CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135fc648cc237b5',cH: 'V_LlPRVncmEtux3foonwsX7_GtDxXVKGWTPvgtOtr5s-1739797494-1.2.1.1-36AManyd0J1p40GsNKslT3t6ehcVDCN7vWWtogv8xyAW0gWeJF6F0ZOhs0zExLK2',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=critical%20speeds&__cf_chl_tk=dVAg72uR1cBhFBanLuIUCYeSDcGKXQcNTfEBR25_XN8-1739797494-1.0.1.1-SzcRNeW3gBFZhJCGuTj5Kzhmlz1If3Sqlwjoq7eHFSg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739797494',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=critical%20speeds&__cf_chl_f_tk=dVAg72uR1cBhFBanLuIUCYeSDcGKXQcNTfEBR25_XN8-1739797494-1.0.1.1-SzcRNeW3gBFZhJCGuTj5Kzhmlz1If3Sqlwjoq7eHFSg",md: "MU5whRiW0mdkaraOr31itCdafk_x.rPhi2wEP_nYUyU-1739797494-1.2.1.1-ArpIgN4qNbS0im41VhxZlmz2BJJ4aGVRsbCUnFyjtfOU06jwLKPXvzYBSqmRvQdnNQBJrjj6VBFee2PgKu8fn5jFJKQ2zDzJ9Tvu4ySK_QMofYv2q2oKo5KRRkT6Ic4wOOUMbUofttQp6wtu747H.HEZCHJU1QRG4w2VuYWqRm6YuYkMkiYbqe8uBJTkXO2UIduaBSu7i9bG1JqQeUM.33KI1ixyOgjjPAYjzgaj46C134HDcRyxXKYZ26WmoLwJRk0jwDhoYnls4rLuZCvfIc39IsmAgeY1tqtq2hQtTzwaVrFEGJpfZkVZfBfaRS5ky_nGI.a1FPC6faAdKThoRCz7vP2Vva5SbEV6o1f3nLaU42_RX2.bVG64T_nwJNXuyfIcHYcKKW.wLW1rdowo79UXXWOOPAXPi4hMw0V3uUS4IjsY4EPKEP_AivsoxBQBJpW4VYKd7plQM91GY1_WZfe.Hbep3lCoDHMnBUcWgpwx1GUugfo4V4VPFkZ21bsdaGhrRVEGut2huZWEF26.pFwSuLnmBDFgNahI15UBB9h1ICbhb9APT6yHB1HblI5IUx46Cv76ZeBE4kqLjk2D922YVey3nnQoV9SN1nK9zwmjw9.1RGBvzA027_DZqGj2DcSTPPOuBuAQzojSfD8YqM48pcRiLMEeVVTq8xEMgMLgbGTlxxmOfeuMTCtqVfsrR5Y5N85PYL5uuCBM3wmOqXZhAdVL6Nm664e.CBLqYbKAE6.3cKeozGZYNkgeH_ZGDsiIHK07EshAfPr5GBxYXXI4EqEydCbrwn4U56yfYxWvkFtNqStbW20YhY4U7HwbeLpx1ws.WMvB73QAFj1PgyqcFz.4NWjXOoj48mQLomPXex_2v9i6RJCssMUOxlenCOv12xwLd9zbmC_HBXUiWd0zUGw2bKJtDV8BpbGHKIMbydhXPAZDIsugKM1nxgcSLeZE6nToEETJzA6aIFw5LscLCDf8e242W2L4jFvt69Roz1is8USjgMAYyFJRjlM5u0ITWc0J.HV6lImsdJZB7CbnEFxi3vkjn42YZAkK12dODFOXm79.75AZ5dSVP__u9OvdegBCZWRo_JsPBzjs.eGBMua3BIts9mYL_WCDevieAppSYwazSksbKGDmnvVFbf.9tTOj.TIqmXm8GNYux7XtEOI_IhCETExeW_AioODEjWAu67Z3KYc9R.RnvJcWgA3pdHRRQvFTncDWxXlgR0vQhL6yHJQxKYten8eDFMQ9mGL0weEXYsbIjFygVJlLZbwbuxwmhbdyjWyFgh67CFEd2GnjBUGRsJYOnWBuB_oEKp9fSBnZEgwDNCOWFPGKCy.Ptg9NmZUtMnmzE1FG3N8zX64Nq4tgYGJaxO_ddMTesQpIoXTIb3Z8XKsU0QFfePofp2s7DUii8o2w5ggJ0aQae3kU61ah7jx4xRRQYFrUHIDPrE3y8J9oRTS2F_NrVVGsVt1j.fAfgW9v9f7YSfpdAtE65gLgjxAABxrtOxnh6XxuwBHzwfBtRt05zBj0GEd9Ssi7Yh4tesGJRCDdhYF3kscrBj7b_vEHIDlh1eaV3gd8e9xtULagkwqoTgr7w83bYzEM6jkkTzMPuWGqMetuTFwgqoVWwkMD9QGSGZz_l4RSOENiot.UpJpigZLMHZmxXBIvk_JLcdwuYpcTr.xfJ.DqU0ZX7efzRIhyexyP6KoFUGRRlEuK3AGDn_fM1JBAPAaRX0lGEVDJ7Owg1JHqyv6L9OOPrX6s5SE5ubRmYlnsaH7cdvGhTqtqIwk6NLvnu5teNluoGcSZ5y_56p3bDI.lGL1k4DAScPvB6KwCmSuYF7adlOmM4Tyul8U9vcTvMx4eWVVZzvCYZ9RO6uPMx_1hIMymyhSY0W0nQLC8W3yNovKEwJJ7N6LNwyhhvNqIqRtYWfOim1WQLUuw35R21bW2B_nNOOZGFvsnPoo",mdrd: "FBQ8bTCniHn2qhy64zB7MLlCtSeBWiya4.ZguEgPWB0-1739797494-1.2.1.1-7HNKko2IRfu0QrKJpGvaLBQZW1fBEPcJMZE3dj08FGaZVOVrszJDXnqOHmjzgxUfnSjJ8b0yk2yRbTtbpU1A_cwR0ThYjFAhzUGnc20zy25VUa_jgrmz5Okd5W_OzWXeFZ6SYUcmPjan8uoIq2XGYUuv.NO.I52xa39k4pIlfTpa2Bozpm3wO2d1ddWFaOWpcbMLJBjJGBvralHsfQUrf8hVNEztTdZa1V7hsMZokLFuZqUM9J7x0_DRZzwmW2LVi2MfVmwl3VFwC.dIFTGYp7LU.KpbGgkqPGoA4rCpVBrT1B_x6uJ_ALdsbvLcumhQwqUwbyjVmlLgtPnxSUWu.LsR8PQyMUoDerlCowEZphWAyNVEZnmpulatpNex61ljYwmwCKCRPg3OZgEiZTtNNMuyu37XkTGPg197GhaxzyGfltFTaZQ_zs3IkavV.bVqnkH9vpvu8Lp1ght8KG6GNkGTzLJ1zt6iASdNaymzTH1YmHTBXA77vB4sYjThYEAkvN_3J7OcXCq3xw6aMjcWerGv8pOf276aAdPnthLP1VAcLAJwWhst9LisuOwfifOH4hBcaLkB9icAJRjgO80CVIHE1i.NiqUF2cFtR3pljMe6WDCxOnHsdDvptlvbXZKfAKTD6J0mpMHl5fhuJW4vXT.UzntFLLLR9YfJNNXbPOroP9koXZJ4Jkla17e0KRhbQ7WeJ8ve1QkLItXVb2Y.HXWYU9i77TYT8J3mEhkUGrEJ6Hu9_OZIylvZ6Cfd0lILVAZE40l7yw7bJYW.OEAoGHN6pP36VK4frf38q3riWTZg.T7dQDOJmslHuuUaVDpHYcH1zxKysef5kp2ePZwFAqoyWuOHHuArXccn8PoVfbxValT_G0rgMtzW1VWvsVSFWXA_nSS.BS5iZgpeeE6r5dFA8clFdZHUuGVuUHOKtT1TO7uXfpLsKnyy.pIQigGT8jdnufscgP3lOTVHssjF.TmsPsdBmLa7kMOhGydIEMNxxZVJPUWDSrWUeys.BDT_1PeLI93ewSwZKUN.FscBUlvDEmfDAA5EEvt5BU58CDm6b1_9CyXwggo7u6yQzOAufPPFNjB4MrUtrcgfWpfTBgyVj.DbYeO4pnGPJiugheapLY6x9tLubxZLehxvDrJw16DifU2xFXdIHI.JQT8.Iqha8S.Dwe9L8OcNf4mqScWGawjAmOMi1sMYcVCqxEDCNV2rqsbAZvkzKbUAIceYUcnGA8zll60eZcJbZFcNiYupozm27k.ggga0GOjFOT_C6khaCyP.ZvLmXnRDNXRma4ivSC2gffRPZbLqfdlyIlr.IXfv59WN_4Ylgff1COpGcJJ_4wtacoQkCPqUX2PvoaNIKysBQP_8cz.YufOVadyksoUZjCmJXEsdn2pG1F_eBo_mGl.kaMc6rqUwg7t1L74.edVPElNmJFjW3HCT_SNESu_jOgZ7idjEqfFUuHgsJZEkc4o9CNPDwDfnYx3G.qi2bNx2BSvSSie4SnYeye.tuoGZ4EPWL5HKf8AX2aeoE7kDVtBijc1vA5nsrXEedBd1f.WsvEjF1LFziFAMVDB73Uj1NcFOWhMdoOffIK22S1fA6oONMxaI_qXa9YPikPmhyzuG8BBL0EbpN4EfCY9G0chRG8EWh6dKALqoEAkXdirWG9MNxizyjI0py1AHT6Ce4eqCua7DqY5_Li6Uaxtmdz0ry3nxl7OeF712ZIMuqgOaD045AaHzC7cvlvhun8F2OXCihzhHRWrhmbo2v0t_K2cGsztxydW1pGaFPGZ_tobfSPZ9xFiHQMTti1cBV6Fo4xh8KV4xsbjScLvOU6FM6dqKpxgnMt95S9jba0noyhydXSmbNaBKFZ1gGtRIm4fIEpliBSJZ4BvXVFQ6Q1esTMiASPIDvskOyzXsQsrsJ.UK9vVnpcOaNc9XJnfLGVwT4m4F2UUsvhYCj1aSF6q_wSJkNi575WPay4ph3UEu"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135fc648cc237b5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=critical%20speeds&__cf_chl_rt_tk=dVAg72uR1cBhFBanLuIUCYeSDcGKXQcNTfEBR25_XN8-1739797494-1.0.1.1-SzcRNeW3gBFZhJCGuTj5Kzhmlz1If3Sqlwjoq7eHFSg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>