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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopal_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopal_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Episcopal history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopal_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apollonia (Illyria)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="أبولونيا (إيليريا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبولونيا (إيليريا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Апалонія Ілірыйская – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апалонія Ілірыйская" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аполония Илирийска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аполония Илирийска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apol%C2%B7l%C3%B2nia_d%27Il%C2%B7l%C3%ADria" title="Apol·lònia d'Il·líria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apol·lònia d'Il·líria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Il%C3%BDrie)" title="Apollonia (Ilýrie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apollonia (Ilýrie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyrien)" title="Apollonia (Illyrien) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apollonia (Illyrien)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Albanien)" title="Apollonia (Albanien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apollonia (Albanien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Ill%C3%BC%C3%BCria)" title="Apollonia (Illüüria) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apollonia (Illüüria)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Απολλωνία (Ιλλυρία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απολλωνία (Ιλλυρία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolonia_de_Iliria" title="Apolonia de Iliria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apolonia de Iliria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="آپولونیا (ایلریا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپولونیا (ایلریا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_d%27Illyrie" title="Apollonia d'Illyrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apollonia d'Illyrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌹𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌹𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_(%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84)" title="아폴로니아 (일리리아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아폴로니아 (일리리아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ապոլոնիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապոլոնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apollonia (Illyria)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyr%C3%ADu)" title="Apollonia (Illyríu) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Apollonia (Illyríu)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Albania)" title="Apollonia (Albania) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apollonia (Albania)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94)" title="אפולוניה (אלבניה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפולוניה (אלבניה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia" title="Apollonia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Apollonia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Apollonia (Illyria)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonija" title="Apollonija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apollonija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolonija_(Ilyrija)" title="Apolonija (Ilyrija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apolonija (Ilyrija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoll%C3%B3nia_(Ill%C3%ADria)" title="Apollónia (Illíria) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apollónia (Illíria)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyri%C3%AB)" title="Apollonia (Illyrië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apollonia (Illyrië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="アポロニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アポロニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apollonia (Illyria)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_Iliryjska" title="Apollonia Iliryjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apollonia Iliryjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apol%C3%B4nia_(Il%C3%ADria)" title="Apolônia (Ilíria) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apolônia (Ilíria)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_Iliriei" title="Apollonia Iliriei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apollonia Iliriei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Аполлония Иллирийская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аполлония Иллирийская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolonia" title="Apolonia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Apolonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoll%C3%B3nia_(Alb%C3%A1nsko)" title="Apollónia (Albánsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apollónia (Albánsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolonija_(Ilirija)" title="Apolonija (Ilirija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Apolonija (Ilirija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BFo%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Апoлонија (Илирија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Апoлонија (Илирија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolonija_(Ilirija)" title="Apolonija (Ilirija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Apolonija (Ilirija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apollonia (Illyria)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia" title="Apollonia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apollonia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(%C4%B0lirya)" title="Apollonia (İlirya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apollonia (İlirya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollonia_(Illyria)&params=40_43_19_N_19_28_21_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°43′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°28′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.72194°N 19.47250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.72194; 19.47250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia,_Illyria&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Illyria">Apollonia, Illyria</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological park in Albania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Apollonia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><b>Ἀπολλωνία</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollonia,_Albania_(by_Pudelek)_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Apollonia%2C_Albania_%28by_Pudelek%29_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG/250px-Apollonia%2C_Albania_%28by_Pudelek%29_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Apollonia%2C_Albania_%28by_Pudelek%29_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG/500px-Apollonia%2C_Albania_%28by_Pudelek%29_-_Monument_of_Agonothetes.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The "Monument to <a href="/wiki/Agonothetes" title="Agonothetes">Agonothetes</a>" was built in the 2nd century BC and functioned as Apollonia's municipal council meeting building in the Roman era</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_(location_map).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollonia (Illyria) is located in Albania"><img alt="Apollonia (Illyria) is located in Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Albania_%28location_map%29.svg/250px-Albania_%28location_map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Albania_%28location_map%29.svg/500px-Albania_%28location_map%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.502%;left:36.641%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Apollonia (Illyria)"><img alt="Apollonia (Illyria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Albania</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Fier_County" title="Fier County">Fier County</a>, Albania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollonia_(Illyria)&params=40_43_19_N_19_28_21_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°43′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°28′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.72194°N 19.47250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.72194; 19.47250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Apollonia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>: Ἀπολλωνία; demonym: Ἀπολλωνιάτης, <i>Apolloniates</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Apollonia</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> trade colony which developed into an independent <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>, and later a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">city</a>, in southern <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>. It was located on the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Vjosa" title="Vjosa">Aoös/Vjosë</a> river, approximately 10 km from the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its ruins are situated in the <a href="/wiki/Fier_County" title="Fier County">county of Fier</a>, close to the village of Pojan, in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. </p><p>Apollonia was perhaps the most important of <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Apollonia (disambiguation)">the several classical towns</a> of the same name. It was founded around 600 BC by Greek colonists from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Korkyra_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korkyra (polis)">Corcyra</a>, who established a trading settlement on a largely abandoned coastal site by invitation of the local <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corinthian colonial policy seems to have been relatively liberal, focused on resource extraction for the support of their homeland, rather than exploitation or expulsion of the local Illyrian population.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyle_2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyle_2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollonia gradually gained political independence from Corinth and was organized as a <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> under an oligarchic system. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> describes Apollonia's oligarchy as a small Greek elite class, largely descended from the original colonists, ruling over a largely local Illyrian population.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the second century BC Apollonia allied itself with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, which maintained a military base there for a time. The city flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> period, housing a renowned school of <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military training">military training</a> which attracted students from across the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, studied at Apollonia in his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stocker5n6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocker5n6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city began to decline in the 3rd century AD when its harbor started silting up as a result of an earthquake. It was abandoned in the 4th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the city is mentioned among the modern bishoprics of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Autocephalous_Church_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania">Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania</a> (<i>Apollonia and Fier</i>). Apollonia is also a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> of the Latin Church. The ruins were designated as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">archaeological park</a> on 7 April 2003 by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Albania">government of Albania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The settlement was initially known as <i>Gylakeia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Γυλάκεια</span>) after its founder, Gylax. Apart from one inscription and a mention by Stephanus of Byzantium there is no other information which has been preserved about him.<sup id="cite_ref-Reboton2008a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reboton2008a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsetskladze169_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsetskladze169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gylax may have been a tyrant closely linked to the ruling dynasty of Corinthian tyrant <a href="/wiki/Periander" title="Periander">Periander</a>. The decision to change the name of the settlement can be possibly dated to the collapse of the Corinthian tyranny when the settlement was possibly refounded as Apollonia by a faction which opposed the Corinthian establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Reboton2008b_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reboton2008b-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Apollonia appears in 588 BC and is a reference to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_2004_page=328_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_2004_page=328-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsetskladze169_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsetskladze169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201624_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201624-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was one of 24 cities in the Ancient Greek world known as Apollonia. It was distinguished from other cities named Apollonia by being referred to as Ἀπολλωνία κατ᾿ Ἐπίδαμνον (Apollonia kat' Epidamnon) or Ἀπολλωνία πρὸς Ἐπίδαμνον (Apollonia pros Epidamnon), meaning "Apollonia towards Epidamnos," in reference to the nearby Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-foundation_period">Pre-foundation period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-foundation period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site of Apollonia occupied a strategic position within southern Illyria because it was located at the crossroads of a prehistoric trade route, which both linked the eastern <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coast with the interior, and the northern Adriatic with the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>. The route into the interior, which was the more valuable because it permitted overland travel elsewhere in the region, existed before the arrival of Greek colonists, and later it became the Roman <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a>. Before the foundation of Apollonia, the Greek goods that moved inland along this route were very few.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> human remains recovered from a burial mound in the necropolis of Apollonia indicates that the initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>. The presence of the Early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a> shows that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory. The earliest EBA tumulus dates to 2679±174 calBCE (2852-2505 calBCE). These burial mounds belong to the southern expression of the Adriatic-Ljubljana culture (related to <a href="/wiki/Cetina_culture" title="Cetina culture">Cetina culture</a>) which moved southwards along the Adriatic from the northern Balkans. The same community built similar mounds in Montenegro (Rakića Kuće) and northern Albania (Shtoj). A part of the grave finds of the Adriatic tumuli included locally produced violin idols which were influenced by trends observed in the <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycladic civilization">Early Cycladic I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grotta-Pelos_culture" title="Grotta-Pelos culture">Grotta-Pelos</a>) culture in southern Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surface surveys of the region suggest that there was very little general use of the area until the colonial establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyle,Schepartz,Larsen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyle,Schepartz,Larsen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first post-<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> Greek mariners and traders in the Adriatic were the <a href="/wiki/Euboeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboeans">Euboeans</a>, who interpreted the foreign coast of this sea in ways that were comfortable to them. It has been conjectured that at the site of Apollonia, in particular, those early Greek seafarers encountered a deserted landscape with abandoned tumuli interpreting them as monuments to their Homeric ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocker891_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocker891-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence shows that in the hinterland of Apollonia the earliest Greek pottery dates from the middle of the 7th century BC and is solely <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinthian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Corinthian Type A transport amphora that is dated to between the third and last quarter of the 7th century BC, also prior to the foundation of the colony, was discovered inside a tumulus, confirming pre-colonial interaction for the site of Apollonia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local population's density before the establishment of the colony is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyle,Schepartz,Larsen_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyle,Schepartz,Larsen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Greek colonists arrived, there were no indigenous people inhabiting in the immediate vicinity of Apollonia, or, if a native settlement in and around Apollonia existed at all, it was very limited.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite an ancient tradition preserved by Stephanus of Byzantium that the site was first settled by Illyrians there is yet no clear evidence that it was settled by a non-Greek population before the arrival of the Greek colonists. Traces of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> non-Greek ceramics dating back to the pre-colonial period are very few. Such a pattern appears to conform to a gently trodden landscape, which likely was occupied only seasonally by Illyrians, as one should expect from an area inhabited by people who were organized in tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_Archaic_period">Foundation and Archaic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation and Archaic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png/250px-Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png/500px-Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3129" data-file-height="2713" /></a><figcaption>Apollonia and approximate Illyrian tribal distribution in the 7th-4th centuries BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The colony at Apollonia was founded by a group of 200 <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinthians</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Oikist" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikist">oikist</a> Gylax to an already existing trading post around 600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkes112_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkes112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._J._Wilkes" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Wilkes">J. J. Wilkes</a> reports that Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkes112_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkes112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/N.G.L._Hammond" class="mw-redirect" title="N.G.L. Hammond">N.G.L. Hammond</a> they established good relations with the local Illyrians founding a joint settlement with a riverine harbor on the <a href="/wiki/Aoos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aoos">Aoos/Vjosë</a>, which emerged as an important trade center.<sup id="cite_ref-McIlvaine2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIlvaine2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kyle_et_al._28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyle_et_al.-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stocker (2009) states that all textual evidence suggests otherwise,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while McIlvaine et al. (2013) and Kyle et al. (2016) quotes Hammond's suggestion.<sup id="cite_ref-McIlvaine2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIlvaine2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kyle_et_al._28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyle_et_al.-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stallo (2007) states that the Corinthians and Corcyreans were recruited by the Illyrian <a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a>, cooperating in the establishment of the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Picard" title="Olivier Picard">Picard</a> (2013) there is no doubt that the small number of the colonizers enabled the Illyrians the opportunity to prevent the colonial settlement in the area if they wished, hence Apollonia was necessarily founded with the approval of the natives, certainly because of trade advantages the colonizers could grant them.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first colonizers were followed by others particularly from <a href="/wiki/Korkyra_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korkyra (polis)">Corcyra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkes112_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkes112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wilkes (1995) the site was located on the territory of the Illyrian Taulantii,<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkes199598_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkes199598-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while according to Hammond (1997) and Stocker (2009) it was probably located on the border between the Taulantii (and/or <a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a>) to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a> to the east; both authors stated that the colonists probably took advantage of the enmity between those two supposedly rival Illyrian tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollonia and <a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a> apparently were the only Greek colonies founded in the Adriatic Sea during the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic era</a>, and the only colonies established in Illyria by mainland Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollonia in particular was one of the last colonies founded in the west by mainland Greeks during the Archaic <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">colonization</a>. The placement was chosen because it occupied a strategic position at trade crossroads north–south along the eastern Adriatic coast and east–west with the interior of Illyria and Macedonia; across the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Otranto">Straits of Otranto</a> it was also close to the Italian coast; furthermore it was suitable for a riverine port on the shore of the Aoos, and there was also the presence of quality pastureland and scarcity of indigenous settlements in the immediate hinterland of the <i><a href="/wiki/Asty" title="Asty">asty</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> was located on a significant cultural border between <a href="/wiki/Chaonia" title="Chaonia">Chaonia</a> (the northernmost part of Epirus) and Illyria.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the early actions of the settlers was to bring under their control a hill to the southeast of Apollonia, which the Illyrian tribes used as grazing grounds. The settlers proceeded to exploit the hill by taxing the Illyrian pastoralists for its use.<sup id="cite_ref-Stallo2007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stallo2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to most scholars, relations between the colonists and locals were friendly and mutually beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollonia grew following its foundation, although it remained modest in size until <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Corinthian colonial policy appears to have been relatively liberal, and was geared towards resource extraction so as to support the growing <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinthian</a> population, rather than violent expulsion or exploitation of the local Illyrian population.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyle_2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyle_2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Corinth obtained benefits from colonization that resulted in health improvements for their population, the health of Apollonia deteriorated after the colonial establishment as a result of urbanization, poor sanitation, and exposure to new pathogens due to increased interaction with Mediterranean traders. Illyrians and Corinthians coexisted during the colonial period, and the low rate of skeletal trauma at Apollonia indicates that ethnic relations were peaceful.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to pre-colonial <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, archaeo-demographic studies show that the population of Apollonia grouped more with the Illyrian population of pre-colonial Lofkënd; this indicates that pre-colonial Illyrians constitute an important genetic contribution to the population of colonial Apollonia. About 90% of the population of Apollonia was phenotypically closer to Illyrians than to ancient Greek Corinthians. Archaeological findings corroborate that Illyrian customs were still used in Apollonia after the foundation of the colony and cultural fusion and/or intermarriage between Illyrians and ancient Greeks took place in the site.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollonia in Illyria developed to become one of the most important urban centres in the wider region and played a major role as a trade gateway to the central Balkans. Apollonia, like <a href="/wiki/Dyrrachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrachium">Dyrrachium</a> further north, became an important port on the Illyrian coast as the most convenient link between Brundusium and northern Greece, and as one of the western starting points of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a> leading east to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had its own mint, stamping coins showing a cow suckling her calf on the obverse and a double stellate pattern on the reverse,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which have been found as far away as the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_stater,_Apollonia,_340-280_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Silver_stater%2C_Apollonia%2C_340-280_BC.jpg/250px-Silver_stater%2C_Apollonia%2C_340-280_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Silver_stater%2C_Apollonia%2C_340-280_BC.jpg/330px-Silver_stater%2C_Apollonia%2C_340-280_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Silver_stater%2C_Apollonia%2C_340-280_BC.jpg/500px-Silver_stater%2C_Apollonia%2C_340-280_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>A 4th-3rd century BC silver <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a> from Apollonia bearing the inscription ΑΠΟΛ.</figcaption></figure> <p>Apollonia began to mint its own coins in the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In c. 450 BC the territory of Apollonia was expanded towards the south after the victory of the Apollonians in <a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a> on the borders of the land of the indigenous tribe of <a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a>, in the coastal area of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Vlora" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Vlora">Bay of Aulon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By conquering Thronion, the Apolloniates had achieved two goals: they had substantially enlarged their territory towards the Illyrian hinterland and had also acquired a profitable source of money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStickler2014128_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStickler2014128-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gave the Apolloniates control over the lower valley of the <a href="/wiki/Shushic%C3%AB_(river)" title="Shushicë (river)">Shushicë</a> river, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Vjosa" title="Vjosa">Aoös</a> (modern Vjosa), and consolidated their control over the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)" title="Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)">Nymphaion</a> and the area of the bitumen mines of present-day <a href="/wiki/Selenic%C3%AB" title="Selenicë">Selenicë</a>, located to the east of the confluence of the Shushicë into the Aoös.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeretiQuantinCabanes201111_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeretiQuantinCabanes201111-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through that expansion Apollonia benefitted from the exploitation of new fertile lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastiglioni2018327_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastiglioni2018327-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the spoils of Thronion, the Apolloniates erected a monument at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> celebrating their victory and conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeretiQuantinCabanes201111_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeretiQuantinCabanes201111-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This turn may have also been the result of Apollonia's increasing power towards nearby Epirote lands.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollonian land was bounded on the south-east by the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stallo200730_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stallo200730-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this early era, Apollonia began to expand to the south of the Aous valley and incorporporated in the function of its economy other Greek colonists and natives who lived in this area. The social hierarchy didn't change and both native Illyrians and the unprivileged colonists to the south of Aous joined the lower classes of the expanded territory of Apollonia. This relatively fixed colonial division may have brought socially closer the native Illyrians and the colonists of the lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Stallo30c_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stallo30c-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conon_(mythographer)" title="Conon (mythographer)">Conon</a> relate an anecdote concerning a man named <a href="/wiki/Evenius" title="Evenius">Evenius</a> or Peithenius, who was tasked with guarding the sheep sacred to <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, but wolves attacked and devoured the animals. Evenius said nothing and planned on buying other sheep to make up for the loss, but the other Apollonians soon found out and gouged out his eyes. A famine then broke out as the earth ceased to bear fruit, because of Helios' wrath; the soil grew fertile again only after the Apollonians consulted the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_of_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle of Delphi">Oracle of Delphi</a> and compensated the blinded man with property, while the gods gave him the gift of prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This little anecdote attest to the divine introduction of prophecy, rather than a real biographical event.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period">Hellenistic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 350px; padding: 8px; font-size: 74%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unmarked_map_of_Albania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Unmarked_map_of_Albania.png/500px-Unmarked_map_of_Albania.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Unmarked_map_of_Albania.png/960px-Unmarked_map_of_Albania.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="2947" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:46.5px; top:20px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">A  R  D  I  A  E I</a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:239px; top:41px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">D  A  R  D  A  N  I</a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; 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left:93.75px; top:192.9px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Epidamnos-<br />Dyrrhachion •<br /></a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:286.25px; top:230.7px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lychnidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lychnidos">• Lychnidos</a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:239px; top:246.8px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme" title="Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme">Royal •<br />Tombs<br /></a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:102.5px; top:286px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollonia •</a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:184.75px; top:286.7px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dimale" title="Dimale">• Dimale</a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:149.75px; top:309.1px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis •</a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:130.5px; top:335px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia •</a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:113px; top:342px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikos •</a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:267px; top:97px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-30deg);"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">◂◂◂<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">Skardon</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.75px; top:224.75px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><a href="/wiki/Kandavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandavia"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Kandavia</span><br />▴▴▴</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:204px; top:296.5px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tomorr" title="Tomorr">▴<br />Tomaros</a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:349px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(30deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ceraunian_Mountains" title="Ceraunian Mountains"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ceraunia</span><br />▸▸▸</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:203.3px; top:338.5px"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Trebeshin%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Trebeshinë">▴<br />Meropus</a></span></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:279.25px; top:280.75px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-60deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tsangon_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsangon Pass"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Tsangon</span><br />)(</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:158.5px; top:387.5px"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span style="font-size:120%"><u><i>S o u t h e r n   I l l y r i a<br />i n   t h e   3rd   –   2nd<br />c e n t u r i e s   B C E </i></u></span></span></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic times</a> Apollonia experienced significant growth of its population, increase in urbanisation and in large-scale trade networks.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that at its peak the city had about 60,000 inhabitants. Apollonia was located on a strategic position as a river-port and dominated over a vast plain that stretches c. 10 km in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsetskladze169_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsetskladze169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> describes Apollonia as a well-governed, self-governing <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> presumably from its inception. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> considers (Aristotle:4.3.8) the Apollonian government as a narrow <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, and that the polis consisted of citizens descended from original Greek colonists with power and offices filled by the local elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford27_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford27-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_2004_page=328_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_2004_page=328-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Aristotle, the original Greek colonists and their descendants were "few out of the many" who held a privileged status over a population largely composed of local Illyrians.<sup id="cite_ref-McIlvaine2b_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIlvaine2b-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether local Illyrians were integrated as serfs in the economy of the city or whether they were slaves remains unclear, although the former is more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-McIlvaine2b_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIlvaine2b-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such only direct descendants of the first Corinthian settlers had access to the <i>politeia</i> and therefore the magistracy. Aristotle uses the term <i>eleutheroi</i> or <i>freemen</i> to refer to citizens who enjoyed such rights. Such a social system suggests a strict endogamy and it was preserved three centuries after the foundation of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aristocratic society of Apollonia maintained its special links with its metropolis, Corinth, for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-Reboton11_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reboton11-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such epigraphic evidence points that the prytans maintained Greek names proof that the memories of the first colonists were preserved by the local aristocracy. Contrary to nearby Epidamnus, Apollonia pursued <i><a href="/wiki/Xenelasia" title="Xenelasia">xenelasia</a></i>, the expulsion of foreigners deemed injurious to the public welfare, similar to that used in <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Lacedaemonians" title="Constitution of the Lacedaemonians">Lacedaemonian law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reboton12_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reboton12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 3rd century B.C the hinterland of Apollonia was inhabited by a population that used non-indigenous ceramics. This suggests that the material culture of the neighbouring Illyrians had become hellenized since at that time all products are classified as Greek ones.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city grew rich on the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">slave trade</a> and local agriculture, as well as its large harbour, said to have been able to hold a hundred ships at a time. The city also benefited from the local supply of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a valuable commodity in ancient times, for example for caulking ships. The remains of a late sixth-century temple, located just outside the city, were reported in 2006; it is only the fifth known stone temple found in present-day Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> the economy of Apollonia adopted a more dispersed farmstead approach. Whether this expansion was the result of conquest, expansion, assimilation of local indigenous groups or cooperation between colonists and indigenous groups this is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford27_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford27-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was for a time included among the dominions of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Via_Egnatia-en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Via_Egnatia-en.jpg/350px-Via_Egnatia-en.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Via_Egnatia-en.jpg/525px-Via_Egnatia-en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Via_Egnatia-en.jpg/700px-Via_Egnatia-en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Apollonia was strategically located at the beginning of one of the two starting branches of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a> in Illyria. Retracing a prehistoric trade route that linked the eastern <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coast with eastern <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, the road permitted overland travel elsewhere in the region, and it was the principal land route from Rome to the east.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_of_the_Vescovali-Arezzo_Type.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Athena_of_the_Vescovali-Arezzo_Type.jpg/250px-Athena_of_the_Vescovali-Arezzo_Type.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Athena_of_the_Vescovali-Arezzo_Type.jpg/330px-Athena_of_the_Vescovali-Arezzo_Type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Athena of the Vescovali-Arezzo type from the 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>In 229 BC, it came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, to which it was firmly loyal. In the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth Macedonian War</a>, the praetor <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Anicius_Gallus" title="Lucius Anicius Gallus">Lucius Anicius Gallus</a> who led the Roman campaign to defeat the Illyrian ruler <a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a> was based in Apollonia with Roman troops and 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry from the Illyrian tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a> led by tribal leaders Epicadus and Algalsus.a part of the captured fleet of Gentiues was presented to the people of Apollonia after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1995174–75_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1995174–75-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that by the 3rd century BC, Apollonia's colonial character changed or was lost as a high proportion of Illyrians in highly ranked positions began to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-Stallo200730_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stallo200730-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible reason of admixture was Apollonia's growth and territorial expansion, with the incorporation of additional Greek colonists at a later era, though they probably did not enjoy full citizenship privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-Stallo200730_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stallo200730-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 148 BC, Apollonia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Roman province of Macedonia</a>, specifically of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It supported <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">civil war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, but fell to Pompey's ally <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> in 48 BC. <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Gaius Octavius</a> later known as Augustus studied in Apollonia in 44 BC under the tutelage of Athenodorus of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(Bithynia)" title="Tarsus (Bithynia)">Tarsus</a>; it was there that he received news of Caesar's murder. The city received a series of privileges by Gaius Octavius which reaffirmed its oligarchic institutions, which were seen favorably by the emerging power structure in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Reboton200812a_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reboton200812a-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollonia flourished under Roman rule and was noted by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Philippicae" title="Philippicae">Philippicae</a></i> as <i>magna urbs et gravis</i>, a great and important city. Christianity was established in the city at an early stage, and bishops from Apollonia were present during the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a> (431) and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (451). It was mentioned in the 6th century <i><a href="/wiki/Synecdemus" title="Synecdemus">Synecdemus</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Hierocles_(author_of_Synecdemus)" title="Hierocles (author of Synecdemus)">Hyerocles</a> among the 20 cities of the Illyrian provinces, as part of Epirus Nova.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its decline, however, began in the 3rd century AD, when an earthquake changed the path of the <a href="/wiki/Ao%C3%B6s" class="mw-redirect" title="Aoös">Aoös</a>, causing the harbour to silt up and the inland area to become a <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>-ridden swamp. The city became increasingly uninhabitable as the inland swamp expanded, and the nearby settlement of <a href="/wiki/Avlona,_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Avlona, Albania">Avlona</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>) became dominant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apollonia has not been inhabited after its 4th century AD abandonment, with the exception of a monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, by the end of antiquity, the city was largely depopulated, hosting only a small Christian community. This community (which probably is part of the site of the old city) built on a nearby hill the church of the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Theotokos">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Shën Mëri</i>), part of the <a href="/wiki/Ardenica_Monastery" title="Ardenica Monastery">Ardenica Monastery</a>. At the monastery a Greek language school was operating at 1684 which provided also 'higher education' that time. A school still existed at 1880 but with a limited number of students.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2020, part of the site was vandalized by unknown individuals. Two columns were knocked down, but were subsequently re-erected.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the site's director, the damage might be "irreparable" and likely occurred during the COVID-19 lockdown. The incident was condemned by Albanian archeologists and the President of Albania, <a href="/wiki/Ilir_Meta" title="Ilir Meta">Ilir Meta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parku_Arkeologjik_Apoloni.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Parku_Arkeologjik_Apoloni.svg/262px-Parku_Arkeologjik_Apoloni.svg.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Parku_Arkeologjik_Apoloni.svg/393px-Parku_Arkeologjik_Apoloni.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Parku_Arkeologjik_Apoloni.svg/524px-Parku_Arkeologjik_Apoloni.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="97" /></a><figcaption>Official Logo</figcaption></figure> <p>The city seems to have sunk with the rise of Vlora.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was "rediscovered" by European classicists in the 18th century, though it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> occupation of 1916–1918 that the site was investigated by archaeologists. Their work was continued by a French team between 1924 and 1938. Parts of the site were damaged during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. After the war, an Albanian team undertook further work from 1948 onwards, although much of the site remains unexcavated to this day. </p><p>In 1967, the archaeological site was seriously and irrevocably damaged by heavy machinery and the building of c. 400 concrete military bunkers at and near the ancient polis.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the team's archeological discoveries are on display within the monastery, known as the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Apolonia" title="Archaeological Museum of Apolonia">Archaeological Museum of Apolonia</a> (opened in 1958) and other artifacts from Apollonia are in the capital <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>. Unfortunately, during the anarchy that followed the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> party in 1990 and reversion to capitalism, the archeological collection was plundered and the museum was temporarily closed. The ruins were also frequently dug up by plunderers for relics to be sold to collectors abroad. In December 2011, a new museum opened, under the directorship of Marin Haxhimihali.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It replaced an older museum dating from 1985, and was funded by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MDG_Achievement_Fund" title="MDG Achievement Fund">MDG-F</a> Joint Programme "Culture and Heritage for Social and Economic Development". </p><p>In 2006, archaeologists discovered a Greek temple which dates back to the 6th century BC just outside of the Apollonia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2010, a French-Albanian team of archaeologists unearthed a bust of a Roman soldier, 50 years after the discoveries of other full body statues in the 1958–1960 period expeditions, led by Albanian scholar Selim Islami and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> Professor Blavatski.<sup id="cite_ref-Murati_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murati-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A German-Albanian team has been working on the Hellenistic theatre at Albania, throwing light on the development of Greek theatres and also local variants<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Episcopal_history">Episcopal history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Episcopal history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bishopric was founded there circa 400 AD but suppressed around 599. One of the participants in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431 was a Felix who signed once as Bishop of Apollonia and <a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a>, at another time as Bishop of Apollonia. Some assume that the two towns formed a single episcopal see, others suppose he was, strictly speaking, Bishop only of Apollonia, but was temporarily in charge also of Byllis during a vacancy of that see (<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic administrator">apostolic administrator</a>). One of the participants at a council held in Constantinople in 448 signed as <i>Paulus Episcopus Apolloniada al. Apolloniatarum, civitatis sanctae ecclesiae</i>, but it is uncertain whether he was associated with this Apollonia. At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451, Eusebius subscribed simply as Bishop of Apollonia. In the letter of the bishops of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a> to the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a> in 458, Philocharis subscribes as Bishop of what the manuscripts call "Vallidus", and which editors think should be corrected to "Byllis". Whether Philocharis is to be considered Bishop also of Apollonia depends on the interpretation of the position of Felix in 431.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i> lists Apollonia as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>, thus recognizing that it was once a residential <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> of the archbishopric of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrachium">Dyrrachium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It grants no such recognition to Byllis.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metropolitan of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Novus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Novus">Epirus Novus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapiteli_i_Monumentit_te_Agonoteteve.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kapiteli_i_Monumentit_te_Agonoteteve.JPG/220px-Kapiteli_i_Monumentit_te_Agonoteteve.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kapiteli_i_Monumentit_te_Agonoteteve.JPG/330px-Kapiteli_i_Monumentit_te_Agonoteteve.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kapiteli_i_Monumentit_te_Agonoteteve.JPG/440px-Kapiteli_i_Monumentit_te_Agonoteteve.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Capital of Monument of Agonothetes</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 450 BC, Apollonia expanded towards <a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a> which it defeated and gained control of its territory. The victory was commemorated by a monument erected in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>. It was described by <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> who visited it many centuries later. The monument was an arrangement of five <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaean</a> heroes who faced each other and were observed by Zeus who stood at the center, surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>, while Apollo and other gods who supported the Trojans were placed to his right. The monument highlights that Apollonia had embraced a tradition which showed preference for the Trojans in <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. This tradition had developed in Epirus and southern Illyria in reference to mythological constructions which linked the foundation of settlements to Trojan migration in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanes2008171–72_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanes2008171–72-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2nd century B.C Apollonia became a major center of Greek leaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocker5n6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocker5n6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollonia was also a major centre for the study of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building known as the <a href="/wiki/Agonothetes" title="Agonothetes">Agonothetes</a> monument was built in the 2nd century BC. It had a ten-tier <a href="/wiki/Cavea" title="Cavea">cavea</a> and functioned as Apollonia's municipal building for council meetings. Its small capacity highlights that the oligarchic political organization of Apollonia was preserved in its early Roman era.<sup id="cite_ref-Reboton200812b_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reboton200812b-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Isocrates of Apollonia, rhetorician and pupil of the elder <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollonia,_Albania_-_panorama_(by_Pudelek).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins"><img alt="Ruins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Apollonia%2C_Albania_-_panorama_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/250px-Apollonia%2C_Albania_-_panorama_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Apollonia%2C_Albania_-_panorama_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/330px-Apollonia%2C_Albania_-_panorama_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Apollonia%2C_Albania_-_panorama_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/500px-Apollonia%2C_Albania_-_panorama_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3932" data-file-height="1739" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollonia_odeon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Odeon"><img alt="Odeon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Apollonia_odeon.jpg/250px-Apollonia_odeon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Apollonia_odeon.jpg/330px-Apollonia_odeon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Apollonia_odeon.jpg/500px-Apollonia_odeon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Odeon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nymphaeum_in_Apollonia,_Albania_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nymphaeum"><img alt="Nymphaeum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nymphaeum_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania_01.jpg/170px-Nymphaeum_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nymphaeum_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania_01.jpg/255px-Nymphaeum_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nymphaeum_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania_01.jpg/340px-Nymphaeum_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4682" data-file-height="3093" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nymphaeum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundations_of_a_temple_in_Apollonia,_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of a temple"><img alt="Ruins of a temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Foundations_of_a_temple_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/250px-Foundations_of_a_temple_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Foundations_of_a_temple_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/330px-Foundations_of_a_temple_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Foundations_of_a_temple_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/500px-Foundations_of_a_temple_in_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of a temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_with_Hermes_and_Hades._Apollonia,_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stele of Hermes accompanied by Hades, 3rd century BCE"><img alt="Stele of Hermes accompanied by Hades, 3rd century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stele_with_Hermes_and_Hades._Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/120px-Stele_with_Hermes_and_Hades._Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stele_with_Hermes_and_Hades._Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/250px-Stele_with_Hermes_and_Hades._Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="4873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stele of Hermes accompanied by Hades, 3rd century BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombstone_with_an_Illyrian_name._Apollonia,_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tombstone with the Illyrian name Tritos, Platoros (Tritos, son of Plator), 2nd century BCE"><img alt="Tombstone with the Illyrian name Tritos, Platoros (Tritos, son of Plator), 2nd century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tombstone_with_an_Illyrian_name._Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/107px-Tombstone_with_an_Illyrian_name._Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tombstone_with_an_Illyrian_name._Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/160px-Tombstone_with_an_Illyrian_name._Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tombstone_with_an_Illyrian_name._Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/214px-Tombstone_with_an_Illyrian_name._Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2794" data-file-height="4436" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tombstone with the Illyrian name Tritos, Platoros (Tritos, son of Plator), 2nd century BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Roman_library_of_Apollonia,_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman library"><img alt="Roman library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ancient_Roman_library_of_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/250px-Ancient_Roman_library_of_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ancient_Roman_library_of_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/330px-Ancient_Roman_library_of_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ancient_Roman_library_of_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/500px-Ancient_Roman_library_of_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman library</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milestone_from_the_southern_branch_of_the_Via_Egnatia_leading_to_Apollonia_with_dedication_to_Marcus_Aurelius,_Apollonia,_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dedication to Marcus Aurelius, 2nd century CE"><img alt="Dedication to Marcus Aurelius, 2nd century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Milestone_from_the_southern_branch_of_the_Via_Egnatia_leading_to_Apollonia_with_dedication_to_Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/120px-Milestone_from_the_southern_branch_of_the_Via_Egnatia_leading_to_Apollonia_with_dedication_to_Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Milestone_from_the_southern_branch_of_the_Via_Egnatia_leading_to_Apollonia_with_dedication_to_Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg/250px-Milestone_from_the_southern_branch_of_the_Via_Egnatia_leading_to_Apollonia_with_dedication_to_Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Apollonia%2C_Albania.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dedication to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, 2nd century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_Apollonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Mary Church"><img alt="Saint Mary Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Santa_Maria_Apollonia.jpg/250px-Santa_Maria_Apollonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Santa_Maria_Apollonia.jpg/330px-Santa_Maria_Apollonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Santa_Maria_Apollonia.jpg/500px-Santa_Maria_Apollonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Mary Church</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">List of settlements in Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism in Albania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkesFischer-Hansen2004">Wilkes & Fischer-Hansen 2004</a>, p. 328: "Apollonia (Apolloniates) Map 49. Lat. 40.45, long. 19.30. Size of territory: probably 5. Type: A:α. The toponym is <i>Ἀπολλωνία, ἡ</i> (Hdt. 9.92–93; <i>I.Apoll.</i> 303=<i>CEG</i> 309 (C5m)). The demonym is <i>Ἀπολλωνιάτης</i> (Hdt. 9.92.2; <i>CID</i> II 4.I.18 (360)). Apollonia is called a <i>polis</i> both in the urban sense (Hdt. 9.93.1, 94.2; Ps.-Skylax 26) and in the political sense (Arist. <i>Pol.</i> 1290<sup>b</sup>11–12)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFWilson2006">Wilson 2006</a>, p. 594; <a href="#CITEREFChamoux2003">Chamoux 2003</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFMcIlvaineSchepartzLarsenSciulli2013">McIlvaine et al. 2013</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFKyleSchepartzLarsen2016">Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPiccinini2019">Piccinini 2019</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, p. 112; <a href="#CITEREFPicard2013">Picard 2013</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFStallo2007">Stallo 2007</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFMcIlvaineSchepartzLarsenSciulli2013">McIlvaine et al. 2013</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFKyleSchepartzLarsen2016">Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyle_2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kyle_2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kyle_2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKyleSchepartzLarsen2016">Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIlvaineSchepartzLarsenSciulli2013">McIlvaine et al. 2013</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFWright2016">Wright 2016</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiccinini2019">Piccinini 2019</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stocker5n6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stocker5n6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stocker5n6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stocker, 2009, p. 5-6: "In the 2nd century B.C., Apollonia became an important military staging ground and by the end of the Roman Republican period the city had become a major center of Greek learning. Its reputation in this regard was such that the young Octavian was studying there when, in 44 B.C., he learned that Julius Caesar had died, naming him heir"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBelloneGeropantaKushi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bellone, Cinzia; Geropanta, Vasiliki; Kushi, Merita (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJKTDwAAQBAJ">"Sustainable development and territorial regeneration in archaeological areas"</a>. <i>FormaMente</i>. <b>XIII</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788849287301" title="Special:BookSources/9788849287301"><bdi>9788849287301</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1970-7118">1970-7118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FormaMente&rft.atitle=Sustainable+development+and+territorial+regeneration+in+archaeological+areas&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1970-7118&rft.isbn=9788849287301&rft.aulast=Bellone&rft.aufirst=Cinzia&rft.au=Geropanta%2C+Vasiliki&rft.au=Kushi%2C+Merita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJKTDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKyleSchepartzLarsen2016">Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016</a>, p. 1071</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTusa" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tusa, Sebastiano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122175208/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Venice/pdf/news/unesco%20shqip.pdf">"Menaxhimi Fiskal dhe Struktura Drejtuese e Sistemit të Parqeve Arkeologjike në Shqipëri në vëmendje të veçantë: Parqet Arkeologjike: Apolloni dhe Antigone"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Albanian). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO). p. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Venice/pdf/news/unesco%20shqip.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menaxhimi+Fiskal+dhe+Struktura+Drejtuese+e+Sistemit+t%C3%AB+Parqeve+Arkeologjike+n%C3%AB+Shqip%C3%ABri+n%C3%AB+v%C3%ABmendje+t%C3%AB+ve%C3%A7ant%C3%AB%3A+Parqet+Arkeologjike%3A+Apolloni+dhe+Antigone&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization+%28UNESCO%29&rft.aulast=Tusa&rft.aufirst=Sebastiano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Ffileadmin%2FMULTIMEDIA%2FFIELD%2FVenice%2Fpdf%2Fnews%2Funesco%2520shqip.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reboton2008a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reboton2008a_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReboton2008">Reboton 2008</a>, p. 9: Apart from an inscription which confirms his name, this is the only mention of Gylax, and therefore it does not help us date the expedition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsetskladze169-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsetskladze169_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsetskladze169_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsetskladze169_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsetskladze2006" class="citation book cs1">Tsetskladze, Gocha R. (2006). <i>Greek colonisation : an account of Greek colonies and other settlements overseas</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15576-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15576-3"><bdi>978-90-04-15576-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+colonisation+%3A+an+account+of+Greek+colonies+and+other+settlements+overseas&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15576-3&rft.aulast=Tsetskladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reboton2008b-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reboton2008b_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReboton2008">Reboton 2008</a>, p. 9:The change of name from Gylakeia to Apollonia can possibly be dated to this moment: the hypothesis that it was refounded by the Apolloniates, or by the Corinthians at odds with the tyranny, is plausible</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen_2004_page=328-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_2004_page=328_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_2004_page=328_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansenNielsen2004">Hansen & Nielsen 2004</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright201624-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright201624_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2016">Wright 2016</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStocker2009">Stocker 2009</a>, pp. 204–205: "Within southern Illyria, Apollonia occupied a strategic position because of its location at the crossroads of an ancient (prehistoric) trade route that both linked the northern Adriatic with the Aegean and the Adriatic coast with the interior. This route into the interior existed before the Greek colonists arrived and later became the Roman Via Egnatia. It was the more valuable because of the difficulties noted above of overland travel elsewhere in the region. Very few Greek goods moved inland along this byway, however, before Apollonia was founded.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovedarica2016" class="citation journal cs1">Govedarica, Blagoje (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=528608">"The Stratigraphy of Tumulus 6 in Shtoj and the Appearance of the Violin Idols in Burial Complexes of the South Adriatic Region"</a>. <i>Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja</i> (45): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0350-0020">0350-0020</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>Given that all three graves with violin idols are, to a smaller or a greater extent, dug into the natural soil, they can be considered pit graves, and so the question ensues of their connection with the steppe culture under the same name. The shape of the pits and the position of the skeleton in Grave 60 in Apollonia suggest this possibility. In contrast, not a single one of the grave goods found in these graves supports the notion of contacts in this direction.... The particularities of their style and manufacture clearly demonstrate that they were local products developed under the influence of Early Cycladic idols of the abstract-schematic type. On the other hand, pottery offerings display local characteristics... According to their description, the vessels from the Rakića Kuće tumulus and from Apollonia, which were not documented in full detail due to their poor preservation, would also belong to this cultural zone... a secure indicator that the buried individuals were members of communities of the local, south Adriatic expression in the Ljubljana culture identified within the time frame of the initial phase of the Early Bronze Age in the Adriatic region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Godi%C5%A1njak+Centra+za+balkanolo%C5%A1ka+ispitivanja&rft.atitle=The+Stratigraphy+of+Tumulus+6+in+Shtoj+and+the+Appearance+of+the+Violin+Idols+in+Burial+Complexes+of+the+South+Adriatic+Region&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0350-0020&rft.aulast=Govedarica&rft.aufirst=Blagoje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D528608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyle,Schepartz,Larsen-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kyle,Schepartz,Larsen_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kyle,Schepartz,Larsen_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKyleSchepartzLarsen2016">Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016</a>: "Apollonia is located in southwestern Albania, approximately 10km from the present-day coast of the Adriatic Sea (Figure 1). Initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the Early Bronze Age (2100–1800 BC) as indicated by the presence of human remains representing indigenous Illyrians recovered from a burial mound in the Apollonia necropolis (Amore, 2010). The density of the local population prior to the establishment of the colony is debated. Surface survey of the region suggests there was very little use of the area until the colony was established (Stocker & Davis, 2006; Stocker, 2009). The discovery of the Early Bronze Age mound burials indicates that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory (Amore, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stocker891-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stocker891_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStocker2009">Stocker 2009</a>, p. 891: "The Euboeans were the first post-Mycenaean Greek seafarers and traders in the Adriatic. They interpreted this foreign coast in ways comfortable to them and imbued their ports of call with familiar overtones by grafting Greek <i>nostoi</i> onto the peoples and lands they encountered. At Apollonia these early Greek mariners encountered a deserted landscape filled with abandoned tumuli, burial mounds they read as monuments of their Homeric ancestors."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStocker2009">Stocker 2009</a>, p. 205: "The earliest Greek pottery in the hinterland of Apollonia, in contrast, which dates no earlier than the mid-7th century B.C., is exclusively Corinthian, and its movement inland likely resulted, in part, from ritualized gift exchange (<i>xenia</i>)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStallo2007">Stallo 2007</a>, p. 12: "Pre-colonial interaction is supported for this site by the discovery in tumulus 9 of a Corinthian Type A transport amphora, which is dated to the third to last quarter of the seventh century B.C.E., also preceding the foundation of the colony."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStocker2009">Stocker 2009</a>, p. 893: "These observations may in part explain why there were no indigenous people living in the immediate vicinity of Apollonia when Greek colonists arrived. Native settlement in Mallakastra at the time the apoikia was founded appears to have been confined to locations east of the Gjanica river valley." p. 317: "...; native settlement in and around Apollonia, if it existed at all, was very limited when the <i>apoikia</i> was founded."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavisKorkutiBejkoGalaty2007">Davis et al. 2007</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes112-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes112_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes112_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes112_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, p. 112:Around 600 BC: Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation and contributed 200 settlers to an already existing trading post. Others, especially from Corcyra, followed these..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reboton, 2008, p. 7, 9: "Archaeologists have placed its foundation near the end of the 7th century, but little is known about Apollonia in this period"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIlvaineSchepartzLarsenSciulli2013">McIlvaine et al. 2013</a>, p. 2: "Albanian Apollonia may have been established by both Corcyra and Corinth, or by Corinth alone (ca. 600 BC) (Stocker and Davis, 2006; Tsetskhladze, 2006; Cabanes, 2008; Amore, 2010)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McIlvaine2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIlvaine2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIlvaine2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIlvaineSchepartzLarsenSciulli2013">McIlvaine et al. 2013</a>, p. 2: "Apollonia, located in southwestern Albania approximately 10 km from the coast of the Adriatic Sea (Fig. 1) (Amore, 2010), emerged as an important trade site following colonization in the beginning of the 6th century BC (Stipcˇevic´, 1977; Wilkes, 1992; Amore, 2005, 2010; Stocker and Davis, 2006), when 200 Corinthians "established good relations with the local Illyrians [and] founded a joint settlement" (Hammond, 1992; p 31-32; Cabanes, 2008)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyle_et_al.-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kyle_et_al._28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kyle_et_al._28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKyleSchepartzLarsen2016">Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016</a>: "Apollonia emerged as an important trade centre following colonisation in the beginning of the 6th century BC (Stipčević, 1977; Wilkes, 1992; Srejović, 1998; Amore, 2005, 2010; Stocker & Davis, 2006), when ‘200 [Corinthians] sailed up the Vjosë (Aous) [River], established good relations with the local Illyrians, founded a joint settlement and made a riverine harbor’ (Hammond, 1992:31-32)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stocker, 2009, p. 114: "Hammond goes so far as to support the theory that Apollonia was a joint Illyrian-Corinthian foundation, although all textual evidence suggests otherwise."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStallo2007">Stallo 2007</a>, p. 19: "The Corinthians and Corcyreans were recruited by the Taulantians, and they cooperated in establishing these colonies."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicard2013">Picard 2013</a>, p. 80: "Por nuk ka dyshim se numri i vogël i kolonëve të ardhur i lejonte ilirëve pa dyshim mundësinë të pengonin vendosjen e tyre në territor, nëse do të kishin dashur. Pra dy qytetet janë themeluar domodoshmërisht me aprovimin e fqinjëve të tyre, me siguri sepse ato sillnin me vete premtimin për marrëdhënie të frutshme me vendet përtej detit."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes199598-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes199598_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, p. 98:It was Illyrian Taulantii from Epidamnus who occupied the site of Apollonia before the arrival of the Greek colonists around 600 BC. Once they were called in by the Greek settlers to seize Epidamnus, after they had been ejected by the Liburni.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond1997" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, N.G.L. (1997). "The Greek Heroes and the Greek Colonies". In M. V. Sakellariou (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Eprius: 4000 Years of Greek Culture and Civilization</i></a>. Ekdotike Athenon. pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789602133712" title="Special:BookSources/9789602133712"><bdi>9789602133712</bdi></a>. <q>There are two rich coastal plains in western Epirus-the Thesprotian plain of the lower Acheron and the Chaonian plain (the Vourgos) each of which had defensible hills close to the sea. In addition there was the fertile delta of the Thyamis (Kalamas) river, which was then navigable to beyond the head of the delta. Yet no colonies were planted in those areas. The reason must be that the coastal peoples in general were too well armed and formidable for any would - be settlers. Where settlements were made successfully, it was at the border between rival peoples: the Akarnanes and the Amphilochoi (Argos), the Amphilochoi and the Thesprotoi (Ambrakia), the Thesprotoi and the Kassopaioi (Bouchetion), the Keraunian tribes and the Amantes (Orikos), and the Amantes and the Bylliones (Thronion), and the Bylliones and the Taulantioi (Apollonia). We may suspect that the settlers were able to exploit the enmities between rival peoples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Heroes+and+the+Greek+Colonies&rft.btitle=Eprius%3A+4000+Years+of+Greek+Culture+and+Civilization&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Ekdotike+Athenon&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789602133712&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.G.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUV1oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stocker, 2009, p. 218-219: "The textual confusion lends credence to the hypothesis that the hinterland of the apoikia was virtually uninhabited during the Iron Age. Apollonia was probably located on the border between the Bylliones to the east and the Taulantii and/or Parthini to the north. The colonists likely took advantage of this territorial vacuum, and would have exploited the enmity between these two rival Illyrian tribes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStocker2009">Stocker 2009</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStocker2009">Stocker 2009</a>, pp. 316–317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stallo2007-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stallo2007_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStallo2007">Stallo 2007</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIlvaine2012">McIlvaine 2012</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKyleSchepartzLarsen2016">Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016</a>: "Apollonia grew following colonisation but remained modest in size until the Hellenistic period."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIlvaine2012">McIlvaine 2012</a>, p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2022" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, Carrie (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781474415262/html"><i>Marginalised Populations in the Ancient Greek World The Bioarchaeology of the Other</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781474415262">10.1515/9781474415262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474415262" title="Special:BookSources/9781474415262"><bdi>9781474415262</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250224916">250224916</a>. <q>The test performed on the Illyrian sites yielded similar results. The pre-colonial and colonial Apollonia populations grouped with Lofkënd. This association most likely reflects a significant Illyrian contribution to the genetic composition of Apollonia, a conclusion that is supported by ancient literary evidence and other biodistance studies (e.g. McIlvaine et al. 2014). Epidam-nus and peripheral Apollonia, however, did not cluster with the other groups. This separation suggests that Epidamnus had a larger Greek population than Apollonia. Peripheral Apollonia, on the other hand, is most likely an outlier on account of its small sample size. When all of the populations in the study (with the exception of peripheral Apollonia) were compared in a single test, no obvi-ous patterns could be discerned. What this reveals is that optimal scaling tests are best suited for regional studies and may not be capable of identifying Greek populations and/or multiple ethnic groups that are separated by considerable geographical distances (Sulosky Weaver and Kyle forthcoming). Similar outcomes derive from other non-metric studies of biodistance in colonial contexts.16 Cranial and dental non-metric traits were used to compare pre-colonial Illyrians (ca. 1100–900 bce) to colonial Apollonians (ca. 800–30 bce) and Greeks from Corinth (ca. 1600–30 bce). The results suggest that approximately 90 per cent of the individuals buried in the Apollonian necropo-lis were more phenotypically similar to Illyrians than Corinthian Greeks. When considered in the context of funerary practices, these results align with the material record. The use of tumulus burial, a traditional Illyrian burial form, persists after colonisation in the necropolis at Apollonia. Although the burial type is Illyrian, inside the tumuli there are large numbers of Greek grave goods and burial positions that might indicate cultural hybridity and/or intermar-riage between Greeks and Illyrians (McIlvaine et al. 2014)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marginalised+Populations+in+the+Ancient+Greek+World+The+Bioarchaeology+of+the+Other&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250224916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781474415262&rft.isbn=9781474415262&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781474415262%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Apollonia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apollonia">Apollonia s.v. (1)</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apollonia+s.v.+%281%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=186&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wildwinds.com/coins/greece/illyria/apollonia/i.html">"Illyria, Apollonia - Ancient Greek Coins - WildWinds.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209224326/http://wildwinds.com/coins/greece/illyria/apollonia/i.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illyria%2C+Apollonia+-+Ancient+Greek+Coins+-+WildWinds.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwildwinds.com%2Fcoins%2Fgreece%2Fillyria%2Fapollonia%2Fi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, p. 225: "Most of the pre-Roman coins produced in the Illyrian lands were initially imitations of issues by Dyrrhachium and Apollonia which began in the fifth century BC."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, pp. 191–192: "In the mid-fifth century the Apollonians expanded toward the Bay of Valona, conquering the city of Thronium. ... The Apollonian inscription speaks of booty taken from Thronium, at the "limits of the land of Abantis," a Homeric name for Euboea. Penetrating south to the left bank of the River Aous and conquering Thronium, near Oricum, the Apollonians were operating in an area replete with Euboean associations. ... The "<i>limits</i> of the land of Abantis" should be understood quite literally: Euboean Oricum, an offshore island in the Bay of Valona, probably had a <i>perata</i> (lands in the mainland opposite), equally considered "Euboean". The "limits", therefore, should be understood in a reverse perspective: from the land, Thronium, vis-à-vis the bay, Oricum, and not from Thronium in relation to the hinterland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCabanes2008">Cabanes 2008</a>, p. 171: "In about 450 B.C., Apollonia expanded towards the south, in the course of a war against the Abantes (or Amantes), the descendants of the Euboean colonists who had settled in Thronium (Pausanias 5. 22. 2–4), which should be located on the archaeological site of Treport on the coast, north-west of Aulon (Vlorë), and not in Amantia situated in Ploça village, south of the Aoos valley in the Vlorë hinterland."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCabanes2011">Cabanes 2011</a>, p. 76: "Ekzistenca e një vendi të ashtuquajtur Thronion dëshmohet nga mbishkrimi i Olimpies (CIGIME I, 2, 303), i cili është kopjuar në vend nga Pausania (V, 22, 2-4) dhe që dëshmon fitoren e apolloniatëve "në kufijtë e Abantidës" dhe plaçkën e luftës së marrë në Thronion në mes të shekullit V p.e.s. Thronion mund të ndodhet në sitin e Triportit, në veriperëndim të Vlorës, dhe jo në dy sitet e tjera arkeologjike të kësaj zone: Mavrovë e cila është Olympe antike dhe Plloça që korrespondon me Amantian antike. Ky lokalizim i Thronionit i korrespondon më mirë të dhënave të Pausanias, i cili e vendos këtë ... domethënë "përballë Maleve Akrokeraune": po aq sa ky pohim mund të aplikohet në sitin e Triportit, po aq ai nuk i përshtatet sitit të Amantias në fshatin Plloçë ose atij të Olympes në Mavrovë."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStickler2014128-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStickler2014128_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStickler2014">Stickler 2014</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeretiQuantinCabanes201111-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeretiQuantinCabanes201111_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeretiQuantinCabanes201111_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeretiQuantinCabanes2011">Bereti, Quantin & Cabanes 2011</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastiglioni2018327-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastiglioni2018327_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastiglioni2018">Castiglioni 2018</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez_Monedero2020" class="citation journal cs1">Domínguez Monedero, Adolfo J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uam.es/FyL/(en)-Dom%C3%ADnguez-Monedero,-A.J./1446828129699.htm?language=en&pid=1446827653132&title=">"The Actors of Cultural Contact in Ancient Epirus: Colonists, Traders and Pilgrims"</a>. <i>Menschen - Kulturen - Traditionen</i>. <b>17</b>. Deutsches Archeologisches Institut: 234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Menschen+-+Kulturen+-+Traditionen&rft.atitle=The+Actors+of+Cultural+Contact+in+Ancient+Epirus%3A+Colonists%2C+Traders+and+Pilgrims&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=234&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez+Monedero&rft.aufirst=Adolfo+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uam.es%2FFyL%2F%28en%29-Dom%25C3%25ADnguez-Monedero%2C-A.J.%2F1446828129699.htm%3Flanguage%3Den%26pid%3D1446827653132%26title%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino 2010</a>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCeka2012">Ceka 2012</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stallo200730-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stallo200730_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stallo200730_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stallo200730_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStallo2007">Stallo 2007</a>, p. 30:It is possible that as early as the third century B.C.E., the typical character of a Greek colony was either changed or lost at Epidamnus and Apollonia. This suggestion is supported by the evidence of a high proportion of influential Illyrians, many controlling high ranked positions</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stallo30c-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stallo30c_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStallo2007">Stallo 2007</a>, p. 30:Another potential source of admixture and changing relationships could be Apollonia’s growth as a colony and extension of its territory. Later Greek colonists might have been incorporated into the colony after its foundation, but they were likely not offered citizenship. (..) As Apollonia grew in power, it became advantageous to extend its territory southward beyond the Aous River valley (Beaumont 1936; Hammond 1992). This extension led to a greater number of unprivileged Greek colonists and native people being more immediately incorporated into the Apolloniate economy (..) this division may have brought the unprivileged class of Greek colonists and the native Illyrians closer together</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i>Histories</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Hdt.+9.93&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126">9.93</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D94">-94</a>; <a href="/wiki/Conon_(mythographer)" title="Conon (mythographer)">Conon</a>, <i>Narrations</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm">40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUstinova2009" class="citation book cs1">Ustinova, Yulia (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUsiqGlSzegC"><i>Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUsiqGlSzegC&pg=PA170">170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954856-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954856-9"><bdi>978-0-19-954856-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caves+and+the+Ancient+Greek+Mind%3A+Descending+Underground+in+the+Search+for+Ultimate+Truth&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954856-9&rft.aulast=Ustinova&rft.aufirst=Yulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUsiqGlSzegC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKyleSchepartzLarsen2016">Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016</a>: "Apollonia grew following colonisation but remained modest in size until the Hellenistic period. During that time, Apollonia experienced significant population growth, increasingly extensive trade networks and urbanisation (Lafe, 2003)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanford27-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford27_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanford27_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanford, 2020, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McIlvaine2b-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIlvaine2b_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIlvaine2b_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIlvaineSchepartzLarsenSciulli2013">McIlvaine et al. 2013</a>, p. 2: According to Aristotle, these Greeks and their descendants were "few out of many" who controlled a population composed largely of Illyrians (Aristotle, 1932; Hammond,1992; p 32).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reboton, 2008, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reboton11-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reboton11_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reboton, 2008, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reboton12-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reboton12_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reboton, 2008, p. 12, 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stocker, 2009, p. 872: "By the 3rd century B.C. the hinterland around the citadel was occupied by people using non-indigenous ceramics: it appears that in terms of material culture the native Illyrians had become "hellenized" by this time. Although many of the ceramics were locally produced, some of them by indigenous potters, but in general they were classified as Greek type.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1">Strabo. <i>Geographica</i>. pp. VII.5.8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographica&rft.pages=VII.5.8&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <i>De mirabilibus auscultationibus</i>. pp. 842 b.27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+mirabilibus+auscultationibus&rft.pages=842+b.27&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Cincinnati2006" class="citation news cs1">University of Cincinnati (6 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122516.htm">"Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C."</a> <i>Science Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724000705/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122516.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Researchers+Discover+Greek+Temple+In+Albania+Dating+Back+To+6th+Century+B.C.&rft.date=2006-01-06&rft.au=University+of+Cincinnati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F01%2F060106122516.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1995174–75-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1995174–75_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, pp. 174–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowden2003">Bowden 2003</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reboton200812a-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reboton200812a_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReboton2008">Reboton 2008</a>, p. 12:Apollonia is an interesting example because it shows that rigid institutions are capable of surviving ‘foreign’ domination. Relations with Rome speak volumes on this subject. The privileges received by the city of Gylax after the passage of young Octavian in 44 BC show the durability of the oligarchic institutions44. Rome liked aristocratic cities which maintained austere institutions and oligarchies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stocker, 2009, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmore2016" class="citation journal cs1">Amore, Maria Grazia (11 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EW79CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">"The Complex of Tumuli 9, 10 and 11 in the Necropolis of Apollonia"</a>. <i>Tumulus as Sema: Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG: 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110267501" title="Special:BookSources/9783110267501"><bdi>9783110267501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tumulus+as+Sema%3A+Space%2C+Politics%2C+Culture+and+Religion+in+the+First+Millennium+BC&rft.atitle=The+Complex+of+Tumuli+9%2C+10+and+11+in+the+Necropolis+of+Apollonia&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft.isbn=9783110267501&rft.aulast=Amore&rft.aufirst=Maria+Grazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEW79CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoltsida2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Koltsida, Athina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/104814?ln=el"><i>Η εκπαίδευση στη Βόρεια Ηπειρο κατά την ύστερη περίοδο της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας: η ίδρυση, η οργάνωση και η λειτουργία των ελληνικών σχολείων</i></a> [<i>Education in Northern Epirus during the late Ottoman Empire: the founding, organisation and operation of greek schools</i>] (Thesis). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. p. 251<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%CE%97+%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%97%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7+%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%3A+%CE%B7+%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7%2C+%CE%B7+%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B7+%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CF%83%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD&rft.inst=Aristotle+University+of+Thessaloniki&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Koltsida&rft.aufirst=Athina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fikee.lib.auth.gr%2Frecord%2F104814%3Fln%3Del&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMehmeti2020" class="citation news cs1">Mehmeti, Col (2 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koha.net/en/kulture/227963/vihen-ne-vend-kolonat-e-demtuara-ne-apoloni">"The damaged columns in Apollonia are put in place"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Koha_Ditore" title="Koha Ditore">Koha Ditore</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Koha+Ditore&rft.atitle=The+damaged+columns+in+Apollonia+are+put+in+place&rft.date=2020-07-02&rft.aulast=Mehmeti&rft.aufirst=Col&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koha.net%2Fen%2Fkulture%2F227963%2Fvihen-ne-vend-kolonat-e-demtuara-ne-apoloni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skai.gr/news/world/alvania-vandalismos-sto-nymfaio-tis-arxaioellinikis-apollonias">"Αλβανία: Βανδαλισμός στο Νυμφαίο της αρχαιοελληνικής Απολλωνίας | ΣΚΑΪ"</a>. 14 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%3A+%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%9D%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%26%23124%3B+%CE%A3%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%AA&rft.date=2020-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skai.gr%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Falvania-vandalismos-sto-nymfaio-tis-arxaioellinikis-apollonias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stocker, 2009, p. 222-223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/about-this-office/single-view/news/apollonia_archaeological_museum_reopens_after_20_years_of_closure/">"UNESCO Office in Venice: Apollonia Archaeological Museum reopens after 20 years of closure"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421162303/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/about-this-office/single-view/news/apollonia_archaeological_museum_reopens_after_20_years_of_closure/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Office+in+Venice%3A+Apollonia+Archaeological+Museum+reopens+after+20+years+of+closure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fvenice%2Fabout-this-office%2Fsingle-view%2Fnews%2Fapollonia_archaeological_museum_reopens_after_20_years_of_closure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122516.htm">"Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165509/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060106122516.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researchers+Discover+Greek+Temple+In+Albania+Dating+Back+To+6th+Century+B.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F01%2F060106122516.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murati-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murati_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurati2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Murati, Violeta (15 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817184730/http://www.standard.al/index.php/speciale/10352.html">"In Apollonia the bust of a Roman athlete is unearthed"</a>. <i>Standard</i> (in Albanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standard.al/index.php/speciale/10352.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Standard&rft.atitle=In+Apollonia+the+bust+of+a+Roman+athlete+is+unearthed&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft.aulast=Murati&rft.aufirst=Violeta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.al%2Findex.php%2Fspeciale%2F10352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805090441/http://www.dainst.org/en/project/apollonia?ft=all">"DAI Research Projects Apollonia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dainst.org/en/project/apollonia?ft=all">the original</a> on 2011-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DAI+Research+Projects+Apollonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Fen%2Fproject%2Fapollonia%3Fft%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniele Farlati-Jacopo Coleti, <i>Illyricum Sacrum</i>, vol. VII, Venezia 1817, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1zLr_T1esUC&pg=PA395">pp. 395-396</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222091837/https://books.google.com/books?id=z1zLr_T1esUC&pg=PA395">Archived</a> 2016-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Lequien, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_86weAemI-e4C"><i>Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus</i></a>, Parigi 1740, Vol. II, coll. 248-249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03092e.htm">"Louis Petit, "Byllis" in <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (New York 1908)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140929053309/http://newadvent.org/cathen/03092e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+Petit%2C+%22Byllis%22+in+Catholic+Encyclopedia+%28New+York+1908%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03092e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 835</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanes2008171–72-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanes2008171–72_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCabanes2008">Cabanes 2008</a>, pp. 171–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAngelos_Prof._Dr._Chaniotis,_Thomas_Dr._Corsten,_R.S._Stroud,_Rolf_Dr._Tybout2002" class="citation book cs1">Angelos Prof. Dr. Chaniotis, Thomas Dr. Corsten, R.S. Stroud, Rolf Dr. Tybout (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wooaAAAAYAAJ"><i>SEG</i></a>. J.C. Gieben. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15508-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15508-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15508-4</bdi></a>. <q>Apollonia foundation myths: Apollonia. Foundation myths. In a study dedicated to myths and legends concerning a Trojan migration to Epeiros and south Illyria, P . Cabanes in L. Braccesi - M. Luni (eds.), I Greci in Adriatico , 1 (Hesperia 15) (Rome 2002) 61 - 66 discusses the metrical dedication of Apollonia in Olympia after a victory over Thronion (our lemma no . 479 ; cf . a copy in Apollonia : I . Apollonia 4) and SEG XLIII 229 (= IG IX 12 which mentions the Αμφινεις, who possibly regarded a son of Hektor as their ancestor. There is evidence about a tradition of an earlier foundation of Apollonia which is connected with the Trojan migration to Epirus and south Illyris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SEG&rft.pub=J.C.+Gieben&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15508-4&rft.au=Angelos+Prof.+Dr.+Chaniotis%2C+Thomas+Dr.+Corsten%2C+R.S.+Stroud%2C+Rolf+Dr.+Tybout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwooaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiccinini2019">Piccinini 2019</a>, p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reboton200812b-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reboton200812b_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReboton2008">Reboton 2008</a>, p. 12:Its small capacity strengthens the impression of oligarchic institutions which were preserved under the Empire.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeretiQuantinCabanes2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bereti, Vasil; Quantin, François; Cabanes, Pierre (2011). "Histoire et épigraphie dans la région de Vlora (Albanie)". <i>REA</i>. <b>113</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=REA&rft.atitle=Histoire+et+%C3%A9pigraphie+dans+la+r%C3%A9gion+de+Vlora+%28Albanie%29&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bereti&rft.aufirst=Vasil&rft.au=Quantin%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Cabanes%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowden2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjsbAAAAYAAJ"><i>Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province</i></a>. London, United Kingdom: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3116-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-3116-0"><bdi>0-7156-3116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epirus+Vetus%3A+The+Archaeology+of+a+Late+Antique+Province&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7156-3116-0&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjsbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCabanes2008" class="citation book cs1">Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". In <a href="/wiki/Gocha_R._Tsetskhladze" title="Gocha R. Tsetskhladze">Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bO55DwAAQBAJ"><i>Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas</i></a>. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047442448" title="Special:BookSources/9789047442448"><bdi>9789047442448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Colonisation+in+the+Adriatic&rft.btitle=Greek+Colonisation%3A+An+Account+of+Greek+Colonies+and+Other+Settlements+Overseas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789047442448&rft.aulast=Cabanes&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbO55DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCabanes2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cabanes, Pierre (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/iliri_1727-2548_2011_num_35_1_1100">"Disa çështje mbi Amantët / Interrogations sur les Amantes"</a>. <i>Iliria</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">75–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Filiri.2011.1100">10.3406/iliri.2011.1100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iliria&rft.atitle=Disa+%C3%A7%C3%ABshtje+mbi+Amant%C3%ABt+%2F+Interrogations+sur+les+Amantes&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Filiri.2011.1100&rft.aulast=Cabanes&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Filiri_1727-2548_2011_num_35_1_1100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastiglioni2018" class="citation journal cs1">Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15210%2Flepaarq.v15i29.11495">"Les Grecs en Adriatique"</a>. <i>Cadernos do Lepaarque</i>. <b>XV</b> (29): <span class="nowrap">320–</span>339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15210%2Flepaarq.v15i29.11495">10.15210/lepaarq.v15i29.11495</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2316-8412">2316-8412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cadernos+do+Lepaarque&rft.atitle=Les+Grecs+en+Adriatique&rft.volume=XV&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15210%2Flepaarq.v15i29.11495&rft.issn=2316-8412&rft.aulast=Castiglioni&rft.aufirst=Maria+Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15210%252Flepaarq.v15i29.11495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCeka2012" class="citation book cs1">Ceka, Olgita (2012). "Il koinon e la città. L'esempio di Byllis". In G. de Marinis; G.M. FabriniG. Paci; R. Perna; M. Silvestrini (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cupMwEACAAJ"><i>I processi formativi ed evolutividella città in area adriatica</i></a>. BAR International Series. Vol. 2419. Archaeopress. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-1018-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-1018-3"><bdi>978-1-4073-1018-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Il+koinon+e+la+citt%C3%A0.+L%27esempio+di+Byllis&rft.btitle=I+processi+formativi+ed+evolutividella+citt%C3%A0+in+area+adriatica&rft.series=BAR+International+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-1018-3&rft.aulast=Ceka&rft.aufirst=Olgita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-cupMwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChamoux2003" class="citation book cs1">Chamoux, François (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nafU9ADpCwcC"><i>Hellenistic Civilization</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22242-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22242-1"><bdi>0-631-22242-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Civilization&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-631-22242-1&rft.aulast=Chamoux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnafU9ADpCwcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavisKorkutiBejkoGalaty2007" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, J. L.; Korkuti, M.; Bejko, L.; Galaty, M. L.; Muçaj, S.; Stocker, Sh. R. 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Neue Folge (in German). Vol. 15. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783050089133" title="Special:BookSources/9783050089133"><bdi>9783050089133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korinth+und+seine+Kolonien%3A+Die+Stadt+am+Isthmus+im+M%C3%A4chtegef%C3%BCge+des+klassischen+Griechenland&rft.series=KLIO+%2F+Beihefte.+Neue+Folge&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783050089133&rft.aulast=Stickler&rft.aufirst=Timo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8HmBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStocker2009" class="citation book cs1">Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8ynwEACAAJ"><i>Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illyrian+Apollonia%3A+Toward+a+New+Ktisis+and+Developmental+History+of+the+Colony&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Stocker&rft.aufirst=Sharon+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTg8ynwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C"><i>The Illyrians</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5"><bdi>0-631-19807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-631-19807-5&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Nv6SPRKqs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkesFischer-Hansen2004" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, J. J.; Fischer-Hansen, Tobias (2004). "The Adriatic". In Mogens Herman Hansen; Thomas Heine Nielsen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kRDAAAQBAJ"><i>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">321–</span>337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814099-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814099-1"><bdi>0-19-814099-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Adriatic&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+Archaic+and+Classical+Poleis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E337&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-814099-1&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Fischer-Hansen%2C+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7kRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aFtPdh6-2QC"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</i></a>. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87396-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87396-3"><bdi>978-0-415-87396-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York+and+Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-87396-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Nigel+Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aFtPdh6-2QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Wright, Jennifer (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/178881/Wright_colostate_0053N_13923.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Greek Colonial Expansion: Impacts on Illyrian Physical Activities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). Colorado State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Greek+Colonial+Expansion%3A+Impacts+on+Illyrian+Physical+Activities&rft.inst=Colorado+State+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmountainscholar.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10217%2F178881%2FWright_colostate_0053N_13923.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollonia+%28Illyria%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illyrians208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Illyrians" title="Template:Illyrians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Illyrians" title="Template talk:Illyrians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illyrians208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docleatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Docleatae">Docleatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atintanians" title="Atintanians">Atintanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_(tribe)" title="Azali (tribe)">Azali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baridustae" title="Baridustae">Baridustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassanitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Breuci">Breuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daesitiates" title="Daesitiates">Daesitiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatae" title="Dalmatae">Dalmatae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariotes" title="Tariotes">Tariotes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunatae" title="Thunatae">Thuantai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Eneti" title="Illyrian Eneti">Eneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabaei" title="Grabaei">Grabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapodes" title="Iapodes">Iapodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Dauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peuceti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaei" title="Mazaei">Mazaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Narensi">Narensi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osseriates" title="Osseriates">Osseriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penestae_(tribe)" title="Penestae (tribe)">Penestae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirustae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirustae">Pirustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardiatae" title="Sardiatae">Sardiatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculotae" title="Siculotae">Siculotae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abroi" title="Abroi">Abroi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agron_of_Illyria" title="Agron of Illyria">Agron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I Dicorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artas_of_Messapia" title="Artas of Messapia">Artas of Messapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astius" title="Astius">Astius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballaios" title="Ballaios">Ballaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraliris" title="Baraliris">Baraliris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardylis_II" title="Bardylis II">Bardylis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Breucian" title="Bato the Breucian">Bato the Breucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Daesitiate" title="Bato the Daesitiate">Bato the Daesitiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Bato (Dardanian chieftain)">Bato Dardani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bircenna" title="Bircenna">Bircenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeria" title="Caeria">Caeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravantius" title="Caravantius">Caravantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celer_(magister_officiorum)" title="Celer (magister officiorum)">Celer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleitus_(son_of_Bardylis)" title="Cleitus (son of Bardylis)">Cleitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynane" title="Cynane">Cynane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dando_the_Illyrian" title="Dando the Illyrian">Dando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Pharos" title="Demetrius of Pharos">Demetrius of Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_and_Antia" title="Eleutherius and Antia">Eleutherius and Antia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulon" title="Epulon">Epulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etuta" title="Etuta">Etuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavianus_(prefect_of_Egypt)" title="Flavianus (prefect of Egypt)">Flavianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaurus" title="Galaurus">Galaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucias_of_Taulantii" title="Glaucias of Taulantii">Glaucias of Taulantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabos_I" title="Grabos I">Grabos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabos_II" title="Grabos II">Grabos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus Funarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Sirmium" title="Irenaeus of Sirmium">Irenaeus of Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longarus" title="Longarus">Longarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monounios" title="Monounios">Monounios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monunius_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Monunius (Dardanian chieftain)">Monunius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilos" title="Mytilos">Mytilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Patrician" title="Peter the Patrician">Peter the Patrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnes_(Ardiaean)" title="Pinnes (Ardiaean)">Pinnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plator" title="Plator">Plator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_I" title="Pleuratus I">Pleuratus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_II" title="Pleuratus II">Pleuratus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_III" title="Pleuratus III">Pleuratus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurias" title="Pleurias">Pleurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scerdilaidas" title="Scerdilaidas">Scerdilaidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirras" title="Sirras">Sirras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triteuta" title="Triteuta">Triteuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_kingdom" title="Illyrian kingdom">Illyrian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Geography</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">cities/settlements</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Acruvium (Kotor)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_Acroceraunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad Acroceraunia (page does not exist)">Ad Acroceraunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Quintum" title="Ad Quintum">Ad Quintum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andetrium" title="Andetrium">Andetrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipatreia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipatreia">Antipatreia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduba" title="Arduba">Arduba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnissa,_Illyria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnissa, Illyria (page does not exist)">Arnissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Aspalathos (Split)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargulum" title="Bargulum">Bargulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budva" title="Budva">Bouthoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushat" title="Bushat">Bushat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinna_(Dardania)" title="Chinna (Dardania)">Chinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysondyon" title="Chrysondyon">Chrysondyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creonion" title="Creonion">Creonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damastion" title="Damastion">Damastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neretva#Cultural_and_historical_significance" title="Neretva">Lower Neretva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardana_Fortress" title="Dardana Fortress">Dardana Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delminium" title="Delminium">Delminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a> (Lower Neretva)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimale" title="Dimale">Dimale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doclea_(Illyria)" title="Doclea (Illyria)">Doclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doracium" title="Doracium">Doracium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresnik_archaeological_site" title="Dresnik archaeological site">Dresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duboc_Fortress" title="Duboc Fortress">Duboc</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dukat,_Albania" title="Dukat, Albania">Dukat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkelana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enkelana (page does not exist)">Enkelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicaria" title="Epicaria">Epicaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenium" title="Eugenium">Eugenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertus" title="Gertus">Gertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedum_castellum" title="Hedum castellum">Hedum castellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq" title="Maliq">Hija e Korbit</a></li> <li>Iader or Idassa (<a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinna_(Illyria)" title="Kinna (Illyria)">Kinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodrion" title="Kodrion">Kodrion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kratul" title="Kratul">Kratul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lissus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lofk%C3%ABnd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lofkënd (page does not exist)">Lofkënd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Lychnidus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matohasanaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matohasanaj (page does not exist)">Matohasanaj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medun" title="Medun">Meteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Mursa (Osijek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nareste" title="Nareste">Nareste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikadin_(archaeological_site)" title="Nikadin (archaeological site)">Nikadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikaia,_Illyria" title="Nikaia, Illyria">Nikaia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klos,_Mallakast%C3%ABr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klos, Mallakastër (page does not exist)">Klos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneum" title="Oneum">Oneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oria,_Apulia" title="Oria, Apulia">Oria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeste" title="Palaeste">Palaeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthus" title="Parthus">Parthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelion_(Illyria)" title="Pelion (Illyria)">Pelion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persqopi_Castle" title="Persqopi Castle">Persqopi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra_(Illyria)" title="Petra (Illyria)">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituntium" title="Pituntium">Pituntium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pogradec" title="Pogradec">Pogradec</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pogradec_Castle" title="Pogradec Castle">Castle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola (Pula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poslishte_(archaeological_site)" title="Poslishte (archaeological site)">Poslishte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promona" title="Promona">Promona</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabije (page does not exist)">Rabije</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizon" title="Rhizon">Rhizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaj%C3%AB" title="Romajë">Romajë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runik" title="Runik">Runik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia,_Liburnia" title="Salvia, Liburnia">Salvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Scampa (Elbasan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selc%C3%AB_e_Poshtme" title="Selcë e Poshtme">Selcë e Poshtme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesarethus" title="Sesarethus">Sesarethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setovia" title="Setovia">Setovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Scodra (Shkodër)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilurium" title="Tilurium">Tilurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Tragurion (Trogir)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triport,_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Triport, Vlorë">Triport</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangonj_Pass" title="Cangonj Pass">Tsangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugento" title="Ugento">Ugento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulkinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpiana" title="Ulpiana">Ulpiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uscana" title="Uscana">Uscana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendenis" title="Vendenis">Vendenis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zg%C3%ABrdhesh" title="Zgërdhesh">Zgërdhesh</a></i> (? <a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Illyrian_art" title="Category:Illyrian art">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bosnian_cultural_group" title="Central Bosnian cultural group">Central Bosnian cultural group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_coinage" title="Illyrian coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daunian_stele" title="Daunian stele">Daunian stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_education" title="Illyrian education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_fibulae" title="Illyrian fibulae">Fibulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasinac-Mati_culture" title="Glasinac-Mati culture">Glasinac-Mati culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradist%C3%AB_belt-plate" title="Gradistë belt-plate">Gradistë belt-plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Saraceno" title="Mount Saraceno">Monte Saraceno woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li>Pottery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daunian_pottery" title="Daunian pottery">Daunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_pottery" title="Messapian pottery">Messapian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucetian_pottery" title="Peucetian pottery">Peucetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleto_Map" title="Soleto Map">Soleto Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_brooch" title="Spectacle brooch">Spectacle brooch</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tombs_in_Boka-P%C3%ABr%C3%A7eva" title="Illyrian tombs in Boka-Përçeva">Boka-Përçeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme" title="Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme">Selca e Poshtme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebeni%C5%A1ta" title="Trebeništa">Trebeništa masks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Belt-Plate" title="Vače Belt-Plate">Vače Belt-Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Situla" title="Vače Situla">Vače Situla</a></li> <li>Tattooing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Albanian traditional tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicanje" title="Sicanje">Sicanje</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Religion and mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinus" title="Andinus">Andinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindus_(Illyrian_god)" title="Bindus (Illyrian god)">Bindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deipaturos" title="Deipaturos">Deipaturos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zojz_(deity)" title="Zojz (deity)">Zojz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="En (deity)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medaurus" title="Medaurus">Medaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ABndi" title="Perëndi">Perëndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prende" title="Prende">Prende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorr" title="Tomorr">Tomorr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)" title="Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_warfare" title="Illyrian warfare">Warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_weaponry" title="Illyrian weaponry">weaponry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_invasion_of_Epirus" title="Illyrian invasion of Epirus">Illyrian invasion of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Balkan_campaign" title="Alexander's Balkan campaign">Alexander's Balkan campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pelium" title="Siege of Pelium">Siege of Pelium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanian%E2%80%93Bastarnic_war" title="Dardanian–Bastarnic war">Dardanian–Bastarnic war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasions_of_Epidamnus" title="Invasions of Epidamnus">Invasions of Epidamnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Roman-Macedonian wars</a></li> <li>Battles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erigon_Valley" title="Battle of Erigon Valley">Erigon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyncestis" title="Battle of Lyncestis">Lyncestis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paxos" title="Battle of Paxos">Paxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharos" title="Battle of Pharos">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phoenice" title="Battle of Phoenice">Phoenice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Dalmatian_wars" title="Roman–Dalmatian wars">Roman–Dalmatian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Batonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet" title="Illyrian type helmet">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembus" title="Lembus">Lembus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyna" title="Sibyna">Sibyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li>Sieges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Issa" title="Siege of Issa">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medion" title="Siege of Medion">Medion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oricum" title="Siege of Oricum">Oricum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Illyrian_vocabulary" title="Proposed Illyrian vocabulary">Proposed vocabulary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman" title="Illyro-Roman">Roman period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a></li> <li>Dioceses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prefectures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Provinces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Delmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Pannonia Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrology" title="Illyrology">Illyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian paganism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory of Southeastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Illyria-related_lists" title="Category:Illyria-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrians" title="List of Illyrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Illyrian tribes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">Settlements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Illyrian_history" title="Timeline of Illyrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Template:Protected areas of Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Albania221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas of Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Chaonia)" title="Antigonia (Chaonia)">Antigonea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Illyria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lissus (Illyria)">Lissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice" title="Phoenice">Phoenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozafa_Castle" title="Rozafa Castle">Shkodër</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biosphere reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid-Prespa_Transboundary_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Biosphere Reserve">Ohrid-Prespa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Important_Bird_Areas_of_Albania" title="Category:Important Bird Areas of Albania">Bird areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butrint_Lagoon" title="Butrint Lagoon">Butrint Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Drin" title="Gulf of Drin">Drin Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karavasta_Lagoon" title="Karavasta Lagoon">Karavasta Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narta_Lagoon" title="Narta Lagoon">Narta Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Ohrid Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patok_Lagoon" title="Patok Lagoon">Patok Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Prespa" title="Lake Prespa">Prespa Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazan" title="Sazan">Sazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viluni_Lagoon" title="Viluni Lagoon">Viluni Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Bay of Vlorë">Vlorë Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alps_of_Albania_National_Park" title="Alps of Albania National Park">Alps of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butrint_National_Park" title="Butrint National Park">Butrint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajti_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajti National Park">Dajti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divjaka-Karavasta_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Divjaka-Karavasta National Park">Divjakë-Karavasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir_of_Hotov%C3%AB-Dang%C3%ABlli_National_Park" title="Fir of Hotovë-Dangëlli National Park">Fir of Hotovë-Dangëll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaburun-Sazan_Marine_Park" title="Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park">Karaburun-Sazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llogara_National_Park" title="Llogara National Park">Llogara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lur%C3%AB-Dej%C3%AB_Mountain_National_Park" title="Lurë-Dejë Mountain National Park">Lurë-Dejë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prespa_National_Park_(Albania)" title="Prespa National Park (Albania)">Prespa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebenik_National_Park" title="Shebenik National Park">Shebenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorr_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomorr National Park">Tomorr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Wild_River_National_Park" title="Vjosa Wild River National Park">Vjosë</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Eye,_Albania" title="Blue Eye, Albania">Blue Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogov%C3%AB_Nature_Park" title="Bogovë Nature Park">Bogovë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gashi_Valley" title="Gashi Valley">Gashi Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaburun_Peninsula,_Albania" title="Karaburun Peninsula, Albania">Karaburun Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korab-Koritnik_Nature_Park" title="Korab-Koritnik Nature Park">Korab-Koritnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun%C3%AB-Vain-Tal%C3%AB-Patok-Fush%C3%ABkuqe-Ish%C3%ABm_Nature_Park" title="Kunë-Vain-Talë-Patok-Fushëkuqe-Ishëm Nature Park">Kunë-Vain-Talë-Patok-Fushëkuqe-Ishëm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_me_Gropa-Biz%C3%AB-Martanesh_Nature_Park" title="Mali me Gropa-Bizë-Martanesh Nature Park">Mali me Gropa-Bizë-Martanesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Shkod%C3%ABr_Nature_Reserve" title="Lake Shkodër Nature Reserve">Shkodër Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtam%C3%AB_Pass_Nature_Park" title="Shtamë Pass Nature Park">Shtamë Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ulza_Nature_Park" title="Lake Ulza Nature Park">Ulza Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protected landscapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buna_River-Velipoj%C3%AB_Protected_Landscape" title="Buna River-Velipojë Protected Landscape">Buna River-Velipojë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir_of_Drenov%C3%AB-Sinic%C3%AB_Protected_Landscape" title="Fir of Drenovë-Sinicë Protected Landscape">Fir of Drenovë-Sinicë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guri_i_Nik%C3%ABs-Lenie-Valamar%C3%AB_Protected_Landscape" title="Guri i Nikës-Lenie-Valamarë Protected Landscape">Guri i Nikës-Lenie-Valamarë</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Albania" title="List of Ramsar sites in Albania">Ramsar sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buna_(Adriatic_Sea)" title="Buna (Adriatic Sea)">Buna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butrint_Lagoon" title="Butrint Lagoon">Butrint Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Skadar" title="Lake Skadar">Shkodër Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Prespa_Lake" title="Small Prespa Lake">Small Prespa Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Albania&#124;link=Albania_Castles_in_Albania222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C19A6B;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Castles_in_Albania" title="Template:Castles in Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Castles_in_Albania" title="Template talk:Castles in Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Castles_in_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Castles in Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Albania&#124;link=Albania_Castles_in_Albania222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Castles in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C19A6B;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Albania" title="Northern Albania">Northern Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgajet_Castle" title="Burgajet Castle">Burgajet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisht_Castle" title="Drisht Castle">Drisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_Castle" title="Durrës Castle">Durrës</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish%C3%ABm_Castle" title="Ishëm Castle">Ishëm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Krujë Castle">Krujë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB_Castle" title="Lezhë Castle">Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peca_Castle" title="Peca Castle">Peca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodoni_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodoni Castle">Rodoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozafa_Castle" title="Rozafa Castle">Rozafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C19A6B;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Albania" title="Central Albania">Central Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Bashtov%C3%AB" title="Fortress of Bashtovë">Bashtova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajti_Castle" title="Dajti Castle">Dajti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dor%C3%ABzi_Fortress" title="Dorëzi Fortress">Dorëzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_Castle" title="Elbasan Castle">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Justinian" title="Fortress of Justinian">Justinian Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persqopi_Castle" title="Persqopi Castle">Persqopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel%C3%AB_Castle" title="Petrelë Castle">Petrelë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peqin_Castle" title="Peqin Castle">Peqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prez%C3%AB_Castle" title="Prezë Castle">Prezë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujani_Castle" title="Tujani Castle">Tujani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C19A6B;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">Southern Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Castle" title="Ali Pasha Castle">Ali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollonia (Illyria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badh%C3%ABr_Castle" title="Badhër Castle">Badhër</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berat_Castle" title="Berat Castle">Berat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsh_Castle" title="Borsh Castle">Borsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butrint" title="Butrint">Butrint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delvin%C3%AB_Castle" title="Delvinë Castle">Delvinë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimale" title="Dimale">Dimale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Fortress" title="Gjirokastër Fortress">Gjirokastër</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Gjon_Bo%C3%A7ari" title="Castle of Gjon Boçari">Gjon Boçari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanin%C3%AB_Castle" title="Kaninë Castle">Kaninë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardhiq_Castle" title="Kardhiq Castle">Kardhiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelcyre_Castle" title="Kelcyre Castle">Këlcyrë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libohov%C3%AB_Castle" title="Libohovë Castle">Libohovë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ABkur%C3%ABsi_Castle" title="Lëkurësi Castle">Lëkurësi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marg%C3%ABlli%C3%A7_Castle" title="Margëlliç Castle">Margëlliç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleokastra_Castle" title="Paleokastra Castle">Paleokastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogradec_Castle" title="Pogradec Castle">Pogradec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Palermo_Castle" title="Porto Palermo Castle">Porto Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skel%C3%AB_Castle" title="Skelë Castle">Skelë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrapar_Castle" title="Skrapar Castle">Skrapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepelena_Castle" title="Tepelena Castle">Tepelena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Acropolis_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Acropolis Castle">Venetian Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Triangular_Castle" title="Venetian Triangular Castle">Venetian Triangular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vokopol%C3%AB_Castle" title="Vokopolë Castle">Vokopolë</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C19A6B;"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">List of castles in Albania</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505703#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata705" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505703#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata705" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505703#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1897347/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90002019">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007551317205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481728">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&oldid=1278490411">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Illyria)&oldid=1278490411</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites in Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:580s_BC" title="Category:580s BC">580s BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_6th_century" title="Category:Populated places established in the 6th century">Populated places established in the 6th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Category:Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Albanian 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