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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lawyer (1874–1896)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawyer_(1874–1896)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career_(1896–1901)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career_(1896–1901)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early political career (1896–1901)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career_(1896–1901)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(1901–1911)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(1901–1911)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leader of the Official Opposition (1901–1911)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(1901–1911)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1911–1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1911–1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime Minister (1911–1920)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1911–1920)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1911–1920) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1911–1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-war_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pre-war Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Major reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscription,_Unionist_Party,_and_1917_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscription,_Unionist_Party,_and_1917_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Conscription, Unionist Party, and 1917 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscription,_Unionist_Party,_and_1917_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_Canadian_internment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Ukrainian Canadian internment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_Canadian_internment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borden_and_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borden_and_the_Treaty_of_Versailles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Borden and the Treaty of Versailles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borden_and_the_Treaty_of_Versailles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies_and_post-war_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies_and_post-war_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Domestic policies and post-war Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies_and_post-war_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Halifax_Explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halifax_Explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Halifax Explosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halifax_Explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Women's suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickle_Resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickle_Resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Nickle Resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickle_Resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalization_of_railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalization_of_railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Nationalization of railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalization_of_railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919_Winnipeg_general_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919_Winnipeg_general_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>1919 Winnipeg general strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919_Winnipeg_general_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_politics_(1920–1937)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_politics_(1920–1937)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>After politics (1920–1937)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_politics_(1920–1937)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Supreme Court appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Electoral record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Borden</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="روبرت بوردن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت بوردن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="رابرت بوردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت بوردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B3%B4%EB%93%A0" title="로버트 보든 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 보든" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ռոբերտ Բորդեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Բորդեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Laird_Borden" title="Robert Laird Borden – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Robert Laird Borden" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F" title="רוברט בורדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט בורדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Bordens" title="Roberts Bordens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Bordens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Laird_Borden" title="Robert Laird Borden – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Robert Laird Borden" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="रॉबर्ट लेर्ड बोर्डेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉबर्ट लेर्ड बोर्डेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="روبرت بوردن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت بوردن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Laird_Borden" title="Robert Laird Borden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Laird Borden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="रोर्वट बर्डेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोर्वट बर्डेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3" title="ロバート・ボーデン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・ボーデン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Laird_Borden" title="Robert Laird Borden – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Robert Laird Borden" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Борден, Роберт Лэрд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Борден, Роберт Лэрд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Роберт Лейрд Борден – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Лейрд Борден" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F" title="ראבערט בארדן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראבערט בארדן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Robert Borden" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Canada from 1911 to 1920</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the prime minister of Canada. For the American TV writer and producer, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden_(TV_producer)" title="Robert Borden (TV producer)">Robert Borden (TV producer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir Robert Borden</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Borden-sm_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Borden-sm_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Borden-sm_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Borden-sm_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Borden-sm_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Borden-sm_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="463" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Borden in 1918</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 10, 1911 – July 10, 1920</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Grey,_4th_Earl_Grey" title="Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey">The Earl Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">The Duke of Connaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservative Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 6, 1901 – July 10, 1920</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Arthur Meighen</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Kings_(Nova_Scotia_federal_electoral_district)" title="Kings (Nova Scotia federal electoral district)">Kings</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 17, 1917 – July 1920</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Witt_Foster" title="Arthur de Witt Foster">Arthur de Witt Foster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Robinson" title="Ernest William Robinson">Ernest William Robinson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Carleton_(Ontario_federal_electoral_district)" title="Carleton (Ontario federal electoral district)">Carleton</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 4, 1905 – January 25, 1909</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kidd" title="Edward Kidd">Edward Kidd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Kidd</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Halifax_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Halifax (federal electoral district)">Halifax</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 26, 1908 – December 16, 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carney_(politician)" title="Michael Carney (politician)">Michael Carney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Martin" title="Peter Francis Martin">Peter Francis Martin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 23, 1896 – November 2, 1904</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzwilliam_Stairs" title="John Fitzwilliam Stairs">John Fitzwilliam Stairs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Carney</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Laird Borden</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1854-06-26</span>)</span>June 26, 1854<br /><a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9,_Nova_Scotia" title="Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia">Grand-Pré</a>, Nova Scotia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 10, 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-06-10)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Beechwood_Cemetery" title="Beechwood Cemetery">Beechwood Cemetery</a>, Ottawa, Ontario</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (until 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> (after 1886; until 1917, 1922–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist</a> (1917–1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Borden" title="Laura Borden">Laura Bond</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1889)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RL_Borden_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Borden's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RL_Borden_Signature.svg/128px-RL_Borden_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RL_Borden_Signature.svg/192px-RL_Borden_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RL_Borden_Signature.svg/256px-RL_Borden_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Borden_being_interviewed.wav" title="File:Robert Borden being interviewed.wav">Robert Borden's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="Robert_Borden_being_interviewed.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Robert_Borden_being_interviewed.wav/Robert_Borden_being_interviewed.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Robert_Borden_being_interviewed.wav/Robert_Borden_being_interviewed.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Robert_Borden_being_interviewed.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Robert Borden being interviewed on July 23rd, 1936, less than a year before his death.</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Robert Laird Borden</b> (June 26, 1854 – June 10, 1937) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the eighth <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a> from 1911 to 1920. He is best known for his leadership of <a href="/wiki/Canada_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada during World War I">Canada during World War I</a>. </p><p>Borden was born in <a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9,_Nova_Scotia" title="Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia">Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia</a>. He worked as a schoolteacher for a period and then served his <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_clerkship" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of clerkship">articles of clerkship</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> law firm. He was <a href="/wiki/Called_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Called to the bar">called to the bar</a> in 1878 and soon became one of Nova Scotia's most prominent barristers. Borden was elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1896_Canadian_federal_election" title="1896 Canadian federal election">1896 federal election</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party</a>. He replaced <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a> as party leader in 1901, but was defeated in two federal elections by Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> in <a href="/wiki/1904_Canadian_federal_election" title="1904 Canadian federal election">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1908_Canadian_federal_election" title="1908 Canadian federal election">1908</a>. However, in the <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">1911 federal election</a>, Borden led the Conservatives to victory after he claimed that the Liberals' proposed <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(Canadian_politics)" title="Reciprocity (Canadian politics)">trade reciprocity</a> treaty with the United States would lead to the US influencing Canadian identity and weaken ties with Great Britain. </p><p>Borden's early years as prime minister focused on strengthening relations with Britain. Halfway through his first term, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out. To send soldiers overseas, he created the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a>. He also became significantly interventionist by passing the <i><a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a></i> which gave the government extraordinary powers. To increase government revenue to fund the war effort, Borden's government issued <a href="/wiki/War_bond#Canada" title="War bond">victory bonds</a>, raised tariffs, and introduced new taxes including the <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_Canada" title="Income tax in Canada">income tax</a>. In 1917, facing what he believed to be a shortage in Canadian soldiers, Borden <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_Act_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Service Act (Canada)">introduced</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, angering <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French Canada</a> and sparking a national divide known as the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis</a>. Despite this, his <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist Party</a> composed of Conservatives and <a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Unionist" title="Liberal–Unionist">pro-conscription Liberals</a> was re-elected with an overwhelming <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917 federal election</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>, Borden sought to expand the autonomy of Canada and other <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>. On the home front, Borden's government dealt with the consequences of the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a>, introduced <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">women's suffrage</a> for federal elections, <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalized</a> railways by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a>, and controversially used the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> to break up the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_general_strike" title="Winnipeg general strike">Winnipeg general strike</a>. </p><p>Borden retired from politics in 1920. In his retirement, he was Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> from 1924 to 1930 and was president of two financial institutions, the <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays Bank">Barclays Bank</a> of Canada and the Crown Life Insurance Company from 1928 until his death in 1937. Borden places above-average among historians and the public in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">rankings of prime ministers of Canada</a>. Borden was the last prime minister born before <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> and the last prime minister to be <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighted</a>, having accepted a knighthood in 1914. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career_(1854–1874)"><span id="Early_life_and_career_.281854.E2.80.931874.29"></span>Early life and career (1854–1874)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career (1854–1874)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Borden was born and educated in <a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9,_Nova_Scotia" title="Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia">Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia</a>, a farming community at the eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Valley" title="Annapolis Valley">Annapolis Valley</a>. His great-grandfather, Perry Borden Sr. of <a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Rhode_Island" title="Tiverton, Rhode Island">Tiverton, Rhode Island</a>, had taken up <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a> land in this region in 1760 as one of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Planters" title="New England Planters">New England Planters</a>. The Borden family had immigrated from <a href="/wiki/Headcorn,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Headcorn, Kent">Headcorn, Kent</a>, England, to New England in the 17th century. Also arriving in this group was a great-great-grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Denison" title="Robert Denison">Robert Denison</a>, who had come from Connecticut at about the same time. Perry had accompanied his father, Samuel Borden, the chief surveyor chosen by the government of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> to survey the former Acadian land and draw up new lots for the Planters in Nova Scotia. Through the marriage of his patrilineal ancestor Richard Borden to Innocent Cornell, Borden is descendant from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cornell_(settler)" title="Thomas Cornell (settler)">Thomas Cornell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borden's father, Andrew Borden, was judged by his son to be "a man of good ability and excellent judgement" and of a "calm, contemplative and philosophical" turn of mind, but "he lacked energy and had no great aptitude for affairs." His mother Eunice Jane Laird was more driven, possessing "very strong character, remarkable energy, high ambition and unusual ability". Her ambition was transmitted to her first-born child, who applied himself to his studies while assisting his parents with the farm work he found so disagreeable. Borden's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Borden" title="Frederick William Borden">Frederick Borden</a>, was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> politician.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At age nine, Borden became a day student for the local private academy, Acacia Villa School. The school sought to "fit boys physically, morally, and intellectually, for the responsibilities of life." There, Borden developed an interest in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> languages. At age 14, Borden became the assistant master for classical studies. In late 1873, Borden began working as a professor for classics and mathematics at the Glenwood Institute in <a href="/wiki/Matawan,_New_Jersey" title="Matawan, New Jersey">Matawan, New Jersey</a>. Seeing no future in teaching, he returned to Nova Scotia in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lawyer_(1874–1896)"><span id="Lawyer_.281874.E2.80.931896.29"></span>Lawyer (1874–1896)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lawyer (1874–1896)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite having no formal university education, Borden went to serve his <a href="/wiki/Articled_clerk" title="Articled clerk">articles of clerkship</a> for four years at a <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a> law firm. Borden also attended the School of Military Instruction in the city during the winter of 1878. In August 1878, Borden was called to the Nova Scotia Bar, placing first in the bar examinations. He went to <a href="/wiki/Kentville,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentville, Nova Scotia">Kentville, Nova Scotia</a>, as the junior partner of the Conservative lawyer John P. Chipman. In 1880, Borden was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemasons</a> St Andrew's lodge No. 1.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, Borden, despite being a Liberal, accepted <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Graham_(judge)" title="Wallace Graham (judge)">Wallace Graham</a>'s request to move to Halifax and join the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservative</a> law firm headed by Graham and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Charles Hibbert Tupper</a>. In 1886, Borden broke with the Liberal Party after he disagreed with Premier <a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">William Stevens Fielding</a>'s campaign to withdraw Nova Scotia from <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>. In the autumn of 1889, when he was only 35, Borden became the senior partner following the departure of Graham and Tupper for the bench and politics, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His financial future guaranteed, on September 25, 1889, Borden married <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Bond">Laura Bond</a>, the daughter of a Halifax hardware merchant. They had no children. Bond later became president of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Council_of_Women_of_Halifax" title="Local Council of Women of Halifax">Local Council of Women of Halifax</a>, until her resignation in 1901. She also later became president of the Aberdeen Association, vice-president of the Women's Work Exchange in Halifax, and corresponding secretary of the Associated Charities of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bordens spent several weeks vacationing in England and Europe in the summers of 1891 and 1893. In 1894, Borden bought a large property and home on the south side of Quinpool Road, which the couple called Pinehurst.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, Borden successfully argued the first of two cases which he took to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>. He represented many of the important Halifax businesses and sat on the boards of Nova Scotian companies, including the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Nova Scotia">Bank of Nova Scotia</a> and the Crown Life Insurance Company. By the mid-1890s, Borden's firm was so prominent that it attracted notable clients, such as the Bank of Nova Scotia, Canada Atlantic Steamship, and the Nova Scotia Telephone Company. Borden had several court cases in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, and while in that city he frequently met with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Sparrow David Thompson</a>, a fellow Nova Scotian. In 1896, Borden became president of the Nova Scotia Barristers' Society and took the initiative in organizing the founding meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bar_Association" title="Canadian Bar Association">Canadian Bar Association</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 27, 1896, Borden went to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a>'s home for a dinner party. Tupper, who was about to succeed <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a> as prime minister, asked Borden to run for the federal electoral district of <a href="/wiki/Halifax_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Halifax (federal electoral district)">Halifax</a> for the upcoming election. Borden accepted the request.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career_(1896–1901)"><span id="Early_political_career_.281896.E2.80.931901.29"></span>Early political career (1896–1901)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political career (1896–1901)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campaigning in favour of his party's <a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a>, Borden was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">member of Parliament</a> (MP) in the <a href="/wiki/1896_Canadian_federal_election" title="1896 Canadian federal election">1896 federal election</a> as a Conservative. However, the Conservative Party as a whole was defeated by the Liberals led by <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though an MP in Ottawa, Borden still practised law back in Halifax. He also remained loyal to Tupper. Borden participated in many House committees and over time emerged as a key figure in the party.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(1901–1911)"><span id="Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_.281901.E2.80.931911.29"></span>Leader of the Official Opposition (1901–1911)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leader of the Official Opposition (1901–1911)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tupper announced his resignation as party leader after he led the Conservatives to their <a href="/wiki/1900_Canadian_federal_election" title="1900 Canadian federal election">second consecutive defeat at the polls in 1900</a>. Tupper, and his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Charles Hibbert Tupper</a> (who was Borden's former colleague at the Halifax law firm) asked Borden to become leader, citing his work in Parliament and lack of enemies within the Conservative caucus. Borden at first was not keen to become leader, stating, "I have not either the experience or the qualifications which would enable me to successfully lead the party...It would be an absurdity for the party and madness for me." However, he later changed his position and on February 6, 1901, he was selected by the Conservative caucus as party leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Robert_Borden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sir_Robert_Borden.jpg/200px-Sir_Robert_Borden.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sir_Robert_Borden.jpg/300px-Sir_Robert_Borden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sir_Robert_Borden.jpg/400px-Sir_Robert_Borden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Borden, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>The Liberal prime minister, Wilfrid Laurier, proposed the building of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">Canadian Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Pacific Railway">Grand Trunk</a> railways. Borden proposed for the railways to be government-owned and government-operated, stating the people would have a choice between "a government-owned railway or a railway-owned government." This position did not resonate with voters in the <a href="/wiki/1904_Canadian_federal_election" title="1904 Canadian federal election">1904 federal election</a>; the Liberals won a slightly stronger <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority</a>, while the Conservatives lost a few seats. Borden himself was defeated in his Halifax seat but re-entered the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> the next year via a by-election in <a href="/wiki/Carleton_(Ontario_federal_electoral_district)" title="Carleton (Ontario federal electoral district)">Carleton (Ontario)</a>. In 1907, Borden announced the Halifax Platform. The Conservative Party's new policy called for reform of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> and the civil service, a more selective immigration policy, free rural mail delivery, government regulation of telegraphs, telephones, and railways and eventually national ownership of telegraphs and telephones. In the <a href="/wiki/1908_Canadian_federal_election" title="1908 Canadian federal election">1908 federal election</a>, Laurier's Liberals won for the fourth consecutive time. However, the Liberals experienced a drop in support as they won a slightly reduced majority. The Conservatives experienced a modest boost, gaining 10 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910 and 1911, Laurier proposed a <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(Canadian_politics)" title="Reciprocity (Canadian politics)">reciprocity</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> agreement with the United States. Borden opposed the treaty, stating that it would weaken ties with Britain, lead to Canadian identity being influenced by the US, and lead to American annexation of Canada. In the <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">1911 federal election</a>, the Conservatives countered with a revised version of John A. Macdonald's <a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a>, campaigned on fears of American influence on Canada and disloyalty to Britain, and ran on the slogan "Canadianism or Continentalism". The Conservatives triumphed; they won a strong majority, ending over 15 years of Liberal rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1911–1920)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281911.E2.80.931920.29"></span>Prime Minister (1911–1920)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1911–1920)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_Canada">Pre-war Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-war Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To aid the farmers who would have benefited had the reciprocity treaty been implemented, Borden's government passed the <i>Canada Grain Act of 1912</i> to establish a board of grain commissioners that would supervise grain inspection and regulate the <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a>. This law would also allow the federal government to build or acquire and operate <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator" title="Grain elevator">grain elevators</a> at key points in the grain marketing and export system.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laura_Borden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Borden.jpg/170px-Laura_Borden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Borden.jpg/255px-Laura_Borden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Borden.jpg/340px-Laura_Borden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sir Robert and <a href="/wiki/Laura_Borden" title="Laura Borden">Lady Borden</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Also in 1912, the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> were expanded through the <i>Manitoba Boundaries Extension Act</i>, the <i>Ontario Boundaries Extension Act</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Boundaries_Extension_Act,_1912" title="Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912"><i>Quebec Boundaries Extension Act</i></a>. These three provinces would take up the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912 and 1913, Borden's government sought to pass a naval bill that would have sent $35 million for the construction of three <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British Navy</a>. Laurier, now Opposition leader, argued that the bill would threaten Canadian autonomy. In May 1913, the bill was blocked by the Liberal-controlled <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 22, 1914, Borden was <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighted</a>; <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">King</a> <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late July, Borden and his wife, Laura, went for a vacation to the <a href="/wiki/Muskoka_District_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskoka District Municipality">Muskoka District Municipality</a>. However, the trip was cut short after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in Europe. On July 31, the Bordens were on a train for <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. The next day, he returned to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">British declaration of war</a> on August 4, 1914, automatically brought <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_reforms">Major reforms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Major reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 22, 1914, Parliament passed the controversial <i><a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a></i> (with support from both Conservatives and Liberals), which gave the government extraordinary and emergency powers, including the right to censor and suppress communications, the right to arrest, detain, and deport people without charges or trials, the right to control transportation, trade and manufacturing, and the right to seize private property during times of "war, invasion or insurrection". The act also allowed Borden to govern by <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a>, meaning that Cabinet was allowed to implement pieces of legislation without the need for a vote in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borden's government created the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Patriotic_Fund" title="Canadian Patriotic Fund">Canadian Patriotic Fund</a> to give financial and social assistance to the families of soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also raised tariffs on some high-demand consumer items to boost the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, Borden's government established the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada" title="National Research Council Canada">National Research Council Canada</a> for scientific and industrial research.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, to gain information on Canada's population, social structure, and economy, the government established the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Dominion Bureau of Statistics">Dominion Bureau of Statistics</a> through the <i><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Act" title="Statistics Act">Statistics Act</a></i>. It was renamed <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borden's government set up the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a> (CEF). The force posted several combat formations of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1914, Borden stated, "there has not been, there will not be, compulsion or <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>." As the war dragged on, more troops for the CEF were deployed through the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">voluntary force</a>. In July 1915, the number of CEF soldiers increased to 150,000 before being increased to 250,000 in October 1915 before doubling to 500,000 in January 1916. By mid-1916, the rate of volunteers enlisting started to slow down.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BordenVictoryBondCampaignToronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/BordenVictoryBondCampaignToronto.jpg/250px-BordenVictoryBondCampaignToronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/BordenVictoryBondCampaignToronto.jpg/375px-BordenVictoryBondCampaignToronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/BordenVictoryBondCampaignToronto.jpg/500px-BordenVictoryBondCampaignToronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Borden opening a <a href="/wiki/Victory_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Bond">Victory Bond</a> campaign in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the threat of an economic collapse and the need for more revenue to fund the war effort, Borden's <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister (Canada)">finance minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_White" title="William Thomas White">William Thomas White</a>, rejected calls for direct taxation on Canadian citizens in 1914, though this position would be shortly reversed. White cited his beliefs that taxation would cost too much to implement and would interfere with provincial taxation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borden and White instead opted for "business as usual" with Britain by assuming that the country would cover the costs incurred by Canada. However, at the end of 1914, Britain was not able to lend money to Canada due to their own economic priorities. By 1917, Britain had become unable to pay for wartime shipments from Canada. During the war, Canada drastically increased imports of specialized metals and machinery needed for production of <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-MacleansWW1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacleansWW1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led Borden and White to successfully negotiate a $50 million loan in New York City in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada also succeeded in negotiating larger bond issues in New York in 1916 and 1917. In 1918, a <a href="/wiki/War_bond#Canada" title="War bond">Victory Bond</a> of $300 million brought in $660 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, Victory Bond campaigns raised around $2 billion. American investment in Canada significantly increased whereas British investment declined. By 1918, imports of goods from the United States were 1,000 percent of British exports to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-MacleansWW1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacleansWW1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915, 1916, and 1917, Borden's government began to reverse their anti-taxation position, not least because of the need for more government revenue. The government introducing wartime savings bonds and raising import tariffs was not enough. In 1915, a <a href="/wiki/Luxury_tax" title="Luxury tax">luxury tax</a> on tobacco and alcohol and taxes on transport tickets, telegrams, money orders, cheques, and patent medicines were introduced. By the end of the war, staple items were taxed. In a politically motivated move in 1916, the government introduced the Business Profits War Tax to address increasing concerns about businesses practising <a href="/wiki/War_profiteering" title="War profiteering">war profiteering</a>. The tax expired in 1920 but was brought back in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, Borden's government introduced the <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> which came into effect on September 20, 1917. The tax exempted the first $1,500 of income for single people (unmarried persons and widows and widowers without dependent children); the tax exempted the first $3,000 for everyone else. Single people were taxed at four percent while the tax rate ranged from two to 22 percent for married Canadians with dependents and an annual income over $6,000. Due to its several exemptions, only two to eight percent of Canadians filed tax returns during the early days of the income tax. When the war ended in 1918, $8 million in income tax revenue had been recorded, which was a small fraction of the national net debt of $1.6 billion. Though Borden's government declared the income tax to be temporary, it has remained in place ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, facing skyrocketing prices, Borden's government established the Board of Grain Supervisors of Canada to distance the marketing of crops grown in 1917 and 1918 away from the private grain companies. It was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a> for the 1919 crop.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board was dissolved in 1920, despite the concept being popular among farm organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conscription,_Unionist_Party,_and_1917_election"><span id="Conscription.2C_Unionist_Party.2C_and_1917_election"></span>Conscription, Unionist Party, and 1917 election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conscription, Unionist Party, and 1917 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a></div> <p>In Spring 1917, Borden visited Europe and attended the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conference</a>. There, he participated in discussions that included possible peace terms and helped spearhead the passage of <i>Resolution IX</i> which called for a post-war constitutional conference to "provide effective arrangements for continuous consultation in all important matters of common Imperial concern, and for such necessary concerted action, founded on consultation, as the several Governments may determine."<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also assured leaders of <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">the Allied countries</a> that Canada was committed to the war. Also during his trip, Borden made visits to the hospital to meet wounded and <a href="/wiki/Shell_shock" title="Shell shock">shell shocked</a> soldiers and became determined that the soldiers' sacrifices should not be in vain, and that therefore, the war must end. With volunteer enlistment slowing down, Borden believed that the war should finish through only one method: conscription. Reversing their pledge to not introduce the policy, Borden's government passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Military_Service_Act_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Service Act (Canada)">Military Service Act</a></i> to introduce conscription.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act became law on August 29, 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Military_Service_Act_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_Service_Act-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borden_and_wounded_soldiers_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Borden_and_wounded_soldiers_%28cropped%29.png/275px-Borden_and_wounded_soldiers_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Borden_and_wounded_soldiers_%28cropped%29.png/413px-Borden_and_wounded_soldiers_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Borden_and_wounded_soldiers_%28cropped%29.png/550px-Borden_and_wounded_soldiers_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Borden speaking to wounded soldiers at a hospital in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, March 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The disputes over conscription triggered the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a>; most <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canadians</a> supported the policy whereas most <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> opposed it, as seen by protests in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. In a bid to settle Quebec opposition towards the policy, Borden proposed forming a wartime <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> composed of both Conservatives and Liberals. Despite Borden offering the Liberals equal seats in the Cabinet in exchange for Liberal support for conscription, the proposal was rejected by Liberal leader Laurier. In October, Borden formed the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist Party</a>, a coalition of Conservatives and pro-conscription Liberals (known as <a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Unionist" title="Liberal–Unionist">Liberal–Unionists</a>). Laurier, maintaining his anti-conscription position, refused to join the Unionist government and instead created the "<a href="/wiki/Laurier_Liberals" title="Laurier Liberals">Laurier Liberals</a>", a party of Liberals opposed to conscription.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Robert_Borden_addressing_the_Troops,_Bramashott,_England,_April,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sir_Robert_Borden_addressing_the_Troops%2C_Bramashott%2C_England%2C_April%2C_1917.jpg/250px-Sir_Robert_Borden_addressing_the_Troops%2C_Bramashott%2C_England%2C_April%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sir_Robert_Borden_addressing_the_Troops%2C_Bramashott%2C_England%2C_April%2C_1917.jpg/375px-Sir_Robert_Borden_addressing_the_Troops%2C_Bramashott%2C_England%2C_April%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sir_Robert_Borden_addressing_the_Troops%2C_Bramashott%2C_England%2C_April%2C_1917.jpg/500px-Sir_Robert_Borden_addressing_the_Troops%2C_Bramashott%2C_England%2C_April%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Borden addressing troops in England, April 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917 federal election</a> was held on December 17. The election was Canada's first in six years; it was supposed to be held in 1916 due to the constitutional requirement that Parliament last no longer than five years, but was delayed by one year due to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Months before the election was called, Borden's government introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Military_Voters_Act" title="Military Voters Act">Military Voters Act</a></i> that allowed all 400,000 conscripted Canadian soldiers — including those who were underage and born in Britain, to vote. The act also allowed current and former Indigenous veterans to vote. In addition, the <i><a href="/wiki/Wartime_Elections_Act" title="Wartime Elections Act">Wartime Elections Act</a></i> allowed female relatives of soldiers (excluding Indigenous women) to vote. However, this law confiscated voting rights from German and Austrian immigrants (i.e. immigrants from "enemy nations") who moved to Canada during and after 1902 as well as those who exempted from the coming conscription draft, including <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>. Some believe that these laws put the Unionists in a favourable position.<sup id="cite_ref-MacleansWW1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacleansWW1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Unionist election campaign criticized French Canada for its low enlistment rate to fight in the war. Fearing the possible event of a Liberal victory, one of the Unionist pamphlets highlighted ethnic differences, stating, "the French Canadians who have shirked their duty in this war will be the dominating force in the government of this country. Are the English-speaking people prepared to stand for that?"<sup id="cite_ref-MacleansWW1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacleansWW1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Unionist campaign was an overwhelming success; the government won a powerful <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority</a> (114 Conservatives and 39 Liberals), won the highest share of the popular vote in Canadian history, and won the largest percentage of seats in Canadian history at the time (at 65.1%). The Liberals on the other hand lost seats and won their smallest share of the popular vote since the <a href="/wiki/1882_Canadian_federal_election" title="1882 Canadian federal election">1882 federal election</a>. The election revealed ethnic divides in the country; the Conservatives won over English Canadians whereas the Liberals swept French-Canadian-dominated Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacleansWW1_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacleansWW1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of conscripting soldiers began in January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Military_Service_Act_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_Service_Act-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 124,588 out of the 401,882 men who registered for conscription were drafted and only 24,132 actually fought in Europe. By spring 1918, the government removed certain exemptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Conscription_in_Canada_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conscription_in_Canada-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To suppress the anti-conscription "Easter Riots" that occurred in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> between March 28 and April 1, Borden's government used the <i>War Measures Act</i>, invoked <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, and deployed more than 6,000 troops. The troops and rioters exchanged gunfire, resulting in four civilian deaths and as many as 150 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Conscription_in_Canada_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conscription_in_Canada-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukrainian_Canadian_internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ukrainian Canadian internment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></div> <p>Between 1914 and 1920, more than 8,500 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian Canadians</a> were interned under the measures of the <i>War Measures Act</i>. Some immigrated from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> countries of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The internees faced intense labour; they worked in the national parks of <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, built roads, cleared bush, and cut trails. They also had their personal wealth and property confiscated and never returned by the Borden government. Overall, 107 internees died. Six were shot dead while trying to escape and others died from disease, work-related injuries, and suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Ukrainian_Internment_in_Canada_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukrainian_Internment_in_Canada-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another 80,000 Ukrainian Canadians were not imprisoned but were registered as "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_alien" title="Enemy alien">enemy aliens</a>" and were compelled to report regularly to the police. Their freedom of speech, movement, and association were also restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-Ukrainian_Internment_in_Canada_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukrainian_Internment_in_Canada-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borden_and_the_Treaty_of_Versailles">Borden and the Treaty of Versailles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Borden and the Treaty of Versailles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the war, Borden stressed the need for Canada to participate in British decisions;<sup id="cite_ref-Sir_Robert_Borden_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sir_Robert_Borden-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a January 1916 letter to the <a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Canada,_London" title="High Commission of Canada, London">High Commissioner of Canada in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Halsey_Perley" title="George Halsey Perley">George Perley</a>, Borden wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It can hardly be expected that we shall put 400,000 or 500,000 men in the field and willingly accept the position of having no more voice and receiving no more consideration than if we were toy automata."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On October 27, 1918, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> requested Borden to visit Britain for possible peace talks. Borden replied stating, "the press and the people of this country take it for granted that Canada will be represented at the Peace Conference." World War I ended shortly after on November 11, 1918. Borden told his wife, Laura, that "Canada got nothing out of the war except recognition."<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borden attended the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">1919 Paris Peace Conference</a>, though boycotted the opening ceremony, protesting at the precedence given to <a href="/wiki/William_F._Lloyd" title="William F. Lloyd">William Lloyd</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Dominion_Prime_Ministers_of_Newfoundland_(1907–1934)" title="List of premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador">prime minister</a> of the much smaller <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, over Borden. Convinced that Canada had become a nation on the battlefields of Europe, Borden demanded that it have a separate seat at the Conference. This was initially opposed not only by Britain but also by the United States, which perceived such a delegation as an extra British vote. Borden responded by pointing out that since Canada had lost a far larger proportion of its men compared to the US in the war (although not more in absolute numbers), Canada at least had the right to the representation of a "minor" power. Lloyd George eventually relented, and convinced the reluctant Americans to accept the presence of separate Canadian, Indian, Australian, Newfoundland, New Zealand and South African delegations.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan_p.71_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacMillan_p.71-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only did Borden's persistence allow him to represent Canada in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> as a nation, it also ensured that each of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> could sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in its own right and receive a separate membership in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. Also during the conference, Borden tried to act as an intermediary between the United States and other members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_delegation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire delegation">British Empire delegation</a>, particularly Australia and New Zealand over the issue of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations Mandate">League of Nations Mandate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borden also discussed with Lloyd George the possibility of Canada taking over the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> but no agreement was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 6, 1919, Borden issued a memorandum calling for Canada, as a member, to have the right to be elected to the League's council. This proposal was accepted by Lloyd George, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">French Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>. These three leaders also included Canada's right to contest for election to the governing body of the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>. Borden departed Paris on May 11; his Cabinet ministers <a href="/wiki/Charles_Doherty" title="Charles Doherty">Charles Doherty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton" title="Arthur Sifton">Arthur Sifton</a> signed the Treaty of Versailles on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policies_and_post-war_Canada">Domestic policies and post-war Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Domestic policies and post-war Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halifax_Explosion">Halifax Explosion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Halifax Explosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a></div> <p>Eleven days before Canadians went to the polls in the 1917 election, Canada experienced the largest domestic disaster in its history: the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a> that killed nearly 1,800 people. The tragedy occurring in his own hometown, Borden pledged that the government would be "co-operating in every way to reconstruct the Port of Halifax: this was of utmost importance to the Empire".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borden helped set up the Halifax Relief Commission that spent $30 million on medical care, repairing infrastructure, and establishing pensions for injured survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada%27s_Prime_Minister_Robert_Borden_surveys_the_ruins_of_the_Explosion_(24793586598).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Canada%27s_Prime_Minister_Robert_Borden_surveys_the_ruins_of_the_Explosion_%2824793586598%29.jpg/150px-Canada%27s_Prime_Minister_Robert_Borden_surveys_the_ruins_of_the_Explosion_%2824793586598%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Canada%27s_Prime_Minister_Robert_Borden_surveys_the_ruins_of_the_Explosion_%2824793586598%29.jpg/225px-Canada%27s_Prime_Minister_Robert_Borden_surveys_the_ruins_of_the_Explosion_%2824793586598%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Canada%27s_Prime_Minister_Robert_Borden_surveys_the_ruins_of_the_Explosion_%2824793586598%29.jpg/300px-Canada%27s_Prime_Minister_Robert_Borden_surveys_the_ruins_of_the_Explosion_%2824793586598%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="3771" /></a><figcaption>Borden surveying the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_suffrage"><span id="Women.27s_suffrage"></span>Women's suffrage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 24, 1918, female citizens 21 and over were granted the right to vote in federal elections. In 1920, Borden's government passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Elections_Act" title="Dominion Elections Act">Dominion Elections Act</a></i> to allow women to run for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>. However, these two laws prevented or discouraged <a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Canadian">Asian Canadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Canadian">Indigenous Canadian</a> women and men from voting.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nickle_Resolution">Nickle Resolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nickle Resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_titles_debate" title="Canadian titles debate">Canadian titles debate</a></div> <p>Despite being knighted himself, Borden disapproved of the process by which Canadians were nominated for <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honours</a> and in March 1917 drafted a policy stating that all names had to be vetted by the prime minister before the list was sent to <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1917, Borden agreed with MP <a href="/wiki/William_Folger_Nickle" title="William Folger Nickle">William Folger Nickle</a>'s proposal to abolish <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary titles</a> in Canada. In addition to the abolition of the Hereditary titles, it was later learned that with the exception of military distinctions, honours would not be granted to residents of Canada without the approval or the advice of the Canadian prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nationalization_of_railways">Nationalization of railways</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nationalization of railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 6, 1919, through an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borden's government established the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railways</a> (CN) as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown Corporation</a>. The organization originally consisted of four railways: the <a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Railway" title="Intercolonial Railway">Intercolonial Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">Canadian Northern Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Transcontinental_Railway" title="National Transcontinental Railway">National Transcontinental Railway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Pacific Railway">Grand Trunk Pacific Railway</a>. In January 1923, a fifth one was added: the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a>. All five of these railways were financially struggling as a result of their inability to borrow from banks (mainly British) during the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1919_Winnipeg_general_strike">1919 Winnipeg general strike</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1919 Winnipeg general strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_general_strike" title="Winnipeg general strike">Winnipeg general strike</a></div> <p>After the war, the working class experienced economic hardship. In a bid to address this problem, construction and metal trades workers in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, Manitoba, sought better wages and better working conditions by negotiating with their managers. In May 1919, as a result of talks between the workers and their managers breaking down, several <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a> started; on May 15, the Winnipeg Trades and Labor Council (WTLC) called for a general strike as a result of the negotiations collapsing. Within hours of the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_general_strike" title="Winnipeg general strike">Winnipeg general strike</a> breaking out, nearly 30,000 workers resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afraid that the strike would spark conflicts in other cities, Borden's government intervened. His Cabinet ministers <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Robertson" title="Gideon Robertson">Gideon Robertson</a> met with the anti-strike Citizens’ Committee but refused to meet with the pro-strike Central Strike Committee. Taking the advice of the Citizens' Committee, Borden's government threatened to fire federal workers unless they returned to work immediately. The government also changed the <i>Immigration Act</i> to allow the deportation of British-born immigrants. On June 17, the government arrested 10 leaders of the Central Strike Committee and two members of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(Canada)" title="One Big Union (Canada)">One Big Union</a>. On June 21, Borden's government deployed troops from the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> (NWMP) to the strike scene to maintain public order.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the protestors beginning to riot,<sup id="cite_ref-Bercuson2009P26_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bercuson2009P26-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the NWMP charged at the protestors, beat them with clubs, and fired bullets. Two people were killed and the violent incident became known as "<a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_general_strike#Bloody_Saturday" title="Winnipeg general strike">Bloody Saturday</a>". Within days, the strike ended.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With his doctors recommending that he should leave politics immediately, Borden told his cabinet on December 16, 1919, that he was going to resign. Some cabinet members begged him to stay in office and take a year-long vacation. Borden took a vacation for an unspecified amount of time and returned to Ottawa in May 1920. Borden announced his retirement to his Unionist caucus on <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Day" title="Dominion Day">Dominion Day</a>, July 1, 1920. Before he retired, the caucus asked him to choose his successor as leader and prime minister. Borden favoured his Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_White" title="William Thomas White">William Thomas White</a>. With White refusing, Borden persuaded cabinet minister Arthur Meighen to succeed him. Meighen succeeded Borden on July 10, 1920. Borden retired from politics altogether in that same month.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_politics_(1920–1937)"><span id="After_politics_.281920.E2.80.931937.29"></span>After politics (1920–1937)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: After politics (1920–1937)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Robert_Borden_speaking_at_the_Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair_(50539802973)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sir_Robert_Borden_speaking_at_the_Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair_%2850539802973%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Sir_Robert_Borden_speaking_at_the_Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair_%2850539802973%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sir_Robert_Borden_speaking_at_the_Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair_%2850539802973%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Sir_Robert_Borden_speaking_at_the_Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair_%2850539802973%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sir_Robert_Borden_speaking_at_the_Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair_%2850539802973%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Sir_Robert_Borden_speaking_at_the_Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair_%2850539802973%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Borden speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair" title="Royal Agricultural Winter Fair">Royal Agricultural Winter Fair</a>, 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>As a delegate, Borden attended the 1921–1922 <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sir_Robert_Borden_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sir_Robert_Borden-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borden was the Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> from 1924 to 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was Vice-President of <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Society" title="Champlain Society">The Champlain Society</a> between 1923 and 1925 and was the Society's first Honorary President between 1925 and 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also was president of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Historical_Association" title="Canadian Historical Association">Canadian Historical Association</a> in 1930–31.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928 Borden became president of two financial institutions: <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays Bank">Barclays Bank</a> of Canada and the Crown Life Insurance Company. In 1932 he became chairman of Canada's first <a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">mutual fund</a>, the Canadian Investment Fund. Even after he stepped down as prime minister, Borden kept in touch with Lloyd George; Borden once told him of his retirement, stating, "There is nothing that oppresses me...books, some business avocation, my wild garden, the birds and the flowers, a little golf, and a great deal of life in the open – these together make up the fullness of my days."<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Laird_Borden_grave_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large granite cross in the background with two smaller granite stone in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robert_Laird_Borden_grave_site.jpg/220px-Robert_Laird_Borden_grave_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robert_Laird_Borden_grave_site.jpg/330px-Robert_Laird_Borden_grave_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Robert_Laird_Borden_grave_site.jpg/440px-Robert_Laird_Borden_grave_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3007" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Borden's grave site</figcaption></figure> <p>Borden died on June 10, 1937, in Ottawa and is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Beechwood_Cemetery" title="Beechwood Cemetery">Beechwood Cemetery</a> marked by a simple stone cross.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his funeral, a thousand World War I veterans lined the procession route.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Borden government's introduction of conscription, new taxes, and use of the North-West Mounted Police to break up the 1919 Winnipeg general strike are all examples of government intervention; with his emphasis on big government, he is remembered as a <a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a> wrote, "The pressures of war drove Borden’s government to unprecedented levels of involvement in the day-to-day lives of citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Borden,_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Robert_Borden%2C_statue.jpg/140px-Robert_Borden%2C_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Robert_Borden%2C_statue.jpg/210px-Robert_Borden%2C_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Robert_Borden%2C_statue.jpg/280px-Robert_Borden%2C_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Statue on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Borden's use of conscription in the war remains controversial. While historian <a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">J. L. Granatstein</a> wrote, "Canada's military couldn't have carried on without the controversial policy" and that "[The conscripts] played a critical role in winning the war", he also wrote that "To achieve these ends, he almost broke the nation."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1917 federal election, in what was seen as a backlash against Borden and the Unionist Party's pro-conscription position, Quebec voted overwhelmingly in favour of the anti-conscription Laurier Liberals; the Unionists won only three seats. Historian Robert Craig Brown wrote, "The political cost [of conscription] was enormous: the Conservative Party’s support in Quebec was destroyed and would not be recovered for decades to come."<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borden's opposition towards free trade and his government's reversal of a 1917 campaign promise to exempt the sons of farmers from conscription helped the <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Party of Canada">Progressive Party</a> grow in popularity, which was dissatisfied with Borden's positions on these issues.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Progressive Party was founded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crerar" title="Thomas Crerar">Thomas Crerar</a>, who was Borden's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture (Canada)">minister of agriculture</a> until 1919, when he resigned over his opposition towards high tariffs and his belief that the government's budget did not pay enough attention to farmer's issues.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1921_Canadian_federal_election" title="1921 Canadian federal election">1921 federal election</a> that saw the Conservatives plummet to third place, the Progressives became the second-largest party and swept <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, a region that Borden's Unionists won over in the election four years previously. As historian Robert Craig Brown notes, "Moreover, Unionist support in western Canada was ephemeral and vanished at the first hints of peace."<sup id="cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their book <i>Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders</i>, J. L. Granatstein and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hillmer" title="Norman Hillmer">Norman Hillmer</a> include the results of a survey of Canadian historians regarding all the Prime Ministers through <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>. Borden was ranked 7th. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Borden was the last Canadian Prime Minister to be knighted (in 1914) since, in deference to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_titles_debate" title="Canadian titles debate">Nickle Resolution</a>, no others have been. However <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a> (Prime Minister 1930–35) was created 1st Viscount Bennett after leaving office.</li> <li>Borden was honoured by having two <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Borden_High_School" title="Sir Robert Borden High School">secondary schools</a> named after him, in the <a href="/wiki/Nepean,_Ontario" title="Nepean, Ontario">Nepean</a> part of Ottawa, and in the <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.</li> <li>Borden was also honoured by having <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Borden_Junior_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Borden Junior High School">Sir Robert Borden Junior High School</a> named after him in <a href="/wiki/Cole_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia" title="Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia">Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia</a>.</li> <li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Borden,_Western_Australia" title="Borden, Western Australia">Borden, Western Australia</a>, was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Borden has appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_one-hundred-dollar_note" title="Canadian one-hundred-dollar note">Canadian one-hundred-dollar note</a> since 1975.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_appointments">Supreme Court appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Supreme Court appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Borden chose the following jurists to sit as justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henry_Davies" title="Louis Henry Davies">Louis Henry Davies</a> (as Chief Justice, November 23, 1918 – May 1, 1924; appointed a <a href="/wiki/Puisne_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Puisne Justice">Puisne Justice</a> under Prime Minister Laurier, September 25, 1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Basile_Mignault" title="Pierre-Basile Mignault">Pierre-Basile Mignault</a> (October 25, 1918 – September 30, 1929)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Electoral record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Robert_Borden" title="Electoral history of Robert Borden">Electoral history of Robert Borden</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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.reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web2.americanancestors.org/Browse/articles?searchby=author&subquery=Richard%20E.%20Brenneman&id=988">Notable Kin - New England in Hollywood, Part Three: The Possible Rhode Island Ancestry of Marilyn Monroe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702165039/https://web2.americanancestors.org/Browse/articles?searchby=author&subquery=Richard%20E.%20Brenneman&id=988">Archived</a> July 2, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New England Historical Genealogical Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bordenbio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordenbio_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/borden_robert_laird_16E.html">"Robert Borden"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.atitle=Robert+Borden&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fborden_robert_laird_16E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Borden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorden1969" class="citation book cs1">Borden, Robert (January 15, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZecgAAfKkpMC&pg=PA3"><i>Robert Laird Borden: His Memoirs, Volume 1</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773560550" title="Special:BookSources/9780773560550"><bdi>9780773560550</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Laird+Borden%3A+His+Memoirs%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=1969-01-15&rft.isbn=9780773560550&rft.aulast=Borden&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZecgAAfKkpMC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Borden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/prime_ministers/borden_r/borden_r.html">Sir Robert Laird Borden</a> at www.freemasonry.bcy.ca</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_James_Morgan" title="Henry James Morgan">Morgan, Henry James</a>, ed. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft"><i>Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada</i></a>. Toronto: Williams Briggs. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft/page/33">33</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Types+of+Canadian+Women+and+of+Women+who+are+or+have+been+Connected+with+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Williams+Briggs&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftypesofcanadianw01morguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Borden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBélanger" class="citation web cs1">Bélanger, Réal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/laurier_wilfrid_14E.html">"Wilfrid Laurier"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.atitle=Wilfrid+Laurier&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9langer&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Flaurier_wilfrid_14E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Borden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-wilfrid-laurier">"Wilfrid Laurier"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilfrid+Laurier&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsir-wilfrid-laurier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Borden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMochoruk" class="citation web cs1">Mochoruk, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/68/manitobanorth.shtml">"Manitoba History: Manitoba Expands Northward: A Special Edition of Manitoba History"</a>. <i>Manitoba Historical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manitoba+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Manitoba+History%3A+Manitoba+Expands+Northward%3A+A+Special+Edition+of+Manitoba+History&rft.aulast=Mochoruk&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhs.mb.ca%2Fdocs%2Fmb_history%2F68%2Fmanitobanorth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Borden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2152&context=rso">"Ontario Boundaries Extension Act (Can., 1912)"</a>. <i>York University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Toronto; Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-1839-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-1839-4">0-8020-1839-4</a></li> <li>1938: Borden, Robert (1938). <i>Robert Laird Borden: his memoirs</i>; edited and with an introduction by Henry Borden. 2 vols. (xxii, 1061 p) London: Macmillan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianconstitu00borduoft"><i>Canadian Constitutional Studies</i> by Robert Borden at archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commentsonsenate00borduoft"><i>Comments on the Senate's rejection of the Naval Aid Bill </i> by Robert Borden at archive.org</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, Robert Craig (1975) <i>Robert Laird Borden: a biography</i>. 2 vols. v. 1. 1854–1914. v. 2. 1914–1937. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, c1975-c1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7705-1317-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7705-1317-4">0-7705-1317-4</a> (v. 1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7705-1854-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7705-1854-0">0-7705-1854-0</a> (v. 2) (the major scholarly biography); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertlairdborde00brow/page/n5/mode/2up">vol 1 online</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertlairdborde0002brow/page/n5/mode/2up">vol 2 online</a></li> <li>Brown, Robert Craig, & Cook, Ramsay (1974). <i>Canada: 1896–1921</i>.</li> <li>Cook, George L. "Sir Robert Borden, Lloyd George and British Military Policy, 1917-1918." The Historical Journal 14.2 (1971): 371–395. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637961">online</a></li> <li>Cook, Tim. <i>Warlords: Borden, Mackenzie King and Canada's World Wars</i> (2012) 472pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warlordsbordenma0000cook">online</a></li> <li>Cook, Tim. "Canada's Warlord: Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden's Leadership during the Great War." <i>Journal of Military and Strategic Studies</i> 13.3 (2011) pp 1–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/jmss/article/download/57967/43624">online</a></li> <li>Granatstein, J. L. & Hillmer, Norman (1999). <i>Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders</i>. HarperCollins <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-200027-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-200027-X">0-00-200027-X</a>; pp. 61–74.</li> <li>Levine, Allan. "Scrum Wars, The Prime Ministers and the Media." Dundurn, c1993. 69–101</li> <li>MacMillan, Margaret (2003). <i>Peacemakers: Six Months that Changed the World</i>. London: John Murray (on the Paris Peace Conference of 1919)</li> <li>Macquarrie, Heath. "Robert Borden and the Election of 1911." <i>Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science,</i> 1959, Vol. 25 Issue 3, pp. 271–286 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/138903">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Thornton, Martin. <i>Churchill, Borden and Anglo-Canadian Naval Relations, 1911-14</i> (Springer, 2013).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Laird_Borden" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Laird Borden">Robert Laird Borden</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Borden,_Robert_Laird" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Borden, Robert Laird">Robert Laird Borden</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=15531">Robert Borden – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=102180&lang=eng">Sir Robert Borden fonds</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Borden%2C%20Sir%20Robert%20Laird">Works by Robert Borden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commentsonsenate00borduoft">Comments on the Senate's rejection of the Naval Aid Bill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ns1763.ca/kingsco/borden_rl.html">Historic plaque at Grand-Pré</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?accessnumber=II-158325&Lang=1&imageID=144333">Photograph:Robert L. 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font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1901–1911 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> </b><br />1901–1920 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> </b><br />October 10, 1911 – July 10, 1920 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">William James Roche</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for External Affairs (Canada)">Secretary of State for External Affairs</a> </b><br />1912–1920 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Privy Council">President of the Privy Council</a> </b><br />1911 – 1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Newton_Rowell" title="Newton Rowell">Newton Rowell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Stairs" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Stairs">John F. Stairs</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Halifax_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Halifax (federal electoral district)">MP for Halifax, NS</a> </b><br />1896–1904 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carney_(politician)" title="Michael Carney (politician)">Michael Carney</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kidd" title="Edward Kidd">Edward Kidd</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Carleton_(Ontario_federal_electoral_district)" title="Carleton (Ontario federal electoral district)">MP for Carleton, ON</a> </b><br />1905–1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kidd" title="Edward Kidd">Edward Kidd</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carney_(politician)" title="Michael Carney (politician)">Michael Carney</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Halifax_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Halifax (federal electoral district)">MP for Halifax, NS</a> </b><br />1909–1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_A._MacLean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael A. MacLean (page does not exist)">Michael A. MacLean</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Witt_Foster" title="Arthur de Witt Foster">Arthur de Witt Foster</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Kings_(Nova_Scotia_federal_electoral_district)" title="Kings (Nova Scotia federal electoral district)">MP for Kings, NS</a> </b><br />1917–1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Robinson" title="Ernest William Robinson">Ernest William Robinson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Christopher_Macdonald" title="William Christopher Macdonald">William Christopher Macdonald</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wentworth_Beatty" title="Edward Wentworth Beatty">Edward Wentworth Beatty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wentworth_Beatty" title="Edward Wentworth Beatty">Edward Wentworth Beatty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> </b><br />1924–1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Armstrong Richardson, Sr.">James Armstrong Richardson, Sr.</a></div> 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Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Category:Prime ministers of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_and_its_antecedents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Template:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_and_its_antecedents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_conservative_leaders" title="List of Canadian conservative leaders">Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada</a> and its <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Conservative Party of Canada">antecedents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative</a> (1867–1873)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> (1873–1942)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Borden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (1942–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Charest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Wayne" title="Elsie Wayne">Wayne</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (1987–2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (2000–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (2003–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch-Staunton" title="John Lynch-Staunton">Lynch-Staunton</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867–1942)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Template:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867–1942)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Conservative Party of Canada">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_conservative_leaders" title="List of Canadian conservative leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a> (1867–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_and_Conservative_Party" title="National Liberal and Conservative Party">National Liberal and Conservative Party</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li>Conservative (1921–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Government (Canada)">National Government</a> (1938–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">John Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Sparrow David Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Hugh Guthrie</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Robert James Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Richard Hanson</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Ministry" title="1st Canadian Ministry">Macdonald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="3rd Canadian Ministry">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Ministry" title="4th Canadian Ministry">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Ministry" title="5th Canadian Ministry">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Canadian_Ministry" title="6th Canadian Ministry">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Canadian_Ministry" title="7th Canadian Ministry">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Canadian_Ministry" title="9th Canadian Ministry">Borden I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Canadian_Ministry" title="11th Canadian Ministry">Meighen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Canadian_Ministry" title="13th Canadian Ministry">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Canadian_Ministry" title="15th Canadian Ministry">Bennett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a> (1810s–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (1942–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (2003–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (1987–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (2000–2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Conservative" title="Nationalist Conservative">Nationalist Conservative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Graydon" title="Gordon Graydon">Graydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Hill_(politician)" title="Grant Hill (politician)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycole_Turmel" title="Nycole Turmel">Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Mulcair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Ministers of foreign affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries of state for external affairs (1909–83)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Earle_Smith" title="Sidney Earle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Charles_Green" title="Howard Charles Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Flora MacDonald (politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">MacGuigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of external affairs (1983–95)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McDougall" title="Barbara McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of foreign affairs (1995–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Emerson" title="David Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fast" title="Ed Fast">Fast</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne" title="François-Philippe Champagne">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Joly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnston_Fergusson_Blair" title="Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenny" title="Edward Kenny">Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McDonald_(politician)" title="Hugh McDonald (politician)">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Seth_Huntington" title="Lucius Seth Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-%C3%89douard_Cauchon" title="Joseph-Édouard Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Rodrigue_Masson" title="Louis-Rodrigue Masson">Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Alfred_Mousseau" title="Joseph-Alfred Mousseau">Mousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_Colby" title="Charles Carroll Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bullock_Ives" title="William Bullock Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste-R%C3%A9al_Angers" title="Auguste-Réal Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Rowell" title="Newton Rowell">Rowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Calder" title="James Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Normand" title="Louis-Philippe Normand">Normand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St-Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Dorion" title="Noël Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">D. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="Walter Baker (Canadian politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Pinard" title="Yvon Pinard">Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Massé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chong" title="Michael Chong">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Loan" title="Peter Van Loan">Van Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9e_Verner" title="Josée Verner">Verner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Penashue" title="Peter Penashue">Penashue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Lebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Monsef" title="Maryam Monsef">Monsef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karina_Gould" title="Karina Gould">Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Blair (politician)">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_and_Principals_of_the_Queen&#039;s_University_at_Kingston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Principals_and_Chancellors_of_Queen%27s_University" title="Template:Principals and Chancellors of Queen's University"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Principals_and_Chancellors_of_Queen%27s_University" title="Template talk:Principals and Chancellors of Queen's University"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Principals_and_Chancellors_of_Queen%27s_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Principals and Chancellors of Queen's University"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_and_Principals_of_the_Queen&#039;s_University_at_Kingston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chancellors and Principals of the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chancellors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cook_(Canadian_minister)" title="John Cook (Canadian minister)">John Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandford_Fleming" title="Sandford Fleming">Sir Sandford Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(businessman)" title="James Douglas (businessman)">James Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wentworth_Beatty" title="Edward Wentworth Beatty">Edward Wentworth Beatty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Robert Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson_Sr." title="James Armstrong Richardson Sr.">James Armstrong Richardson Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Charles Avery Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bertram_Stirling" title="John Bertram Stirling">John Bertram Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Roland Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Benidickson" title="Agnes Benidickson">Agnes Benidickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Charles_Baillie" title="A. Charles Baillie">A. Charles Baillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Dodge" title="David A. Dodge">David A. Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Leech" title="Jim Leech">Jim Leech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Sinclair" title="Murray Sinclair">Murray Sinclair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Liddell" title="Thomas Liddell">Thomas Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Machar" title="John Machar">John Machar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_(academic)" title="James George (academic)">James George</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cook_(Canadian_minister)" title="John Cook (Canadian minister)">John Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Leitch_(clergyman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Leitch (clergyman) (page does not exist)">William Leitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Snodgrass_(minister)" title="William Snodgrass (minister)">William Snodgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Monro_Grant" title="George Monro Grant">George Monro Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Miner_Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Miner Gordon (page does not exist)">Daniel Miner Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bruce_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bruce Taylor (page does not exist)">Robert Bruce Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Fyfe" title="William Hamilton Fyfe">William Hamilton Fyfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Wallace" title="Robert Charles Wallace">Robert Charles Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._Mackintosh" title="W. A. Mackintosh">W. A. Mackintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Corry_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Corry (academic)">James Corry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Deutsch" title="John James Deutsch">John James Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lampman_Watts" title="Ronald Lampman Watts">Ronald Lampman Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chadwick_Smith" title="David Chadwick Smith">David Chadwick Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Leggett" title="William C. Leggett">William C. Leggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_R._Hitchcock" title="Karen R. Hitchcock">Karen R. Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Williams" title="Thomas R. Williams">Thomas R. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Woolf" title="Daniel Woolf">Daniel Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deane_(professor)" title="Patrick Deane (professor)">Patrick Deane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* indicates acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128655#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFRFXQcjFf7Px6khJdQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118993844">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50045736">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128211342">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128211342">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35020325">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/251563">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070251053">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275944805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/794568">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118993844.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/13689092X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6864hdg">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&oldid=1259908923">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&oldid=1259908923</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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