impact velocities which goes beyond the current ReaxFF ability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spacecraft%20materials" title="spacecraft materials">spacecraft materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypervelocity%20impact" title=" hypervelocity impact"> hypervelocity impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactive%20molecular%20dynamics%20simulation" title=" reactive molecular dynamics simulation"> reactive molecular dynamics simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amorphous%20silica" title=" amorphous silica"> amorphous silica</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17234/study-of-water-cluster-amorphous-silica-collisions-in-the-extreme-space-environment-using-the-reaxff-reactive-force-field-molecular-dynamics-simulation-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17234.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13474</span> Effect of Chemical Concentration on the Rheology of Inks for Inkjet Printing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20G.%20Tadesse">M. G. Tadesse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Yu"> J. Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Chen"> Y. Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Wang"> L. Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Nierstrasz"> V. Nierstrasz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Loghin"> C. Loghin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Viscosity and surface tension are the fundamental rheological property of an ink for inkjet printing. In this work, we optimized the viscosity and surface tension of inkjet inks by varying the concentration of glycerol with water, PEDOT:PSS with glycerol and water, finally by adding the surfactant. The surface resistance of the sample was characterized by four-probe measurement principle. The change in volume of PEDOT:PSS in water, as well as the change in weight of glycerol in water has got a great influence on the viscosity on both temperature dependence and shear dependence behavior of the ink solution. The surface tension of the solution changed from 37 to 28 mN/m due to the addition of Triton. Varying the volume of PEDOT:PSS and the volume of glycerol in water has a great influence on the viscosity of the ink solution for inkjet printing. Viscosity drops from 12.5 to 9.5 mPa s with the addition of Triton at 25 oC. The PEDOT:PSS solution was found to be temperature dependence but not shear dependence as it is a Newtonian fluid. The sample was used to connect the light emitting diode (LED), and hence the electrical conductivity, with a surface resistance of 0.158 KΩ/square, was sufficient enough to give transfer current for LED lamp. The rheology of the inkjet ink is very critical for the successful droplet formation of the inkjet printing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20rate" title="shear rate">shear rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20tension" title=" surface tension"> surface tension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surfactant" title=" surfactant"> surfactant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscosity" title=" viscosity"> viscosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84426/effect-of-chemical-concentration-on-the-rheology-of-inks-for-inkjet-printing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84426.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">172</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13473</span> Separation of Water/Organic Mixtures Using Micro- and Nanostructured Membranes of Special Type of Wettability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20R.%20Sultanov%20Ch.%20Daulbayev">F. R. Sultanov Ch. Daulbayev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Bakbolat"> B. Bakbolat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20A.%20Mansurov"> Z. A. Mansurov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Zhurintaeva"> A. A. Zhurintaeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20I.%20Gadilshina"> R. I. Gadilshina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20B.%20Dugali"> A. B. Dugali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Both hydrophilic-oleophobic and hydrophobic-oleophilic membranes were obtained by coating of the substrate of membranes, presented by stainless steel meshes with various dimensions of their openings, with a composition that forms the special type of their surface wettability via spray-coating method. The surface morphology of resulting membranes was studied using SEM, the type of their wettability was identified by measuring the contact angle between the surface of membrane and a drop of studied liquid (water or organic liquid) and efficiency of continuous separation of water and organic liquid was studied on self-assembled setup. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane" title="membrane">membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stainless%20steel%20mesh" title=" stainless steel mesh"> stainless steel mesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oleophobicity" title=" oleophobicity"> oleophobicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophobicity" title=" hydrophobicity"> hydrophobicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=separation" title=" separation"> separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20liquids" title=" organic liquids "> organic liquids </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115038/separation-of-waterorganic-mixtures-using-micro-and-nanostructured-membranes-of-special-type-of-wettability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115038.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13472</span> Approach to Study the Workability of Concrete with the Fractal Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Achouri%20Fatima">Achouri Fatima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chouicha%20Kaddour"> Chouicha Kaddour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main parameters affecting the workability are the water content, particle size, and the total surface of the grains, as long as the mixing water begins by wetting the surface of the grains and then fills the voids between the grains to form entrapped water, the quantity of water remaining is called free water. The aim is to undertake a fractal approach through the relationship between the concrete formulation parameters and workability, to develop this approach a series of concrete taken from the literature was investigated by varying formulation parameters such as G / S, the quantity of cement C and the quantity of mixing water E. We also call on other model as the model for the thickness of the water layer and model of the thickness of the paste layer to judge their relevance, hence the following results : the relevance of the model of the thickness of the water layer is considered relevant when there is a variation in the water quantity, the model of the thickness of the layer of the paste is only applicable if we consider that the paste is made with the grain value Dmax = 2.85: value from which we see a stable model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractal%20method" title=" fractal method"> fractal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paste%20thickness" title=" paste thickness"> paste thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20thickness" title=" water thickness"> water thickness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=workability" title=" workability"> workability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29521/approach-to-study-the-workability-of-concrete-with-the-fractal-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13471</span> An Experimental Study on the Temperature Reduction of Exhaust Gas at a Snorkeling of Submarine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seok-Tae%20Yoon">Seok-Tae Yoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Yeong%20Choi"> Jae-Yeong Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gyu-Mok%20Jeon"> Gyu-Mok Jeon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong-Jin%20Cho"> Yong-Jin Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jong-Chun%20Park"> Jong-Chun Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Conventional submarines obtain propulsive force by using an electric propulsion system consisting of a diesel generator, battery, motor, and propeller. In the underwater, the submarine uses the electric power stored in the battery. After that, when a certain amount of electric power is consumed, the submarine floats near the sea water surface and recharges the electric power by using the diesel generator. The voyage carried out while charging the power is called a snorkel, and the high-temperature exhaust gas from the diesel generator forms a heat distribution on the sea water surface. The heat distribution is detected by weapon system equipped with thermo-detector and that is the main cause of reducing the survivability of the submarine. In this paper, an experimental study was carried out to establish optimal operating conditions of a submarine for reduction of infrared signature radiated from the sea water surface. For this, a hot gas generating system and a round acrylic water tank with adjustable water level were made. The control variables of the experiment were set as the mass flow rate, the temperature difference between the water and the hot gas in the water tank, and the water level difference between the air outlet and the water surface. The experimental instrumentation used a thermocouple of T-type to measure the released air temperature on the surface of the water, and a thermography system to measure the thermal energy distribution on the water surface. As a result of the experiment study, we analyzed the correlation between the final released temperature of the exhaust pipe exit in a submarine and the depth of the snorkel, and presented reasonable operating conditions for the infrared signature reduction of submarine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experiment%20study" title="experiment study">experiment study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20rate" title=" flow rate"> flow rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrared%20signature" title=" infrared signature"> infrared signature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=snorkeling" title=" snorkeling"> snorkeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermography" title=" thermography"> thermography</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87195/an-experimental-study-on-the-temperature-reduction-of-exhaust-gas-at-a-snorkeling-of-submarine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87195.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13470</span> Adverse Impacts of Poor Wastewater Management Practices on Water Quality in Gebeng Industrial Area, Pahang, Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20M.%20Sujaul">I. M. Sujaul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Sobahan"> M. A. Sobahan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Edriyana"> A. A. Edriyana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20M.%20Yahaya"> F. M. Yahaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20Yunus"> R. M. Yunus </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was carried out to investigate the adverse effect of industrial waste water on surface water quality in Gebeng industrial estate, Pahang, Malaysia. Surface water was collected from 6 sampling stations. Physico-chemical parameters were characterized based on in-situ and ex-situ analysis according to standard methods by American Public Health Association (APHA). Selected heavy metals were determined by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP MS). The result reveled that the concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr and Hg were high in samples. The result showed that the value of Pb and Hg were higher in the wet season in comparison to dry season. According to Malaysia National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) and Water Quality Index (WQI) all the sampling station were categorized as class IV (highly polluted). The present study reveled that the adverse effects of careless disposal of wastes and directly discharge of effluents affected on surface water quality. Therefore, the authorities should implement the laws to ensure the proper practices of waste water management for environmental sustainability around the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title="water">water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality%20index" title=" water quality index"> water quality index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gebeng" title=" Gebeng"> Gebeng</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25528/adverse-impacts-of-poor-wastewater-management-practices-on-water-quality-in-gebeng-industrial-area-pahang-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25528.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13469</span> Water Management in Mexico City and Its Metropolitan Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raquel%20Salazar%20Moreno">Raquel Salazar Moreno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uwe%20Schmidt"> Uwe Schmidt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Efr%C3%A9n%20Fitz%20Rodr%C3%ADguez"> Efrén Fitz Rodríguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dennis%20Dannehl"> Dennis Dannehl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abraham%20Rojano%20Aguilar"> Abraham Rojano Aguilar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irineo%20L%C3%B3pez%20Cruz"> Irineo López Cruz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gilberto%20Navas%20G%C3%B3mez"> Gilberto Navas Gómez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As urban areas expand, strategic and protected water reserves become more critical. In this study we investigate the water problems in Mexico City and its Metropolitan area. This region faces a complex water problem that concerns not only Mexican boundaries but also international level because is one of the biggest human concentrations in the World. The current water shortage situation raises the necessity of importing surface and groundwater from the Cutzamala River and from the Alto Rio Lerma System respectively. Water management is the real issue in this region, because waste water generation is more than aquifer overexploitation, and surface water loss in the rainfall period is greater than water imported from other regions. However, the possible solutions of the water supply schemes are complicated, there is a need to look for alternatives socially acceptable and environmentally desirable, considering first the possible solutions on the demand side. Also, it is necessary more investment in water treatment plants and hydraulic infrastructure to ensure water supply and decrease the environmental problems in the area. More studies need to be done related to water efficiency in the three sectors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=megacities" title="megacities">megacities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquifer%20overexploitation" title=" aquifer overexploitation"> aquifer overexploitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20problems" title=" environmental problems"> environmental problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerability" title=" vulnerability"> vulnerability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74109/water-management-in-mexico-city-and-its-metropolitan-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74109.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13468</span> Ligand-Depended Adsorption Characteristics of Silver Nanoparticles on Activated Carbon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamza%20Simsir">Hamza Simsir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurettin%20Eltugral"> Nurettin Eltugral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selhan%20Karag%C3%B6z"> Selhan Karagöz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Surface modification and functionalization has been an important tool for scientists in order to open new frontiers in nano science and nanotechnology. Desired surface characteristics for the intended applications can be achieved with surface functionalization. In this work, the effect of water soluble ligands on the adsorption capabilities of silver nanoparticles onto AC which was synthesized from German beech wood, was investigated. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used as the ligands. Silver nanoparticles with different surface coatings have average sizes range from 10 to 13 nm. They were synthesized in aqueous media by reducing Ag (I) ion in the presence of ligands. These particles displayed adsorption tendencies towards AC when they were mixed together and shaken in distilled water. Silver nanoparticles (NaBH4-AgNPs) reduced and stabilized by NaBH4 adsorbed onto AC with a homogenous dispersion of aggregates with sizes in the range of 100-400 nm. Beside, silver nanoparticles, which were prepared in the presence of both NaBH4 and PVA (NaBH4/PVA-Ag NPs), demonstrated that NaBH4/PVA-Ag NPs adsorbed and dispersed homogenously but, they aggregated with larger sizes on the AC surface (range from 300 to 600 nm). In addition, desorption resistance of Ag nanoparticles were investigated in distilled water. According to the results AgNPs were not desorbed on the AC surface in distilled water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silver%20nanoparticles" title="Silver nanoparticles">Silver nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ligand" title=" ligand"> ligand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbon" title=" activated carbon"> activated carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title=" adsorption"> adsorption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18783/ligand-depended-adsorption-characteristics-of-silver-nanoparticles-on-activated-carbon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18783.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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