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id="toc-Production_of_organofluorine_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_organofluorine_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Production of organofluorine compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_organofluorine_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_of_inorganic_fluorides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_inorganic_fluorides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Production of inorganic fluorides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_inorganic_fluorides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etchant,_cleaner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etchant,_cleaner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Etchant, cleaner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etchant,_cleaner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_refining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_refining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Oil refining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_refining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Acidity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health and safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrofluoric acid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="حمض الهيدروفلوريك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض الهيدروفلوريك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_fluorh%C3%ADdricu" title="Ácidu fluorhídricu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu fluorhídricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="هیدروفلوئوریک اسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدروفلوئوریک اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Фторыставадародная кіслата – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фторыставадародная кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Флуороводородна киселина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Флуороводородна киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridna_kiselina" title="Fluoridna kiselina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fluoridna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_fluorh%C3%ADdric" title="Àcid fluorhídric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid fluorhídric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Плавик йӳçекĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Плавик йӳçекĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_fluorovod%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina fluorovodíková – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyselina fluorovodíková" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flussyre" title="Flussyre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flussyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flusss%C3%A4ure" title="Flusssäure – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flusssäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesinikfluoriidhape" title="Vesinikfluoriidhape – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesinikfluoriidhape" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D" title="Υδροφθορικό οξύ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδροφθορικό οξύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_fluorh%C3%ADdrico" title="Ácido fluorhídrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido fluorhídrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorida_acido" title="Fluorida acido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fluorida acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_fluorhidriko" title="Azido fluorhidriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido fluorhidriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="هیدروفلوئوریک اسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروفلوئوریک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_fluorhydrique" title="Acide fluorhydrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide fluorhydrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_hidreafluarach" title="Aigéad hidreafluarach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad hidreafluarach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%B0%ED%99%94_%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C%EC%82%B0" title="플루오린화 수소산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플루오린화 수소산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ֆտորաջրածնական թթու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆտորաջրածնական թթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="हाइड्रोफ्लोरिक अम्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइड्रोफ्लोरिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorovodi%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Fluorovodična kiselina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fluorovodična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_fluorida" title="Asam fluorida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam fluorida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_fluoridrico" title="Acido fluoridrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acido fluoridrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חומצה הידרופלואורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצה הידרופלואורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2" title="ಹೈಡ್ರೊಫ್ಲೋರಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೈಡ್ರೊಫ್ಲೋರಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ფთორწყალბადმჟავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფთორწყალბადმჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Балқытқыш қышқыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балқытқыш қышқыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluor%C5%ABde%C5%86ra%C5%BEsk%C4%81be" title="Fluorūdeņražskābe – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fluorūdeņražskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ഹൈഡ്രോഫ്ലൂറിക്ക് അമ്ലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രോഫ്ലൂറിക്ക് അമ്ലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="हायड्रोफ्लोरिक आम्ल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हायड्रोफ्लोरिक आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_hidrofluorik" title="Asid hidrofluorik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid hidrofluorik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorzuur" title="Fluorzuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fluorzuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0%E9%85%B8" title="フッ化水素酸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フッ化水素酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorweederstoofs%C3%BCren" title="Fluorweederstoofsüren – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fluorweederstoofsüren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flussyre" title="Flussyre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flussyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flussyre" title="Flussyre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flussyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_fluoridric" title="Acid fluoridric – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid fluoridric" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftorid_kislota" title="Ftorid kislota – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ftorid kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88" title="ہائیڈروفلورک ایسڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائیڈروفلورک ایسڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_fluorowodorowy" title="Kwas fluorowodorowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas fluorowodorowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_fluor%C3%ADdrico" title="Ácido fluorídrico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido fluorídrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_fluorhidric" title="Acid fluorhidric – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid fluorhidric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Плавиковая кислота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плавиковая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hydrofluoric acid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrofluoric acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_fluorovod%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina fluorovodíková – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyselina fluorovodíková" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorovodikova_kislina" title="Fluorovodikova kislina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fluorovodikova kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorovodoni%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Fluorovodonična kiselina – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fluorovodonična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorovodoni%C4%8Dka_kiselina" title="Fluorovodonička kiselina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fluorovodonička kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorivetyhappo" title="Fluorivetyhappo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fluorivetyhappo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorv%C3%A4tesyra" title="Fluorvätesyra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fluorvätesyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐதரோபுளோரிக் அமிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐதரோபுளோரிக் அமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="హైడ్రోఫ్లోరిక్ ఆమ్లం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హైడ్రోఫ్లోరిక్ ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดไฮโดรฟลูออริก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดไฮโดรฟลูออริก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroflorik_asit" title="Hidroflorik asit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidroflorik asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Флуоридна кислота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Флуоридна кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_hydrofluoric" title="Acid hydrofluoric – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid hydrofluoric" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksido_Hidrofluorico" title="Aksido Hidrofluorico – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aksido Hidrofluorico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%9F%E9%85%B8" title="氢氟酸 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氢氟酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%9F%E9%85%B8" title="氫氟酸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氫氟酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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ib-chembox"> <caption>Hydrofluoric acid </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.png/110px-Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.png/165px-Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.png/220px-Hydrogen-fluoride-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Water-3D-vdW.png/110px-Water-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Water-3D-vdW.png/165px-Water-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Water-3D-vdW.png/220px-Water-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluoride_ion2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fluoride_ion2.svg/110px-Fluoride_ion2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fluoride_ion2.svg/165px-Fluoride_ion2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fluoride_ion2.svg/220px-Fluoride_ion2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxonium-ion-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Oxonium-ion-3D-vdW.png/110px-Oxonium-ion-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Oxonium-ion-3D-vdW.png/165px-Oxonium-ion-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Oxonium-ion-3D-vdW.png/220px-Oxonium-ion-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_fluoride.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hydrogen_fluoride.JPG/220px-Hydrogen_fluoride.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hydrogen_fluoride.JPG/330px-Hydrogen_fluoride.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hydrogen_fluoride.JPG/440px-Hydrogen_fluoride.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1996" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Fluorane<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Fluorhydric acid<br />Hydronium fluoride</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7664-39-3">7664-39-3</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=F.O">Interactive image</a></span></li><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BF-%5D.%5BOH3%2B%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=29228">CHEBI:29228</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.14214.html">14214</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>231-634-8</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14917">14917</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>MW7875000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/RGL5YE86CZ">RGL5YE86CZ</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1049641">DTXSID1049641</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209569#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/FH/h1H<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/FH/h1H</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYAC</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">F.O</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[F-].[OH3+]</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>HF (aq)  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colorless liquid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.15 g/mL (for 48% soln.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>) </td> <td>3.17<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corrosive"><img alt="Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acute Toxicity"><img alt="Acute Toxicity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H280: Contains gas under pressure: may explode if heated">H280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H300+H310+H330: Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled">H300+H310+H330</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P262: Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.">P262</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling.">P264</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.">P270</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P271: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.">P271</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P284: Wear respiratory protection.">P284</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P310: IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P301+P310</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P330+P331: IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.">P301+P330+P331</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P302+P350: IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with soap and water.">P302+P350</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P303+P361+P353: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower].">P303+P361+P353</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.">P304+P340</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P310: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P310</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P320: Specific treatment is urgent (see ... on this label).">P320</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P321: Specific treatment (see ... on this label).">P321</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P322: Specific measures (see ... on this label).">P322</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P330: Rinse mouth.">P330</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P361: Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.">P361</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P363: Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.">P363</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P403+P233: Store in a well ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.">P403+P233</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P405: Store locked up.">P405</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P410+P403: Protect from sunlight. Store in a well ventilated place.">P410+P403</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_060540378c14f995" /></span><map name="ImageMap_060540378c14f995"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gas" title="Health 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard ACID: Acid" title="Special hazard ACID: Acid" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gas" class="notheme mw-no-invert">4</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704"><span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac" title="Special hazard ACID: Acid">ACID</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464361624&page2=Hydrofluoric+acid">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Hydrofluoric acid</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a> (HF) in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. Solutions of HF are colorless, <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> and highly <a href="/wiki/Corrosive_substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive substance">corrosive</a>. A common concentration is 49% (48-52%) but there are also stronger solutions (e.g. 70%) and pure HF has a boiling point near room temperature. It is used to make most fluorine-containing compounds; examples include the commonly used pharmaceutical antidepressant medication <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a> (Prozac) and the material <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">PTFE</a> (Teflon). Elemental <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> is produced from it. It is commonly used to <a href="/wiki/Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Etching (microfabrication)">etch</a> glass and silicon wafers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_organofluorine_compounds">Production of organofluorine compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production of organofluorine compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal use of hydrofluoric acid is in <a href="/wiki/Organofluorine_chemistry" title="Organofluorine chemistry">organofluorine chemistry</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Organofluorine_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organofluorine compounds">organofluorine compounds</a> are prepared using HF as the fluorine source, including <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Teflon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoropolymer" title="Fluoropolymer">fluoropolymers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbon" title="Fluorocarbon">fluorocarbons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigerants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">freon</a>. Many pharmaceuticals contain fluorine.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_inorganic_fluorides">Production of inorganic fluorides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production of inorganic fluorides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most high-volume inorganic fluoride compounds are prepared from hydrofluoric acid. Foremost are Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Cryolite" title="Cryolite">cryolite</a>, and AlF<sub>3</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_trifluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium trifluoride">aluminium trifluoride</a>. A molten mixture of these solids serves as a high-temperature solvent for the production of metallic <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Other inorganic fluorides prepared from hydrofluoric acid include <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">sodium fluoride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">uranium hexafluoride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etchant,_cleaner"><span id="Etchant.2C_cleaner"></span>Etchant, cleaner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etchant, cleaner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wet_etching_tanks_at_LAAS_(6_inches)_0468.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wet_etching_tanks_at_LAAS_%286_inches%29_0468.jpg/310px-Wet_etching_tanks_at_LAAS_%286_inches%29_0468.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wet_etching_tanks_at_LAAS_%286_inches%29_0468.jpg/465px-Wet_etching_tanks_at_LAAS_%286_inches%29_0468.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wet_etching_tanks_at_LAAS_%286_inches%29_0468.jpg/620px-Wet_etching_tanks_at_LAAS_%286_inches%29_0468.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Wet etching tanks</figcaption></figure> <p>It is used in the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> industry as a major component of <a href="/wiki/Wright_etch" title="Wright etch">Wright etch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffered_oxide_etch" title="Buffered oxide etch">buffered oxide etch</a>, which are used to clean <a href="/wiki/Silicon_wafer" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon wafer">silicon wafers</a>. In a similar manner it is also used to <a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">etch glass</a> by treatment with <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> to form gaseous or water-soluble silicon fluorides. It can also be used to polish and frost glass.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>SiO<sub>2</sub> + 4 HF → <a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrafluoride" title="Silicon tetrafluoride">SiF<sub>4</sub></a>(g) + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd> <dd>SiO<sub>2</sub> + 6 HF → <a href="/wiki/Hexafluorosilicic_acid" title="Hexafluorosilicic acid">H<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub></a> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>A 5% to 9% hydrofluoric acid gel is also commonly used to etch all ceramic dental restorations to improve bonding.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For similar reasons, dilute hydrofluoric acid is a component of household rust stain remover, in <a href="/wiki/Car_wash" title="Car wash">car washes</a> in "wheel cleaner" compounds, in ceramic and fabric rust inhibitors, and in water spot removers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its ability to dissolve iron oxides as well as silica-based contaminants, hydrofluoric acid is used in pre-commissioning boilers that produce high-pressure steam. Hydrofluoric acid is also useful for dissolving rock samples (usually powdered) prior to analysis. In similar manner, this acid is used in <a href="/wiki/Acid_maceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid maceration">acid macerations</a> to extract organic fossils from silicate rocks. Fossiliferous rock may be immersed directly into the acid, or a <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulose nitrate">cellulose nitrate</a> film may be applied (dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Amyl_acetate" title="Amyl acetate">amyl acetate</a>), which adheres to the organic component and allows the rock to be dissolved around it.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards1982_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards1982-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_refining">Oil refining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oil refining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a standard <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a> process known as <a href="/wiki/Alkylation" title="Alkylation">alkylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">isobutane</a> is alkylated with low-molecular-weight <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a> (primarily a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">propylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Butylene">butylene</a>) in the presence of an acid <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> derived from hydrofluoric acid. The catalyst protonates the alkenes (propylene, butylene) to produce reactive <a href="/wiki/Carbocation" title="Carbocation">carbocations</a>, which alkylate isobutane. The reaction is carried out at mild temperatures (0 and 30 °C) in a two-phase reaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrofluoric acid was first prepared in 1771, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now mainly produced by treatment of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, CaF<sub>2</sub>, with concentrated <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> at approximately 265 °C. </p> <dl><dd>CaF<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → 2 HF + CaSO<sub>4</sub></dd></dl> <p>The acid is also a by-product of the production of <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> from <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluoroapatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroapatite">fluoroapatite</a>. Digestion of the mineral with sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures releases a mixture of gases, including hydrogen fluoride, which may be recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its high reactivity toward glass, hydrofluoric acid is stored in fluorinated <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> (often <a href="/wiki/PTFE" class="mw-redirect" title="PTFE">PTFE</a>) containers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In dilute aqueous solution hydrogen fluoride behaves as a weak acid,<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson/Prentice_Hall_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson/Prentice_Hall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectroscopy</a> has been used to show that, in solution, dissociation is accompanied by formation of the <a href="/wiki/Ion_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion pair">ion pair</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>·F<sup>−</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giguère_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giguère-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Spectral_Signatures_and_Molecular_O_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectral_Signatures_and_Molecular_O-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</a></span> + HF ⇌ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>⋅F<sup>−</sup><span style="padding-left:3em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Acid_ionization_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid ionization constant">p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub></a> = 3.17</dd></dl> <p>This <a href="/wiki/Ion_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion pair">ion pair</a> has been characterized in the crystalline state at very low temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-mootz_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mootz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further association has been characterized both in solution and in the solid state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd>HF + F<sup>−</sup> ⇌ <span class="chemf nowrap">HF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span><span style="padding-left:3em;"> </span>log <i>K</i> = 0.6</dd></dl> <p>It is assumed that polymerization occurs as the concentration increases. This assumption is supported by the isolation of a salt of a tetrameric anion <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>F<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by low-temperature X-ray crystallography.<sup id="cite_ref-mootz_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mootz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species that are present in concentrated aqueous solutions of hydrogen fluoride have not all been characterized; in addition to <span class="chemf nowrap">HF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> which is known<sup id="cite_ref-Giguère_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giguère-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the formation of other polymeric species, <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i>−1</sub></span></span>F<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i></sub></span></span></span>, is highly likely. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function" title="Hammett acidity function">Hammett acidity function</a>, <i>H</i><sub>0</sub>, for 100% HF was first reported as -10.2,<sup id="cite_ref-HymanKilpatrick1957_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HymanKilpatrick1957-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while later compilations show -11, comparable to values near -12 for pure <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolly_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolly-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_109_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton_109-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acidity">Acidity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Acidity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike other <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_halide" title="Hydrogen halide">hydrohalic acids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, hydrogen fluoride is only a <a href="/wiki/Weak_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak acid">weak acid</a> in dilute aqueous solution.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in part a result of the strength of the hydrogen–fluorine bond, but also of other factors such as the tendency of HF, <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, and <span class="chemf nowrap">F<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> anions to form clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At high concentrations, HF molecules undergo <a href="/wiki/Homoassociation" title="Homoassociation">homoassociation</a> to form polyatomic ions (such as <a href="/wiki/Bifluoride" title="Bifluoride">bifluoride</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">HF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>, thus greatly increasing the acidity.<sup id="cite_ref-H+_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H+-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to <a href="/wiki/Protonation" title="Protonation">protonation</a> of very strong acids like hydrochloric, sulfuric, or nitric acids when using concentrated hydrofluoric acid solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although hydrofluoric acid is regarded as a weak acid, it is very corrosive, even attacking glass when hydrated.<sup id="cite_ref-H+_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H+-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dilute solutions are weakly acidic with an <a href="/wiki/Acid_ionization_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid ionization constant">acid ionization constant</a> <span class="texhtml texhtml-big" style="font-size:100%;"><i>K</i><sub>a</sub> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996660000000000000♠"></span>6.6<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span></span> (or <span class="texhtml texhtml-big" style="font-size:100%;">p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> = 3.18</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson/Prentice_Hall_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson/Prentice_Hall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to corresponding solutions of the other hydrogen halides, which are strong acids (<span class="texhtml texhtml-big" style="font-size:100%;">p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> < 0</span>). However concentrated solutions of hydrogen fluoride are much more strongly acidic than implied by this value, as shown by measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function" title="Hammett acidity function">Hammett acidity function</a> <i>H</i><sub>0</sub>(or "effective pH"). During self ionization of 100% liquid HF the <i>H</i><sub>0</sub> was first measured as −10.2<sup id="cite_ref-HymanKilpatrick1957_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HymanKilpatrick1957-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later compiled as −11, comparable to values near −12 for <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolly_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolly-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_109_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton_109-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In thermodynamic terms, HF solutions are highly <a href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">non-ideal</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Activity_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity (chemistry)">activity</a> of HF increasing much more rapidly than its concentration. The weak acidity in dilute solution is sometimes attributed to the high H—F <a href="/wiki/Bond_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond strength">bond strength</a>, which combines with the high dissolution <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> of HF to outweigh the more negative <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> of hydration of the fluoride ion.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gigu%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Giguère">Paul Giguère</a> and Sylvia Turrell<sup id="cite_ref-Giguère_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giguère-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spectral_Signatures_and_Molecular_O_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectral_Signatures_and_Molecular_O-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have shown by <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a> that the predominant solute species in dilute solution is the hydrogen-bonded <a href="/wiki/Ion_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion pair">ion pair</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>·F<sup>−</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_104_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton_104-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</a></span> + HF ⇌ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>⋅F<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>With increasing concentration of HF the concentration of the <a href="/wiki/Bifluoride" title="Bifluoride">hydrogen difluoride ion</a> also increases.<sup id="cite_ref-Giguère_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giguère-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction </p> <dl><dd>3 HF ⇌ <span class="chemf nowrap">HF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + H<sub>2</sub>F<sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <p>is an example of <a href="/wiki/Homoassociation" title="Homoassociation">homoconjugation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:61569264_jamesheilman-224x2991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/61569264_jamesheilman-224x2991.jpg/310px-61569264_jamesheilman-224x2991.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/61569264_jamesheilman-224x2991.jpg/465px-61569264_jamesheilman-224x2991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/61569264_jamesheilman-224x2991.jpg/620px-61569264_jamesheilman-224x2991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>A hydrofluoric acid burn of the hand</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid_burn" title="Hydrofluoric acid burn">Hydrofluoric acid burn</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the article and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hydrofluoric+acid%22">"Hydrofluoric acid"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hydrofluoric+acid%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hydrofluoric+acid%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hydrofluoric+acid%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hydrofluoric+acid%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hydrofluoric+acid%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to being a highly <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</a> liquid, hydrofluoric acid is also a powerful contact <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</a>. Since it can penetrate tissue, poisoning can occur readily through exposure of skin or eyes, <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ingestion" title="Ingestion">ingestion</a>. Symptoms of exposure to hydrofluoric acid may not be immediately evident, and this can provide false reassurance to victims, causing them to delay medical treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11505130_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11505130-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its irritating vapor, HF may reach dangerous levels without an obvious odor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It interferes with nerve function, meaning that burns may not initially be painful. Accidental exposures can go unnoticed, delaying treatment and increasing the extent and seriousness of the injury.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11505130_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11505130-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms of HF exposure include irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, and throat, eye and skin burns, <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a> (fluid buildup in the lungs), and bone damage<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to HF strongly interacting with calcium in bones.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a concentrated form, HF can cause severe tissue destruction through lesions and mucous membrane damage, but dilute HF is still dangerous because of its high lipid affinity, leading to cellular death of nerves, blood vessels, tendons, bones, and other tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrofluoric burns are treated with a <a href="/wiki/Calcium_gluconate#Hydrofluoric_acid_burns" title="Calcium gluconate">calcium gluconate</a> gel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the episodes "<a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_in_the_Bag..." title="Cat's in the Bag...">Cat's in the Bag...</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Box_Cutter_(Breaking_Bad)" title="Box Cutter (Breaking Bad)">Box Cutter</a>" of the crime drama television series <i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_White_(Breaking_Bad)" title="Walter White (Breaking Bad)">Walter White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Pinkman" title="Jesse Pinkman">Jesse Pinkman</a> use hydrofluoric acid to chemically disincorporate bodies of gangsters.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_phase_decomposition" title="Vapour phase decomposition">Vapour phase decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philadelphia_Energy_Solutions_refinery_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery explosion">2019 Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery explosion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFavrePowell2014" class="citation book cs1">Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H., eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>the HF molecule can cause deep tissue damage, including destruction of the bone. ... when fluoride ions bind to calcium and magnesium</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Environmental+Safety%2C+Sustainability+%26+Risk&rft.atitle=Hydrofluoric+Acid+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fessr.umd.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-10%2FHydrofluoricAcidFactSheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrofluoric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajraktarova-ValjakovaKorunoska-StevkovskaGeorgievaIvanovski2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bajraktarova-Valjakova E, Korunoska-Stevkovska V, Georgieva S, Ivanovski K, Bajraktarova-Misevska C, Mijoska A, Grozdanov A (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6290397">"Hydrofluoric Acid: Burns and Systemic Toxicity, Protective Measures, Immediate and Hospital Medical Treatment"</a>. <i>Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences</i>. <b>6</b> (11): 2257–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3889%2Foamjms.2018.429">10.3889/oamjms.2018.429</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6290397">6290397</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30559898">30559898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Access+Macedonian+Journal+of+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Hydrofluoric+Acid%3A+Burns+and+Systemic+Toxicity%2C+Protective+Measures%2C+Immediate+and+Hospital+Medical+Treatment&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2257-69&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6290397%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30559898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3889%2Foamjms.2018.429&rft.aulast=Bajraktarova-Valjakova&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Korunoska-Stevkovska%2C+V&rft.au=Georgieva%2C+S&rft.au=Ivanovski%2C+K&rft.au=Bajraktarova-Misevska%2C+C&rft.au=Mijoska%2C+A&rft.au=Grozdanov%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6290397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrofluoric+acid" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817013316/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23710654">"How much of the science in Breaking Bad is real?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 August 2013. 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Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edu.rsc.org/analysis/breaking-bad-ii-acid-bath-disposal-of-bodies/3007374.article">the original</a> on 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education+in+chemistry&rft.atitle=Breaking+Bad+II+%E2%80%93+acid+bath+disposal+of+bodies&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.aulast=Hare&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedu.rsc.org%2Fanalysis%2Fbreaking-bad-ii-acid-bath-disposal-of-bodies%2F3007374.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrofluoric+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrofluoric_acid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143606/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0283.html">International Chemical Safety Card 0283</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0334.html">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14917">CID 14917</a> from <a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> (HF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/144681">CID 144681</a> from <a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> (5HF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/141165">CID 141165</a> from <a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> (6HF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/144682">CID 144682</a> from <a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> (7HF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/356/6/e5.pdf">"Hydrofluoric Acid Burn"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a></i>—Acid burn case study</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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