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id="toc-Microcontrollers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_and_current_progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_and_current_progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications and current progress</span> </div> </a> <ul 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(Robotik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="BEAM (Robotik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%C3%B3tica_BEAM" title="Robótica BEAM – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robótica BEAM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAM_(robotique)" title="BEAM (robotique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="BEAM (robotique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAM_robotika" title="BEAM robotika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="BEAM robotika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAM_(robotica)" title="BEAM (robotica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="BEAM (robotica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%C3%B3tica_BEAM" title="Robótica BEAM – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robótica BEAM" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22BEAM+robotics%22">"BEAM robotics"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22BEAM+robotics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22BEAM+robotics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22BEAM+robotics%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22BEAM+robotics%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22BEAM+robotics%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>BEAM robotics</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a>) is a style of <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> that primarily uses simple <a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">analogue circuits</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Comparator" title="Comparator">comparators</a>, instead of a <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> in order to produce an unusually simple design. While not as flexible as microprocessor based robotics, BEAM robotics can be robust and efficient in performing the task for which it was designed. </p><p>BEAM robots may use a set of the analog circuits,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mimicking biological neurons, to facilitate the robot's response to its working environment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_and_principles">Mechanisms and principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanisms and principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic BEAM principles focus on a stimulus-response based ability within a machine. The underlying <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanism (science)">mechanism</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Tilden" title="Mark Tilden">Mark W. Tilden</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">circuit</a> (or a <a href="/wiki/Nv_network" title="Nv network">Nv net</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nv_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nv neurons">Nv neurons</a>) is used to simulate biological neuron behaviours. Some similar research was previously done by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ed_Rietman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ed Rietman (page does not exist)">Ed Rietman</a> in 'Experiments In Artificial Neural Networks'. Tilden's circuit is often compared to a <a href="/wiki/Shift_register" title="Shift register">shift register</a>, but with several important features making it a useful circuit in a mobile robot. </p><p>Other rules that are included (and to varying degrees applied): </p> <ol><li>Use the lowest number possible of electronic elements (<a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle"><i>"keep it simple"</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycle">Recycle</a> and reuse <a href="/wiki/E-waste" class="mw-redirect" title="E-waste">technoscrap</a></li> <li>Use <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiant energy</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>)</li></ol> <p>There are a large number of BEAM robots designed to use solar power from small <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic module">solar arrays</a> to power a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar Engine (page does not exist)">Solar Engine</a>" which creates autonomous robots capable of operating under a wide range of lighting conditions. Besides the simple computational layer of Tilden's "<a href="/wiki/Nv_network" title="Nv network">Nervous Networks</a>", BEAM has brought a multitude of useful tools to the roboticist's toolbox. The "Solar Engine" circuit, many <a href="/wiki/H-bridge" title="H-bridge">H-bridge</a> circuits for small motor control, <a href="/wiki/Sensors#Mechanical_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensors">tactile sensor</a> designs, and meso-scale (palm-sized) robot construction techniques have been documented and shared by the BEAM community.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="BEAM_robots">BEAM robots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: BEAM robots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being focused on "reaction-based" behaviors (as originally inspired by the work of <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a>), BEAM robotics attempts to copy the characteristics and behaviours of biological <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, with the ultimate goal of domesticating these "wild" robots. The aesthetics of BEAM robots derive from the principle "<a href="/wiki/Form_follows_function" title="Form follows function">form follows function</a>" modulated by the particular design choices the builder makes while implementing the desired functionality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputes_in_the_name">Disputes in the name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disputes in the name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various people have varying ideas about what BEAM actually stands for. The most widely accepted meaning is <i><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology"><b>B</b>iology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics"><b>E</b>lectronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics"><b>A</b>esthetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics"><b>M</b>echanics</a></i>. </p><p>This term originated with Mark Tilden during a discussion at the Ontario Science Centre in 1990. Mark was displaying a selection of his original bots which he had built while working at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">the University of Waterloo</a>. </p><p>However, there are many other semi-popular names in use,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> including: </p> <ul><li><b>B</b>iotechnology <b>E</b>thology <b>A</b>nalogy <b>M</b>orphology</li> <li><b>B</b>uilding <b>E</b>volution <b>A</b>narchy <b>M</b>odularity</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microcontrollers">Microcontrollers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Microcontrollers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike many other types of robots controlled by <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, BEAM robots are built on the principle of using multiple simple behaviours linked directly to sensor systems with little <a href="/wiki/Signal_conditioning" title="Signal conditioning">signal conditioning</a>. This design philosophy is closely echoed in the classic book "Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through a series of thought experiments, this book explores the development of complex robot behaviours through simple inhibitory and excitory sensor links to the <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a>. Microcontrollers and <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> are usually not a part of a traditional (aka., "pure" ) BEAM robot due to the very low-level hardware-centric design <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. </p><p>There are successful robot designs mating the two technologies. These "hybrids" fulfill a need for robust control systems with the added flexibility of dynamic programming, like the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse-and-rider_topology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horse-and-rider topology (page does not exist)">horse-and-rider</a>" <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> BEAMbots (e.g. the ScoutWalker 3<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). 'Horse' behavior is implemented with traditional BEAM technology but a microcontroller based 'rider' can guide that behavior so as to accomplish the goals of the 'rider'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various "<i>-trope</i>" BEAMbots, which attempt to achieve a specific goal. Of the series, the phototropes are the most prevalent, as light-seeking would be the most beneficial behaviour for a solar-powered robot. </p> <ul><li>Audiotropes react to sound sources. <ul><li><i>Audiophiles</i> go towards sound sources.</li> <li><i>Audiophobes</i> go away from sound sources.</li></ul></li> <li>Phototropes ("light-seekers") react to light sources. <ul><li><i>Photophiles</i> (also <i>Photovores</i>) go toward light sources.</li> <li><i>Photophobes</i> go away from light sources.</li></ul></li> <li>Radiotropes react to <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> sources. <ul><li><i>Radiophiles</i> go toward RF sources.</li> <li><i>Radiophobes</i> go away from RF sources.</li></ul></li> <li>Thermotropes react to heat sources. <ul><li><i>Thermophiles</i> go toward heat sources.</li> <li><i>Thermophobes</i> go away from heat sources.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BEAMbots have a variety of movements and positioning mechanisms. These include: </p> <ul><li><i>Sitters</i>: Unmoving robots that have a physically passive purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Beacons: Transmit a signal (usually a navigational blip) for other BEAMbots to use.</li> <li>Pummers : Display a "light show" or a pattern of sounds. Pummers are often nocturnal robots that store solar energy during the day, then activate during the night.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ornaments : A catch-all name for sitters which are not beacons or pummers. Many times, these are mostly <a href="/wiki/Electronic_art" title="Electronic art">electronic art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Squirmers</i>: Stationary robots that perform an interesting action (usually by moving some sort of limbs or appendages).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Magbots: use magnetic fields for their mode of animation.</li> <li>Flagwavers: Move a display (or "flag") around at a certain frequency.</li> <li>Heads: Pivot and follow some detectable phenomena, such as a light (These are popular in the BEAM community. They can be stand-alone robots, but are more often incorporated into a larger robot.).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vibrators: Use a small pager motor with an off-centre weight to shake themselves about.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sliders</i>: Robots that move by sliding body parts smoothly along a surface while remaining in contact with it. <ul><li>Snakes: Move using a horizontal wave motion.</li> <li>Earthworms: Move using a <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_wave" title="Longitudinal wave">longitudinal wave</a> motion.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crawler_(BEAM)" title="Crawler (BEAM)">Crawlers</a></i>: Robots that move using tracks or by rolling the robot's body with some sort of appendage. The body of the robot is not dragged on the ground. <ul><li>Turbots: Roll their entire bodies using their arms or flagella.</li> <li>Inchworms: Move part of their bodies ahead, while the rest of the chassis is on the ground.</li> <li>Tracked robots: Use tracked wheels, like a <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Jumpers</i>: Robots which propel themselves off the ground as a means of locomotion. <ul><li>Vibrobots: Produce an irregular shaking motion moving themselves around a surface.</li> <li>Springbots: Move forward by bouncing in one particular direction.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Rollers</i>: Robots that move by rolling all or part of their body. <ul><li>Symets: Driven using a single motor with its shaft touching the ground, and moves in different directions depending on which of several symmetric contact points around the shaft are touching the ground.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarroller" title="Solarroller">Solarrollers</a>: Solar-powered cars that use a single motor driving one or more wheels; often designed to complete a fairly short, straight and level course in the shortest amount of time.</li> <li>Poppers: Use two motors with separate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar Engine (page does not exist)">solar engines</a>; rely on differential sensors to achieve a goal.</li> <li>Miniballs: Shift their <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">centre of mass</a>, causing their spherical bodies to roll.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Walkers</i>: Robots that move using legs with differential ground contact. BEAM walkers generally use <a href="/wiki/Nv_network" title="Nv network">Nv networks</a> and are not programmed in any way—they walk and respond to terrain via resistive input from their motors. <ul><li>Motor Driven: Use motors to move their legs (typically 3 motors or less).</li> <li>Muscle Wire Driven: use <a href="/wiki/Nitinol" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitinol">Nitinol</a> (nickel - <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium alloy">titanium alloy</a>) wires for their leg actuators.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Swimmers</i>: Also called aquabots or aquavores. Robots that move on or below the surface of a liquid (typically water).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Boatbots: Operate on the surface of a liquid.</li> <li>Subbots: Operate under the surface of a liquid.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Fliers</i>: Robots that move through the air for sustained periods. <ul><li>Helicopters: Use a powered rotor to provide both lift and propulsion.</li> <li>Planes: Use fixed or flapping wings to generate lift.</li> <li>Blimps: Use a neutrally-buoyant balloon for lift.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Climbers</i>: Robot that moves up or down a vertical surface, usually on a track such as a rope or wire.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_current_progress">Applications and current progress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applications and current progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At present<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, autonomous robots have seen limited commercial application, with some exceptions such as the iRobot <a href="/wiki/Roomba" title="Roomba">Roomba</a> robotic vacuum cleaner and a few lawn-mowing robots. The main practical application of BEAM has been in the rapid prototyping of motion systems and hobby/education applications. Mark Tilden has successfully used BEAM for the prototyping of products for <a href="/wiki/Wow_Wee" class="mw-redirect" title="Wow Wee">Wow-Wee</a> Robotics, as evidenced by B.I.O.Bug and RoboRaptor. Solarbotics Ltd., Bug'n'Bots, JCM InVentures Inc., and PagerMotors.com have also brought BEAM-related hobby and educational goods to the marketplace. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vex_Robotics_Design_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vex Robotics Design System (page does not exist)">Vex</a> has also developed <a href="/wiki/Hexbug" title="Hexbug">Hexbugs</a>, tiny BEAM robots. </p><p>Aspiring BEAM roboticists often have problems with the lack of direct control over "pure" BEAM control circuits. There is ongoing work to evaluate biomorphic techniques that copy natural systems because they seem to have an incredible performance advantage over traditional techniques. There are many examples of how tiny insect brains are capable of far better performance than the most advanced microelectronics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another barrier to widespread application of BEAM technology is the perceived random nature of the 'nervous network', which requires new techniques to be learned by the builder to successfully diagnose and manipulate the characteristics of the circuitry. A think-tank of international academics<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meet annually in <a href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride, Colorado</a> to address this issue directly, and until recently, Mark Tilden has been part of this effort (he had to withdraw due to his new commercial commitments with Wow-Wee toys). </p><p>Having no long-term memory, BEAM robots generally do not learn from past behaviour. However, there has been work in the BEAM community to address this issue. One of the most advanced BEAM robots in this vein is Bruce Robinson's Hider,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has an impressive degree of capability for a microprocessor-less design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Patents</b> </p> <ul><li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US613809">U.S. patent 613,809</a></span> - <i>Method of and Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles</i> - Tesla's "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Telautomaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telautomaton (page does not exist)">telautomaton</a>" patent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; First <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gate</a>.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5325031">U.S. patent 5,325,031</a></span> - <i>Adaptive robotic nervous systems and control circuits therefor</i> - Tilden's patent; A self-stabilizing control circuit using pulse delay circuits for controlling the limbs of a limbed robot, and a robot incorporating such a circuit; artificial "neurons".</li></ul> <p><b>Books and papers</b> </p> <ul><li>Conrad, James M., and Jonathan W. Mills, "<i>Stiquito: advanced experiments with a simple and inexpensive robot</i>", <i>The future for nitinol-propelled walking robots</i>, Mark W. Tilden. Los Alamitos, Calif., <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a> Press, c1998. LCCN 96029883 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8186-7408-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8186-7408-3">0-8186-7408-3</a></li> <li>Tilden, Mark W., and <a href="/wiki/Brosl_Hasslacher" title="Brosl Hasslacher">Brosl Hasslacher</a>, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarbotics.net/library/pdflib/pdf/living_machines.pdf">Living Machines</a></i>". <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos, New Mexico">Los Alamos, NM</a> 87545, USA.</li> <li>Tilden, Mark W. and <a href="/wiki/Brosl_Hasslacher" title="Brosl Hasslacher">Brosl Hasslacher</a>, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108061615/http://downloads.solarbotics.net/pdf/living_biomech_machines.pdf">The Design of "Living" Biomech Machines: How low can one go?"</a></i>". Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.</li> <li>Still, Susanne, and Mark W. Tilden, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarbotics.net/library/pdflib/pdf/stirling97_still_tilden.pdf">Controller for a four legged walking machine</a></i>". ETH Zuerich, Institute of Neuroinformatics, and Biophysics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentino_Braitenberg" title="Valentino Braitenberg">Braitenberg, Valentino</a>, "<i>Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology</i>", 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-52112-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-52112-1">0-262-52112-1</a></li> <li>Rietman, Ed, "<i>Experiments In Artificial Neural Networks</i>", 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8306-0237-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8306-0237-2">0-8306-0237-2</a></li> <li>Tilden, Mark W., and <a href="/wiki/Brosl_Hasslacher" title="Brosl Hasslacher">Brosl Hasslacher</a>, "<i>Robotics and Autonomous Machines</i>: <i>The Biology and Technology of Intelligent Autonomous Agents</i>", LANL Paper ID: LA-UR-94-2636, Spring 1995.</li> <li>Dewdney, A.K. "<i>Photovores: Intelligent Robots are Constructed From Castoffs</i>". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> Sept 1992, v267, n3, p42(1)</li> <li>Smit, Michael C., and Mark Tilden, "<i>Beam Robotics</i>". Algorithm, Vol. 2, No. 2, March 1991, Pg 15–19.</li> <li>Hrynkiw, David M., and Tilden, Mark W., "<i>Junkbots, Bugbots, and Bots on Wheels</i>", 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-222601-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-222601-3">0-07-222601-3</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://junkbots.solarbotics.com">Book support website</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogue robot">Analogue robot</a> – a robot that uses analog circuitry to go towards a simple goal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braitenberg_vehicle" title="Braitenberg vehicle">Braitenberg vehicle</a> – a robot that can exhibit intelligent behavior while remaining completely stateless</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosl_Hasslacher" title="Brosl Hasslacher">Brosl Hasslacher</a> – theoretical physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviour-based_robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviour-based robotics">Behaviour-based robotics</a> – branch of robotics that does not use an internal model of the environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent behaviour">Emergent behaviour</a> – the process of complex pattern formation from simpler rules</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiquito" title="Stiquito">Stiquito</a> – a hobbyist robot designed as a nitinol-powered hexapod walker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(robot)" title="Turtle (robot)">Turtle (robot)</a> – early forms of the turtlebot were the beginning of BEAM wor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a> – neurophysiologist and roboticist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wired_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired intelligence">Wired intelligence</a> – a robot that has no programmed microprocessor and possesses analogue electronics between its sensors and motors that gives it seemingly intelligent actions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://robohub.org/robots-beam-robotics/">"BEAM Robotics"</a>. <i>Robohub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robohub&rft.atitle=BEAM+Robotics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frobohub.org%2Frobots-beam-robotics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABEAM+robotics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarbotics.net/library/circuits/default.htm">"BEAM Reference Library -- BEAMbot Circuits"</a>. <i>solarbotics.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=solarbotics.net&rft.atitle=BEAM+Reference+Library+--+BEAMbot+Circuits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarbotics.net%2Flibrary%2Fcircuits%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABEAM+robotics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarbotics.net">BEAM community</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braitenberg, Valentino. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7KkUAT_q_sQC">Vehicles, Experiments in Synthetic Psychology</a>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1984. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717010648/http://www.solarbotics.com/product/k_w3/">"The ScoutWalker 3"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarbotics.com/product/k_w3/">the original</a> on 2012-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ScoutWalker+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solarbotics.com%2Fproduct%2Fk_w3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABEAM+robotics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seale, Eric, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarbotics.net/bestiary/1100_sitter.html">Sitters</a></i>". The EncycloBEAMia, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Seale, Eric, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarbotics.net/bestiary/1120_pummer.html">Pummers</a></i>". The EncycloBEAMia, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seale, Eric, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarbotics.net/bestiary/1130_ornament.html">Ornaments</a></i>". The EncycloBEAMia, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seale, Eric, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarbotics.net/bestiary/1200_squirmer.html">Squirmers</a></i>". The EncycloBEAMia, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seale, Eric, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarbotics.net/bestiary/1230_head.html">Heads</a></i>". The EncycloBEAMia, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seale, Eric, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarbotics.net/bestiary/2600_swimmer.html">Swimmer</a></i>". The EncycloBEAMia, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine-web.org/">Institute of Neuromorphic Engineering</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716132350/http://www.ine-web.org/">Archived</a> 2019-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (INE)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915203413/http://www3.telus.net/rfws/beam/hider/m_hidr_00.html">Bruce Robinson's Hider</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BEAM_robotics&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beamarchives.netlify.app/">BEAM Yahoo! Group Archive</a></li> <li>Solarbotics, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarbotics.net">BEAM community server and hosting</a></i>", 2003</li> <li>Miller, Andrew, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsim.freeservers.com/amiller/microcore.html">The MicroCore</a></i>"</li> <li>Bolt, Steven, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sbolt.home.xs4all.nl/e-index.html">PiTronics</a></i>", October 2004</li> <li>Van Zoelen, A. A., "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsim.freeservers.com/robotics.html">BEAM Robotics</a></i>", 1998</li> <li>Robinson, Bruce N., "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915203413/http://www3.telus.net/rfws/beam/hider/m_hidr_00.html">Hider</a></i>", 2005</li> <li>Walke, Kevin, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403210317/http://www.exhibitresearch.com/tilden/">Mark Tilden Interview</a></i>", March 2000</li> <li>Fang, Chiu-Yuan, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20091025140645/http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/6897/beam2.html?200510">BEAM Robotics</a></i>", 1999</li> <li>Bernstein, Ian, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127105720/http://www.beam-online.com/">BEAM Online</a></i>", 2003</li> <li>Beamitaly, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beamitaly.net">BeamItaly</a></i>", 1998.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_robots" title="Template:Mobile robots"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_robots" title="Template talk:Mobile robots"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_robots" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile robots"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_robots_and_uncrewed_vehicles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_vehicle" title="Uncrewed vehicle">uncrewed vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Aerial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobot" title="Aerobot">Aerobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicam" title="Helicam">Helicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicle_applications" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications">List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">Ornithopter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Ground</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hexapod_robots" title="List of hexapod robots">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">Automated guided vehicle (AGV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">Automatic train operation (ATO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automated_train_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of automated train systems">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Underwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_underwater_vehicle" title="Unmanned underwater vehicle">Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervention_AUV" title="Intervention AUV">Intervention AUV (I-AUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle" title="Unmanned surface vehicle">Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft" title="Uncrewed spacecraft">Uncrewed spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list of probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spacecraft_by_program" class="mw-redirect" title="List of uncrewed spacecraft by program">list by program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">list of orbiters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station">spaceflights to the ISS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_robot" title="Rescue robot">Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_robot" title="Medical robot">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BEAM robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Robot locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">Autonomous robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_logistics" title="Autonomous logistics">Autonomous logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_model" title="Radio-controlled model">Radio-controlled model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_control_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote control vehicle">Remote control vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_control_animal" title="Remote control animal">Remote control animal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>Categories</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_control" title="Category:Radio control">Radio control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uncrewed_vehicles" title="Category:Uncrewed vehicles">Unmanned vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robotics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robotics" title="Template:Robotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robotics" title="Template talk:Robotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robotics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_robotics" title="Geography of robotics">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Hall_of_Fame" title="Robot Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_robotics" title="Laws of robotics">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/100px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/150px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/200px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobot" title="Aerobot">Aerobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">Anthropomorphic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claytronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_robot" title="Companion robot">Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">arm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_robotics" title="Educational robotics">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Juggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_robot" title="Medical robot">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BEAM robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">Soft robotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_robotics" title="Cloud robotics">Cloud robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_robot" title="Continuum robot">Continuum robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned vehicle">Unmanned vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">ground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobotics" title="Necrobotics">Necrobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Telerobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fish">Robotic fish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climber_(BEAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_unicycle" title="Electric unicycle">Electric unicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fin">Robotic fins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic navigation">Navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">mapping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">Visual odometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision-guided_robot_systems" title="Vision-guided robot systems">Vision-guided robot systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_kit" title="Robot kit">Kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">Human–robot interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_paradigm" title="Robotic paradigm">Paradigms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_robotics" title="Perceptual robotics">Perceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situated_robotics" title="Situated robotics">Situated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Robotics" title="Amazon Robotics">Amazon Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anybots" title="Anybots">Anybots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Technology" title="Barrett Technology">Barrett Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energid_Technologies" title="Energid Technologies">Energid Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FarmWise" title="FarmWise">FarmWise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_AI" title="Figure AI">Figure AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster-Miller" title="Foster-Miller">Foster-Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Automation" title="Harvest Automation">Harvest Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeybee_Robotics" title="Honeybee Robotics">Honeybee Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRobot" title="IRobot">IRobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KUKA" title="KUKA">KUKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Technologies" title="Starship Technologies">Starship Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbotic" title="Symbotic">Symbotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Robotics" title="Universal Robotics">Universal Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Robotics" title="Wolf Robotics">Wolf Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Workplace robotics safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_tech_vest" title="Robotic tech vest">Robotic tech vest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrainability" title="Terrainability">Terrainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Robotics" title="Category:Robotics">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" 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