Chlorine: State of the Art

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Chlorine: State of the Art | Lung</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Chlorine: State of the Art"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Lung - Chlorine is a widely used industrial chemical. Individuals can be exposed to chlorine through transportation accidents, industrial exposures or misuse of domestic cleaners. While most..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00408-004-2530-3/MediaObjects/408_2004_2530_f1.gif"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="408"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Chlorine: State of the Art"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Lung 2005 183:3"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc."/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc."/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Chlorine is a widely used industrial chemical. Individuals can be exposed to chlorine through transportation accidents, industrial exposures or misuse of domestic cleaners. While most exposed individuals recover normal pulmonary function, chlorine can cause a variety of lung injuries including pulmonary edema, restrictive lung disease, and obstructive disease, including Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome. Residual effects of chlorine exposure are a function of intensity of exposure, minute ventilation during exposure, and host characteristics such as cigarette smoking and atopy. This monograph will summarize uses of chlorine, the potential for accidents, the mechanism of chlorine toxicity in the lung, and review acute and chronic effects of chlorine exposure on the lung, as well as systemic effects of massive chlorine exposure."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1432-1750"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Lung"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="183"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="3"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="151"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="167"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc."/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Lung"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Lung"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1432-1750"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Chlorine: State of the Art"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="183"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2005/06"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="151"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="167"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3"/> <meta name="size" content="129068"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Chlorine is a widely used industrial chemical. Individuals can be exposed to chlorine through transportation accidents, industrial exposures or misuse of d"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Evans, Richard B."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Pneumology/Respiratory System"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Occup Env Med; citation_title=Short-term respiratory effects of acute exposure to chlorine due to a swimming pool accident; citation_author=N Agabiti, C Ancona, F Forastiere; citation_volume=58; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=399-404; citation_doi=10.1136/oem.58.6.399; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Appl Tox; citation_title=Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution; citation_author=JE Amoore, E Hautala; citation_volume=3; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_pages=272-290; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Med Deporte Trab; citation_title=Chlorine anhydride poisoning (the Walsum Disaster); citation_author=C Baader; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=1952; citation_pages=5252,5254,5256,5258-59; citation_id=CR3"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Arch Environ Health; citation_title=Comparison of the sensory irritation response in mice to chlorine and hydrogen chloride; citation_author=CS Barrow, Y Alarie, MF Warrick Jc. 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Individuals can be exposed to chlorine through transportation accidents, industrial exposures or misuse of domestic cleaners. While most exposed individuals recover normal pulmonary function, chlorine can cause a variety of lung injuries including pulmonary edema, restrictive lung disease, and obstructive disease, including Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome. Residual effects of chlorine exposure are a function of intensity of exposure, minute ventilation during exposure, and host characteristics such as cigarette smoking and atopy. This monograph will summarize uses of chlorine, the potential for accidents, the mechanism of chlorine toxicity in the lung, and review acute and chronic effects of chlorine exposure on the lung, as well as systemic effects of massive chlorine exposure."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00408-004-2530-3/MediaObjects/408_2004_2530_f1.gif"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" 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This monograph will summarize uses of chlorine, the potential for accidents, the mechanism of chlorine toxicity in the lung, and review acute and chronic effects of chlorine exposure on the lung, as well as systemic effects of massive chlorine exposure.","datePublished":"","dateModified":"","pageStart":"151","pageEnd":"167","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3","keywords":["Chlorine","Chemical warfare agent","Asthma, chemically induced; Pulmonary disease","Chronic obstructive","Transportation methods","Pneumology/Respiratory System"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00408-004-2530-3/MediaObjects/408_2004_2530_f1.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00408-004-2530-3/MediaObjects/408_2004_2530_f2.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00408-004-2530-3/MediaObjects/408_2004_2530_f3.jpg"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Lung","issn":["1432-1750","0341-2040"],"volumeNumber":"183","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer-Verlag","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Richard B. 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class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/408/3" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Richard_B_-Evans-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Richard_B_-Evans-Aff1" data-author-search="Evans, Richard B." data-corresp-id="c1">Richard B. Evans MD, MPH<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>1876 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>107 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>10 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Chlorine is a widely used industrial chemical. Individuals can be exposed to chlorine through transportation accidents, industrial exposures or misuse of domestic cleaners. While most exposed individuals recover normal pulmonary function, chlorine can cause a variety of lung injuries including pulmonary edema, restrictive lung disease, and obstructive disease, including Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome. Residual effects of chlorine exposure are a function of intensity of exposure, minute ventilation during exposure, and host characteristics such as cigarette smoking and atopy. This monograph will summarize uses of chlorine, the potential for accidents, the mechanism of chlorine toxicity in the lung, and review acute and chronic effects of chlorine exposure on the lung, as well as systemic effects of massive chlorine exposure.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00408-004-2530-3%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dfca486d9-9278-44f8-86b2-4397e35d0018" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00408-004-2530-3%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dfca486d9-9278-44f8-86b2-4397e35d0018" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin">  <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/s00408-004-2530-3"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="1432-1750"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Chlorine: State of the Art"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2005"><input type="hidden" name="year" value=""><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Richard B. 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3" data-track-label="10.1186/s41021-021-00233-y">1,3-Butadiene: a ubiquitous environmental mutagen and its associations with diseases </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">10 January 2022</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732366743, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1"> N Agabiti C Ancona F Forastiere <i>et al.</i> (2001) <span class="unsupported-element u-hide">ArticleTitle</span>Short-term respiratory effects of acute exposure to chlorine due to a swimming pool accident <i>Occup Env Med</i> <b>58</b> 399–404 <span class="unsupported-element u-hide">Occurrence</span> <span class="unsupported-element u-hide">Handle</span>10.1136/oem.58.6.399 </p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1136/oem.58.6.399" data-track-item_id="10.1136/oem.58.6.399" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.58.6.399" aria-label="Article reference 1" data-doi="10.1136/oem.58.6.399">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 1" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Short-term%20respiratory%20effects%20of%20acute%20exposure%20to%20chlorine%20due%20to%20a%20swimming%20pool%20accident&journal=Occup%20Env%20Med&doi=10.1136%2Foem.58.6.399&volume=58&pages=399-404&publication_year=2001&author=Agabiti%2CN&author=Ancona%2CC&author=Forastiere%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="2."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2"> JE Amoore E Hautala (1983) <span class="unsupported-element u-hide">ArticleTitle</span>Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution <i>J Appl Tox</i> <b>3</b> 272–290 </p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 2" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Odor%20as%20an%20aid%20to%20chemical%20safety%3A%20odor%20thresholds%20compared%20with%20threshold%20limit%20values%20and%20volatilities%20for%20214%20industrial%20chemicals%20in%20air%20and%20water%20dilution&journal=J%20Appl%20Tox&volume=3&pages=272-290&publication_year=1983&author=Amoore%2CJE&author=Hautala%2CE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="3."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3"> C Baader (1952) <span class="unsupported-element u-hide">ArticleTitle</span>Chlorine anhydride poisoning (the Walsum Disaster) <i>Med Deporte Trab</i> <b>17</b> 5252,5254,5256,5258–59 </p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 3" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Chlorine%20anhydride%20poisoning%20%28the%20Walsum%20Disaster%29&journal=Med%20Deporte%20Trab&volume=17&pages=5252%2C5254%2C5256%2C5258-59&publication_year=1952&author=Baader%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="4."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4"> CS Barrow Y Alarie MF Warrick Jc. 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data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Cayuga Medical Center, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Richard B. Evans MD, MPH</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Richard_B_-Evans-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Richard B. 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Evans MD, MPH</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Chlorine%3A%20State%20of%20the%20Art&author=Richard%20B.%20Evans%20MD%2C%20MPH&contentID=10.1007%2Fs00408-004-2530-3&copyright=Springer%20Science%2BBusiness%20Media%2C%20Inc.&publication=0341-2040&publicationDate=2005-06&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Evans, R.B. 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