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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nazi slogan opposing modernist and progressive cultural movements</div> <p> <b>Cultural Bolshevism</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kulturbolschewismus</i>), sometimes referred to specifically as <b>art Bolshevism</b>, <b>music Bolshevism</b> or <b>sexual Bolshevism</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a term widely used by state-sponsored critics in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> to denounce <a href="/wiki/Secularist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularist">secularist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> cultural movements. The term is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> conspiracy theory. </p><p>This first became an issue during the 1920s in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a>, when German artists such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Beckmann" title="Max Beckmann">Max Beckmann</a> were denounced by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/German_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="German nationalists">German nationalists</a> as "cultural Bolsheviks". Nazi claims about attacks on conceptions of family, identity, music, art and intellectual life were generally referred to as Cultural Bolshevism, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> revolutionary movement in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Cultural Marxism" is a contemporary variant of the term which is used to refer to the far-right antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This variant of the term was used by far-right terrorist <a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Anders Breivik</a> in the introductory chapter of his manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Bolshevism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> at the beginning of the 20th century, albeit with roots going back to the 1860s, denoted a revolutionary divergence from traditional artistic values to ones based on the personal perceptions and feelings of the artists. This rejection of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">traditional authority</a>, intimately linked to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Individualistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualistic">individualistic</a> values of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and the advance of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> as the preferred form of government in the West, was exhilarating to some. However, it proved extremely threatening to others, as it took away the security they felt under <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">the older way of things</a>. To many Germans of the time, and especially to the adherents of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, the very cohesiveness of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Civilization">civilization</a> appeared to be in dire peril.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> break occurred around the same time as the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917 in Russia, and those who felt threatened by the new artistic viewpoint associated it with the group that came to power after that revolution, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> political philosophy. In reality, the connection between the modernism and Bolshevism was extremely tenuous, and primarily a matter of both existing at the same turbulent time in European history. Still, some artists in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> drew inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary ideas">revolutionary ideals</a>, to the extent that <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dadaist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Huelsenbeck" title="Richard Huelsenbeck">Richard Huelsenbeck</a> confidently declared in 1920 that Dada was a "German Bolshevist affair".<sup id="cite_ref-CanningBarndt2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanningBarndt2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first writers outside of Germany to associate Bolshevism as an art movement, a link to what would become <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Marxism">Cultural Marxism</a> in the late 1990s, was Italian far-right author <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a>. Evola was a <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">dadaist</a> painter after the first World War, something which was considered decadent and subversive. In an article called <i>Sui limiti del bolscevismo culturale</i>, published in February 1938 in <i>La Vita Italiana</i> monthly magazine, he named the movement as "cultural Bolshevism" (<i>bolscevismo culturale</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The association of new art with Bolshevism circulated in <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">nationalist</a> discourse in the following years, being the subject of a chapter in <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>. Amid <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a>, the Nazis denounced a number of contemporary styles as "cultural Bolshevism," notably <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> architecture. After seeing a colleague beaten by Nazi supporters for comments sympathetic to modern art, typographer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Renner" title="Paul Renner">Paul Renner</a> published an essay against Nazi aesthetics titled "Kulturbolschewismus?" <sup id="cite_ref-PaulRenner_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulRenner-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a> mocked the flexibility of the term in Nazi writings: </p> <blockquote><p>Cultural Bolshevism is when conductor <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Klemperer</a> takes tempi different from his colleague <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Furtwängler</a>; when a painter sweeps a color into his sunset not seen in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Pomerania">Lower Pomerania</a>; when one favors birth control; when one builds a house with a flat roof; when a <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean birth</a> is shown on the screen; when one admires the performance of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a> and the mathematical wizardry of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>. This is called cultural Bolshevism and a personal favor rendered to Herr <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>. It is also the democratic mentality of the brothers [<a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas</a>] <a href="/wiki/Mann_brothers" title="Mann brothers">Mann</a>, a piece of music by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a>, and is to be identified with the hysterical insistence of a madman for a law giving him permission to marry his own grandmother.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Once in control of the government, the Nazis moved to suppress modern art styles and to promote art with national and racial themes.<sup id="cite_ref-MichaudLloyd2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MichaudLloyd2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar-era</a> art personalities, including Renner, Huelsenbeck, and the Bauhaus designers, were marginalized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Bolshevism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneration theory">Degeneration theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_music" title="Degenerate music">Degenerate music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physik" title="Deutsche Physik">Deutsche Physik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Music in Nazi Germany">Music in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negermusik" title="Negermusik">Negermusik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsmusikkammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsmusikkammer">Reichsmusikkammer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBT_rights#Association_of_communism_with_homosexuality_by_anti-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism and LGBT rights">Sexual Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Bolshevism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Spotts" title="Frederic Spotts">Spotts, Frederic</a>. 2002. <i>Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics</i>. Woodstock, New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Overlook_Press" title="The Overlook Press">Overlook Press</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-345-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-345-5">1-58567-345-5</a>. pp. 18, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay" class="citation web cs1">Jay, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045123/http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm">"Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe"</a>. <i>skidmore.edu</i>. Salmagundi Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm">the original</a> on 24 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skidmore.edu&rft.atitle=Dialectic+of+Counter-Enlightenment%3A+The+Frankfurt+School+as+Scapegoat+of+the+Lunatic+Fringe&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.skidmore.edu%2Fsalmagundi%2Fbackissues%2F168-169%2Fmartin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz2003" class="citation news cs1">Berkowitz, Bill (15 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cultural Marxism' Catching On"</a>. <i>Intelligence Report</i>. Southern Poverty Law Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930043851/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Report&rft.atitle=%27Cultural+Marxism%27+Catching+On&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fintelligence-report%2F2003%2Fcultural-marxism-catching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamin2014" class="citation book cs1">Jamin, Jérôme (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbLSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">"Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right"</a>. In Shekhovtsov, A.; Jackson, P. (eds.). <i>The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 84–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137396211.0009">10.1057/9781137396211.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39619-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39619-8"><bdi>978-1-137-39619-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+Marxism+and+the+Radical+Right&rft.btitle=The+Post-War+Anglo-American+Far+Right%3A+A+Special+Relationship+of+Hate&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=84-103&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137396211.0009&rft.isbn=978-1-137-39619-8&rft.aulast=Jamin&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbLSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay" class="citation web cs1">Jay, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045123/http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm">"Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe"</a>. <i>skidmore.edu</i>. Salmagundi Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm">the original</a> on 24 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skidmore.edu&rft.atitle=Dialectic+of+Counter-Enlightenment%3A+The+Frankfurt+School+as+Scapegoat+of+the+Lunatic+Fringe&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.skidmore.edu%2Fsalmagundi%2Fbackissues%2F168-169%2Fmartin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamin2014" class="citation book cs1">Jamin, Jérôme (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbLSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">"Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right"</a>. In Shekhovtsov, A.; Jackson, P. (eds.). <i>The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 84–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137396211.0009">10.1057/9781137396211.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39619-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39619-8"><bdi>978-1-137-39619-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+Marxism+and+the+Radical+Right&rft.btitle=The+Post-War+Anglo-American+Far+Right%3A+A+Special+Relationship+of+Hate&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=84-103&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137396211.0009&rft.isbn=978-1-137-39619-8&rft.aulast=Jamin&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbLSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2015" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, John E. (10 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: a transnational discourse"</a>. In Copsey, Nigel; Richardson, John E. (eds.). <i>Cultures of Post-War British Fascism</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317539360" title="Special:BookSources/9781317539360"><bdi>9781317539360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Cultural-Marxism%27+and+the+British+National+Party%3A+a+transnational+discourse&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+Post-War+British+Fascism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft.isbn=9781317539360&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIwGCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz2003" class="citation news cs1">Berkowitz, Bill (15 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cultural Marxism' Catching On"</a>. <i>Intelligence Report</i>. Southern Poverty Law Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930043851/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Report&rft.atitle=%27Cultural+Marxism%27+Catching+On&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fintelligence-report%2F2003%2Fcultural-marxism-catching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901071348/http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099">"Scholars Respond to Breivik Manifesto"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">National Association of Scholars</a>. 28 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099">the original</a> on 1 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scholars+Respond+to+Breivik+Manifesto&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Scholars&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nas.org%2FpolPressReleases.cfm%3FDoc_Id%3D2099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Catherine_SimonChristoph_SaigerHelmar_Dumbs2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anne-Catherine Simon; Christoph Saiger; Helmar Dumbs (29 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diepresse.com/home/politik/aussenpolitik/682112/Die-Welt-wie-Anders-B-Breivik-sie-sieht?direct=680247&_vl_backlink=/home/politik/index.do&selChannel=100">"Die Welt, wie Anders B. Breivik sie sieht"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Presse" title="Die Presse">Die Presse</a></i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Presse&rft.atitle=Die+Welt%2C+wie+Anders+B.+Breivik+sie+sieht&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft.au=Anne-Catherine+Simon&rft.au=Christoph+Saiger&rft.au=Helmar+Dumbs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiepresse.com%2Fhome%2Fpolitik%2Faussenpolitik%2F682112%2FDie-Welt-wie-Anders-B-Breivik-sie-sieht%3Fdirect%3D680247%26_vl_backlink%3D%2Fhome%2Fpolitik%2Findex.do%26selChannel%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Janson" title="H. W. Janson">Janson, H. W.</a>, and Anthony F. Janson. 1991. <i>History of Art</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3401-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3401-9">0-8109-3401-9</a>. p. 615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanningBarndt2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CanningBarndt2013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2013" class="citation book cs1">Doherty, Brigid (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXP9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">"The Work of Art and the Problem of Politics in Berlin Dada"</a>. In Canning, Kathleen; Barndt, Kerstin; McGuire, Kristin (eds.). <i>Weimar Publics/weimar Subjects: Rethinking the Political Culture of Germany in the 1920s</i>. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-108-2"><bdi>978-1-78238-108-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Work+of+Art+and+the+Problem+of+Politics+in+Berlin+Dada&rft.btitle=Weimar+Publics%2Fweimar+Subjects%3A+Rethinking+the+Political+Culture+of+Germany+in+the+1920s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-108-2&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brigid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXP9AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvola2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Evola, Julius (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKnaAAAAMAAJ&q=culturale"><i>Anticomunismo positivo: scritti su bolscevismo e marxismo, 1938–1968</i></a> (in Italian). Controcorrente edizioni. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-89015-62-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-89015-62-9"><bdi>978-88-89015-62-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anticomunismo+positivo%3A+scritti+su+bolscevismo+e+marxismo%2C+1938%E2%80%931968&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Controcorrente+edizioni&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-89015-62-9&rft.aulast=Evola&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKnaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dculturale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaulRenner-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaulRenner_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenner2003" class="citation book cs1">Renner, Paul (2003). <i>Kulturbolschewismus?</i>. Germany: Stroemfeld Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3878778295" title="Special:BookSources/978-3878778295"><bdi>978-3878778295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kulturbolschewismus%3F&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Stroemfeld+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3878778295&rft.aulast=Renner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">von Ossietzky, Carl</a> in <i>Weltbühne</i> ("World Stage") (21 April 1931) quoted in Deák, István <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weimargermanysle0000deak/page/n7"><i>Weimar Germany's Left-wing Intellectuals: A Political History of the Weltbühne and Its Circle</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1968. p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MichaudLloyd2004-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MichaudLloyd2004_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaudLloyd2004" class="citation book cs1">Michaud, Eric; Lloyd, Janet (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultofartinnazig0000mich"><i>The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany</i></a></span>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4327-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4327-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-4327-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Art+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4327-3&rft.aulast=Michaud&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcultofartinnazig0000mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastoriadis1984" class="citation book cs1">Castoriadis, Cornelius (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KvPWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Crossroads in the Labyrinth</i></a>. Harvester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85527-538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85527-538-9"><bdi>978-0-85527-538-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossroads+in+the+Labyrinth&rft.pub=Harvester+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-85527-538-9&rft.aulast=Castoriadis&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKvPWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1997" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Robert Chadwell (1997). "Chapter 5: Bolshevism in the West: From Leninist Totalitarians to Cultural Revolutionaries". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqmRngEACAAJ"><i>Russia Imagined: Art, Culture and National Identity, 1840-1995</i></a>. P. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-3470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-3470-4"><bdi>978-0-8204-3470-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Bolshevism+in+the+West%3A+From+Leninist+Totalitarians+to+Cultural+Revolutionaries&rft.btitle=Russia+Imagined%3A+Art%2C+Culture+and+National+Identity%2C+1840-1995&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-3470-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Robert+Chadwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcqmRngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+Bolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Cultural astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">Cross-cultural leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_behavior" title="Cultural behavior">Cultural behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Eastern culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languaculture" title="Languaculture">Languaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_culture" title="Oppositional culture">Oppositional culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission 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