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Survival required that a band adapt to the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e , prescribed ways to resolve basic problems . Limited internal conflict , disdain for personal assertiveness , and lack of powerful political institu- tions produced a slow rate of change . During the nineteenth and twentieth\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e and mass participation in Igbo society reflected extensive behavioral equality . Citizens , including ... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e formed mutual benefit associations , youth leagues , and improvement unions to help their fellows gain\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e won control over regional governments in eastern Nigeria . The NCNC formed a coalition national govern- ment with northern officials . From 1963 through 1966 , Azikiwe served as Nigeria\u0026#39;s first president . Public policies\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA24","page_number":"24","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e must cope with the problems of disorder . Historically , societies have faced disturbances that stem from severe internal group conflicts and from such external pressures as war , foreign demands for modernization , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e , peasant activists , dissident journalists , radical clergy , and leftist students . From 1945 through 1985 , the Soviet Union promoted bureaucratic - authoritarian re- gimes in its sphere of geopolitical influence . Soviet\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA27","page_number":"27","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e should be recruited from the landlord class , the urban hereditary elite , or the clergy . In the industrializing system , technocrats who have demonstrated their professional qualifications through educational credentials\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e who organized rev- erence for the emperor and implemented the government decisions . Ideally , the bureaucracy remained open to all meritorious men those who memorized the Confucian classics and passed the state - administered\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e not only stressed more prag- matic instrumental values but effectively synchronized traditional beliefs with modern principles so that traditional values justified the drive toward industrial- ization . Modernizing structures a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e had the will and the power to implement more transformative policies . The ruling oligarchy — which consisted of genro ( elder statesmen ) , army officers , bureaucrats , and technocrats — op- erated as a collective \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA37","page_number":"37","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e and their followers shaped public policymaking . Factional conflicts among different families and between the \u0026quot; materialists \u0026quot; ( those stressing the importance of material forces ) and the \u0026quot; idealists \u0026quot; ( those oriented to moral\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleader\u003c/b\u003e who guided the profes- sionalized military - civilian government bureaucracy toward rapid industrial ... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e declared their commitment to democratic values . Yet military officials still exercised a veto power over\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; commitment to political freedom . Public policymakers represent diverse interests and uphold the legitimacy of interest conflicts . Competitive political parties , an elected legislature , an independent mass media , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA44","page_number":"44","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e and citizens rest on an exchange basis . Competition among firms resembles competition among political parties . The freedom of the consumer to select diverse products corresponds to the citizen\u0026#39;s freedom to choose elected\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eLeaders\u003c/b\u003e of all these diverse groups retain freedom from state repression and maintain access to independently controlled resources . In short , unlike a competitive oligarchy , a pluralist democracy operates under higher role\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA46","page_number":"46","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e regard the law as sacred . According to competitive oligarchs , the law originates from established authorities and guarantees political order . For the pluralist democrats , the higher law regulates interest group competition\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA47","page_number":"47","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e , unify the policy process . In exchange for electoral support , decision makers implement extensive activities : system maintenance , construction of an economic infrastructure , and especially the provision of comprehensive\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA48","page_number":"48","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e during the 1980s , most political systems operated as competitive oligarchies , rather than as pluralist democracies . Although the elec- toral process enabled civilian politicians to replace military officers as heads of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA49","page_number":"49","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e according to their success in lowering unem- ployment , reducing inflation , increasing real disposable income , and expanding income equality . Of these economic goals , full employment takes priority . A commitment to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA52","page_number":"52","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e in Sweden try to reconcile their differences through consensus , consultation , persuasion , and exchange . Traditional \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e the constitutional monarch and the bishops of the established Lutheran Church perform ritual\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA53","page_number":"53","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e within government agencies as well as private firms . 18 Policy Performance and Outcomes The \u0026quot; democratic corporatist \u0026quot; model of the Swedish reconciliation system func- tioned more effectively from 1950 through the early 1970s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA54","page_number":"54","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e wanted to avoid strikes , restrain wage increases , and lower the inflation rate . Greater antagonism split the SAF from the LO . Business execu- tives demanded greater managerial prerogatives , such as the authority to expand\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA56","page_number":"56","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleader\u003c/b\u003e Carl Bildt became prime minister ; his cabinet included Liberals , the Center Party \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e , the Christian Democrats , and members from his own party . Voters \u0026#39; perceptions of public policies and policy outcomes partially\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA58","page_number":"58","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher ( 1979-1990 ) , the governing Conservative Party blended aspects of classical conservatism with market liberalism . Major policy objectives focused on expanding the economic growth rate\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA63","page_number":"63","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e styles set Sweden apart from Britain during the 1980s . Swedish prime ministers , especially Ingvar ... \u003cb\u003eleader\u003c/b\u003e than an entrepreneurial one . As a politi- cal educator , she tried to transform mass views behind her\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA64","page_number":"64","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e disenchanted with socialism . Domestic policies , organizational influence , and Britain\u0026#39;s position in the world capitalist economy partly explain these economic outcomes during the Thatcher administration . The high growth and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e . In sum , at the end of the twentieth century , Britain and Sweden no longer seemed such divergent reconciliation systems . The Swedish Social Democrats implemented some neoliberal economic policies . The Moderate Unity prime\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA68","page_number":"68","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e share power in dispersed government agencies . Political entrepreneurs , along with legalistic officials such as legislators and judges , accommodate inter- ests , negotiate bargains , adjudicate political disputes , and enforce\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA69","page_number":"69","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e prophets , sages , warriors , party organizers steer the nation to- ward the ideological goal of societal reconstruction . From a Platonic perspective , ideological purposes represent the telos ( the potential ends ) that \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA71","page_number":"71","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e and masses rest on greater political hierarchy . According to the elitist rationale , a vanguard party or movement must guide , educate , and direct the masses , who lack the elevated political consciousness needed to play an\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA72","page_number":"72","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleader\u003c/b\u003e guides the policymaking process . Practicing a \u0026quot; cult of personal- ity , \u0026quot; he directs the organization of mass ... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e resisted ideological formulae transmitted from the hierarchs . Attempts to socialize the masses in a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA73","page_number":"73","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e held weak control over the central government . Populists gained the freedom to organize mobilization systems in some rural areas and urban zones . Yet , as the histories of Russia , Italy , Spain , and Chile reveal , these\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA74","page_number":"74","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e crushed autonomous unions , repressed peasant movements , eliminated self - governing peasant councils , and weakened the local soviets , councils of elected delegates . In their place , a cen- tralized state , a single party\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA75","page_number":"75","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eLeaders\u003c/b\u003e who differed with the majority were at liberty to fight for their views , and not infrequently Lenin was the loser in these struggles.8 The ideological principles voiced by the left - wing populist MOBILIZATION SYSTEMS 75."},{"page_id":"PA76","page_number":"76","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e and masses reflected the populist commitment to political equality . Even though Lenin operated as the most influ- ential Bolshevik \u003cb\u003eleader\u003c/b\u003e , until the end of 1917 collegial \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e governed the fragmented Bolshevik Party . In\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA77","page_number":"77","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e and elected representatives of the workers . Rapid fulfillment of industrial quotas took priority over wage equality and concern for healthy , safe working conditions in the factories . Pressured to increase industrial\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA82","page_number":"82","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e , he upheld the more nationalistic concept of \u0026quot; socialist patriotism . \u0026quot; In short , Juche expressed the will to attain independence from all other nation - states , whether Russia , China , Japan , or the United States.14 For\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA83","page_number":"83","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eLeader\u003c/b\u003e . The \u0026quot; Song of Paradise \u0026quot; referred to socialist Korea as the greatest nation in the world , as a \u0026quot; paradise on earth \u0026quot; built by the Great \u003cb\u003eLeader\u003c/b\u003e . Govern- ment \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e tried to gain mass acceptance by providing both moral and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA87","page_number":"87","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e within a relatively weak state . Unlike reconciliation \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e , populist mobilizers fuse material interests with a commitment to radical ideological change . Moral zeal , not the political deal , guides activists . In the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA90","page_number":"90","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e produce different policies . The degree of mass politi- cal participation and popular support for the government usually changes . Thus the most fundamental changes involve transformation in all three di- mensions of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA91","page_number":"91","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e face severe crises that they cannot handle within the existing mode of policy production . Three related crises — structural , cultural , and behavioral ex- plain these transformative political changes . These crises stem from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA95","page_number":"95","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e who promise a more just political system . The decision to support an opposition movement stems partially from expec- tations about the opposition\u0026#39;s probable success . When the government loses administrative control over\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA96","page_number":"96","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e feel a strong incentive to legiti- mate their rule . If both elites and widespread segments of the population perceive the political system as morally desirable , these sentiments of legitimacy increase support for the system\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA97","page_number":"97","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e can convince alienated elites and masses of its power to provide desired moral and material benefits , this transfer- ence of legitimacy to the opposition may help trigger the overthrow of the existing political system.5 Besides\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e can neither interpret nor evaluate information in light of feasible policy options . Lacking feedback information about the reasons for policy failures , they oversee a para- lyzed policy process . Government programs remain\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e convince these discontented individuals that the incumbent regime bears the blame for personal grievances , a systemic breakdown becomes probable . Popular support for the existing political system declines because it cannot\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA100","page_number":"100","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e can secure high solidarity . They persuade individuals to link their self - interests with the fate of the opposition movement . Participants expect that individual benefits depend on cooperative behavior , that consensual\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA101","page_number":"101","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e . Opposition \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e exploit the struc- tural crises and institute a new political system . Even if we can explain systemic disintegration , analysts can less easily pre- dict the particular system type that will emerge from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":"... Social Democrats lost their lives . Other Germans lost their freedoms . As the German state began preparing for war in 1936 , the mobilization tendencies intensified . \u0026#39; 102 In China , Vietnam , and Cuba , revolutionary \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e XXXV."},{"page_id":"PA103","page_number":"103","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e implemented state social- ist policies that expanded educational opportunities and increased popular access ... \u003cb\u003eleader\u003c/b\u003e Ayatollah Khomeini , the shah\u0026#39;s close ties with the capitalist core societies produced income inequality\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA105","page_number":"105","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e , who commanded the largest party in the Reichstag , prom- ised to bring a more stable , united , effective ... \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e led to the downfall of the Weimar Republic . As we have seen , from 1928 through 1932 , electoral\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA110","page_number":"110","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e and the absence of mass support represent behavioral conditions that caused the disintegration of the bureaucratic - authoritarian sys- tems . The dominant military \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e — Chiang Kai - shek , Nguyen Van Thieu , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA114","page_number":"114","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e ) by unjust rulers . Religious processions and mourning ceremonies emerged as political events that symbolized hostility toward an evil regime . Through these mobilizing activities that linked sacred traditions to the contempo\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA117","page_number":"117","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e died in the Soviet Union and China , the mobilizing tendencies receded . Bureaucratic - authoritarian modes of public policymaking became more dominant . In Latin America numerous military coups — golpes de estado — overthrew\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleader\u003c/b\u003e died , his former competitors sought a more routinized policy process based on stable rules of the political ... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e relied on ideological repression to maintain their power . Plagued by the transmission of inaccurate\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA120","page_number":"120","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e . A hierarchical party - state bureaucracy supposedly ensured that local policy officials implemented central directives . Yet the actual policy process involved greater decentralization than implied by the formalistic arrange\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA122","page_number":"122","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e concentrated on forging rapid economic growth , securing social stability , and maintaining political order . Policymakers stressed the pursuit of material de- velopment as indicated by the four modernizations : industry\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e , Chinese Communist \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e showed greater disinclination to abandon the party\u0026#39;s guiding role . All elites had to proclaim their commitment to four basic ideological principles : socialist modernization , Chinese Com- munist\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e . Under Deng Xiaoping , pragmatism shaped the policy process . Instrumental rationality became more important than a commitment to ideological ends . He urged experts to pursue efficient means and to \u0026quot; seek truth from facts\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA128","page_number":"128","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e , technocrats , and political entrepreneurs played a more important policy role . National Assemblymen ... \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e resulted from this failure to estab- lish strong institutions with clearly specified normative\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA131","page_number":"131","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e failed to produce public policies that coped with such problems as high inflation , economic stagnation , foreign trade deficits , and domestic political violence . Dedicated to political order and economic growth , armed forces\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA133","page_number":"133","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e promised to engineer more rapid , efficient , orderly modernization . Deinstitutionalization plagued the Soviet Union , China , and Vietnam after their dominant \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e died . Brazilians , Argentinians , Chileans , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA136","page_number":"136","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e came to power . Unlike the immediate post - World War II era , the end of the First World War generated less favorable political and economic conditions for the consolidation of reconciliation systems . After World War I , class\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e for policy dominance . Democratic \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e pledged to uphold liberal ideals : citizen rights , legal restraints on arbitrary government , civil liberties , competitive elections , and enhanced legislative influence . Even though\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA138","page_number":"138","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e gained support from elites and citizens who favored a more open political system that placed legal restraints on arbitrary , corrupt bureaucratic behavior . Elite accommodation from above combined with populist mobilization from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e lacked the organizational unity , ideological solidarity , and coercive control to attain their radical objectives . Incumbent government elites granted the opposition greater political freedom when the benefits of tolerance\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA142","page_number":"142","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleadership\u003c/b\u003e . Few individuals participated in party - controlled organizations . The PUWP represented mainly party ... \u003cb\u003eleader\u003c/b\u003e Mikhail Gorbachev agreed in 1989 to a coalition govern- ment between PUWP officials and representatives\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA148","page_number":"148","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e supporting reconciliation and bureaucratic - authoritarian systems competed for policy dominance . In Brazil and the southern cone , elected civilian \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e assumed formal government authority . The armed forces relinquished\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA152","page_number":"152","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e . To minimize the political costs that elected civilian institutions might incur , Pinochet remained com- mander of the army and appointed his sympathizers to numerous powerful inde- pendent government agencies , including the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA164","page_number":"164","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e heroic individuals with the gift of grace also challenge bureaucratic control . Whereas bureaucratic rule becomes too routinized , charismatic \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e provide flexibility and innovation . They spearhead the drive for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA166","page_number":"166","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e and citizens . Unlike Plato , he doubted that a reliance on virtue , reason , or political education would produce enlightened \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e . To avert legislative tyranny , he recommended that members of Congress come from diverse\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA170","page_number":"170","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e about important issues , and vote . All these modern attitudes and behaviors stem from experiences learned in schools , factories , and the mass media . Young men who have gone to school for the longest time , who have worked\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA171","page_number":"171","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e Shiite clergy , seminary students , bazaar merchants led the movement against the shah , a bureaucratic- authoritarian ruler who tried to synthesize traditional Iranian values with modern Western ones . The traditional \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA173","page_number":"173","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e in competitive elections . Similarly , Huntington inter- prets democracy as a political system in which voters choose key decision mak- ers in competitive , free , and honest elections . Democracy rests on high electoral\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA185","page_number":"185","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e and heads of centralized , inclusive blue - collar unions strove for wage solidarity . Even Swe- dish capitalists supported only modest income differentials between an executive and an unskilled worker like a dishwasher . Male\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA186","page_number":"186","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e committed to income equality rarely gain the group or institutional support needed for im- plementing programs that transfer economic resources to the poor . Particularly during their early years in power , elitist mobilization\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA191","page_number":"191","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e would have the resources for lessening income inequalities . By the mid - 1970s , however , growth rates began to decline . Unemployment rose . The decline of manufacturing industries and the emergence of the computer - based\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA195","page_number":"195","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eLeadership\u003c/b\u003e among the Igbo , 1900-1960 , \u0026quot; Civilisationj 37 , no . 1 ( 1987 ) : 127-57 . 5. Simon Ottenberg ... \u003cb\u003eLeaders\u003c/b\u003e , \u0026quot; in Ideology and Discontent , ed . David E. Apter ( New York : The Free Press of Glencoe , 1964 ) , 181\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA207","page_number":"207","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; words , but silence . Even where the imposition of Communist rule was not simply the result of armed Soviet force , it had long ceased to hold any legitimacy . Chapter 6 1. See David E. Apter , Introduction to Political\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA231","page_number":"231","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e , 69 , 71 , 72 , 83-84 , 87 , 88 , 107 , 110 , 118 , 121 Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) , 144 Chiang Kai - shek , 107 , 108 , 109 Chile as competitive oligarchy , 47-48 limited democratization in , 152 military regime , 117 , 130\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=VTveuIHMI1cC\u0026pg=PA231\u0026vq=leaders"},{"page_id":"PA236","page_number":"236","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eLeaders\u003c/b\u003e , charismatic . See Charismatic \u003cb\u003eleaders\u003c/b\u003e LEAS . See Local education authorities Lebanon , 172 Left Party ( Sweden ) , 52 , 56 Lenin , V. I. , 74 , 75 , 76 , 78 , 82 , 163 , 168 ; See also Marxist - Leninist ideology Liberal\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=VTveuIHMI1cC\u0026pg=PA236\u0026vq=leaders"}],"search_query_escaped":"leaders"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>