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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicting_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicting_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conflicting assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicting_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_of_Carr's_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_Carr's_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Removal of Carr's name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_Carr's_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American industrialist and philanthropist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Julian Carr</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Julian_Shakespeare_Carr_(1845-1924).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Julian_Shakespeare_Carr_%281845-1924%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1845-10-12</span>)</span>October 12, 1845<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 29, 1924<span style="display:none">(1924-04-29)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Industrialist, banker, philanthropist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Namesake of <a href="/wiki/Carrboro,_North_Carolina" title="Carrboro, North Carolina">Carrboro</a><br />Speech at <a href="/wiki/Silent_Sam" title="Silent Sam">Silent Sam</a> dedication</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Nannie Graham Parrish</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Julian_Shakespeare_Carr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Signature_of_Julian_Shakespeare_Carr.png/50px-Signature_of_Julian_Shakespeare_Carr.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Signature_of_Julian_Shakespeare_Carr.png/75px-Signature_of_Julian_Shakespeare_Carr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Signature_of_Julian_Shakespeare_Carr.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="149" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Julian Shakespeare Carr</b> (October 12, 1845 – April 29, 1924) was an American industrialist, <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a>. He is the namesake of the town of <a href="/wiki/Carrboro,_North_Carolina" title="Carrboro, North Carolina">Carrboro, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carrboro_commons_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrboro_commons-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carr was the son of <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a> merchant John Wesley Carr and Eliza P. Carr (née Eliza Pannell Bullock). Carr was from a prominent North Carolinian <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planting</a> family and was a cousin of Governor <a href="/wiki/Elias_Carr" title="Elias Carr">Elias Carr</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hilliard_Hinton" title="Mary Hilliard Hinton">Mary Hilliard Hinton</a>. His father owned slaves. </p><p>He entered the University of North Carolina (today the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>) at the age of sixteen, in 1862. </p><p>In 1863, he was drafted into the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>, which interrupted his studies. Initially assigned clerical duties at the Bureau of Conscription, he was transferred in the following year to Company K in the 41st Regiment of North Carolina Troops, also known as the 3rd Regiment of North Carolina Cavalry, where he served in the rank of private.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, he resumed his university education. Subsequently, he spent two years working in business with his uncle in Arkansas. Upon his return to the state, Carr purchased one-third of the <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham</a>-based tobacco company W. T. Blackwell and Company.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His business acumen led to the firm's becoming known worldwide through its recognizable <a href="/wiki/Bull_Durham_Tobacco_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull Durham Tobacco Factory">Bull Durham</a> trademark. Carr became one of the state's wealthiest individuals, engaging in successful textile, banking (Durham's First National Bank), railroad, public utility (Electric Lighting Company), and newspaper endeavors. </p><p>In 1909, Carr purchased the Alberta Cotton Mill from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Lloyd" title="Thomas F. Lloyd">Thomas F. Lloyd</a> in what was then called West End, North Carolina, by <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a>. In 1913, after agreeing to extend <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> to the town, it was named <a href="/wiki/Carrboro,_North_Carolina" title="Carrboro, North Carolina">Carrboro</a> in honor of him.<sup id="cite_ref-carrboro_commons_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrboro_commons-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, the mill, abandoned for many years, was restored and opened as <a href="/wiki/Carr_Mill_Mall" title="Carr Mill Mall">Carr Mill Mall</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carr was nominated for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> by delegates from North Carolina (and one from <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 Democratic National Convention</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-almanac_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almanac-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at which he gave a speech.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> He served as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 convention</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolstering_white_supremacy_in_North_Carolina">Bolstering white supremacy in North Carolina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bolstering white supremacy in North Carolina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Julian Carr had a significant role in bolstering white supremacy in North Carolina during the era of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a>. He publicly endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, opposed the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a> (1870) giving the vote to African-American men, and promoted racial unrest and turmoil in the late 19th century to defeat an interracial "<a href="/wiki/Fusion_Party" title="Fusion Party">Fusion</a>" political party. Carr promoted his racial views through <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_%26_Observer" title="The News & Observer">The News & Observer</a></i> newspaper, which he bought, setting up white supremacist <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a> as its editor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He celebrated the 1898 <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_massacre" title="Wilmington massacre">Wilmington massacre</a>, in which an elected government was overthrown by force (the only such incident in American history), and where at least 60 black North Carolinians were murdered. In numerous speeches, he suggested that African Americans were better off enslaved and celebrated violence, even lynching, against black citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-more_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880 he was nominated for lieutenant governor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carr was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1900 Democratic primary for senator,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> running on a platform of white supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carr was the largest single donor to the <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sam" title="Silent Sam">Silent Sam</a></i> monument to Confederate alumni on the UNC-Chapel Hill campus. At its dedication in 1913, Carr addressed the crowd, urging vigorous support for <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>. He bragged of an incident when he was 19 years old, "less than ninety days perhaps after my return from Appomattox", in which he performed the "pleasing duty" of horse-whipping an African-American "<a href="/wiki/Wench" title="Wench">wench</a>" "until her skirts hung in shreds", because he said she had "publicly insulted and maligned a Southern lady".<sup id="cite_ref-Coclanis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coclanis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This passage received a great deal of attention starting in 2011, after it was rediscovered in the university archives by a graduate student in history (Adam Domby) and published in the campus newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Tar_Heel" title="The Daily Tar Heel">The Daily Tar Heel</a></i>. It contributed significantly to the discontent that culminated in the toppling of the statue on August 20, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philanthropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carr was instrumental in the founding of <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> (where the history building on East Campus was named after him from 1930 to 2018). As Trinity College struggled to overcome postwar dependency on uncertain student tuition and church donations, interested <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> laymen were crucial to its survival. Carr's name first appears in college records signing a note to forestall <a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosure</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage</a> due in 1880. Carr was elected a trustee of Trinity College in 1883, and over the course of the decade acted as benefactor and administrator of the struggling institution that was eventually renamed Duke University. He engineered the selection of John F. Crowell as the institution's new president, and along with <a href="/wiki/Washington_Duke" title="Washington Duke">Washington Duke</a> won support to remove the school from its rural setting in <a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_North_Carolina" title="Randolph County, North Carolina">Randolph County, North Carolina</a> to <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham</a>. The move was made possible by Carr's gift of 62 acres (250,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of land for the site. </p><p>Carr was noted in Volume VI of <i>The History of Woman Suffrage</i> for his encouragement of the formation of the Equal Suffrage League of North Carolina: "At this time, when it was far from popular to stand for this cause, Judge <a href="/wiki/Walter_Clark_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Clark (jurist)">Walter Clark</a>, Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>; Gen. Julian S. Carr, Archibald Henderson, Wade Harris and E.K. Graham acted as an Advisory Committee and gave freely of their time and money to help the League."<sup id="cite_ref-woman_suffrage_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woman_suffrage-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A long-time advocate for the welfare of Confederate veterans, the "high-private," as he liked to refer to himself, held the position of commander for the North Carolina division of the United Confederate Veterans from 1899 to 1915. He later ascended to the leadership of the national organization in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1923, while giving the keynote address at the annual convention of the United Confederate Veterans being held in New Orleans, Carr proudly announced that he was a member of the recently reestablished Ku Klux Klan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the 1913 dedication of the Confederate Monument (later known as <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sam" title="Silent Sam">Silent Sam</a></i>) on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carr gave a speech wherein he credited the Confederate soldiers of having "saved the very life of the Anglo Saxon race in the South," and as a consequence, "the purest strain of the Anglo Saxon is to be found in the 13 Southern States," after which he ended his speech by relating a personal anecdote when he was 19 years old of having soon after the war "horse-whipped a negro wench until her skirts hung in shreds" in Chapel Hill for having "publicly insulted and maligned a Southern lady," and having performed this "pleasing duty" in front of a garrison of 100 Federal soldiers after she sought protection at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Jule, as he was known, served as the representative for the Methodist Episcopal Church South to the United States Food Administration during World War I. </p><p>Carr was instrumental in the Western education of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Soong" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Soong">Charles Soong</a> and the financing of Soong's <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>-publishing business, who later was active in <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Yat-Sen">Sun Yat-Sen's</a> attempts to establish a modern republic in China. Though it is largely forgotten today, Carr was a major financial backer of the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Carrboro,_North_Carolina" title="Carrboro, North Carolina">Carrboro, North Carolina</a>.</li> <li>Carr Hall, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carr paid the entire cost of this building, erected in 1900 as a dormitory. When new it was described as "one of the stateliest buildings on its [UNC-CH] beautiful campus",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> but in 2017 it was "a decrepit administrative office building". The building was renamed in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>'s Carr Building is a different story. Its original name, in 1927, was "Classroom Building". It was renamed "Carr Building" in 1930. In 2018 the original name of Classroom Building was restored (see below).</li> <li>A building at the <a href="/wiki/Durham_School_of_the_Arts" title="Durham School of the Arts">Durham School of the Arts</a>, originally Central Junior High School, was named for Carr. On August 24, 2017, in addition to prohibiting the Confederate flag, the Board of the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Public_Schools" title="Durham Public Schools">Durham Public Schools</a> voted unanimously to remove Carr's name from the building.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Durham chapter of the <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a> is named the Julian S. Carr Chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1945, the 100th anniversary of his birth, Governor <a href="/wiki/R._Gregg_Cherry" title="R. Gregg Cherry">R. Gregg Cherry</a> proclaimed October 12, 1945, as Julian S. Carr Day in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-CarrRemembered_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarrRemembered-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that day, an editorial in the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Durham Sun">Durham Sun</a> said that "Named for him are a great many things, churches, a factory, a library, a Sunday School class, a host of children whose parents admired the man, and, now, Durham's Central Junior High School."<sup id="cite_ref-Centenary_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centenary-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup></li> <li>A portrait of him hangs in the house of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">UNC System</a> President</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He married Nannie Graham Parrish, daughter of Colonel D.C. Parrish, in 1873. They had four sons and two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-CarrRemembered_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarrRemembered-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their main residence, <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Villa" title="Somerset Villa">Somerset Villa</a>, was "an ornament to Durham".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carrs owned a secondary residence, a plantation in <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough,_North_Carolina" title="Hillsborough, North Carolina">Hillsborough</a> called <a href="/wiki/Poplar_Hill_(Hillsborough,_North_Carolina)" title="Poplar Hill (Hillsborough, North Carolina)">Poplar Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in life, he was known as "General Carr," the unofficial rank having been bestowed by the state veterans' association due to his long service in veterans' affairs and generosity toward <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widows</a> and their children. In 1923, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">UNC</a> bestowed an honorary degree upon Julian Carr.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julian Carr died at his daughter's home in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> on April 29, 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflicting_assessments">Conflicting assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conflicting assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carr supported <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, spoke favorably of the murder of African Americans that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington Massacre of 1898</a>, which he called a "grand and glorious event", and celebrated lynchings.<sup id="cite_ref-more_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1889 Carr had been described as "the foremost man in North Carolina", his name "a household word".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When running for Senator in 1900, an editorial said that "with a large purse. a liberal heart and a ready hand, he has contributed more to the educational and charitable institutions of North Carolina than any other man in the state."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the centennial of his birth in 1945, President of the North Carolina College for Negroes (today's <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University" title="North Carolina Central University">North Carolina Central University</a>) <a href="/wiki/James_E._Shepard" title="James E. Shepard">James E. Shepard</a> was quoted as having said that "I have never known the first time for him to fail to give to any enterprise which he thought would benefit the colored people or to lend his influence in their behalf… He put his time and money into the effort to establish that institution, and no call upon him was ever made in vain. I have known scores and scores of colored people who were the recipients of his kindness and generosity. I, too, was a recipient of the same. I never knew a cause, as stated above, to be in vain. I have never known a colored person too poor or ignorant who went to General Carr for assistance who did not receive the same."<sup id="cite_ref-Centenary_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centenary-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107–108">: 107–108 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1962, Durham mayor W. F. Carr (a nephew) described him as "a philanthropist without stint, a soldier without fear, a churchman without apology, a citizen without self-interest, a leader without tyranny, a follower humble enough to follow good leaders." He added that "he contributed liberally of his wealth to churches, schools, and universities, including the stately Methodist church on Chapel Hill Street, and the Trinity Methodist Church in up-town Durham; Trinity College (<a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a> since 1934), <a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest_University" title="Wake Forest University">Wake Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_School_(Raleigh,_North_Carolina)" title="Saint Mary's School (Raleigh, North Carolina)">Saint Mary's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elon_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Elon College">Elon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_College" title="Greensboro College">Greensboro College</a>. Additionally, Carr extended financial support for the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_College_for_Negroes" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina College for Negroes">North Carolina College for Negroes</a>, now known as <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University" title="North Carolina Central University">North Carolina Central University</a>, and to the Training School for Colored People located in Augusta, Georgia."<sup id="cite_ref-CarrRemembered_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarrRemembered-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was chairman of the board of trustees of what is now <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University" title="North Carolina Central University">North Carolina Central University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, University of North Carolina alumnus Sam Shaefer opined in the Raleigh <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="News & Observer">News & Observer</a></i> that </p> <blockquote><p>Carr ... over the course of his life vigorously promoted and fought for some of the worst causes in human history – racial chattel slavery, racial segregation and white supremacy, and the restriction of political power to a small class of wealthy people. In our present, when we are faced with the enormity of the consequences of the ideology of racism, the monstrosity of unfettered capitalism, and active threats to the realistically very weak institutions of democracy that we hold on to, the idea of venerating Carr is the worst kind of apologia.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During the dispute about that University's <i>Silent Sam</i> confederate monument, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Coclanis" title="Peter Coclanis">Peter Coclanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Newsome" title="Albert R. Newsome">Albert R. Newsome</a> Distinguished Professor of History at UNC-Chapel Hill, and William Sturkey, Assistant Professor of History at UNC-Chapel Hill, disagreed in a series of op-ed pieces in the <a href="/wiki/Herald-Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Herald-Sun">Herald-Sun</a>. Coclanis opined that "Carr, alas, was an ex-Confederate, and a man of his times, whose personal 'allusion' during a 1913 address in Chapel Hill—uttered when he was 67 years old—has made him a reviled figure among many people today. This is unfortunate and somewhat unfair in my view, however one feels about <i>Silent Sam</i>.... People are more than the worst thing they have done in their lives."<sup id="cite_ref-Coclanis_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coclanis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sturkey responded that </p> <blockquote><p>Coclanis ... inaccurately portrays Carr as an otherwise generous philanthropist, unfairly vilified over a single bad moment or poor choice of words. * * * Julian Carr’s broader body of work indicates a long career of vile and violent white supremacism.... In the broader view, Carr’s life was filled with abhorrent activities and rhetoric that are not only deplorable today, but were illegal and belligerent in his own time. Carr committed treason against the United States of America, advocated the murder and disfranchisement of African Americans, and helped lead a racially divisive and violent political campaign that shattered democracy in North Carolina for over 60 years. Julian Carr was not merely 'a man of his times,' but rather an architect of his times. He was an enemy of enlightenment and democracy whose rhetoric and actions, both then and now, cast dark shadows over the civil and political life of the state and retard our ability to move forward from the legacies of slavery and Jim Crow.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the final piece, Coclanis wrote </p> <blockquote><p>I do not disagree with Sturkey's contention that Carr was a white supremacist and thus racist by our standards. That said, I fail to understand his larger point. The vast majority of white southerners – indeed, white Americans – during the period in which Carr lived were white supremacists and racists by our standards. The vast majority did not, however, make pioneering innovations in business, did not bring about profound changes in the economy, and did not provide opportunities for generations of people (some of whom were African-American) to raise their living standards. Carr was exceptionally philanthropic to numerous causes and institutions.... History is tragedy, not melodrama, and all of us have feet of clay. Martin Luther, especially in his later writings, was clearly anti-Semitic; Martin Luther King Jr. was a notorious philanderer and a plagiarist to boot. George Washington was a slave-owner; Abraham Lincoln was by our standards racist and white supremacist. Do they deserve to be disappeared too? Pace Mr. Sturkey, the answer is no. These men were four of the greatest beings in our history. Though hardly in their league, Julian Carr, on balance, was a force for good and deserves honorable remembrance too.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Removal_of_Carr's_name"><span id="Removal_of_Carr.27s_name"></span>Removal of Carr's name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Removal of Carr's name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"'Carr-washing' has become a popular trend in Durham and Chapel Hill, as Julian Carr's name is taken off buildings, such as the Durham Performing Arts Center. His self-presentation, at the dedication of the Confederate Monument (<a href="/wiki/Silent_Sam" title="Silent Sam">Silent Sam</a>) as proud to use violence to maintain white supremacy, has sparked a movement. The speech has been quoted at <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> Movements, and secondhand sources say it was referenced at the <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">University of Virginia march</a>. Carr's slave count is undocumented other than those who labored for his companies, but his White Supremacist ties are undeniable."<sup id="cite_ref-Carr_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Durham Board of Education voted to remove Julian Carr's name from a building (the former Central Junior High School, mentioned above) at the <a href="/wiki/Durham_School_of_the_Arts" title="Durham School of the Arts">Durham School of the Arts</a> and to adopt a new dress code specifically prohibiting items that "intimidate other students on the basis of race." Mentioned were the Confederate flag, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_swastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi swastika">Nazi swastika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Duke University History Department, after the toppling of <i>Silent Sam</i> and the attention it gave to Carr's words, asked that Carr Hall, which houses the department, be renamed. Duke President Vincent Price called for a formation of a committee of students and faculty to examine options for a new understanding of Carr, his white supremacy, and his early support for Duke University. The committee held three meetings and sought comments from the Duke community, the "vast majority" of which favored renaming. On December 1, 2018, on the recommendation of the committee, the board of trustees voted to remove Carr's name from the building and temporarily returned the Hall to its original name, "Classroom Building", until a new name is decided upon.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>A petition has circulated calling for the town name of Carrboro to be changed.<sup id="cite_ref-Coclanis_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coclanis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Alderwoman Jacquie Gist, "Changing Carrboro's name is not a realistic option", but the town of Carrboro is planning to erect a plaque "acknowledging namesake Julian Carr's racist remarks".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>In July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>'s Carr Hall was renamed the "Student Affairs Building."<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-carrboro_commons-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carrboro_commons_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carrboro_commons_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPope2007" class="citation web cs1">Pope, Kristen (January 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carrborocommons.mj.unc.edu/?p=143">"From Mill to Mall"</a>. <i>Carrboro Commons</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carrboro+Commons&rft.atitle=From+Mill+to+Mall&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarrborocommons.mj.unc.edu%2F%3Fp%3D143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.townofcarrboro.org/858/History-of-Carrboro">"History of Carrboro"</a>. <i>Carrboro, NC - Official Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210725/https://www.townofcarrboro.org/858/History-of-Carrboro">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carrboro%2C+NC+-+Official+Website&rft.atitle=History+of+Carrboro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.townofcarrboro.org%2F858%2FHistory-of-Carrboro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey" class="citation web cs1">Coffey, Micheal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/carr-julian-s">"Carr, Julian S. [Shakespeare]"</a>. <i>NCpedia</i>. University of North Carolina Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCpedia&rft.atitle=Carr%2C+Julian+S.+%5BShakespeare%5D&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpedia.org%2Fbiography%2Fcarr-julian-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey" class="citation web cs1">Coffey, Micheal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/carr-julian-s">"Carr, Julian S. [Shakespeare]"</a>. <i>NCpedia</i>. University of North Carolina Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCpedia&rft.atitle=Carr%2C+Julian+S.+%5BShakespeare%5D&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpedia.org%2Fbiography%2Fcarr-julian-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-almanac-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-almanac_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldalmanacency1901newy"><i>The World Almanac and Encyclopedia</i></a>. Press Publishing Company (The New York World). 1901. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldalmanacency1901newy/page/131">131</a>. <q>julian carr vice-president national convention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Almanac+and+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Press+Publishing+Company+%28The+New+York+World%29&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldalmanacency1901newy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1900/07/07/archives/a-day-of-many-speeches-delegates-have-much-to-say-about-the.html">"A DAY OF MANY SPEECHES.; Delegates Have Much to Say About the Candidates for the Vice Presidential Nomination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2021</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times-News&rft.atitle=Julian+Carr+Remembered+for+His+Activities+as+Civil+War+General&rft.date=1962-10-24&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F1050077%2Fjulian-s-carr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centenary-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Centenary_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centenary_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1946" class="citation book cs1">Green, C. Sylvester, ed. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generaljuliansca00gree"><i>General Julian S. Carr, greathearted citizen. 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October 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Julian+Carr+home+built+in+1794+up+for+sale+in+Hillsborough&rft.date=2021-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc11.com%2Fjulian-carr-haunted-house-hillsborough-poplar-hill%2F11183645%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.unc.edu/wilson/ncc/honorary_degrees/">"Honorary Degrees Awarded by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1799 to present"</a>. <i>library.unc.edu</i>. UNC Chapel Hill Libraries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430131758/http://library.unc.edu/wilson/ncc/honorary_degrees/">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.unc.edu&rft.atitle=Honorary+Degrees+Awarded+by+the+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill%2C+1799+to+present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.unc.edu%2Fwilson%2Fncc%2Fhonorary_degrees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36574484/the-tampa-tribune/">"Gen. Julian Carr, Former Confederate Leader, Dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tampa_Tribune" title="The Tampa Tribune">The Tampa Tribune</a></i>. Chicago. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2021</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tampa+Tribune&rft.atitle=Gen.+Julian+Carr%2C+Former+Confederate+Leader%2C+Dies&rft.pages=1%2C+2&rft.date=1924-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F36574484%2Fthe-tampa-tribune%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unchistory.web.unc.edu/building-narratives/julian-shakespeare-carr-carr-building/">"Julian Shakespeare Carr – Carr Building"</a>. <i>Names in Brick and Stone: Histories from UNC's Built Landscape</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213144708/http://unchistory.web.unc.edu/building-narratives/julian-shakespeare-carr-carr-building/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Names+in+Brick+and+Stone%3A+Histories+from+UNC%27s+Built+Landscape&rft.atitle=Julian+Shakespeare+Carr+%E2%80%93+Carr+Building&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funchistory.web.unc.edu%2Fbuilding-narratives%2Fjulian-shakespeare-carr-carr-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarzan2018" class="citation news cs1">Farzan, Antonia Noori (August 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/08/21/silent-sam-a-racist-jim-crow-era-speech-inspired-unc-students-to-topple-a-confederate-monument-on-campus/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Silent Sam': A racist Jim Crow-era speech inspired UNC students to topple a Confederate monument on campus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717150530/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/08/21/silent-sam-a-racist-jim-crow-era-speech-inspired-unc-students-to-topple-a-confederate-monument-on-campus/">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Silent+Sam%27%3A+A+racist+Jim+Crow-era+speech+inspired+UNC+students+to+topple+a+Confederate+monument+on+campus&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.aulast=Farzan&rft.aufirst=Antonia+Noori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmorning-mix%2Fwp%2F2018%2F08%2F21%2Fsilent-sam-a-racist-jim-crow-era-speech-inspired-unc-students-to-topple-a-confederate-monument-on-campus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13201650/profile_of_julian_carr_gold_leaf/">"The Foremost Man in North Carolina"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henderson_Gold_Leaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henderson Gold Leaf (page does not exist)">Henderson Gold Leaf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henderson,_North_Carolina" title="Henderson, North Carolina">Henderson, North Carolina</a>)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Henderson+Gold+Leaf+%28Henderson%2C+North+Carolina%29&rft.atitle=The+Foremost+Man+in+North+Carolina&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1889-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F13201650%2Fprofile_of_julian_carr_gold_leaf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Editorial". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Sun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Sun (page does not exist)">Christian Sun</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2021</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greensboro+Daily+News&rft.atitle=National+Training+School&rft.date=1917-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F66563334%2Fnational-training-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey" class="citation web cs1">Coffey, Micheal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/carr-julian-s">"Carr, Julian S. [Shakespeare]"</a>. <i>NCpedia</i>. University of North Carolina Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCpedia&rft.atitle=Carr%2C+Julian+S.+%5BShakespeare%5D&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpedia.org%2Fbiography%2Fcarr-julian-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer1999" class="citation news cs1">Schaefer, Sam (December 9, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldsun.com/opinion/article183744386.html">"Opinion: Racism of his time no excuse for Julian Carr, or his apologists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="News & Observer">News & Observer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160552/https://www.heraldsun.com/opinion/article183744386.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Observer&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Racism+of+his+time+no+excuse+for+Julian+Carr%2C+or+his+apologists&rft.date=1999-12-09&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle183744386.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturkey2017" class="citation news cs1">Sturkey, William (October 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldsun.com/opinion/article181567401.html">"Carr was indeed much more than Silent Sam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Herald_Sun" title="Herald Sun">Herald Sun</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816205008/https://www.heraldsun.com/opinion/article181567401.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=Carr+was+indeed+much+more+than+Silent+Sam&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Sturkey&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle181567401.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoclanis2017" class="citation news cs1">Coclanis, Peter A. (November 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldsun.com/opinion/article182565566.html">"Yes, Carr was racist. And much more"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Herald-Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Herald-Sun">Herald-Sun</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121184703/https://www.heraldsun.com/opinion/article182565566.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald-Sun&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Carr+was+racist.+And+much+more&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft.aulast=Coclanis&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle182565566.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carr_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudents_in_History/American_Studies_671:_Introduction_to_Public_History,_UNC-Chapel_HillDr._Anne_Mitchell_Whisnant2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Students in History/American Studies 671: Introduction to Public History, UNC-Chapel Hill; Dr. Anne Mitchell Whisnant (2017). "The Most Generous White Supremacist: Julian Shakespeare Carr". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unchistory.web.unc.edu/building-narratives/julian-shakespeare-carr-carr-building/"><i>Names in Brick and Stone: Histories from UNC's Built Landscape</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213144708/http://unchistory.web.unc.edu/building-narratives/julian-shakespeare-carr-carr-building/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Most+Generous+White+Supremacist%3A+Julian+Shakespeare+Carr&rft.btitle=Names+in+Brick+and+Stone%3A+Histories+from+UNC%27s+Built+Landscape&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Students+in+History%2FAmerican+Studies+671%3A+Introduction+to+Public+History%2C+UNC-Chapel+Hill&rft.au=Dr.+Anne+Mitchell+Whisnant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funchistory.web.unc.edu%2Fbuilding-narratives%2Fjulian-shakespeare-carr-carr-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wyff4.com/article/north-carolina-public-school-system-bans-confederate-flag-ku-klux-klan-symbols-and-swastikas/12098767">"North Carolina public school system bans Confederate flag, Ku Klux Klan symbols and swastikas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WYFF" title="WYFF">WYFF</a></i>. Associated Press. August 25, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004844/https://www.wyff4.com/article/north-carolina-public-school-system-bans-confederate-flag-ku-klux-klan-symbols-and-swastikas/12098767">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WYFF&rft.atitle=North+Carolina+public+school+system+bans+Confederate+flag%2C+Ku+Klux+Klan+symbols+and+swastikas&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyff4.com%2Farticle%2Fnorth-carolina-public-school-system-bans-confederate-flag-ku-klux-klan-symbols-and-swastikas%2F12098767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2018" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Joe (December 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article222495665.html">"Julian Carr's name will be removed from Duke University building"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="News & Observer">News & Observer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202025346/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article222495665.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Observer&rft.atitle=Julian+Carr%27s+name+will+be+removed+from+Duke+University+building&rft.date=2018-12-01&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsobserver.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticle222495665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.duke.edu/2018/12/carr-building-be-renamed">"Carr Building to be Renamed"</a>. <i>DukeTODAY</i>. December 1, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202050135/https://today.duke.edu/2018/12/carr-building-be-renamed">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DukeTODAY&rft.atitle=Carr+Building+to+be+Renamed&rft.date=2018-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.duke.edu%2F2018%2F12%2Fcarr-building-be-renamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2018" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Joe (May 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/orange-county/article210894174.html">"What's in a name? A lot for Carrboro when it comes to namesake Julian Carr"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="News & Observer">News & Observer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829212418/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/orange-county/article210894174.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Observer&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+A+lot+for+Carrboro+when+it+comes+to+namesake+Julian+Carr.&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsobserver.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcounties%2Forange-county%2Farticle210894174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshe1904" class="citation book cs1">Ashe, Samuel A. (1904). "General Julian Shakespeare Carr". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic-jofcAw-EC"><i>Men of Mark in North Carolina</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Johnson-Wynne Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Julian+Shakespeare+Carr&rft.btitle=Men+of+Mark+in+North+Carolina&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Johnson-Wynne+Company&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Ashe&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIc-jofcAw-EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1946" class="citation book cs1">Green, C. Sylvester, ed. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generaljuliansca00gree"><i>General Julian S. Carr, greathearted citizen; Addresses and Addenda of Centennial Observance of his Birth, Durham, North Carolina, October 12, 1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a>: not. spec.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Julian+S.+Carr%2C+greathearted+citizen%3B+Addresses+and+Addenda+of+Centennial+Observance+of+his+Birth%2C+Durham%2C+North+Carolina%2C+October+12%2C+1945&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=not.+spec.&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneraljuliansca00gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1987" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Mena (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4U6DwAAQBAJ&q=%22Jule+carr%22&pg=PT7"><i>Jule Carr: General Without an Army</i></a>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807817058" title="Special:BookSources/0807817058"><bdi>0807817058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jule+Carr%3A+General+Without+an+Army&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0807817058&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Mena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4U6DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Jule%2Bcarr%2522%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+S.+Carr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_S._Carr&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/00141/">Julian Shakespeare Carr Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Louis_Round_Wilson_Library" title="Louis Round Wilson Library">Wilson Special Collections Library</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Before 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Francis_McIntosh" title="Lynching of Francis McIntosh">Francis McIntosh</a> (1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a> (1837)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josefa_Segovia" title="Josefa Segovia">Josefa Segovia</a> (1851)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Daniel" title="Pancho Daniel">Pancho Daniel</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1863" title="Detroit race riot of 1863">Joshua Boyd</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plummer" title="Henry Plummer">Henry Plummer</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Sketoe" title="Bill Sketoe">Bill Sketoe</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clubfoot_George" title="Clubfoot George">Clubfoot George</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Long" title="Steve Long">Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Outlaw" title="Wyatt Outlaw">Wyatt Outlaw</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stephens" title="John W. Stephens">John W. Stephens</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boyd_(county_solicitor)" title="Alexander Boyd (county solicitor)">Alexander Boyd</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Williams_(militia_leader)" title="Jim Williams (militia leader)">Jim Williams</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_David_Jones" title="Lynching of David Jones">David Jones</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jo_Reed" title="Lynching of Jo Reed">Jo Reed</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair_(minister)" title="Arthur St. Clair (minister)">Arthur St. Clair</a> (1877)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Green" title="Lynching of Michael Green">Michael Green</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Standing" title="Joseph Standing">Joseph Standing</a> (1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_Nose_George" title="Big Nose George">Big Nose George Parrott</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thurber" title="Charles Thurber">Charles Thurber</a> (1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bisbee_massacre" title="Bisbee massacre">John Wesley Heath</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Eliza_Woods" title="Lynching of Eliza Woods">Eliza Woods</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mingo_Jack" title="Mingo Jack">Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Amos_Miller" title="Lynching of Amos Miller">Amos Miller</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_Vermillion" title="Lynching of Joseph Vermillion">Joseph Vermillion</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Meadows" title="Lynching of George Meadows">George Meadows</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Watson" title="Ellen Watson">Ellen Watson</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Georgia#Jim_Crow_era" title="Madison, Georgia">Brown Washington</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_Taylor" title="Lynching of Jim Taylor">Jim Taylor</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman#Lynching_and_race" title="Benjamin Tillman">Dick Lundy</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joe_Coe" title="Lynching of Joe Coe">Joe Coe</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_(lynching_victim)" title="Robert Lewis (lynching victim)">Robert Lewis</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ephraim_Grizzard" title="Lynching of Ephraim Grizzard">Ephraim Grizzard</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_J._Bush" title="Lynching of Samuel J. Bush">Samuel J. Bush</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark,_South_Carolina#History" title="Denmark, South Carolina">John Peterson</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Alfred_Blount" title="Lynching of Alfred Blount">Alfred Blount</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(lynching_victim)" title="Henry Smith (lynching victim)">Henry Smith</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Richard_Puryear" title="Lynching of Richard Puryear">Richard Puryear</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Stephen_Williams" title="Lynching of Stephen Williams">Stephen Williams</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Springs,_Mississippi#Lynching" title="Rocky Springs, Mississippi">Amos Hicks</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland#Incorporation_and_disincorporation" title="Ellicott City, Maryland">Jacob Henson</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_William_Andrews" title="Lynching of William Andrews">William Andrews</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_H._McCoy" title="Lynching of Joseph H. McCoy">Joseph H. McCoy</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LaFayette,_Alabama#History" title="LaFayette, Alabama">John Anderson</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Henry_James" title="Lynching of John Henry James">John Henry James</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_F._W._Stewart" title="Lynching of F. W. Stewart">F. W. Stewart</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Sam_Hose" title="Lynching of Sam Hose">Sam Hose</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_Thomas" title="Lynching of Benjamin Thomas">Benjamin Thomas</a> (1899)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rochelle" title="Fred Rochelle">Fred Rochelle</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ballie_Crutchfield" title="Lynching of Ballie Crutchfield">Ballie Crutchfield</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Ward" title="Lynching of George Ward">George Ward</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#Twentieth_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Walker Davis</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danville_race_riot" title="Danville race riot">J. D. Mayfield</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_White" title="Lynching of George White"> George White</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_David_Wyatt" title="Lynching of David Wyatt">David Wyatt</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Marie_Thompson" title="Lynching of Marie Thompson">Marie Thompson</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Paul_Reed_and_Will_Cato" title="Lynching of Paul Reed and Will Cato">Paul Reed and Will Cato</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama#Lynching_of_Bunk_Richardson" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Bunk Richardson</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ed_Johnson" title="Lynching of Ed Johnson">Ed Johnson</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toyah,_Texas#History" title="Toyah, Texas">Slab Pitts</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_William_Burns" title="Lynching of William Burns">William Burns</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Earnest_Williams" title="Lynching of Earnest Williams">Earnest Williams</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Miller_(outlaw)" title="Jim Miller (outlaw)">Jim Miller</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">James Hodges</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Matthew Chase</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">"Mose" Creole</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">"Pie" Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_%22Froggie%22_James" title="William "Froggie" James">William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Alabama#1910_lynching" title="Centreville, Alabama">Grant Richardson</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_King_Johnson" title="Lynching of King Johnson">King Johnson</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Name unknown (TX)</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson" title="Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson">Laura and L. D. Nelson</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livermore,_Kentucky#Opera_house_lynching" title="Livermore, Kentucky">Will Porter</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Zachariah_Walker" title="Lynching of Zachariah Walker">Zachariah Walker</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Mary Jackson</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_racial_conflict_in_Forsyth_County,_Georgia" title="1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County, Georgia">Rob Edwards</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">George Saunders</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Robert Perry</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">? Anderson</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Charles Fisher</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Evans" title="Lynching of John Evans">John Evans</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cedarbluff,_Mississippi#History" title="Cedarbluff, Mississippi">Name unknown (MS)</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jesse_Washington" title="Lynching of Jesse Washington">Jesse Washington</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Anthony_Crawford" title="Lynching of Anthony Crawford">Anthony Crawford</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cedarbluff,_Mississippi#History" title="Cedarbluff, Mississippi">Jeff Brown</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Paulo_Boleta" title="Lynching of Paulo Boleta">Paulo Boleta</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Little_(unionist)" title="Frank Little (unionist)">Frank Little</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marshall,_Texas#20th_century" title="History of Marshall, Texas">Charles Jones</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Ell_Persons" title="Lynching of Ell Persons">Ell Persons</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Prager" title="Robert Prager">Robert Prager</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_1918_lynchings" title="May 1918 lynchings">Mary Turner and her unborn baby</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_1918_lynchings" title="May 1918 lynchings">Hazel "Hayes" Turner</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Taylor" title="Lynching of George Taylor">George Taylor</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_McIlherron" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim McIlherron">Jim McIlherron</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Olli_Kinkkonen" title="Lynching of Olli Kinkkonen">Olli Kinkkonen</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Georgia#Jim_Crow_era" title="Madison, Georgia">Wallace Baynes</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Will Brown</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Everest" title="Wesley Everest">Wesley Everest</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hartfield" title="John Hartfield">John Hartfield</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jay_Lynch" title="Lynching of Jay Lynch">Jay Lynch</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berry_Washington" title="Berry Washington">Berry Washington</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Alabama_coal_strike#Willie_Baird" title="1920 Alabama coal strike">Willie Baird</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Belton" title="Roy Belton">Roy Belton</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rowland" title="Dick Rowland">Dick Rowland (attempted)</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Lowry" title="Lynching of Henry Lowry">Henry Lowry</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_James_Harvey_and_Joe_Jordan" title="Lynching of James Harvey and Joe Jordan">James Harvey and Joe Jordan</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Pullen" title="Joe Pullen">Joe Pullen</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Smith" title="Lynching of Samuel Smith">Samuel Smith</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_L._Q._Ivy" title="Lynching of L. Q. Ivy">L. Q. Ivy</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Byrd" title="Lynching of Raymond Byrd">Raymond Byrd</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(lynching_victim)" title="James Clark (lynching victim)">James Clark</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake,_Colorado#Fred_Selak" title="Grand Lake, Colorado">Fred N. Selak</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Tom_Payne" title="Lynching of Tom Payne">Tom Payne</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Carter" title="Lynching of John Carter">John Carter</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Dan_Anderson" title="Lynching of Dan Anderson">Dan Anderson</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Will_Sherod" title="Lynching of Will Sherod">Will Sherod</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Bernice_Raspberry" title="Lynching of Bernice Raspberry">Bernice Raspberry</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Owen_Flemming" title="Lynching of Owen Flemming">Owen Flemming</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joseph_Upchurch" title="Lynching of Joseph Upchurch">Joseph Upchurch</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Joe_Smith" title="Lynching of Joe Smith">Joe Smith</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Albert_Williams" title="Lynching of Albert Williams">Albert Williams</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Bradshaw" title="Lynching of Thomas Bradshaw">Thomas Bradshaw</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Winston_Pounds" title="Lynching of Winston Pounds">Winston Pounds</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Williams" title="Lynching of Thomas Williams">Thomas Williams</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Henry_Choate" title="Lynching of Henry Choate">Henry Choate</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Leonard_Woods" title="Lynching of Leonard Woods">Leonard Woods</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mondak,_Montana" title="Mondak, Montana">J. C. Collins</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Hughes" title="Lynching of George Hughes">George Hughes</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron_(activist)" title="James Cameron (activist)">James Cameron</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Gunn" title="Lynching of Raymond Gunn">Lynching of Raymond Gunn</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Williams_(laborer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Williams (laborer)">Matthew Williams</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Shedrick_Thompson" title="Death of Shedrick Thompson">Shedrick Thompson</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Armwood" title="Lynching of George Armwood">George Armwood</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Cordie_Cheek" title="Lynching of Cordie Cheek">Cordie Cheek</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Claude_Neal" title="Lynching of Claude Neal">Claude Neal</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Austin_Callaway" title="Lynching of Austin Callaway">Austin Callaway</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Williams" title="Elbert Williams">Elbert Williams</a> (1940)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">After 1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hall" title="Felix Hall">Felix Hall</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kunze" title="Johannes Kunze">Johannes Kunze</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Screws_v._United_States" title="Screws v. United States">Robert "Bobbie" Hall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_James_Howard" title="Lynching of Willie James Howard">Willie James Howard</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Recy_Taylor" title="Recy Taylor">Recy Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil_Jones" title="John Cecil Jones">John Cecil Jones</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_Earle" title="Lynching of Willie Earle">Willie Earle</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith_(activist)" title="Lamar Smith (activist)">Lamar Smith</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Lee" title="George W. Lee">George W. Lee</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judge_Edward_Aaron" title="Judge Edward Aaron">Judge Edward Aaron</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Willie_Edwards" title="Murder of Willie Edwards">Willie Edwards</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Mack_Charles_Parker" title="Lynching of Mack Charles Parker">Mack Charles Parker</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Allen" title="Louis Allen">Louis Allen</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lemuel_Penn" title="Murder of Lemuel Penn">Lemuel Penn</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Frank_Morris" title="Murder of Frank Morris">Frank Morris</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wharlest_Jackson" title="Murder of Wharlest Jackson">Wharlest Jackson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Carol_Jenkins" title="Murder of Carol Jenkins">Carol Jenkins</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Henry_Marrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Henry Marrow">Henry Marrow</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livernois%E2%80%93Fenkell_riot" title="Livernois–Fenkell riot">Marian Pyszko</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Betty_Gardner" title="Murder of Betty Gardner">Betty Gardner</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Miami_riots" title="1980 Miami riots">Arthur McDuffie</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Michael_Donald" title="Lynching of Michael Donald">Michael Donald</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Yusef_Hawkins" title="Murder of Yusef Hawkins">Yusef Hawkins</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Byrd_Jr." title="Murder of James Byrd Jr.">James Byrd Jr.</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Craig_Anderson" title="Murder of James Craig Anderson">James Craig Anderson</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ahmaud_Arbery" title="Murder of Ahmaud Arbery">Ahmaud Arbery</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multiple_victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multiple victims</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">Death of Joseph Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a>) (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_massacre" title="Marais des Cygnes massacre">Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit race riot (1863)">Detroit race riot (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Signoret" title="Felix Signoret">? Lachenais and four others</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow, TN, massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plummer" title="Henry Plummer">Plummer Gang</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis massacre</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Gallatin_County_race_riot" title="1866 Gallatin County race riot">Gallatin County, KY, race riot</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_Gang" title="Reno Gang">Reno Brothers Gang</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_massacre" title="Camilla massacre">Camilla, GA, massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Long" title="Steve Long">Steve Long and two half-brothers</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski, TN, riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Bierfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Samuel Bierfield">Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas, LA, massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_River_City,_Wyoming#Bear_River_City_Riot_of_November_19,_1868" title="Bear River City, Wyoming">Bear River City riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian, MS, race riot</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax, LA, massacre</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Election riot of 1874</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Moya" title="Juan Moya">Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_and_Mollie_French" title="Lynching of Benjamin and Mollie French">Benjamin and Mollie French</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellenton riot">Ellenton, SC, riot</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg, SC, massacre</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibodaux_massacre" title="Thibodaux massacre">Thibodeax, LA, massacre</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrell_Brothers" title="Horrell Brothers">Mart and Tom Horrell</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer" title="Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer">Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willits,_California##Triple_Masonic_lynching_of_1879" title="Willits, California">Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14,_1891,_lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="March 14, 1891, lynchings">New Orleans 1891 lynchings</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Ruggles_brothers" title="Lynching of the Ruggles brothers">Ruggles Brothers (CA)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Grocery_lynchings" title="People's Grocery lynchings">Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer" title="Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer">Porter and Spencer (MS)</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_election_riot" title="Phoenix election riot">Phoenix, SC, election riot</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington, NC, insurrection</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Julia_and_Frazier_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynching of Julia and Frazier Baker">Julia and Frazier Baker</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_riot" title="Pana riot">Pana, IL, riot</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watkinsville_lynching" title="Watkinsville lynching">Watkinsville lynching</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_massacre" title="1906 Atlanta race massacre">1906 Atlanta race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemper_County,_Mississippi#History" title="Kemper County, Mississippi">Kemper County, MS</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Walker_family" title="Lynching of the Walker family">Walker family</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_race_riot_of_1908" title="Springfield race riot of 1908">Springfield race riot of 1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slocum,_Texas" title="Slocum, Texas">Slocum, TX, massacre</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson" title="Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson">Laura and L.D. Nelson</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Georgia#History" title="Harris County, Georgia">Harris County, GA, lynchings</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry_Six_lynchings" title="Newberry Six lynchings">Newberry, FL, lynchings</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis riots">East St. Louis, IL, riots</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Georgia" title="Brooks County, Georgia">Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_County,_Georgia,_riot_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenkins County, Georgia, riot of 1919">Jenkins County, GA, riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview_race_riot" title="Longview race riot">Longview, TX, race riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine race riot">Elaine, AR, race riot</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919" title="Omaha race riot of 1919">Omaha race riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_riot_of_1919" title="Knoxville riot of 1919">Knoxville riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_lynchings" title="Duluth lynchings">Duluth, MN, lynchings</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee_massacre" title="Ocoee massacre">Ocoee, FL, massacre</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry race riot">Perry, FL, race riot</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood_massacre" title="Rosewood massacre">Rosewood, FL, massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_and_Mark_Fox" title="Lynching of Jim and Mark Fox">Jim and Mark Fox</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Shipp_and_Abram_Smith" title="Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith">Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi#History" title="Tate County, Mississippi">Tate County, MS</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Hart#Lynching_of_Thurmond_and_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooke Hart">Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Roosevelt_Townes_and_Robert_McDaniels" title="Lynching of Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels">Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_race_riot_of_1943" title="Beaumont race riot of 1943">Beaumont, TX, Race Riot</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Day_Short" title="O'Day Short">O'Day Short, wife, and two children</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Ford_lynchings" title="Moore's Ford lynchings">Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama#The_Civil_Rights_era" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston, AL</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">Freedom Summer Murders</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a>) (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_White_Caps" title="Indiana White Caps">Indiana White Caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_American_Jews" title="Lynching of American Jews">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-lynching_movement" title="Anti-lynching movement">Anti-lynching movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anti-lynching_activists" title="Category:American anti-lynching activists">American anti-lynching activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crusade_Against_Lynching" title="American Crusade Against Lynching">American Crusade Against Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Daniel_Ames" title="Jessie Daniel Ames">Jessie Daniel Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_C._Ansorge" title="Martin C. Ansorge">Martin C. Ansorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southern_Women_for_the_Prevention_of_Lynching" title="Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching">Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Bailey" title="Flossie Bailey">Flossie Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Connell_Bradley" title="William O'Connell Bradley">William O'Connell Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Barksdale_Brown" title="Ella Barksdale Brown">Ella Barksdale Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Divine" title="Father Divine">Father Divine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Flag_Salute" title="Flag Salute">Flag Salute</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">N.A.A.C.P.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_on_Lynching" title="National Conference on Lynching">National Conference on Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Strange_Fruit" title="Strange Fruit">Strange Fruit</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Legislation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill" title="Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill">Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Costigan#Costigan–Wagner_Bill" title="Edward P. Costigan">Costigan-Wagner Bill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Victims_of_Lynching_Act" title="Justice for Victims of Lynching Act">Justice for Victims of Lynching Act</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Unsolved_Civil_Rights_Crime_Act" title="Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act">Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act" title="Emmett Till Antilynching Act">Emmett Till Antilynching Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defenders of lynching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Theodore G. Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_L._Blease" title="Cole L. Blease">Cole L. Blease</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Julian S. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts" title="Sidney Johnston Catts">Sidney Johnston Catts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Latimer_Felton" title="Rebecca Latimer Felton">Rebecca Latimer Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Temple_Graves" title="John Temple Graves">John Temple Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Trotwood_Moore" title="John Trotwood Moore">John Trotwood Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">John T. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">James Rolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodloe_Sutton" title="Goodloe Sutton">Goodloe Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Benjamin Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Vardaman" title="James K. Vardaman">James K. Vardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Black_Holocaust_Museum" title="America's Black Holocaust Museum">America's Black Holocaust Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legacy_Museum" title="The Legacy Museum">The Legacy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice" title="National Memorial for Peace and Justice">National Memorial for Peace and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Allen_(collector)" title="James Allen (collector)">James Allen (collector)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/And_you_are_lynching_Negroes" title="And you are lynching Negroes">And you are lynching Negroes</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_John_Shillady" title="Attack on John Shillady">Attack on John Shillady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_in_police_custody_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Deaths in police custody in the United States">Deaths in police custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fury_(1936_film)" title="Fury (1936 film)"><i>Fury</i> (1936 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hang_%27Em_High" title="Hang 'Em High">Hang 'Em High</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_postcard" title="Lynching postcard">Lynching postcard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Burning" title="Mississippi Burning">Mississippi Burning</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Mississippi Cold Case</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ox-Bow_Incident" title="The Ox-Bow Incident">The Ox-Bow Incident</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_(musical)" title="Parade (musical)"><i>Parade</i> (musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys" title="Scottsboro Boys">Scottsboro Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain#Confederate_Memorial_Carving" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_in_Mississippi" title="Summer in Mississippi">Summer in Mississippi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundown_town" title="Sundown town">Sundown town</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sundown_towns_in_the_United_States" title="List of sundown towns in the United States">list</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_Won%27t_Forget" title="They Won't Forget">They Won't Forget</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_of_Lyncherdom" title="The United States of Lyncherdom">"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Shipp" title="United States v. Shipp">United States v. 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