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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_ethnic_name_(ethnonym)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_ethnic_name_(ethnonym)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 As an ethnic name (ethnonym) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_ethnic_name_(ethnonym)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Origins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-Malay_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Malay_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Proto-Malay models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Malay_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deutero-Malays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deutero-Malays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Deutero-Malays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deutero-Malays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_from_Sundaland_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_from_Sundaland_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Expansion from Sundaland model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_from_Sundaland_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Genetic evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Indian influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Islamisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonisation_by_foreign_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonisation_by_foreign_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Colonisation by foreign powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonisation_by_foreign_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Malay nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Visual art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Pottery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Traditional dress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Festivals and celebrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Martial arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_working" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_working"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Metal working </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_working-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaponry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Weaponry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaponry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 Traditional games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.15 Names and titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sub-ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Malays (ethnic group)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansa_Meulayu" title="Bansa Meulayu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bansa Meulayu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleiers" title="Maleiers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maleiers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88_(%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8)" title="الملايو (شعب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الملايو (شعب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayos" title="Malayos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Malayos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaylar" title="Malaylar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Malaylar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مالای‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مالای‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Melayu" title="Wong Melayu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wong Melayu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Malayu" title="Urang Malayu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Urang Malayu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Melayu" title="Suku Melayu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Suku Melayu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Малайцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малайцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Малайци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Малайци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajci" title="Malajci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Malajci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malais" title="Malais – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malais" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo" title="Malayo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Malayo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajci" title="Malajci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Malajci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaien" title="Malaien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malaien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia_malaya" title="Etnia malaya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etnia malaya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajoj" title="Malajoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malajoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiar_herria" title="Malaysiar herria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Malaysiar herria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مردم مالایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم مالایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malais_(peuple)" title="Malais (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaeich" title="Malaeich – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Malaeich" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_malaio" title="Pobo malaio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo malaio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2-l%C3%B2i" title="Mâ-lòi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mâ-lòi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="말레이족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말레이족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մալայացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մալայացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="मलायी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मलायी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu" title="Melayu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Melayu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattao_a_Malayo" title="Tattao a Malayo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tattao a Malayo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Melayu" title="Suku Melayu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Melayu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmaMalay" title="AmaMalay – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="AmaMalay" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesi" title="Malesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Melayu" title="Wong Melayu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Melayu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მალაიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მალაიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Малайлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Малайлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Малайлар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Малайлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajai" title="Malajai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Malajai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A8ng_Malaju" title="Orèng Malaju – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Orèng Malaju" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maley_(foko)" title="Maley (foko) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maley (foko)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9F)" title="मलय (वांशिक गट) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मलय (वांशिक गट)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88_(%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8)" title="الملايو (شعب) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الملايو (شعب)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnik_Melayu" title="Etnik Melayu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Etnik Melayu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Malayu" title="Urang Malayu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Malayu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="မလေးလူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မလေးလူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleiers" title="Maleiers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maleiers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="マレー人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マレー人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayer" title="Malayer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Malayer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayar" title="Malayar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Malayar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malai" title="Malai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Malai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajowie" title="Malajowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malajowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaios" title="Malaios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Malaios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Малайцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малайцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Малайдар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Малайдар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays" title="Malays – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Malays" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Малајци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Малајци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajci" title="Malajci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Malajci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Malayu" title="Urang Malayu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Malayu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaijit" title="Malaijit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malaijit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajer" title="Malajer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Malajer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Malay" title="Mga Malay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Malay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மலாய் மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலாய் மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaylar" title="Malaylar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malaylar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96" title="Малайці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Малайці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li 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href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E6%97%8F" title="马来族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马来族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Melayu" title="Orang Melayu – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Melayu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu" title="Melayu – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Melayu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Melayu" title="Jolma Melayu – Komering" lang="kge" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austronesian ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ethnic group. For the race concept, see <a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay race</a>. For the Dravidian ethnolinguistic group, see <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Malays</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Orang Melayu <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>اورڠ ملايو‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Malay_couple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Malay_couple.jpg/260px-Malay_couple.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Malay_couple.jpg/390px-Malay_couple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Malay_couple.jpg/520px-Malay_couple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A Malay couple in traditional attire after their <a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_practices#The_Malay_Archipelago" title="Islamic marital practices">akad nikah</a> (marriage solemnisation) ceremony. The groom is wearing a <a href="/wiki/Baju_melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Baju melayu">baju melayu</a> paired with <a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">songkok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">songket</a>, while the bride wears <a href="/wiki/Baju_kurung" class="mw-redirect" title="Baju kurung">baju kurung</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">tudong</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">30 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[Note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays#Definition_of_a_Malay" title="Malaysian Malays">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17,600,000<a href="#cite_note-2">[Note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_pop-3">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,553,791<a href="#cite_note-4">[Note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2015119-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Thailand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,150,950<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Singapore</a></th><td class="infobox-data">545,498<a href="#cite_note-8">[Note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Brunei</a></th><td class="infobox-data">314,560<a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Diaspora</th><td class="infobox-data">500,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">330,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~50,000<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Sri Lanka</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,189<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33,183<a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data">~33,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">29,431<a href="#cite_note-Access_(DADS)_2010-16">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Myanmar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~27,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">16,920<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="infobox-data">11,287<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malay_tricolour.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Malay_tricolour.svg/150px-Malay_tricolour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Malay_tricolour.svg/225px-Malay_tricolour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Malay_tricolour.svg/300px-Malay_tricolour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Malay_tricolour" title="Malay tricolour">Malay tricolour</a> embodies the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Malayness" title="Malayness">Kemelayuan</a>.</figcaption></figure> Malays (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈleɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">mə-LAY</a>; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: Orang Melayu, <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">أورڠ ملايو‎) are an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> native to eastern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, as well as the smaller islands that lie between these locations. These locations are today part of the countries of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (eastern and southern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>), the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pattani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Province">Pattani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satun_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun Province">Satun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songkhla_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkhla Province">Songkhla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a>. There is considerable linguistic, cultural, artistic and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups, mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. Historically, the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a>-speaking Austronesians and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> tribes who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms, notably <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedah Kingdom">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner201024,_33-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard20047_&_60-20">[16]</a> The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history, the significance of which lies in its far-reaching political and cultural legacy. Common definitive markers of <a href="/wiki/Malayness" title="Malayness">Malayness</a>—the religion of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> and traditions—are thought to have been promulgated during this era, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the Malay as a major <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelayu_Online2005-21">[17]</a> In literature, architecture, <a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">culinary traditions</a>, traditional dress, performing arts, martial arts and royal court traditions, Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated. The golden age of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay sultanate">Malay sultanates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> saw many of their inhabitants, particularly from various tribal communities like the <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> become subject to <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner2010200,_232-22">[18]</a> In the course of history, the term "Malay" has been extended to other ethnic groups within the "<a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a>"; this usage is nowadays largely confined to Malaysia and Singapore,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner201010_&_185-23">[19]</a> where descendants of immigrants from these ethnic group are termed as <a href="/wiki/Anak_dagang" class="mw-redirect" title="Anak dagang">anak dagang</a> ("traders") and who are predominantly from the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian archipelago</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>. Throughout their history, the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner2010131-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard20047,_32,_33_&_43-25">[21]</a> They <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">absorbed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication_principles" title="Intercultural communication principles">shared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">transmitted</a> numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups, such as those of Minang and Acehnese. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candi_Muaro_Jambi_dengan_langit_biru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Candi_Muaro_Jambi_dengan_langit_biru.jpg/220px-Candi_Muaro_Jambi_dengan_langit_biru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Candi_Muaro_Jambi_dengan_langit_biru.jpg/330px-Candi_Muaro_Jambi_dengan_langit_biru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Candi_Muaro_Jambi_dengan_langit_biru.jpg/440px-Candi_Muaro_Jambi_dengan_langit_biru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muaro_Jambi_Temple_Compounds" title="Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds">Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>, historically linked to the pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a>. The Melayu-Srivijayans were known to construct complex building system in its capital, major cities and important urban centres.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukit_Seguntang_Tombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bukit_Seguntang_Tombs.jpg/220px-Bukit_Seguntang_Tombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bukit_Seguntang_Tombs.jpg/330px-Bukit_Seguntang_Tombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bukit_Seguntang_Tombs.jpg/440px-Bukit_Seguntang_Tombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Seguntang" title="Bukit Seguntang">Bukit Seguntang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Melayu">Sejarah Melayu</a>, the hill recorded the advent of <a href="/wiki/Sang_Sapurba" title="Sang Sapurba">Sang Sapurba</a>, a legendary <a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">progenitor</a> for various Malay royal houses in Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Borneo.</figcaption></figure> The epic literature, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a>, associates the etymological origin of "Melayu" to a small river named Sungai Melayu ('Melayu river') in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, Indonesia. The epic incorrectly stated that the river flowed to the <a href="/wiki/Musi_River_(Indonesia)" title="Musi River (Indonesia)">Musi River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, while in reality it flowed to the <a href="/wiki/Batang_Hari_River" title="Batang Hari River">Batang Hari River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a>: 298  The term is thought to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word melaju, a combination of the verbal <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> 'me' and the <a href="/wiki/Root_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Root word">root word</a> 'laju', meaning "to accelerate", used to describe the accelerating strong current of the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelebekMoain20069–10-27">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_place_name_(toponym)">As a place name (toponym)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As a place name (toponym)">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the 15th century, the term "Melayu" and its similar-sounding variants appear to apply as an old <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> region in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard20043-28">[24]</a> <ul><li>Malaya Dwipa, "Malaya <a href="/wiki/Dvipa" title="Dvipa">Dvipa</a>", is described in chapter 48, <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a> as one of the provinces in the eastern sea that was full of gold and silver. Some scholars equate the term with <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeka200757-29">[25]</a> but several Indian scholars believe the term should refer to the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, while Sumatra is more correctly associated with <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnadvipa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2006266-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal2000139-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhir1995612-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukerjee1984212-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar19708-34">[30]</a></li> <li>Maleu-kolon – a location in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Chersonese" title="Golden Chersonese">Golden Chersonese</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s work, <a href="/wiki/Geographia_(Ptolemy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerini1974101-35">[31]</a></li> <li>Mo-lo-yu – mentioned by <a href="/wiki/I_Ching_(monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Ching (monk)">Yijing</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist</a> monk who visited the Southeast Asia in 688–695. According to Yijing, the Mo-Lo-Yu kingdom was located at a distance of 15 days sailing from Bogha (Palembang), the capital of Sribhoga (<a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>). It took a 15-day sail as well to reach Ka-Cha (<a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>) from Mo-lo-yu; therefore, it can be reasoned that Mo-Lo-Yu would lie halfway between the two places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI_Ching2005xl–xli-36">[32]</a> A popular theory relates Mo-Lo-Yu with the <a href="/wiki/Muaro_Jambi_Temple_Compounds" title="Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds">Jambi</a> in Sumatra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelayu_Online2005-21">[17]</a> however the geographical location of Jambi contradicts with Yi Jing's description of a "half way sail between Ka-Cha (Kedah) and Bogha (Palembang)". In the later <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368) and <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644), the word Ma-La-Yu was mentioned often in Chinese historical texts — with changes in spelling due to the time span between the dynasties — to refer to a nation near the southern sea. Among the terms used was "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — traced from the written source of monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>) and Wú-laī-yû (無来由).</li> <li>Malaiyur – mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_inscriptions_in_the_Malay_world#Tanjore_Inscription" title="Tamil inscriptions in the Malay world">Tanjore inscription</a>. It was described as a kingdom that had "a strong mountain for its rampart" that fell to the Chola invaders during <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a>'s campaign in the 11th century. It may have been situated in Sumatra, between Pannai and Srivijaya (Palembang),<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a>: 77–78, 170  possibly in the <a href="/wiki/Muaro_Jambi_Regency" title="Muaro Jambi Regency">Muaro Jambi</a> archaeological site.<a href="#cite_note-:6-38">[34]</a>: 405 </li> <li>Bhūmi Mālayu – (literally "Land of Malayu"), a transcription from <a href="/wiki/Padang_Roco_Inscription" title="Padang Roco Inscription">Padang Roco Inscription</a> dated 1286 CE by Slamet Muljana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuljana1981223-39">[35]</a> The term is associated with <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a> kingdom.</li> <li>Ma-li-yu-er – mentioned in the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, referring to a nation of the Malay Peninsula that faced the southward expansion of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> The chronicle stated: "..Animosity occurred between <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Siam</a> and Ma-li-yu-er with both killing each other ...". In response to the Sukhothai's action, a Chinese envoy went to the Ram Khamhaeng's court in 1295 bearing an imperial decree: "Keep your promise and do no evil to Ma-li-yu-er".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1981190-41">[37]</a></li> <li>Malauir – mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Travels_of_Marco_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Travels of Marco Polo">account</a> as a kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordier2009105-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2004364–365-43">[39]</a> possibly similar to the one mentioned in Yuan chronicle.</li> <li>Malayapura – (literally "city of Malaya" or "fortress of Malaya"), inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/Amoghapasa_inscription" title="Amoghapasa inscription">Amoghapasa inscription</a> dated 1347 CE. The term was used by <a href="/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a>.</li></ul> Other suggestions include the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> word mlayu (as a verb: to run, participle: fugitive), or the Malay term melaju (to steadily accelerate), referring to the high mobility and migratory nature of its people. De Barros (1552) mentioned that <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandar Shah">Iskandar Shah</a> named the Malaios (Malays) so because of the banishment of his father from his country. Albuquerque explained that <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameswara (king)">Parameswara</a> fled (malayo) from the kingdom of Palembang to Malacca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawfurd1856[httpsarchiveorgdetailsadescriptivedic00crawgoogpagen254mode2up_244]-44">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_an_ethnic_name_(ethnonym)">As an ethnic name (ethnonym)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As an ethnic name (ethnonym)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Malays of Malacca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg/149px-Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg/224px-Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg/298px-Malays_from_the_Malacca_Sultanate_Codice_Casanatense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="1383" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Portuguese watercolour of Malayan people of Malacca, circa 1540, featured in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Malay_couple_RBSeite93.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Malay couple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_Malay_couple_RBSeite93.jpg/98px-A_Malay_couple_RBSeite93.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_Malay_couple_RBSeite93.jpg/147px-A_Malay_couple_RBSeite93.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_Malay_couple_RBSeite93.jpg/196px-A_Malay_couple_RBSeite93.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="695" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An illustration of a Malay couple, from Reise nach Batavia, between 1669 and 1682</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:JogetUNISEL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Joget dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JogetUNISEL.jpg/153px-JogetUNISEL.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JogetUNISEL.jpg/230px-JogetUNISEL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JogetUNISEL.jpg/306px-JogetUNISEL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Joget" title="Joget">Joget</a> dance from the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>; many aspects of Malay culture are derived from the Malaccan court</div></div></div></div></div> The word "Melayu" as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a>, to allude to a clearly different ethnological cluster, is assumed to have been made fashionable throughout the integration of the Malacca Sultanate as a regional power in the 15th century. It was applied to report the social partialities of the Malaccans as opposed to foreigners as of the similar area, especially the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thais</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard20044-45">[41]</a> This is evidenced from the early 16th century Malay word-list by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a> who joined the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Magellan%27s_circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation">Magellan's circumnavigation</a>, that made a reference to how the phrase chiara Malaiu ('Malay ways') was used in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a>, to refer to the al parlare de Malaea (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> for "to speak of Malacca").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner201022-46">[42]</a> Classical Malay literature described the Malays in a narrower sense than the modern interpretation. Hikayat Hang Tuah (ca. 1700, manuscript ca. 1849) only identifies the Malay people as the subject of Malacca Sultanate; Brunei, at that time, is not considered Malay. Hikayat Patani (manuscript: 1876) for example, does not call Patani and Brunei as Malay, that term is only used for <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>. Kedah is not included as Malay in the Kedah chronicle/<a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Merong_Mahawangsa" title="Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa">Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa</a> (ca. 1821). Hikayat Aceh (ca. 1625, manuscript ca. 1675) linked Malay ethnicity with Johor, but certainly not Aceh or Deli.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baju_Melayu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Baju_Melayu.jpg/220px-Baju_Melayu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Baju_Melayu.jpg/330px-Baju_Melayu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Baju_Melayu.jpg/440px-Baju_Melayu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>A group of men from <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a> in the Cekak Musang type, worn together with the <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">songket</a> (far left) and <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">kain sarong</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Malay_models">Proto-Malay models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proto-Malay models">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Prehistory" title="Austronesian peoples">History of Austronesian peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages#Homeland" title="Austronesian languages">Homeland of Austronesian languages</a></div> Also known as Melayu asli (aboriginal Malays) or Melayu purba (ancient Malays), the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malays</a> are of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> origin and thought to have migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan19764–5-49">[45]</a> Notable <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malays</a> of today are <a href="/wiki/Moken" title="Moken">Moken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temuan_people" title="Temuan people">Temuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History, has pointed out a total of three theories of the origin of Malays: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> theory (published in 1889) – The theory of Proto-Malays originating from Yunnan approximately 4,000 to 6,000 years ago. The theory is supported by R.H Geldern and his team who theorized that their migration occurred from the Mekong River to the Malay Peninsula. Other evidence that supports this theory includes stone tools found in the Malay Archipelago being analogous to Central Asian tools, which shows the similarity of Malay and <a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a> customs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[47]</a></li> <li>The New Guinea/Seafarers theory (published in 1965) – The migration of seafarers with strong oceanographic skills who travelled from island to island between New Zealand and Madagascar. The theory claims the Malay's morphology at the time were similar to that of Negroids.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[47]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> theory (published in 1997) – The migration of a group of people from <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">Southern China</a> occurred 6,000 years ago, some moved to Taiwan (today's <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a> are their descendants), then to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> (roughly 4,500 years ago) (today's <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> and other groups). These ancient people also split with some heading to <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and others progressing into <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, all of which now speak languages that belong to the Austronesian Language family. The final migration was to the Malay Peninsula roughly 3,000 years ago. A sub-group from Borneo moved to Champa in modern-day Central and South Vietnam roughly 4,500 years ago. There are also traces of the <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a> migration from Vietnam and Cambodia. All these groups share DNA and linguistic origins traceable to the island that is today Taiwan, and the ancestors of these ancient people are traceable to southern China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2004-52">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deutero-Malays">Deutero-Malays</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deutero-Malays">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_from_Palembang_in_Ikat_weave,_Wanita_di_Indonesia_p29_(Ministry_of_Information).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Women_from_Palembang_in_Ikat_weave%2C_Wanita_di_Indonesia_p29_%28Ministry_of_Information%29.jpg/220px-Women_from_Palembang_in_Ikat_weave%2C_Wanita_di_Indonesia_p29_%28Ministry_of_Information%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Women_from_Palembang_in_Ikat_weave%2C_Wanita_di_Indonesia_p29_%28Ministry_of_Information%29.jpg/330px-Women_from_Palembang_in_Ikat_weave%2C_Wanita_di_Indonesia_p29_%28Ministry_of_Information%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Women_from_Palembang_in_Ikat_weave%2C_Wanita_di_Indonesia_p29_%28Ministry_of_Information%29.jpg/440px-Women_from_Palembang_in_Ikat_weave%2C_Wanita_di_Indonesia_p29_%28Ministry_of_Information%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Ladies from <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> clad in their traditional attire, known as <a href="/wiki/Baju_Kurung" title="Baju Kurung">Baju Kurung</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a>. The dress is commonly associated with women of Malay extraction.</figcaption></figure> The Deutero-Malays are an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> people descended partly from the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> who came equipped with more advanced farming techniques and new knowledge of metals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock1969278-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQKgraWbb7yoCpgPA495_495]-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderbeck2002-55">[51]</a> The Deutero-Malay settlers were not <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> like their predecessors: instead they settled and established <a href="/wiki/Kampung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampung">kampungs</a> which serve as the main units in society. These kampungs were normally situated on the riverbanks or coastal areas and generally self-sufficient in food and other necessities. By the end of the 1st century BCE, these kampungs were beginning to engage in some trade with the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamil_Abu_Bakar200239-56">[52]</a> The Deutero-Malays are considered the direct ancestors of the present-day Malay people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETED1999-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_from_Sundaland_model">Expansion from Sundaland model</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expansion from Sundaland model">edit</a>]</div> A more recent theory holds that rather than being populated by expansion from the mainland, the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a> populations of the Malay Peninsula, neighbouring Indonesian Archipelago, and the then-exposed continental shelf (<a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a>) instead developed locally from the first human settlers and expanded to the mainland. Proponents of this theory hold that this expansion gives a far more parsimonious explanation of the linguistic, archaeological, and anthropological evidence than earlier models, particularly the Taiwan model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimer2006-58">[54]</a> This theory also draws support from recent genetic evidence by <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Organisation" title="Human Genome Organisation">Human Genome Organisation</a> suggesting that the primary peopling of Asia occurred in a single migration through Southeast Asia; this route is held to be the modern Malay area and that the diversity in the area developed mainly in-place without requiring major migrations from the mainland. The expansion itself may have been driven by <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> at the end of the Ice Age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdulla_et_al.2009-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares,_et_al.2008-60">[56]</a> Proponent <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Oppenheimer" title="Stephen Oppenheimer">Stephen Oppenheimer</a> has further theorised that the expansion of peoples occurred in three rapid surges due to rising sea levels at the end of the Ice Age, and that this diaspora spread the peoples and their associated cultures, myths, and technologies not just to mainland Southeast Asia, but as far as India, the Near East, and the Mediterranean. Reviewers have found his proposals for the original settlement and dispersal worthy of further study, but have been sceptical of his more <a href="/wiki/Diffusionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusionist">diffusionist</a> claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERazak2012-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrell1999-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer1999-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_evidence">Genetic evidence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetic evidence">edit</a>]</div> Malays are an Austronesian-speaking ethnic group of <a href="/wiki/Insular_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Southeast Asia">Insular Southeast Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. A study in 2021 concluded that a distinctive <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Basal-East Asian</a> lineage (sometimes termed as 'East- and Southeast Asian lineage' (ESEA)), which is ancestral to modern East and Southeast Asians, Polynesians, and Siberians, originated in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> at ~50,000 BCE, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Basal-East Asian ancestry, as well as later <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>-associated ancestry, spread into <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> prior to the Austronesian expansion. Austronesian-speakers themselves are suggested to have arrived on <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and the northern Philippines between 10,000 to 7,000 BCE from coastal southern China, and spread from there throughout Insular Southeast Asia. The authors concluded that the Austronesian expansion into Insular Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> was outgoing from the Philippines rather than Taiwan, and that modern Austronesian-speaking peoples, such as the Malays, have largely ancestry from the earliest Basal-East Asians, Austroasiatic migrants from Mainland Southeast Asia, and Austronesian-speaking seafarers from the Philippines, without much admixture from previous groups.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_influence">Indian influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indian influence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg/220px-Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg/330px-Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg/440px-Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Chedi Phra Borommathat, a <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. The temple witnessed the rise and fall of <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a>, a powerful Buddhist kingdom that managed to conquer <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.</figcaption></figure> There is no definite evidence which dates the first <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> voyages across the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> but conservative estimates place the earliest arrivals on Malay shores at least 2,000 years ago. The discovery of jetty remains, iron smelting sites, and a clay brick monument dating back to 110 CE in the <a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Bujang Valley</a>, shows that a maritime trading route with South Indian <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil kingdoms</a> was already established since the second century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevan2010-66">[62]</a> The growth of trade with India brought coastal people in much of maritime Southeast Asia into contact with the major religions of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Throughout this area a most profound in influence has been exerted by India which seems to have introduced into it architecture, sculpture, writing, monarchy, religion, iron, cotton and a host of elements of higher culture. Indian religions, cultural traditions and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> began to spread across the land. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> were built in the Indian style, local kings began referring to themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a>" and more desirable aspects of Indian government were adopted.<a href="#cite_note-zaki1-67">[63]</a> The beginning of the Common Era saw the rise of Malay states in the coastal areas of the <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>; <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Pahang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a>. Between the 7th and 13th centuries, many of these small, often prosperous peninsula and Sumatran maritime trading states, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">mandala</a> of Srivijaya,<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> a great confederation of city-states centred in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunoz2006171-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicGoh2017-70">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunoz2006171-69">[65]</a> Early during this period, the earliest known mention of the word "Malayu" was used in Chinese sources in 644 CE. Later in the mid-14th century, the word Malay was already recognized as a collective people sharing similar heritage, customs and language.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Srivijaya's influence spread over all the coastal areas of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, western <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, as well as the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>. Enjoying both Indian and Chinese patronage, its wealth was gained mostly through trade. At its height, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay language">Old Malay language</a> was used as its official language and became the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the region, replacing Sanskrit, the language of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-zaki1-67">[63]</a> The Srivijayan era is considered the golden age of Malay culture. The glory of Srivijaya however began to wane after the series of raids by the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> in the 11th century. After the fall of Srivijaya in 1025 CE, the Malayu kingdom of Jambi, Sumatra, became the most dominant Malay state of the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicGoh2017359,_397,_398-72">[68]</a> By the end of the 13th century, the remnants of the Malay empire in Sumatra was finally destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese invaders</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pamalayu_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamalayu expedition">Pamalayu expedition</a> (Pamalayu means "war against the Malays").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicGoh2017464-73">[69]</a> In 1299, through the support of the loyal servants of the empire, the <a href="/wiki/Orang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang laut">Orang laut</a>, a Malay prince of Palembang origin, <a href="/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture19739-74">[70]</a> His dynasty ruled the island kingdom until the end of the 14th century, when the Malay polity once again faced the wrath of Javanese invaders. In 1400, his great-great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameswara (king)">Parameswara</a>, headed north and established the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECœdès1968245–246-75">[71]</a> The new kingdom succeeded Srivijaya and inherited much of the royal and cultural traditions, including a large part of the territories of its predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander20068_&_126-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2001138-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters199933-78">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srivijayan_Expansion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Srivijayan_Expansion.gif/220px-Srivijayan_Expansion.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Srivijayan_Expansion.gif/330px-Srivijayan_Expansion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Srivijayan_Expansion.gif 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>The timeline of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijayan</a> expansion from <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> between the 7th–13th century; the state would subsequently be known as <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a> before its demise. By the 14th century, a Palembangese-born prince, <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameswara (king)">Parameswara</a>, would later establish the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Kingdom of Malacca</a>, bringing the old Palembangese courts traditions and identity into the newfound state.</figcaption></figure> In the north of the peninsula, the power vacuum left by the collapse of Srivijaya was filled by the growth of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a> in the 12th century. Between the 13th to early 14th century, the kingdom succeeded to incorporate most of the Malay Peninsula under its mandala. The campaign led by <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu_Sridhamaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja">Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja</a> (1230–1263) managed to capture <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> between 1247 and 1258. He was eventually defeated by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyan dynasty</a> from Tamil Nadu in 1263 and was killed by the brother of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Sadayavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I">Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2006286-79">[75]</a> The invasion marked an unrivaled feature in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">history of Southeast Asia</a>, it was the only time there was an armed maritime expedition beyond the borders of the region. The cultivation of Malay polity system also diffused beyond the proper Sumatran-Peninsular border during this era. The age avowed by exploration and migration of the Malays to establish kingdoms beyond the traditional Srivijayan realm. Several exemplification are the enthronement of a Tambralingan prince to reign the <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo Kingdom</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">Central Thailand</a>, the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Cebu">Rajahnate of Cebu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Tanjungpura_Kingdom" title="Tanjungpura Kingdom">Tanjungpura Kingdom</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. The expansion is also eminent as it shaped the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> development of the related <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar people</a> and further spreading the Indian-influenced Malay ethos within the regional sphere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamisation">Islamisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islamisation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia">Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patung_Dayak_Melayu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Patung_Dayak_Melayu.jpg/220px-Patung_Dayak_Melayu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Patung_Dayak_Melayu.jpg/330px-Patung_Dayak_Melayu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Patung_Dayak_Melayu.jpg/440px-Patung_Dayak_Melayu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The "Dayak-Malay" brotherhood monument in West Kalimantan Provincial Museum, <a href="/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak">Pontianak</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> The period of the 12th and 15th centuries saw the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the rise of the great port-city of Malacca on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula<a href="#cite_note-W&IP1-80">[76]</a> — two major developments that altered the course of Malay history. The Islamic faith arrived on the shores of what are now the states of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, from around the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin_Mutalib200825-81">[77]</a> The earliest archaeological evidence of Islam from the Malay Peninsula is the <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone" title="Terengganu Inscription Stone">Terengganu Inscription Stone</a> dating from the 14th century found in <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> state, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-W&IP1-80">[76]</a> By the 15th century, the Malacca Sultanate, whose hegemony reached over much of the western <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, had become the centre of <a href="/wiki/Islamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation">Islamisation</a> in the east. As a Malaccan state religion, Islam brought many great transformation into the Malaccan society and culture, and It became the primary instrument in the evolution of a common Malay identity. The Malaccan era witnessed the close association of Islam with Malay society and how it developed into a definitive marker of Malay identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard20047_&_60-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndayaAndaya198455-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohd_Fauzi_Yaacob200916-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu_Talib_AhmadTan200315-84">[80]</a> Over time, this common Malay cultural idiom came to characterise much of the Malay Archipelago through the <a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a> process. The expansion of Malaccan influence through trade and <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Dawah</a> brought with it together the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">Classical Malay</a> language,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESneddon200374-85">[81]</a> the Islamic faith,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner201047-86">[82]</a> and the Malay Muslim culture;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito1999-87">[83]</a> the three core values of Kemelayuan ("Malayness").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohamed_Anwar_Omar_Din201134-88">[84]</a> In 1511, the Malaccan capital fell into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">conquistadors</a>. However, Malacca remained an institutional prototype: a paradigm of statecraft and a point of cultural reference for successor states such as <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a> (1528–present), <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak Sultanate</a> (1528–present), <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate" title="Pahang Sultanate">Pahang Sultanate</a> (1470–present), <a href="/wiki/Siak_Sri_Indrapura_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate">Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate</a> (1725–1946), Pelalawan Sultanate (1725–1946) and <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a> (1824–1911).<a href="#cite_note-Harper1-89">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg/220px-Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg/330px-Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg/440px-Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>The extent of the Malaccan Sultanate in the 15th century, the legacy of the Malaccan court can be strongly witnessed in the construction of the Malay <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural</a> framework until today.</figcaption></figure> Across the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> in the 14th century, another Malay realm, the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> was on the rise to become the most powerful polity in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. By the middle of the 15th century, Brunei entered into a close relationship with the Malacca Sultanate. The sultan married a Malaccan princess, adopted Islam as the court religion, and introduced an efficient administration modelled on Malacca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropa_Publications_Staff2002203-90">[86]</a> Brunei profited from trade with Malacca but gained even greater prosperity after the great Malay port was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. It reached its golden age in the mid-16th century when it controlled land as far south as present day <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, north towards the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Archipelago">Philippine Archipelago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond200732-91">[87]</a> The empire broadened its influence in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> by defeating Datu Gambang of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tondo">Kingdom of Tondo</a> and by founding a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kota_Seludong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota Seludong">Kota Seludong</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, setting up the Muslim Rajah, <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulaiman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah Sulaiman I">Rajah Sulaiman I</a> as a vassal to the Sultanate of Brunei. Brunei also expanded its influence in Mindanao, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> when Sultan Bolkiah married Leila Macanai, the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultan of Sulu</a>. However, states like the <a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">kingdom of Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Cebu">Rajahnate of Cebu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kedatuan_of_Madja-as" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedatuan of Madja-as">Kedatuan of Madja-as</a> tried to resist Brunei's and Islam's spread into the Philippines. Brunei's fairly loose river based governmental presence in Borneo projected the process of <a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a>. Other significant Malay sultanates were the <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a> (1136–present), <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan Sultanate</a> (1411–present), <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Patani Sultanate</a> (1516–1771), <a href="/wiki/Reman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reman Kingdom">Reman Kingdom</a> (1785–1909) and Legeh Kingdom (1755–1902) that dominated the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a> (1460–1907), <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a> (1550–1823) and Indragiri Sultanate (1298–1945) controlled much of the southeastern shores of Sumatra. <a href="/wiki/Deli_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Sultanate">Deli Sultanate</a> (1632–1946), <a href="/wiki/Serdang_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdang Sultanate">Serdang Sultanate</a> (1728–1948), <a href="/wiki/Langkat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Langkat Sultanate">Langkat Sultanate</a> (1568–1948) and <a href="/wiki/Asahan_Sultanate" title="Asahan Sultanate">Asahan Sultanate</a> (1630–1948) governed eastern Sumatra. While West Borneo observed the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">Pontianak Sultanate</a> (1771–1950), Mempawah Sultanate (1740–1950) and Matan Sultanate (1590–1948), Sanggau Sultanate, Sintang Sultanate, and Sekadau Sultanate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonisation_by_foreign_powers">Colonisation by foreign powers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Colonisation by foreign powers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg_Batavia_TMnr_60003185.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg_Batavia_TMnr_60003185.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg_Batavia_TMnr_60003185.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg_Batavia_TMnr_60003185.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg_Batavia_TMnr_60003185.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg_Batavia_TMnr_60003185.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_de_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg_Batavia_TMnr_60003185.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>The reigning elite of the <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a> in 1867, predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a> descent. The sultanate would be abolished almost half a century later in 1911 by the Dutch powers, following its strong independence movement against the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">colonial government</a>.</figcaption></figure> Between 1511 and 1984, numerous Malay kingdoms and sultanates fell under direct <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a> or became the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a> of different foreign powers, from European colonial powers like <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>, to regional powers like <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. In 1511, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">captured</a> the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>. The victorious Portuguese however, were unable to extend their political influence beyond the <a href="/wiki/A_Famosa" title="A Famosa">fort of Malacca</a>. The Sultan maintained his overlordship on the lands outside Malacca and established the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a> in 1528 to succeed Malacca. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> faced several unsuccessful retaliation attacks by Johor until 1614, when the combined forces of Johor and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">ousted</a> the Portuguese from the peninsula. As per agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch later took control of Malacca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunterRoberts2010345-92">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Reman.jpg/220px-Reman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Reman.jpg/330px-Reman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Reman.jpg/440px-Reman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>Tuan Lebeh (seated, in the middle), the Long Raya or Raja Muda (<a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Kingdom of Reman</a> in 1899. The State of <a href="/wiki/Reman" class="mw-redirect" title="Reman">Reman</a> was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a> alongside various other Malay kingdoms that revolted for independence in the early 1902 including <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Sultanate">Pattani</a>, Saiburi, Nongchik, Yaring, Yala, Legeh and Teluban.</figcaption></figure> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Malay_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay states">Malay states</a> of the peninsula had hostile relations with the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Siamese</a>. The Malacca Sultanate Itself fought two wars with the Siamese while the northern Malay states came intermittently under Siamese dominance for centuries. In 1771, the <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Kingdom of Siam</a> under the new <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a> abolished the <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Patani Sultanate</a> and later annexed a large part of <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a>. Earlier, the Siamese under <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> have had already absorbed <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a> and overrun the <a href="/wiki/Singgora_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Singgora Sultanate">Singgora Sultanate</a> in the 17th century. Between 1808 and 1813, the Siamese imposed a new administrative structure and created the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">semi-independent</a> Malay kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Patani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sai_Buri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sai Buri District">Saiburi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nong_Chik_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nong Chik District">Nongchik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaring_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaring District">Yaring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reman" class="mw-redirect" title="Reman">Reman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rangae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangae">Rangae</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Province">Greater Patani</a> and similarly obtained <a href="/wiki/Ranong_province" title="Ranong province">Rundung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takua_Pa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Takua Pa District">Kupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phuket_province" title="Phuket province">Tongkah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Trang Province">Terang</a> while carving <a href="/wiki/Setul_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Setul Kingdom">Setul</a>, Langu, <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kubang_Pasu_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubang Pasu Kingdom">Kubang Pasu</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedah Kingdom">Kedah Kingdom</a> in 1839.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndayaAndaya198462–68-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanguly1997204-94">[90]</a> In 1902, the Siamese stripped the political powers of all the 7 kingdoms of Patani following a planned revolt for independence against the central government. The <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce" title="Coup de grâce">coup de grâce</a> was cultivated by 1906, when the Siamese <a href="/wiki/Delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimitation">redraw</a> the border of the Patani territories and installed a new governance and administrative system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohd._Zamberi_A._Malek.19946-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamli199935–74-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2010-97">[93]</a> In 1786, the island of <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> was leased to <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a> in exchange of military assistance against the Siamese. In 1819, the company also acquired <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> from <a href="/wiki/Johor_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Johor Empire">Johor Empire</a>, later in 1824, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a> from the Dutch, followed by <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements#Dindings_and_Province_Wellesley" title="Straits Settlements">Dindings</a> from <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> by 1874 and finally <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> in 1886. All these trading posts officially known as <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> in 1826 and became the crown colony of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1867. Additionally, the Straits Settlements would also encompass the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Islands">Cocos Islands</a> in 1886. British intervention in the affairs of Malay states was formalised in 1895, when <a href="/wiki/Malay_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay rulers">Malay rulers</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/British_Resident" class="mw-redirect" title="British Resident">British Residents</a> in administration, and the <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> was formed. In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> were <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">handed over</a> by Siam to the British. These states along with <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, later became known as <a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, all these British possessions and protectorates that collectively known as <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> were occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castilian_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Castilian_War.jpg/220px-Castilian_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Castilian_War.jpg/330px-Castilian_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Castilian_War.jpg/440px-Castilian_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the <a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Castilian War</a> (1578–1580) as <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Empire">Brunei</a> defended its sovereignty against European expansion</figcaption></figure> The twilight of the vast Bruneian Empire began during the <a href="/wiki/Castille_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Castille War">Castille War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> conquistadors who arrived in the Philippines from Mexico. The war resulted in the end of the empire's dominance in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Archipelago">Philippine Archipelago</a>. The decline further culminated in the 19th century, when the Sultanate lost most of its remaining territories in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> to the <a href="/wiki/White_Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="White Rajah">White Rajahs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">lower Borneo</a> vassals to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>. Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_(B)-98">[94]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824</a> which divided the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> into a British zone in the north and a Dutch zone in the south, all Malay sultanates in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Southern Borneo</a> became part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Though some of Malay sultans maintain their power under Dutch control,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumholtz200417-99">[95]</a> some were abolished by the Dutch government under the accusation of retaliation against the colonial rule, like the case of Palembang Sultanate in 1823, Jambi Sultanate in 1906 and <a href="/wiki/Riau_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Sultanate">Riau Sultanate</a> in 1911. In the late 19th century, Germany sought to establish a naval base in <a href="/wiki/Langkawi" title="Langkawi">Langkawi</a>, requesting its lease from Siam, influenced by Grand Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a>'s vision of using the island as a hub for a global submarine cable network.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1980-100">[96]</a> With its deep natural harbor, Langkawi was strategically positioned between German territories in China and the Pacific, facilitating warship restocking and enhancing commercial interests for German investors. In October 1899, Behn, Meyer & Co approached Kedah's Crown Prince to lease the island for 50 years, but the plan faltered due to Siam's refusal, as dictated by the Secret Siamese Treaty of 1897, which required British consent for territorial concessions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmin1995-101">[97]</a> A subsequent attempt in 1900 to acquire Pulau Lontar was similarly dismissed, prompting British concerns over potential German expansion in the region and its implications for their economic and political dominance. The prospect of a German annexation of the northern peninsula and the potential of its involvement for a <a href="/wiki/Thai_Canal" title="Thai Canal">commercial canal</a> or railway network across the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Kra" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmus of Kra">Isthmus of Kra</a>, posed a serious threat to the British economic interest and political dominance in the region. Severely alarmed, the British and the Siamese entered the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, partitioning the peninsula between the British and the Siamese jurisdiction. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg/220px-Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg/330px-Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg/440px-Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Malay_Rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Rulers">Malay Rulers</a> and nobilities of Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak and Selangor with <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British colonial officers</a> during the first <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Rulers" title="Conference of Rulers">Durbar</a> in Istana Negara, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a>, 1897</figcaption></figure> The Anglo-Siamese Treaty attested that the Siamese to control the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">upper portion</a> of the peninsular while the lower region was to be held under the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British dominance</a>. The British originally planned for the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman</a>, Legeh and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Setul">Setul</a> under their dominion together with a cluster of northern Malay states. Nonetheless, they only managed to secure <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> under the agreement. The treaty also witnessed the state of Kedah being reduced the most, with <a href="/wiki/Tarutao_National_Park" title="Tarutao National Park">Tarutao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarutao_National_Park" title="Tarutao National Park">Butang islands</a> groups, <a href="/wiki/Sadao_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadao District">Sendawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/La-ngu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="La-ngu District">Langgu</a> and the principality of <a href="/wiki/Setul_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Setul Kingdom">Setul</a> were all being divorced into the Siamese hands, a similar fate was also followed in northeastern coast of Kelantan that was demanded to renounced their right on the <a href="/wiki/Tak_Bai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tak Bai District">Tabal district</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Su-ngai_Kolok_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-ngai Kolok District">Sungai Golok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Su-ngai_Padi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-ngai Padi District">Sungai Padi</a>; while <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> lost its Pujoh district. Then-British controlled <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> however, saw an enlargement of their land area, with <a href="/wiki/Hulu_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulu Perak">southern territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reman" class="mw-redirect" title="Reman">Reman</a> being transferred into the state and additionally Kelantan received <a href="/wiki/Jeli_District" title="Jeli District">Jeli</a> from Legeh (which had been under Siamese jurisdiction since 1902). The Siamese then <a href="/wiki/Abdicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdicated">abdicated</a> Tunku Baharuddin, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">King of Setul</a>, the sole Malay kingdom remained under Siamese territory in 1916. The treaty nonetheless, manage to seal the fate of the Malay states of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> to retain a degree of their sovereign powers under the <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British colonial government</a>, a legacy that can be witnessed today in the Malaysian administrative system. Later during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">British Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a>, the Japanese maintained a favourable relationship with the Sultans and other Malay leaders, this is partially composed to foster the trust of the Malay public that was generally loyal towards the sultan. Nonetheless, in a series of massacres known as <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_incidents" title="Pontianak incidents">Pontianak incidents</a>, the Japanese assassinated virtually all of the <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> Malay sultans, including a large numbers of Malay intelligentsias after they have been falsely accused of planning an uprising and <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a> against the Japanese. It was believed that West Kalimantan took two generations to recover from the near-total collapse of the Malay ruling class in the territory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malay_nationalism">Malay nationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Malay nationalism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hang_Tuah,_Muzium_Negara_-_img_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hang_Tuah%2C_Muzium_Negara_-_img_01.jpg/220px-Hang_Tuah%2C_Muzium_Negara_-_img_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hang_Tuah%2C_Muzium_Negara_-_img_01.jpg/330px-Hang_Tuah%2C_Muzium_Negara_-_img_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hang_Tuah%2C_Muzium_Negara_-_img_01.jpg/440px-Hang_Tuah%2C_Muzium_Negara_-_img_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The bronze mural of the legendary Malay warrior, <a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a> with his renowned quote Ta' Melayu Hilang Di-Dunia (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> for "Never shall the Malays vanish from the face of the earth") written on the top. The quote is a famous rallying cry for <a href="/wiki/Malay_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay nationalism">Malay nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan198814-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChew199978-103">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malay_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay nationalism">Malay nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay supremacy">Malay supremacy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism_in_Riau" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Malay nationalism in Riau">Early Malay nationalism in Riau</a></div> Despite the widespread distribution of the Malay population throughout the Malay Archipelago, modern Malay nationalism was only significantly mobilised in the early twentieth century <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> i. e. the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Indies">Netherlands Indies</a>, the struggle against colonisation was characterised by the trans-ethnic nationalism: the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesian National Awakening</a>" united people from the various parts of the Dutch colony in the development of a national consciousness as "Indonesians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991163–164-104">[100]</a> In Brunei, despite some attempt made to arouse Malay political consciousness between 1942 and 1945, there was no significant history of ethnic-based nationalism. In Thailand however, <a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">Pattani separatism</a> against Thai rule is regarded by some historians as a part of the wider sphere of peninsular Malay nationalism. A similar <a href="/wiki/Secession_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Secession movement">secession movement</a> can be witnessed in modern-day Indonesia, where both autochthonously-Malay provinces of <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a> sought to gain independence under the name of Republic of Riau. Nevertheless, what follows is specific to the peninsula Malay nationalism that resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, later reconstituted as Malaysia. The earliest and most influential instruments of Malay national awakening were the <a href="/wiki/Periodical" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical">periodicals</a> which politicised the position of the Malays in the face of colonialism and alien immigration of non-Malays. In spite of repressions imposed by the British colonial government, there were no less than 147 journals and newspapers published in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> between 1876 and 1941. Among notable periodicals were Al-Imam (1906), Pengasuh (1920), Majlis (1935) and <a href="/wiki/Utusan_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utusan Melayu">Utusan Melayu</a> (1939). The rise of <a href="/wiki/Malay_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay nationalism">Malay nationalism</a> was largely mobilised by three nationalist factions — the radicals distinguishable into the Malay left and the Islamic group which were both opposed to the conservative elites.<a href="#cite_note-Leo_Suryadinata-105">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaya_stamp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Malaya_stamp.png/180px-Malaya_stamp.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Malaya_stamp.png/270px-Malaya_stamp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Malaya_stamp.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Federation of Malaya's commemorative stamp issued in 1957. The semi-independent federation was formed in 1948 from nine <a href="/wiki/Malay_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay states">Malay states</a> and two British <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>. It <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Malaysia)" title="Independence Day (Malaysia)">achieved independence</a> in 1957.</figcaption></figure> The Malay <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftists</a> were represented by <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Melayu_Muda" title="Kesatuan Melayu Muda">Kesatuan Melayu Muda</a>, formed in 1938 by a group of Malay intelligentsia primarily educated in <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Idris_Training_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Idris Training College">Sultan Idris Training College</a>, with an ideal of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Greater Indonesia</a>. In 1945, they reorganised themselves into a political party known as Partai Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM). The <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamists</a> were originally represented by Kaum Muda consisted of Middle east — educated scholars with <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamic</a> sentiment. The first Islamic political party was Partai Orang Muslimin Malaya (Hizbul Muslimin) formed in March 1948, later succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party">Pan-Malayan Islamic Party</a> in 1951. The third group was <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">the conservatives</a> consisted of the westernised elites who were bureaucrats and members of royal families that shared a common English education mostly at the exclusive <a href="/wiki/Malay_College_Kuala_Kangsar" title="Malay College Kuala Kangsar">Malay College Kuala Kangsar</a>. They formed voluntary organisations known as Persatuan Melayu ('Malay Associations') in various parts of the country with the primary goals of advancing and protecting the interests of Malays. In March 1946, 41 of these Malay associations formed <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> (UMNO), to assert <a href="/wiki/Malay_dominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay dominance">Malay dominance</a> over Malaya.<a href="#cite_note-Leo_Suryadinata-105">[101]</a> The Malay and <a href="/wiki/Malayness" title="Malayness">Malayness</a> has been the fundamental basis for Malay ideology and Malay nationalism in Malaysia. All three Malay nationalist factions believed in the idea of a Bangsa Melayu ('Malay Nation') and the position of Malay language, but disagreed over the role of Islam and Malay rulers. The conservatives supported <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Islamic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Islamic identity">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay rulers">Malay monarchy</a> as constituting the key pillars of Malayness, but within a secular state that restricted the political role of Islam. The leftists concurred with the <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> but wanted to end <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, whereas the Islamic group favoured ending royalty but sought a much larger role of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrington200647–48-106">[102]</a> Since the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Indonesia">Republic of Indonesia</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> in 1950, all traditional Malay monarchies in Indonesia were abolished,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeGalliganInoguchi2007146-107">[103]</a> and the Sultans positions reduced to <a href="/wiki/Titular_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular head">titular heads</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretenders</a>. The violent demise of the sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli" title="Sultanate of Deli">Deli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Langkat" title="Sultanate of Langkat">Langkat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Serdang" title="Sultanate of Serdang">Serdang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asahan_Sultanate" title="Asahan Sultanate">Asahan</a> and other Malay principalities in <a href="/wiki/East_Sumatra" class="mw-redirect" title="East Sumatra">East Sumatra</a> during the "<a href="/wiki/East_Sumatra_revolution" title="East Sumatra revolution">Social revolution</a>" of 1946 orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a>, drastically influenced their Malayan counterparts and politically motivating them against the PKMM's ideal of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Greater Indonesia</a> and the Islamists' vision of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic">Islamic Republic</a>. In March 1946, UMNO emerged with the full support of the Malay sultans from the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Rulers" title="Conference of Rulers">Conference of Rulers</a>. The new movement forged a close political link between rulers and subjects never before achieved. It generated an excited Malay public opinion which, together with the surprising political apathy of the non-Malays, led to Britain's abandonment of the radical <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> plan. By July, UMNO succeeded in obtaining an agreement with the British to begin negotiations for a new constitution. Negotiations continued from August to November, between British officials on the one hand, and the Sultans' representatives and UMNO and the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirtosudarmo2005-108">[104]</a> Two years later the semi independent <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> was born. The new constitutional arrangement largely reverted to the basic pattern of pre-war colonial rule and built on the supremacy of the individual Malay states. Malay rights and privileges were safeguarded. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Malay_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay rulers">Malay rulers</a> thus retained their prerogatives, while their English-educated descendants came to occupy positions of authority at the centre, which was being progressively decolonised. In August 1957, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, the West's last major dependency in Southeast Asia, attained independence in a <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transfer of power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirtosudarmo2005-108">[104]</a> The federation was reconstituted as <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> with the addition in 1963 of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (separated in 1965), <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_3.jpg/220px-Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_3.jpg/330px-Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_3.jpg/440px-Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedukan Bukit Inscription">Kedukan Bukit Inscription</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Pallava script</a>. Dating back from 683, it is one of the oldest surviving Malay written artefact.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi alphabet</a></div> The Malay language is one of the most prominent languages of the world, especially of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> family. Variants and dialects of Malay are used as an official language in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. The language is also spoken in southern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. It is spoken natively by approximately 33 million people throughout the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> and is used as a second language by an estimated 220 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2007492-109">[105]</a> The oldest form of Malay is descended from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language</a> spoken by the earliest <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> settlers in Southeast Asia. This form would later evolve into <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> when Indian cultures and religions began penetrating the region. Old Malay contained some terms last until today, but remained unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written <a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">Classical Malay</a>, which the oldest form dating back to 1303 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeuw1959149-110">[106]</a> Malay evolved into Classical Malay through the gradual influx of numerous Arabic and Persian vocabulary when Islam made its way to the region, changing significantly in the process. Initially, Classical Malay was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Malay kingdoms of Southeast Asia. One of these dialects, that was developed in the literary tradition of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century, eventually became predominant. The Malaccan era was marked with the transformation of the Malay language into an Islamic language, in similar fashion to Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Swahili. An adapted Arabic script called <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> was used replacing the Kawi script, Islamic religious and cultural terminologies were abundantly assimilated, discarding many Hindu-Buddhist words, and Malay became the language of Islamic medium of instruction and dissemination throughout Southeast Asian region. At the height of Malacca's power in the 15th century, the Classical Malay spread beyond the traditional Malay speaking world<a href="#cite_note-Sneddon_2003_59-111">[107]</a> and resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> that was called Bahasa Melayu pasar ("Bazaar Malay") or Bahasa Melayu rendah ("Low Malay") as opposed to the Bahasa Melayu tinggi ("High Malay") of Malacca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESneddon200384-112">[108]</a> It is generally believed that <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Bazaar Malay</a> was a pidgin and the most important development, however, has been that pidgin creolised, creating several new languages such as the <a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay#Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESneddon200360-113">[109]</a> European writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier" title="Jean-Baptiste Tavernier">Tavernier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Thomassin</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Abraham_Werndly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Abraham Werndly (page does not exist)">Werndly</a> describe Malay as "language of the learned in all the Indies, like <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney1987-114">[110]</a> It is also the most widely used during British and Dutch colonial era in the Malay Archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_PuttenCody200955-115">[111]</a> The reversed was seen in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>, where mass <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">latinisation</a> of the archipelago during the colonial years resulted the historical <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce" title="Coup de grâce">coup de grâce</a> of the Malay language in the Philippines. The dialect of <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a>, the direct successor of Malacca, became the standard speech among Malays in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and it formed the original basis for the standardised <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sneddon_2003_59-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong1973126-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClyne1992413-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownOgilvie2009678-118">[114]</a> Apart from the standard Malay, developed within the Malacca-Johor sphere, various local <a href="/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malay dialects</a> exist. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Bangka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangka language">Bangkanese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kelantanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantanese">Kelantanese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedahan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay language">Negeri Sembilanese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Palembangnese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Malay">Pattanese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawakian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganuan</a>, and many others. The Malay language was historically written in <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rencong_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencong script">Rencong</a>. After the arrival of Islam, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a> was adopted and is still in use today as one of the two official scripts in Brunei and as an alternative script in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> Beginning from the 17th century, as a result of British and Dutch colonisation, Jawi was gradually replaced by the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Rumi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumi script">Rumi script</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> which eventually became the official modern script for Malay language in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia, and co-official script in Brunei. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg/220px-Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg/330px-Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg/440px-Hkyt_merong_mahawgsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Merong_Mahawangsa" title="Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa">Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> text. Also known as the Kedah Annals, it is an ancient Malay literature that chronicles the bloodline of <a href="/wiki/Merong_Mahawangsa" title="Merong Mahawangsa">Merong Mahawangsa</a> and the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Kedah">Kedah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Malay literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_folklore" title="Malay folklore">Malay folklore</a></div> The rich oral literature and classical literature of the Malays contain a great number of portraits of the people, from the <a href="/wiki/Servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant">servant</a> to the minister, from the judge to the <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Rajas</a>, from the ancient to the very contemporary periods, which together form the amorphous identity of the Malays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittrup1996192-121">[117]</a> Considering the softness and mellifluence of the Malay language, which lends itself easily to the requirements of rhyme and rhythm, the originality and beauty in Malay literature can be assessed in its poetical elements. Among the forms of poetry in Malay literature are — the <a href="/wiki/Pantun" title="Pantun">Pantun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syair" title="Syair">Syair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurindam" title="Gurindam">Gurindam</a>. The earliest form of Malay literature was the <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a> and its central subjects are traditional <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> relating to <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, animals and people. The classical Malay folklore is composed of traditional songs and music, heroic poems, animal fables, ghost stories, past events, fairy tales, symbolic lore, myths and bardic tales. Each of the stories possessed its own energy in terms of character, spirit, backdrop and storytelling and was largely crafted with the intend of happiness, guidance, educating, reminiscing, explaining, among few. The folklore were memorised and passed from one generation of storytellers to the next. Many of these tales were also written down by penglipur lara (storytellers) for example: <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Malim_Dewa" title="Hikayat Malim Dewa">Hikayat Malim Dewa</a>, Hikayat Malim Deman, Hikayat Raja Donan, Hikayat Anggun Cik Tunggal, and <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Awang_Sulung_Merah_Muda" title="Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda">Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda</a>. When Indian influences made their way to the Malay Archipelago around 2000 years ago, Malay literature began incorporating Indian elements. Literature of this time is mostly translations of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> and romances, or at least some productions inspired by such, and is full of allusions to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>. Probably to this early time may be traced such works as <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a> (a free translation of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Bayan_Budiman" title="Hikayat Bayan Budiman">Hikayat Bayan Budiman</a> (an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aukasaptati" title="Śukasaptati">Śukasaptati</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Panca_Tanderan" title="Hikayat Panca Tanderan">Hikayat Panca Tanderan</a> (an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Hitopadesha" title="Hitopadesha">Hitopadesha</a>).<a href="#cite_note-popular_science_1899-122">[118]</a> The era of classical Malay literature started after the arrival of Islam and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a> (Arabic based Malay script). Since then, Islamic beliefs and concepts began to make its mark on Malay literature. The <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone" title="Terengganu Inscription Stone">Terengganu Inscription Stone</a>, which is dated to 1303, is the earliest known narrative Malay writing. The stone is inscribed with an account of history, law, and <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">romance</a> in Jawi script.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish_2007_1218-123">[119]</a> At its height, the Malacca Sultanate was not only the center of Islamisation, but also the center of Malay cultural expressions including literature. During this era, notable <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Middle Eastern literary works</a> were translated and religious books were written in Malay language. Among famous translated works are <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Muhammad_Hanafiah" title="Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah">Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah" title="Hikayat Amir Hamzah">Hikayat Amir Hamzah</a>. The rise of Malay literature during the period was also penned by other homegrown literary composition coloured by mystical <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufism</a> of the middle-east, the notable works of <a href="/wiki/Hamzah_Fansuri" title="Hamzah Fansuri">Hamzah Fansuri</a> such as Asrar al-Arifin (Rahsia Orang yang Bijaksana; The Secret of the Wise), Sharab al-Asyikin (Minuman Segala Orang yang Berahi; The Drink of All the Passionate) and Zinat al-Muwahidin (Perhiasan Sekalian Orang yang Mengesakan; The Ornament of All the Devoted) can be seen as the <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magna opera</a> of the era. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg/330px-Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg/495px-Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg/660px-Wayang_Kulit_Kelantan-Patani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption>A Kelantan-Patani styled <a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a>) that narrated the heroic tale of <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a></figcaption></figure> The most important piece of Malay literary works is perhaps the famed <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a> or Sulalatus Salatin. It was called "the most famous, distinctive and best of all Malay literary works" by one of the most prominent scholars in Malay studies, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olaf_Winstedt" title="Richard Olaf Winstedt">Sir Richard O. Winstedt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd1999756-124">[120]</a> The exact date of its composition and the identity of its original author are uncertain, but under the order of <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Riayat_Shah_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Riayat Shah III">Sultan Alauddin Riaayat Shah III</a> of Johor in 1612, <a href="/wiki/Tun_Sri_Lanang" title="Tun Sri Lanang">Tun Sri Lanang</a> oversaw the editorial and compilation process of the Malay Annals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaaffarHussainAhmad1992260-125">[121]</a> In the 19th century, the Malay literature received some notable additions, including Kitab Ilmu Bedil (Book of Traditional Weaponry) that provides valuable details of traditional Malay ammunition and weaponry. The era also witnessed the wider usage of Malay <a href="/wiki/General_medical_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="General medical journal">medical journals</a>, known as Kitab Tib. These works are indeed important as it serve as references to the Malay knowledge and technology during the classical era.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> Other 19th century Malay texts were written in Sumatra, these include the Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa (Book of Linguistic Knowledge) by Raja Ali Haji and Perhimpunan Gunawan bagi Laki-Laki dan Perempuan (A Compendium of Charms for Men and Women) by Khatijah Terung, a wife of Raja Haji Abdullah bin Raja Hassan.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> The same century also witnessed a monumental shift in the Malay literature through writings of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Abdul_Kadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir">Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir</a>, a famous <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Munshi" title="Munshi">munshi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-popular_science_1899-122">[118]</a> Abdullah is regarded as the most cultured Malay who ever wrote,<a href="#cite_note-popular_science_1899-122">[118]</a> one of the greatest innovators in Malay letters<a href="#cite_note-Sneddon_2003_59-111">[107]</a> and the father of modern Malay literature.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Cavendish_2007_1218-123">[119]</a> His most important works are the <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Abdullah" title="Hikayat Abdullah">Hikayat Abdullah</a> (an autobiography), <a href="/wiki/Kisah_Pelayaran_Abdullah_ke_Kelantan" title="Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan">Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan</a> (an account of his trip for the government to <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Kisah_Pelayaran_Abdullah_ke_Mekah" title="Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah">Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah</a> (a narrative of his <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> 1854). His work was an inspiration to future generations of writers and marks an early stage in the transition from classical Malay literature to modern Malay literature.<a href="#cite_note-Sneddon_2003_59-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malay_Islamic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Islamic identity">Malay Islamic identity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg/220px-Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg/330px-Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg/440px-Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3933" data-file-height="2622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque">Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Ramadhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadhan">Ramadhan</a>. The wealthy kingdom adopted <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Islam_Beraja" title="Melayu Islam Beraja">Melayu Islam Beraja</a> (Malay Islamic Monarchy) as the national philosophy since its independence in 1984.</figcaption></figure> The early Malay communities were largely <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animists</a>, believing in the existence of semangat (spirits) in everything.<a href="#cite_note-zaki1-67">[63]</a> Around the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">common era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> were introduced by South Asian traders to the Malay Archipelago, where they flourished until the 13th century, just before the arrival of Islam brought by Arab, South Asian and Chinese Muslim traders. In the 15th century, Islam of the orthodox <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> sect flourished in the Malay world under the Malacca Sultanate. In contrast with Hinduism, which superficially transformed early Malay society, Islam can be said to have been fully integrated into the daily life of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Syed-128">[124]</a> Since this era, the Malays are considered as <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> and traditionally had a close identification with Islam<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsLahoud2005157-129">[125]</a> and they have not changed their religion since.<a href="#cite_note-Syed-128">[124]</a> This identity is so strong that it is said to become Muslim was to <a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">masuk Melayu</a> (to enter Malayness).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndayaAndaya198455-82">[78]</a> Nevertheless, the earlier beliefs having deeper roots, they have maintained themselves against the anathemas of Islam — and indeed <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> have become intertwined among the Malays, with the spirits of the earlier animistic world and some elements of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinstedt1925125-130">[126]</a> Following the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> (also referred as re-<a href="/wiki/Islamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation">Islamisation</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgat200354-131">[127]</a>) throughout the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, many traditions that are regarded as contravene the teachings of Islam and contain elements of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> were abandoned by the Malays in Malaysia, whereas in among Malays in Indonesia, these traditions are not considered as superstitious and containing elements of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>. Among these traditions was the <a href="/wiki/Mandi_(bath)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandi (bath)">mandi</a> safar festival (<a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a> bath), a bathing festival to achieve spiritual purity, which can be discerned features similar to some of those of the <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltonHutton2000184-132">[128]</a> A vast majority of modern ethnic Malays are the adherents of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islam<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> and the most important Malay festivals are those of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Islamic origin</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Hari Raya Aidilfitri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Hari Raya Aidiladha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Awal Muharram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Maulidur Rasul</a>. It is considered <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> for Malays to convert out of Islam in Malaysia and Brunei. However, there are a number of ethnic Malays living outside of these countries have also embraced other religions legally under the law. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rumah_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumah Melayu">Rumah Melayu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malacca_Sultanate_Palace_Museum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Malacca_Sultanate_Palace_Museum_1.jpg/220px-Malacca_Sultanate_Palace_Museum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Malacca_Sultanate_Palace_Museum_1.jpg/330px-Malacca_Sultanate_Palace_Museum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Malacca_Sultanate_Palace_Museum_1.jpg/440px-Malacca_Sultanate_Palace_Museum_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>'s Palace, which was built from information and data obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a>. This historical document had references to the construction and the architecture of palaces during the era of <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mansur Shah of Malacca">Sultan Mansur Shah</a>, who ruled from 1458 to 1477.</figcaption></figure> Various cultural influences, notably <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese</a>, Indian and Europeans, played a major role in forming Malay architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenketHeynen2002181-134">[130]</a> Until recent time, wood was the principal material used for all Malay traditional buildings.<a href="#cite_note-MC1219-135">[131]</a> However, numerous stone structures were also discovered particularly the religious complexes from the time of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Kra_Isthmus" title="Kra Isthmus">isthmian</a> Malay kingdoms. <a href="/wiki/Candi_Muara_Takus" class="mw-redirect" title="Candi Muara Takus">Candi Muara Takus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candi_Muaro_Jambi" class="mw-redirect" title="Candi Muaro Jambi">Candi Muaro Jambi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> are among the examples that associated with the architectural elements of Srivijaya Empire. However, Srivijayan architecture was mostly represented at <a href="/wiki/Chaiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaiya">Chaiya</a> (now a province in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>) in the Malay Peninsula, which was an important centre during the Srivijaya period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChihara1996213-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_BeekInvernizzi199975-137">[133]</a> The type of structure consists of a cell-chamber to house the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha image">Buddha image</a> and the summit of structure was erected in the form of <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> with successive, superimposed terraces which is the best example at Wat Pra Borom That of Chaiya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJermsawatdi198965-138">[134]</a> There is also evidence of Hindu shrines or <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a> around south <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jerai" title="Mount Jerai">mount Jerai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muda_River" title="Muda River">Muda River</a> valley, an area known as <a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Bujang Valley</a>. Within an area of about 350 square kilometres, 87 early historic religious sites have been reported and there are 12 candis located on mountain tops, a feature which suggests may derive from pre-historic Malay beliefs regarding sanctity of high places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly200742-139">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pintu_Istana_Setul_Mambang_Segara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pintu_Istana_Setul_Mambang_Segara.jpg/220px-Pintu_Istana_Setul_Mambang_Segara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pintu_Istana_Setul_Mambang_Segara.jpg/330px-Pintu_Istana_Setul_Mambang_Segara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pintu_Istana_Setul_Mambang_Segara.jpg/440px-Pintu_Istana_Setul_Mambang_Segara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>A wall panel adorned with various floral motives from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Setul Mambang Segara</a> palatial residence as seen in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_(Malaysia)" title="National Museum (Malaysia)">Muzium Negara</a>. Setul was a historical Malay kingdom that existed between 1808 and 1915 in the northern Malay Peninsula.</figcaption></figure> Early reference on Malay architecture in the Malay Peninsula can be found in several Chinese records. A 7th-century Chinese account tells of Buddhist pilgrims calling at <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a> and mentioned the city as being surrounded by a wall on which towers had been built and was approached through double gates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamil_Abu_Bakar200259-140">[136]</a> Another 7th-century account of a special Chinese envoy to <a href="/wiki/Red_Earth_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Earth Kingdom">Red Earth Kingdom</a> in the Malay Peninsula, recorded that the capital city had three gates more than a hundred paces apart, which were decorated with paintings of Buddhist themes and female spirits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohamad_Tajuddin_Haji_Mohamad_Rasdi200519-141">[137]</a> The first detailed description of Malay architecture was on the great wooden <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/istana#Noun_3" class="extiw" title="wikt:istana">Istana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mansur Shah of Malacca">Mansur Shah of Malacca</a> (reigned 1458–1477).<a href="#cite_note-MC1219-135">[131]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Melayu">Sejarah Melayu</a>, the building had a raised seven bay structures on wooden pillars with a seven tiered roof in cooper shingles and decorated with gilded spires and Chinese glass mirrors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohamad_Tajuddin_Haji_Mohamad_Rasdi200524-142">[138]</a> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Malay_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay houses">Malay houses</a> are built using simple <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">timber-frame</a> structure. They have pitched roofs, <a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">porches</a> in the front, high ceilings, many openings on the walls for <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> and are often embellished with elaborate <a href="/wiki/Wood_carvings" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood carvings">wood carvings</a>. The beauty and quality of Malay wood carvings were meant to serve as visual indicators of the social rank and status of the owners themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoorKhoo200347-144">[140]</a> Throughout many decades, the traditional Malay architecture has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joglo" title="Joglo">Java</a> from the south, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Siamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> from the north, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Portugal">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumah_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumah Aceh">Aceh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumah_Gadang" title="Rumah Gadang">Minangkabau</a> from the west and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Southern Chinese</a> from the east.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Visual art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burung_Petala_Indera_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Burung_Petala_Indera_I.png/220px-Burung_Petala_Indera_I.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Burung_Petala_Indera_I.png/330px-Burung_Petala_Indera_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Burung_Petala_Indera_I.png/440px-Burung_Petala_Indera_I.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Burung_Petala_Indra" class="mw-redirect" title="Burung Petala Indra">Burung Petala Indra</a>, a giant mythical bird constructed for the grand <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> parade of the <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantanese</a> prince</figcaption></figure> Wood carving is a part of classical Malay <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>. The Malays had traditionally adorned their monuments, boats, weapons, tombs, musical instrument, and utensils by motives of flora, calligraphy, geometry and cosmic features. The art is done by partially removing the wood using sharp tools and following specific patterns, composition and orders. The art form, known as ukir, is hailed as an act of devotion of the craftsmen to the creator and a gift to his fellowmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid2005-146">[142]</a> The art form is mainly attributed to the abundance of timber on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> and also by the skillfulness of the woodcarvers that have allowed the Malays to practice woodcarving as a craft. The natural tropical settings where flora and fauna are abundant has inspired the motives to be depicted in abstract or stylised form into the timber board. With the coming of Islam, geometric and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a> form were introduced in the wood carving. The woods used are typically from tropical hardwood species which is known to be durable and can resist the attacks of fungi, power-boots beetles and termites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid2002-147">[143]</a> A typical Malay traditional houses or mosque would have been adorned with more than 20 carved components. The carving on the walls and the panels allow the air breeze to circulate effectively in and out of the building and can let the sunlight illuminate the interior of the structure. At the same time, the shadow cast by the panels would also create a shadow based on the motives adding the beauty on the floor. Thus, the carved components perform both functional and aesthetic purposes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery">Pottery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pottery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Sayong.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>An ebony-coloured Labu Sayong, a classic Malay <a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">jar</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, Malaysia</figcaption></figure> Under the Malay culture, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> is not solely witnessed as a mere household <a href="/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils" title="List of eating utensils">utensil</a>. It is perceived as a work of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, a paradigm of talent, embroidered with aesthetic, legacy, perseverance and religious devotion. The Malay earthen is usually unglazed, with the ornamental designs were carved when the pottery is semi-dried during its construction process.<a href="#cite_note-Travel_Malaysia_2012-148">[144]</a> According to several studies,<a href="#cite_note-Azmi_Arifin_2015-149">[145]</a> the native Malay pottery industry has developed indigenously from the period of great antiquity and has since encapsulates a high-level of culture sophistication. It also has been noted that the design features of the Malay pottery suggested the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">foreign influence</a> prior to the 19th century, a paradox considering the vast cultural contact between the Malays and the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-Azmi_Arifin_2015-149">[145]</a> Among the renowned traditional Malay pottery includes Mambong of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, molded from clay and identified with the colour of <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>. It is usually assumed the form as cooking utensils. In the west coast, the raven-coloured Labu Sayung of <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a> is honoured for gourd-formed jars. There are also several variants of Labu, including Labu Tela, Labu Kepala, Labu Gelugor Tela and Labu Gelugor Kepala.<a href="#cite_note-Travel_Malaysia_2012-148">[144]</a> Other forms of Malay traditional pottery are: The Belanga, commonly in a wide rim and a round base, the pot usually mobilised to cook <a href="/wiki/Curries" class="mw-redirect" title="Curries">curries</a>. It is held that the structure of the earthen would aid the heat to be evenly distributed, correlating to its round base. A smaller version of the Belanga is called periok, used for <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>-preparation; The Buyong, commonly defined by a straight collar and a spherical body, oftentime used as a water jar; The Terenang, the angular Terenang is used as a canister, especially in the coastal Malay regions of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Province">Patani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>; The Bekas Bara, a small container, usually crafted for the use of <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>; The Jambangan, a traditional Malay <a href="/wiki/Vase" title="Vase">vase</a>, usually for aesthetic purposes and Geluk, a small water storage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECikgu_Paklong2017-150">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itek_Masak_Lomak_Cili_Api.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Itek_Masak_Lomak_Cili_Api.jpg/220px-Itek_Masak_Lomak_Cili_Api.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Itek_Masak_Lomak_Cili_Api.jpg/330px-Itek_Masak_Lomak_Cili_Api.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Itek_Masak_Lomak_Cili_Api.jpg/440px-Itek_Masak_Lomak_Cili_Api.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Itik Masak Lomak Cili Api, <a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">smoked duck</a> with thick, creamy, savoury and spicy sauce, usually eaten with <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay cuisine</a></div> Different Malay regions are all known for their unique or signature dishes—<a href="/wiki/Patani_(historical_region)" title="Patani (historical region)">Pattani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Nasi_dagang" title="Nasi dagang">nasi dagang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasi_kerabu" title="Nasi kerabu">nasi kerabu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keropok_lekor" class="mw-redirect" title="Keropok lekor">keropok lekor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">durian</a>-based cuisine, <a href="/wiki/Gulai" title="Gulai">gulai</a> <a href="/wiki/Tempoyak" title="Tempoyak">tempoyak</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> for their northern-style <a href="/wiki/Asam_laksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Asam laksa">asam laksa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasembur" title="Pasembur">rojak</a>; <a href="/wiki/Satun" title="Satun">Satun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> for its bunga kuda dessert; <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> for its lemak-based dishes; <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> for their spicy <a href="/wiki/Cincalok" title="Cincalok">cincalok</a>; <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Rojak_bandung" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojak bandung">rojak bandung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roti_prata" class="mw-redirect" title="Roti prata">roti prata</a>; <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> for its ikan patin (<a href="/wiki/Pangasius" title="Pangasius">Pangasius</a> fish) dishes, <a href="/wiki/Gulai" title="Gulai">gulai</a> <a href="/wiki/Pangasius" title="Pangasius">ikan patin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asam_pedas" title="Asam pedas">asam pedas</a> <a href="/wiki/Pangasius" title="Pangasius">ikan patin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a> for their sup ikan; Deli Malays of <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng" title="Nasi goreng">nasi goreng</a> <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">teri</a> medan and <a href="/wiki/Gulai" title="Gulai">gulai</a> <a href="/wiki/Crab#Cookery" title="Crab">ketam</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinarno2010-151">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> for its ikan mas panggang and <a href="/wiki/Tempoyak" title="Tempoyak">tempoyak</a>; Palembangese Malays of <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Pempek" title="Pempek">pempek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mie_celor" title="Mie celor">mi celor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasi_minyak" title="Nasi minyak">nasi minyak</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangka Belitung">Bangka Belitung</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium">siput gonggong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apam_balik" title="Apam balik">terang bulan</a>; <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Bubur_pedas" title="Bubur pedas">bubur pedas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayam_pansuh" title="Ayam pansuh">ayam pansuh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Nasi_katok" title="Nasi katok">Nasi katok</a> and unique <a href="/wiki/Ambuyat" title="Ambuyat">ambuyat</a> dish; and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Bobotie" title="Bobotie">bobotie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeber" title="Boeber">boeber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koe%27sister" title="Koe'sister">koe'sister</a>. The main characteristic in traditional Malay cuisine is undoubtedly the generous use of spices. The <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> is also important in giving the Malay dishes their rich, creamy character. The other foundation is <a href="/wiki/Belacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Belacan">belacan</a> (shrimp paste), which is used as a base for sambal, a rich sauce or condiment made from belacan, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chillies</a>, onions and garlic. Malay cooking also makes plentiful use of <a href="/wiki/Lemongrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemongrass">lemongrass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">galangal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200658-152">[148]</a> Nearly every Malay meal is served with rice, the <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> in many other East Asian cultures. Although there are various type of dishes in a Malay meal, all are served at once, not in courses. Food is eaten delicately with the fingers of right hand, never with the left which is used for personal ablutions, and Malays rarely use utensils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Cavendish20071222-153">[149]</a> Because most of Malay people are Muslims, Malay cuisine follows Islamic <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> dietary law rigorously. Protein intake are mostly taken from beef, water buffalo, goat, and lamb meat, and also includes poultry and fishes. Pork and any non-halal meats, also alcohol is prohibited and absent from Malay daily diet. <a href="/wiki/Nasi_lemak" title="Nasi lemak">Nasi lemak</a>, rice cooked in rich <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> probably is the most popular dish ubiquitous in Malay town and villages. Nasi lemak is considered as <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> While Nasi Minyak and Nasi Hujan Panas, rice broiled with ghee and spices is hailed as a ceremonial dish for special occasions, especially during the traditional Malay weddings. Another example is <a href="/wiki/Ketupat" title="Ketupat">Ketupat</a> or nasi himpit, glutinous compressed rice cooked in palm leaves, is popular especially during Idul Fitri or Hari Raya or <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>. Various meats and vegetables could be made into <a href="/wiki/Gulai" title="Gulai">Gulai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">Kari</a>, a type of curry dish with variations of spices mixtures that clearly display Indian influence already adopted by Malay people since ancient times. <a href="/wiki/Laksa" title="Laksa">Laksa</a>, a hybrid of Malay and Peranakan Chinese cuisine is also a popular dish. Malay cuisine also adopted and received visible influence from some of their closest neighbours' cuisine traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">rendang</a> adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabaus</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">Pagaruyung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">satay</a> from Java, however Malay people has developed their own distinctive taste and recipes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_-_3676_-_Lambert_%26_Co.,_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Mahjong_dance_and_drama_at_Penang_Island_-_circa_1903.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/KITLV_-_3676_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Mahjong_dance_and_drama_at_Penang_Island_-_circa_1903.tif/lossy-page1-220px-KITLV_-_3676_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Mahjong_dance_and_drama_at_Penang_Island_-_circa_1903.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/KITLV_-_3676_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Mahjong_dance_and_drama_at_Penang_Island_-_circa_1903.tif/lossy-page1-330px-KITLV_-_3676_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Mahjong_dance_and_drama_at_Penang_Island_-_circa_1903.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/KITLV_-_3676_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Mahjong_dance_and_drama_at_Penang_Island_-_circa_1903.tif/lossy-page1-440px-KITLV_-_3676_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Mahjong_dance_and_drama_at_Penang_Island_-_circa_1903.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3295" data-file-height="2545" /></a><figcaption>A troupe of <a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Siamese Malay</a> dancers performing the <a href="/wiki/Mak_Yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mak Yong">Mak Yong</a> (c. 19th century). In 2005, it received recognition as being among the <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Malays have diverse kinds of music and dance which are fusions of different cultural influences. Typical genres range from traditional Malay folk dances dramas like <a href="/wiki/Mak_Yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mak Yong">Mak Yong</a> to the Arab-influenced <a href="/wiki/Zapin" title="Zapin">Zapin</a> dances. Choreographed movements also vary from simple steps and tunes in <a href="/wiki/Dikir_barat" title="Dikir barat">Dikir barat</a> to the complicated moves in <a href="/wiki/Joget" title="Joget">Joget</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a>. Traditional Malay music is basically percussive. Various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Gongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongs">gongs</a> provide the beat for many dances. There are also drums of various sizes, ranging from the large rebana ubi used to punctuate important events to the small jingled-rebana (<a href="/wiki/Frame_drum" title="Frame drum">frame drum</a>) used as an accompaniment to vocal recitations in religious ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199848-155">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regalia_of_Malaysia#Nobat" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Regalia of Malaysia">Nobat</a> music became part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Regalia">Royal Regalia</a> of Malay courts since the arrival of Islam in the 12th century and only performed in important court ceremonies. Its orchestra includes the sacred and highly revered instruments of nehara (<a href="/wiki/Kettledrums" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettledrums">kettledrums</a>), gendang (double-headed drums), nafiri (trumpet), serunai (<a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a>), and sometimes a knobbed <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gong</a> and a pair of <a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">cymbals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Cavendish20071220-156">[152]</a> Indian influences are strong in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">shadow play</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Wayang_Kulit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Kulit">Wayang Kulit</a> where stories from Hindu epics; <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> form the main repertoire. There are four distinctive types of shadow puppet theatre that can be found in Malay Peninsula; Wayang Gedek, Wayang Purwa, Wayang Melayu and Wayang Siam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasa2003296-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhulam_Sarwar_Yousof19973-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatusky19938–11-159">[155]</a> Nonetheless, the art and the storytelling of Wayang Purwa and Wayang Siam denote a regional influence in fused with the Javanese and Siamese respectively, while Wayang Melayu and Wayang Gedek narrated a more autochthonously Malay form and fashion. Other well-known Malay performing arts are; <a href="/wiki/Bangsawan" title="Bangsawan">Bangsawan</a> theatre, <a href="/wiki/Dondang_Sayang" title="Dondang Sayang">Dondang Sayang</a> love ballad and <a href="/wiki/Mak_Inang" title="Mak Inang">Mak Inang</a> dance from Malacca Sultanate, <a href="/wiki/Jikey" title="Jikey">Jikey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mek_Mulung" title="Mek Mulung">Mek Mulung</a> theatre from <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asyik" title="Asyik">Asyik</a> dance and <a href="/wiki/Menora_(dance)" title="Menora (dance)">Menora</a> dance drama from <a href="/wiki/Patani_(historical_region)" title="Patani (historical region)">Patani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulek_mayang" title="Ulek mayang">Ulek mayang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodat_(dance)" title="Rodat (dance)">Rodat</a> dance from Terengganu, <a href="/wiki/Boria_(theatre)" title="Boria (theatre)">Boria</a> theatre from <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, Canggung dance from <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a>, Mukun narrative songs from <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarzuki_bin_Haji_Mohd_Seruddin2009-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_Salehuddin_2009-162">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gending_Sriwijaya" title="Gending Sriwijaya">Gending Sriwijaya</a> from <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, Serampang Dua Belas dance from <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Serdang" title="Sultanate of Serdang">Serdang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_Salehuddin_2009-162">[158]</a><a href="/wiki/Zapin_Api" title="Zapin Api">Zapin Api firedance</a> from <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dikir_barat_Singapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikir barat Singapura">Dikir barat Singapura</a> from <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_dress">Traditional dress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Traditional dress">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HariRayaMalaykids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HariRayaMalaykids.jpg/220px-HariRayaMalaykids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HariRayaMalaykids.jpg/330px-HariRayaMalaykids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HariRayaMalaykids.jpg/440px-HariRayaMalaykids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Malay children wearing traditional dress during <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Baju_Melayu" title="Baju Melayu">Baju Melayu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baju_Kurung" title="Baju Kurung">Baju Kurung</a></div> The traditional Malay apparel and textile has been continuously morphed since the time of antiquity. Historically, the ancient Malays were chronicled to incorporate various natural materials as a vital source for fabrics, clothing and attire. The common era however, witnessing the early arrivals the merchants from east and west to the harbours of Malay Archipelago, together they bought new luxurious items, including fine cotton and silks. The garments subsequently become a source of high Malay fashion and acquired a cultural role as the binding identity in the archipelago, especially in the peninsula, Sumatra and the coastal areas of Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan2016-163">[159]</a> In Malay culture, clothes and textiles are revered as symbols of beauty, power and status. Numerous accounts in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hikayat" title="List of Hikayat">Malay hikayats</a> stressed the special place occupied by textiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaznah_Mohammad19962-164">[160]</a> The Malay handloom industry can be traced its origin since the 13th century when the eastern trade route flourished under <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. Mentions of locally made textiles as well as the predominance of weaving in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> were made in various Chinese and Arab accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaznah_Mohammad199619-165">[161]</a> Among well-known Malay textiles are <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_batik" title="Malaysian batik">Batik</a>, Telepok, Limar, Tenun, Kelingkam, Cindai, Pelangi and Tekad. Classical Malay dress varies between different regions, but the most profound traditional dress in modern-day are Baju Kurung (for women) and Baju Melayu (for men), which both recognised as the national dress for Malaysia and Brunei, and also worn by Malay communities in Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Myanmar and Thailand. The word Baju Kurung, literary defined as "encase the body" of the wearer is tailored based on the Islamic principles of modesty, decency and humility. The practice is parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Christian">Judaeo-Christian</a> religious doctrine, as flaunting the <a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">intimate body parts</a> is considered as forbidden in Islam. The interpretation was then absorbed to the Malay way of dressing and cultural perspective, this can be strongly witnessed upon the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mansur Shah of Malacca">Mansur Shah of Malacca</a> in the 15th century, the sultan prohibited his female Muslim subjects in the public from wearing only a sarong from the bust downwards. Throughout the ages, The Malay Baju Kurung went into several reincarnation before assuming its current form. Due to the vastness of various Malay kingdoms in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">archipelago</a>, local and distinct forms of the Baju Kurung design patterns can also be witnessed in the region, including Bengkulu, Kedah, Jambi, Johor-Riau, Pahang and Palembang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan2016-163">[159]</a> The corresponding mode of Baju Kurung for men is known as "Baju Melayu". The upper part of the garment was made with the geometrical design almost similar with Baju Kurung and commonly paired with woven cloth known as the sarong. The pattern of the sarong may possessed a symbol of the person's marital status or the rank in the classical Malay society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan2016-163">[159]</a> Other common classical Malay attire for men consists of a baju (shirt) or tekua (a type of a long sleeve shirt), baju rompi (vest), kancing (button), a small leg celana (trousers), a <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarong</a> worn around the waist, capal (sandal), and a tanjak or tengkolok (<a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">headgear</a>); for the aristocrats, the baju sikap or baju layang (a type of coat) and pending (ornamental belt buckle) are also synonymous to be worn as a formal attire. It was also common for a pendekar (Malay warrior) to have a <a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">Kris</a> tucked into the front fold of sarong. In contrast to Baju Melayu which continued to be worn as ceremonial dress only, Baju Kurung is worn daily throughout the year by a majority of Malay women. Sighting of female civil servants, professional workers and students wearing Baju Kurung is common in Malaysia and Brunei. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_celebrations">Festivals and celebrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Festivals and celebrations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majlis_Tujuh_Likor_Pasang_Pelita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Majlis_Tujuh_Likor_Pasang_Pelita.jpg/220px-Majlis_Tujuh_Likor_Pasang_Pelita.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Majlis_Tujuh_Likor_Pasang_Pelita.jpg/330px-Majlis_Tujuh_Likor_Pasang_Pelita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Majlis_Tujuh_Likor_Pasang_Pelita.jpg/440px-Majlis_Tujuh_Likor_Pasang_Pelita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Rows of Pelita (<a href="/wiki/Oil_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil lamps">oil lamps</a>) lighted during Malam Tujuh Likur (the 27th night of <a href="/wiki/Ramadhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadhan">Ramadhan</a>), the oil lamps are traditionally used to illuminate homes and the streets during the Ramadhan. Seen here in <a href="/wiki/Muar_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Muar town">Muar</a>, Johor, Malaysia.</figcaption></figure> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> managed to <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">redefine</a> the <a href="/wiki/Malayness" title="Malayness">Malay identity</a> by the 15th century. Thus, resulting most of the Malay festivals and celebrations to run parallel with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>, albeit deeply ingrained with a strong sense of <a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malay character</a>. The biannual <a href="/wiki/Hari_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari Raya">Hari Raya</a> (lit "the Great Day") observance of <a href="/wiki/Aildifitri" class="mw-redirect" title="Aildifitri">Aildifitri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aidiladha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidiladha">Aidiladha</a> are hailed as the grand celebrations universally across the Malay community. The two holidays are instrumental to commentate two major events and philosophy in the Islamic teaching and beliefs. The former signifies the triumph as a Muslim after a month of <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">fasting</a> and patience in <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, while the latter is to observe the sacrifice made by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a> (Abraham) under the name of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>. The Raya holidays usually commenced during the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homecoming" class="extiw" title="wikt:homecoming">homecoming</a> event known as <a href="/wiki/Balik_Kampung" title="Balik Kampung">Balik Kampung</a> or Balik Raya which occurred a few days before the festival. During the Hari Raya, the Malays would celebrated by performing the <a href="/wiki/Eid_prayers" title="Eid prayers">Eid prayers</a>, holding a grand feast and visiting friends, relatives and neighbours. A visit to the grave of the departed loved ones is also essential, as a sign of respect, love and honour. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Plechtigheden_bij_de_kroning_van_de_Sultan_van_Deli_in_1925_op_de_troon_de_sultan_en_zijn_echtgenote_met_aan_weerszijden_de_rijkssieraden_TMnr_10001572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Plechtigheden_bij_de_kroning_van_de_Sultan_van_Deli_in_1925_op_de_troon_de_sultan_en_zijn_echtgenote_met_aan_weerszijden_de_rijkssieraden_TMnr_10001572.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Plechtigheden_bij_de_kroning_van_de_Sultan_van_Deli_in_1925_op_de_troon_de_sultan_en_zijn_echtgenote_met_aan_weerszijden_de_rijkssieraden_TMnr_10001572.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Plechtigheden_bij_de_kroning_van_de_Sultan_van_Deli_in_1925_op_de_troon_de_sultan_en_zijn_echtgenote_met_aan_weerszijden_de_rijkssieraden_TMnr_10001572.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>The coronation ceremony between Tengku Otteman, as the Tengku Mahkota (Crown Prince) of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli" title="Sultanate of Deli">Deli Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>; with his wife, Raja Amnah, a member of <a href="/wiki/Perak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Perak Sultanate">Perak Royalty</a> as Tengku Puan Indera in 1925</figcaption></figure> Other major liturgical and religious ceremonies celebrated by the Malays include <a href="/wiki/Ramadhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadhan">Ramadhan</a>, a month-long holy month devoted by daytime fasting and various religious activities; <a href="/wiki/Maulidur_Rasul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulidur Rasul">Maulidur Rasul</a>, a special grand procession to honour the birth of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>, remembrance of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> where the Malays would solemnly prepared a special dish, known as Bubur Ashura; <a href="/wiki/Nisfu_Syaaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisfu Syaaban">Nisfu Syaaban</a>, the Mid-<a href="/wiki/Sha%27ban" title="Sha'ban">Sha'ban</a> observance, a special day of <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> for forgiveness; <a href="/wiki/Nuzul_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuzul Quran">Nuzul Quran</a>, the first revelation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>; <a href="/wiki/Israk_dan_Mikraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Israk dan Mikraj">Israk dan Mikraj</a>, the ascension of Muhammad to the heavens and <a href="/wiki/Awal_Muharram" class="mw-redirect" title="Awal Muharram">Awal Muharram</a>, the Islamic New Year; the latter three celebrations are usually observed by holding a special sunat prayers, religious lectures and Islamic discussions in the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>. There are also a plethora of domestic regional cultural festivals and social events within different the Malay spheres. The coastal areas were historically known to observed the Mandi Safar or Puja Pantai ceremony, a purifying bath during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic month</a> of <a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a>, originally emulated from the ancient pre-Islamic Malay holy cleansing rituals, akin to the <a href="/wiki/Belimau" title="Belimau">Belimau</a> tradition before Ramadan; and Pesta Menuai, a <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> celebrated by the inland and agrarian Malay communities by traditional games, theatre, <a href="/wiki/Joget" title="Joget">Joget</a> and other repertoire of dance-play. However, both of the practice is gradually extinct owing from various social and economic revolution engineered in the Malay community in the 20th century. Additionally, many Malays are also known to participate in the imperial celebrations to honour the royal courts of their respective kingdoms. The Islamic features also strongly embroidered the Malay celebrations in the individual level, a juxtaposition bonded to the spiritual <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> as a Muslim. The Malays would usually organised kenduri, a religious ceremonial banquet to celebrate or to seek blessing for an event. There are several philosophical variations of kenduri, raging from Doa Selamat (asking for divine favour and protection), Kesyukuran (for thanksgiving and gratitude), Melenggang Perut (ceremonial massage for a mother who is pregnant with her first child), Aqiqah and Cukur Jambul (newborn ceremony, for celebrating a new life), Bertindik (the first piercing ceremony for a female child), Khatam (a graduation ceremony, after a child's first full-reading of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>), Khatan (<a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>), Kahwin (<a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">wedding</a>), Arwah or Tahlil (prayers for a deceased person), among few. The event is usually organised by the family and was traditionally aided by the community in a social gathering known as Rewang or Gotong-royong. During this ceremony, the whole family would be assisted by their neighbours and relatives, delegating various tasks raging from food preparations, venue management, logistic assembly and other technical control. Nevertheless, following the rise of <a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">urbanism</a> in the contemporary Malay community, the practice of Rewang/Gotong-Royong is gradually superseded by hired-<a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">caterer</a> services by the family. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_arts">Martial arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Martial arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singaporean_female_pesilat_-_20080222.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Singaporean_female_pesilat_-_20080222.jpg/220px-Singaporean_female_pesilat_-_20080222.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Singaporean_female_pesilat_-_20080222.jpg/330px-Singaporean_female_pesilat_-_20080222.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Singaporean_female_pesilat_-_20080222.jpg/440px-Singaporean_female_pesilat_-_20080222.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="3014" /></a><figcaption>A female silat practitioner from <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">Silat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></div> Silat and its variants can be found throughout the Malay world: the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. Archaeological evidence reveals that, by the 6th century, formalised combat arts were being practised in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames199473-166">[162]</a> The earliest forms of Silat are believed to have been developed and used in the armed forces of the ancient Malay kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a> (2nd century)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006225-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbd._Rahman_Ismail2008188-168">[164]</a> and Srivijaya (7th century). The influence of the Malay sultanates of Malacca, <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Sultanate">Brunei</a> has contributed to the spread of this martial art in the Malay Archipelago. Through a complex maze of sea channels and river capillaries that facilitated exchange and trade throughout the region, Silat wound its way into the dense rainforest and up into the mountains. The legendary <a href="/wiki/Laksamana" title="Laksamana">Laksamana</a> <a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a> of Malacca is one of the most renowned pesilat (Silat practitioners) in history<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2001802-169">[165]</a> and even considered by some as the father of Malay silat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh_Shamsuddin2005195-170">[166]</a> Since the classical era, <a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a> underwent great diversification and formed what is today traditionally recognised as the source of Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencak Silat">Pencak Silat</a> and other forms of Silat in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraeger199223-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrer200928-172">[168]</a> Apart from Silat, <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Tomoi</a> is also practised by Malays, mainly in the northern region of the Malay Peninsula. It is a variant of <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indo-Chinese</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">kickboxing</a> which is believed to have been spread in the Southeast Asian mainland since the time of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan Empire</a> (68 CE). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_working">Metal working</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Metal working">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunga_Mas_(Muzium_Negara).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bunga_Mas_%28Muzium_Negara%29.jpg/220px-Bunga_Mas_%28Muzium_Negara%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bunga_Mas_%28Muzium_Negara%29.jpg/330px-Bunga_Mas_%28Muzium_Negara%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bunga_Mas_%28Muzium_Negara%29.jpg/440px-Bunga_Mas_%28Muzium_Negara%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bunga_Mas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunga Mas">Bunga Mas</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Malaysia">National Museum of Malaysia</a>. The Bunga Mas was offered by the northern Malay states of <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patani_Kingdom" title="Patani Kingdom">Pattani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nong_Chik_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nong Chik District">Nong Chik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra-ngae_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra-ngae District">Rangae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kubang_Pasu_Darul_Qiyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam">Kubang Pasu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Setul</a> to the King of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>) as a symbol of allegiance.</figcaption></figure> Upon the turn of the 17th century, gold, silver, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> have all been perfectly molded to become part and parcel to the Malay society. The era witnessed the works of metal received a critical royal patronage. A multitude of Malay metalworks manifested as evidence of this era, raging from a peculiar Malay dagger known as <a href="/wiki/Keris" class="mw-redirect" title="Keris">Keris</a> made of iron, down to the elaborate fine <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> made from gold and silver. For the Malay nobles during this period, the works of pending (ornamental <a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a> embellished with <a href="/wiki/Precious_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious stones">precious stones</a>), keronsang (brooch) and cucuk sanggul (hairpins) were staged to become among the most sought item of fashion. The era also hosted a number of other prominent items in the Malay regalia cast in gold, including ceremonial box, Tepak sirih (Betel container) and parts of Keris. The art of working gold was predominantly done by <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Repoussé">repoussé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granulation_(process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulation (process)">granulation</a> techniques, in which the traditional methods can still be witnessed today. In the contemporary era, Malay gold jewels are mainly found in the form of anklets, bracelets, rings, necklaces, pendants and earrings.<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_Handicrafts_~_Gold_Silver_&_Brass_2011-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karyaneka_2013-174">[170]</a> For the Malay silverware, the works of silver are fairly known for its sophisticated and fine designs. It is usually crafted by repousse, <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niello" title="Niello">niello</a> techniques. The common traditional Malay items usually made of silver include pillow ends, belt buckles, matt corners, stoppers for water vessels, Keris sheaths and tobacco boxes. The Awan Larat (cloud patterns) and Kerawang (Vegetal motives) are among the popular designs for Malay decorative silver pillow ends and tobacco boxes.<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_Handicrafts_~_Gold_Silver_&_Brass_2011-173">[169]</a> The usage of brassware transcends a plethora of classical Malay social classes, being used by the members of nobility and commoners alike. The popularity of brassware is heavily contributed due to its durability, quality and affordability to all. The brassware can be narrowed into two distinctions, yellow brass for functional items and white for <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_brassware" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental brassware">decorative purposes</a>. It is often meticulously hammered and craved with various decorative designs in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic arts">religious</a> and floral motives. The usage of brass however, is best known for <a href="/wiki/Tepak_Sireh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepak Sireh">Tepak Sireh</a>, a ceremonial tray for betel quid and for constructing certain musical instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gongs</a> for the classical Malay <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a> orchestra. Additionally, other prominent traditional Malay items made from metal includes flower vases, perfume sprinkles, serving trays, cooking pots, kettle and incense burners.<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_Handicrafts_~_Gold_Silver_&_Brass_2011-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karyaneka_2013-174">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaponry">Weaponry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Weaponry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malay_Keris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malay_Keris.jpg/180px-Malay_Keris.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malay_Keris.jpg/270px-Malay_Keris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malay_Keris.jpg/360px-Malay_Keris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A Malay Keris, with its sheath on the left. This particular dagger was historically belonged to a Malay aristocrat from <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taming_Sari" title="Taming Sari">Taming Sari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bedil_(term)" title="Bedil (term)">Bedil (term)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Keris" class="mw-redirect" title="Keris">Keris</a> is one of the most revered items of Malay weaponry. Originally developed by the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> down south, the spread of the kris to other nations such as Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines, was credited to the growing influence of the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> Empire in Java around the year 1492.<a href="#cite_note-JPostKris-175">[171]</a> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Malacca</a> in the 15th century, the evolution of the Malay Keris was perfected and possession of a Keris came to be regarded as in integral part of Malay culture, becoming a philosophical symbol, juxtapositioned in prestige, craftsmanship, masculinity and honour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiza2016-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria2016-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngahsunan2017-178">[174]</a> During the classical era, a Malay man was not seen without a Keris outside of his house. The absence of a Keris on a man was frowned upon, perceived as if he were parading naked to the public. Traditionally, a man of Malay extraction would own three types of Keris: Keris Pusaka (the Dynasty Keris, inherited from one generation to another), Keris Pangkat (the Status Keris, awarded in right of his position in Malay society) and Keris Perjuangan Dirinya (the Struggle Keris, literally defined as his personal Keris). There are many strict rules, regulations and taboos to be adhered to in owning a Keris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngahsunan2017-178">[174]</a> The blade of a Kris is usually coated with poisonous arsenic, thus crafting an excruciatingly lethal blade for its prey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria2016-177">[173]</a> Traditionally, each Keris is also regarded as possessing a <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">spirit</a>, known as semangat. Special rituals were to be conducted to nurture, preserve and guard the "soul" of the weapon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngahsunan2017-178">[174]</a> The spiritual approach is usually held every Malam Jumaat (Thursday night), with the blade is being purified with <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a> and smoked with <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, dedicated prayers and devoted mantras would be also recited upon to complement the mystic ritual.<a href="#cite_note-Irma_Musliana_2016-179">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istinggar_Melayu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Istinggar_Melayu.jpg/220px-Istinggar_Melayu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Istinggar_Melayu.jpg/330px-Istinggar_Melayu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Istinggar_Melayu.jpg/440px-Istinggar_Melayu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">trigger mechanism</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Istinggar" title="Istinggar">Istinggar</a>, a classical Malay <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> gun as displayed in Muzium Warisan Melayu (<a href="/wiki/Malay_Heritage_Museum" title="Malay Heritage Museum">Malay Heritage Museum</a>), <a href="/wiki/Seri_Kembangan" title="Seri Kembangan">Serdang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></figcaption></figure> The Malays and Javanese are abided by contrasting philosophical <a href="/wiki/Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">values</a> pertaining to Keris-wearing. Traditionally, a Malay would embedded his Keris from the front, an honour that the weapon is more paramount compared to the wearer and a constant reminder that one is always equipped to combat the nemesis. The Javanese however, adhered to the principle that he should be more cautious and the Keris may solely be exercised during the time of need, thus cladding their Keris from behind. The Javanese also believed that by carrying their weapon that position, it would confuse the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngahsunan2017-178">[174]</a> Paradoxically, both groups shared a similar ideology addressing the <a href="/wiki/Kris#Hilt" title="Kris">hilt</a> of the Keris. If the hilt faced up front, it serves as a testament that the man is prepared for a fight. Nevertheless, if the hilt is turned behind, it is an oath that the person is embracing for a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">reconciliation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngahsunan2017-178">[174]</a> There are also a plethora of other forms of weaponry in the Malay arsenal, all were nevertheless equally revered in a correlating manner as the Keris. The Malays would classified the traditional weapons under 7 different structures: Tuju ("Direct", the large and heavy artillery, including the Malay <a href="/wiki/Cannons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannons">cannons</a> of Meriam, <a href="/wiki/Ekor_lotong" title="Ekor lotong">Ekor Lotong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lela_(cannon)" title="Lela (cannon)">Lela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rentaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rentaka">Rentaka</a>), Bidik ("<a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a>", a weapon with metal tube propelled by an <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>, with the Malay forms of <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(firearm)" title="Dragon (firearm)">Terakor</a> and Istingar), Setubuh ("A body", weapon in the similar dimension of a <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>, referred to the Malay <a href="/wiki/Spears" class="mw-redirect" title="Spears">spears</a> of Tongkat Panjang and Lembing), Selengan ("An arm", a large <a href="/wiki/Saber" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber">saber</a> from the length of the shoulders to the tips of the fingers, constituting the Malay saber of Pedang and <a href="/wiki/Sundang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundang">Sundang</a>), Setangan ("A hand", a sword with the diameter measured from the elbow to the 3 fingers, including Badik Panjang and Tekpi), Sepegang ("A hold", smaller than the Setangan, a <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a> with Keris and Badik in the category) and Segenggam ("A grab", the smallest in the category, the hand-sized <a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">blade</a>, including Lawi Ayam, <a href="/wiki/Kerambit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerambit">Kerambit</a>, Kuku Macan and Kapak Binjai).<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> Other items in the traditional Malay weaponry includes sumpit (<a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowpipe</a>) and Busur dan Panah (<a href="/wiki/Bow_and_Arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow and Arrow">Bow and Arrow</a>), which are distinct from the seven class of armaments. Additionally, the Malays also would deploy Zirah, a type of <a href="/wiki/Baju_Rantai" title="Baju Rantai">Baju Besi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>) and Perisai (<a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a>) as defense mechanisms during the <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflict</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_games">Traditional games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Traditional games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Galah_panjang" title="Galah panjang">Galah panjang</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finished_wau_and_wau_frame.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Finished_wau_and_wau_frame.JPG/220px-Finished_wau_and_wau_frame.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Finished_wau_and_wau_frame.JPG/330px-Finished_wau_and_wau_frame.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Finished_wau_and_wau_frame.JPG/440px-Finished_wau_and_wau_frame.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wau_bulan" title="Wau bulan">Wau</a>-maker's workshop in <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, Malaysia. This peculiar type of kite can be found in the northeast coast of the Malay Peninsula.</figcaption></figure> Traditional Malay games usually require craft skills and manual dexterity and can be traced their origins since the days of Malacca Sultanate. <a href="/wiki/Sepak_Raga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepak Raga">Sepak Raga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kite_flying" class="mw-redirect" title="Kite flying">kite flying</a> are among traditional games that were mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a> being played by nobilities and royalties of the Malay sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyden1821261-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard200948-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi20041357-183">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sepak_Raga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepak Raga">Sepak Raga</a> is one of the most popular Malay games and has been played for centuries. Traditionally, Sepak raga was played in circle by kicking and keeps aloft the rattan ball using any part of the body except the arms and hands. It is now recognised as <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>'s national sport<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler197241-184">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNair2002104-185">[181]</a> and played in the international sporting events such as <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a>. Other popular game is <a href="/wiki/Spinning_top" title="Spinning top">Gasing spinning</a> which usually played after the <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> season. A great skill of <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsmanship</a> is required to produce the most competitive Gasing (top), some of which spin for two hours at a time.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_2006_51-186">[182]</a> Possibly the most popular Malay games is the <a href="/wiki/Wau_bulan" title="Wau bulan">Wau</a> (a unique kind of kite from the east coast of the Malay Peninsula) or kite flying. Wau-flying competitions take place with judges awarding points for craftsmanship (Wau are beautiful, colourful objects set on bamboo frames), sound (all <a href="/wiki/Malay_kite" title="Malay kite">Malay kites</a> are designed to create a specific sound as they are buffeted about in the wind) and altitude.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_2006_51-186">[182]</a> The Malays also have a variant of <a href="/wiki/Mancala" title="Mancala">Mancala</a> board game known as <a href="/wiki/Congkak" class="mw-redirect" title="Congkak">Congkak</a>. The game is played by moving stones, marbles, beads or shells around a wooden board consisting of twelve or more holes. Mancala is acknowledged as the oldest game in the world and can be traced its origin since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>. As the game dispersed around the globe, every culture has invented its own variation including the Malays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200652-187">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_and_titles">Names and titles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Names and titles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malay_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay names">Malay names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malay styles and titles</a></div> Malay personal names are complex, reflecting the hierarchical nature of the society, and titles are considered important. Naming has undergone tremendous change, evolving with the times to reflect the different influences that the Malays been subjected to over the ages. Although some Malay names still retain parts of their indigenous <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> influences, as Muslims, Malays have long favoured <a href="/wiki/Arabic_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic names">Arabic names</a> as marks of their religion. Malay names are <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> and can consiste of up to four parts; a title, a given name, the family name, and a description of the individual's male parentage. Some given names and father's names can be composed of double names and even triple names, thereby generating a longer name. For example, one Malaysian national footballer has the full name <a href="/wiki/Mohd_Zaquan_Adha_Abdul_Radzak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak">Mohd Zaquan Adha Abdul Radzak</a>, where 'Mohd Zaquan Adha' is his triple given name and 'Abdul Radzak' is his father's double given name. In addition to naming system, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> also has an elaborate system of <a href="/wiki/Titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles">titles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honorifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorifics">honorifics</a>, which are still extensively used in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>. By applying these <a href="/wiki/Malay_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay titles">Malay titles</a> to a normal Malay name, a more complex name is produced. The former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a> has the full name <a href="/wiki/Najib_Tun_Razak" class="mw-redirect" title="Najib Tun Razak">Dato' Seri Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak</a>, where 'Dato' Seri' is a Malay title of honour, 'Mohd Najib' is his personal name, 'bin' is derived from an Arabic word Ibnu meaning "son of" if in case of daughter it is replaced with binti, an Arabic word "bintun" meaning "daughter of", introduces his father's titles and names, 'Tun' is a higher honour, 'Haji' denotes his father's <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, and 'Abdul Razak' is his father's personal name. The more extremely complex Malay names however, belong to the Malay royalty. The reigning <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> has the full regnal name <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Pahang" title="Abdullah of Pahang">Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Musta'in Billah</a>, while the reigning <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a> officially known as <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-ethnic_groups">Sub-ethnic groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sub-ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malaysian Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Malays">Indonesian Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Thai Malays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Malay_descent" title="Filipinos of Malay descent">Filipinos of Malay descent</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/660px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/990px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/1320px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>The realm of Malays is depicted in green and other related sub-ethnic groups are rendered in darker or lighter green.</figcaption></figure> Although only constituting 3.4% of the total population, ethnic Malays are one of the most widely distributed ethnicities in Indonesia. As shown on the map, outside the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Archipelago">Indonesian Archipelago</a>, the Malay people inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, forming the dominant ethnic group in Peninsular Malaysia and a significant minority in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, Thailand and southern Myanmar. The corridor of <a href="/wiki/Bornean" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornean">Bornean</a> Malay territories begins north from southwestern <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, continues with the country of <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a>, coastal <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and continues down to <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYunosBegawan2011-188">[184]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: center; background: #aacccc;">Ethnic group </th> <th style="text-align: center; background: #aacccc;">Historical realms </th> <th style="text-align: center; background: #aacccc;">Regions with significant population </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Bangka and Belitung Malays </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg/43px-Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Bangkok Malays<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmaiyah_Haji_Omar2003-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmaiyah_Haji_Omar2007-190">[186]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Seal_Bangkok.png/15px-Seal_Bangkok.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Seal_Bangkok.png/23px-Seal_Bangkok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Seal_Bangkok.png/30px-Seal_Bangkok.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Min_Buri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Buri District">Min Buri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nong_Chok_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nong Chok District">Nong Chok</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Seal_Pathum_Thani.png/15px-Seal_Pathum_Thani.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Seal_Pathum_Thani.png/23px-Seal_Pathum_Thani.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Seal_Pathum_Thani.png/30px-Seal_Pathum_Thani.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Lam_Luk_Ka_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lam Luk Ka District">Lam Luk Ka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mueang_Pathum_Thani_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mueang Pathum Thani District">Mueang Pathum</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seal_Ayutthaya.png/15px-Seal_Ayutthaya.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seal_Ayutthaya.png/23px-Seal_Ayutthaya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seal_Ayutthaya.png/30px-Seal_Ayutthaya.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province">Ayutthaya Province</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Bengkulu Malays </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg/43px-Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="1600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau Malays</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Berau Sultanate (1377–1830)</li> <li>Gunung Tabur Sultanate (1810–1945)</li> <li>Sambaliung Sultanate (1810–1945)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Berau_Regency.svg/11px-Coat_of_arms_of_Berau_Regency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Berau_Regency.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Berau_Regency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Berau_Regency.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Berau_Regency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="990" /> <a href="/wiki/Berau_Regency" title="Berau Regency">Berau Regency</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian Malays</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIBP2007151–152-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colling-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aris-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Husain-194">[190]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> (7th–15th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Sultanate">Brunei Sultanate</a> (1363–present)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugis-Malays">Bugis-Malays</a><a href="#cite_note-Karim-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-196">[192]</a> Assimilated Malay group of <a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a> descent </td> <td> <ul><li>Mempawah Sultanate (1740–1950)<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a> (1745–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a> (1824–1911)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /> <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /> <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Burmese Malays</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Jambi Malays (Eastern Sumatran Malays) </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambi Kingdom">Jambi Kingdom</a> (7th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a> (1183–1347)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a> (1460–1907)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/43px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /> <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Javanese Malays<a href="#cite_note-Karim-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-196">[192]</a> Assimilated Malay group of <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> descent </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palembang#Sultanate_of_Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang Sultanate</a> (1550–1823)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_South_Sumatra_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/43px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Johorean Malays<a href="#cite_note-Colling-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aris-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Husain-194">[190]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a> (1528–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Iskandar_of_Johor" title="Ali Iskandar of Johor">Muar Sultanate</a> (1855–1877)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Kedahan Malays</a><a href="#cite_note-Colling-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aris-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Husain-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajlis_Kebudayaan_Negeri_Kedah198619–69-198">[194]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Bujang Valley</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">Civilisation</a> (1st century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a> (2nd–14th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedah Kingdom">Kedah Kingdom</a> (Kedah Tua) (7th– 12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a> (1136–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setul_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Setul Kingdom">Setul Kingdom</a> (1808–1916)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalimiPitchai2016-199">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubang_Pasu_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubang Pasu Kingdom">Kubang Pasu Kingdom</a> (1839–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis Kingdom</a> (1842–present)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seal_Satun.png/15px-Seal_Satun.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seal_Satun.png/23px-Seal_Satun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seal_Satun.png/30px-Seal_Satun.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Satun_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun Province">Satun</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Seal_Trang.png/15px-Seal_Trang.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Seal_Trang.png/23px-Seal_Trang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Seal_Trang.png/30px-Seal_Trang.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Trang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Trang Province">Trang</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Tanintharyi_Region_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanintharyi_Region_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Tanintharyi_Region_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanintharyi_Region_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Tanintharyi_Region_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanintharyi_Region_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanintharyi Division">Tanintharyi Division</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantanese Malay people">Kelantanese Malays</a><a href="#cite_note-Colling-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aris-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Husain-194">[190]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Earth_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Earth Kingdom">Red Earth Kingdom</a> (1st −6th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kelantan" title="Sultan of Kelantan">Kelantan Sultanate</a> (1267–present)</li> <li>Jembal Sultanate (1638–1720)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan Malays</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lambang_Kab_Jembrana.png/15px-Lambang_Kab_Jembrana.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lambang_Kab_Jembrana.png/22px-Lambang_Kab_Jembrana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lambang_Kab_Jembrana.png/29px-Lambang_Kab_Jembrana.png 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jembrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jembrana">Jembrana Regency</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Malaccan Malays<a href="#cite_note-Colling-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aris-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Husain-194">[190]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> (1402–1511)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Minangkabau Malays<a href="#cite_note-Karim-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-196">[192]</a> Assimilated Malay group of <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> descent </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a> (1183–1347)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Siak_Sri_Indrapura" title="Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura">Siak Sultanate</a> (1725–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamtuan_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamtuan Besar">Chiefdom of Negeri Sembilan</a> (1773–present)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /> <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /> <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Northeast Sumatran Malays</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahan_Sultanate" title="Asahan Sultanate">Asahan Sultanate</a> (1630–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli" title="Sultanate of Deli">Deli Sultanate</a> (1630–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Langkat" title="Sultanate of Langkat">Langkat Sultanate</a> (1568–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Serdang" title="Sultanate of Serdang">Serdang Sultanate</a> (1728–1946)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/43px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahang Malay people">Pahang Malays</a><a href="#cite_note-Colling-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aris-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Husain-194">[190]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Old Pahang Kingdom</a> (5th century–1454)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate" title="Pahang Sultanate">Old Pahang Sultanate</a> (1470–1623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom" title="Pahang Kingdom">Modern Pahang Kingdom</a> (1770–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Modern Pahang Sultanate</a> (1881–present)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Pattani Malays<a href="#cite_note-Colling-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aris-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Husain-194">[190]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Negara Sri Dharmaraja Kingdom</a> (1st Millennium–15th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a> (2nd–14th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Sultanate</a> (1516–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singgora_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Singgora Sultanate">Singgora Sultanate</a> (1603–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reman Kingdom">Reman Kingdom</a> (1785–1902)</li> <li>Legeh Kingdom (1755–1902)<a href="#cite_note-Anuar_Nik_Mahmud_1999_39-200">[196]</a></li> <li>Nong Chik Kingdom (1809–1902)<a href="#cite_note-Anuar_Nik_Mahmud_1999_39-200">[196]</a></li> <li>Jalur Kingdom (1817–1902)<a href="#cite_note-Anuar_Nik_Mahmud_1999_39-200">[196]</a></li> <li>Teluban Kingdom (1817–1902)<a href="#cite_note-Anuar_Nik_Mahmud_1999_39-200">[196]</a></li> <li>Jering Kingdom (1817–1902)<a href="#cite_note-Anuar_Nik_Mahmud_1999_39-200">[196]</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seal_Pattani.png/15px-Seal_Pattani.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seal_Pattani.png/23px-Seal_Pattani.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seal_Pattani.png/30px-Seal_Pattani.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Province">Pattani</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_Yala.png/15px-Seal_Yala.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_Yala.png/23px-Seal_Yala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_Yala.png/30px-Seal_Yala.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seal_Narathiwat.png/15px-Seal_Narathiwat.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seal_Narathiwat.png/23px-Seal_Narathiwat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seal_Narathiwat.png/30px-Seal_Narathiwat.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Seal_Songkhla.png/15px-Seal_Songkhla.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Seal_Songkhla.png/23px-Seal_Songkhla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Seal_Songkhla.png/30px-Seal_Songkhla.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Songkhla_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Songkhla Province">Songkhla</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Seal_Krabi.png/15px-Seal_Krabi.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Seal_Krabi.png/23px-Seal_Krabi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Seal_Krabi.png/30px-Seal_Krabi.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Krabi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Krabi Province">Krabi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Perakian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Perakian Malay people">Perakian Malays</a><a href="#cite_note-Colling-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aris-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Husain-194">[190]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a> (2nd – 11th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Perak Sultanate</a> (1528–present)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau Malays</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Kuntu Kampar Sultanate (1234–1933)</li> <li>Indragiri Sultanate (1298–1945)</li> <li>Rokan Sultanate (1569–1940)</li> <li>Pelalawan Sultanate (1791–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a> (1824–1911)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /> <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /> <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lambang_Kabupaten_Pasaman.png/11px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Pasaman.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lambang_Kabupaten_Pasaman.png/17px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Pasaman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lambang_Kabupaten_Pasaman.png/22px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Pasaman.png 2x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="287" /> <a href="/wiki/Pasaman_Regency" title="Pasaman Regency">Pasaman Regency</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lambang_Kabupaten_Lima_Puluh_Kota.png/13px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Lima_Puluh_Kota.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lambang_Kabupaten_Lima_Puluh_Kota.png/20px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Lima_Puluh_Kota.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lambang_Kabupaten_Lima_Puluh_Kota.png/26px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Lima_Puluh_Kota.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="824" /> <a href="/wiki/Lima_Puluh_Kota_Regency" title="Lima Puluh Kota Regency">Lima Puluh Kota Regency</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Sarawakian Malays<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid2012-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanah_Khairat_Yayasan_Melayu_Sarawak-202">[198]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Santubong Kingdom (7th century)</li> <li>Samarahan Kingdom (13th century)</li> <li>Saribas Kingdom (15th century)</li> <li>Banting Kingdom (16th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Sultanate">Sarawak Sultanate</a> (1598–1641)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Selangorean Malays </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a> (1745–present)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Singaporean Malays</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a> (1299–1398)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Tamiang Malays </td> <td> <ul><li>Bukit Karang Kingdom (1023–1330)</li> <li>Benua Tamiang Sultanate (1330–1528)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lambang_Kabupaten_Aceh_Tamiang.png/15px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Aceh_Tamiang.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lambang_Kabupaten_Aceh_Tamiang.png/22px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Aceh_Tamiang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lambang_Kabupaten_Aceh_Tamiang.png/29px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Aceh_Tamiang.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="409" /> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Tamiang_Regency" title="Aceh Tamiang Regency">Aceh Tamiang Regency</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Terengganuan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Terengganuan Malay people">Terengganuan Malays</a><a href="#cite_note-Colling-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aris-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Husain-194">[190]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu" title="Sultan of Terengganu">Terengganu Sultanate</a> (1708–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besut_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Besut Kingdom">Besut Kingdom</a> (1780–1899)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>West Kalimantan Malays </td> <td> <ul><li>Matam Sultanate (1590–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">Pontianak Sultanate</a> (1771–1950)</li> <li>Mempawah Sultanate (1740–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sambas" title="Sultanate of Sambas">Sambas Sultanate</a> (1675–1944)</li> <li>Sanggau Sultanate (1310–1960)</li> <li>Sintang Sultanate (1365–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjungpura_Kingdom" title="Tanjungpura Kingdom">Tanjungpura Kingdom</a> (880–1590)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/22px-Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/33px-Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/43px-Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /> <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malay_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malay people">Malay people</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Anti-Malay sentiment</a>, racial prejudice against ethnic Malays</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Malay_culture" title="Ghosts in Malay culture">Ghosts in Malay culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a> (Malay Supremacy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malay_people" title="List of Malay people">List of Malay people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_folklore" title="Malay folklore">Malay folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Islamic_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Islamic Monarchy">Malay Islamic Monarchy</a>, the national philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_tricolour" title="Malay tricolour">Malay tricolour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_units_of_measurement" title="Malay units of measurement">Malay units of measurement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The definition of the Malay ethnicity can be different in every country, especially between those of Malaysia and Singapore, which are nearly the same, and that of Indonesia. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The Malaysian census data does not distinguish non-Malay Indonesian ethnic groups (such as the Javanese) as separate ethnicities but include them among the "<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malays</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> This number only provides the ethnic group population that lies under the term "Malay" (Melayu) according to the Indonesian government version, namely Melayu Asahan, Melayu Deli, Melayu Riau, Langkat/ Melayu Langkat, Melayu Banyu Asin, Asahan, Melayu, Melayu Lahat, and Melayu Semendo in some part of Sumatra </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The Singaporean census data does not distinguish non-Malay Indonesian ethnic groups as separate ethnicities but include them among the "<a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malays</a>", even though, for instance, those of Javanese descent make up around 60% of the Singaporean "Malay" population. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2021_pop-3"><a href="#cite_ref-2021_pop_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971695583" title="Special:BookSources/9789971695583"><bdi>9789971695583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+and+the+Silk+Road+of+the+Sea%2C+1300-1800&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789971695583&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuljana1981223-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuljana1981223_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuljana1981">Muljana 1981</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm">"Chronicle of Mongol Yuan"</a>. guoxue.com (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guoxue.com&rft.atitle=Chronicle+of+Mongol+Yuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guoxue.com%2Fshibu%2F24shi%2Fyuanshi%2Fyuas_210.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1981190-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1981190_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1981">Hall 1981</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECordier2009105-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordier2009105_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCordier2009">Cordier 2009</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2004364–365-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2004364–365_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2004">Wright 2004</a>, pp. 364–365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawfurd1856[httpsarchiveorgdetailsadescriptivedic00crawgoogpagen254mode2up_244]-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawfurd1856[httpsarchiveorgdetailsadescriptivedic00crawgoogpagen254mode2up_244]_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrawfurd1856">Crawfurd 1856</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up">244</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard20044-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard20044_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnard2004">Barnard 2004</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner201022-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilner201022_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilner2010">Milner 2010</a>, pp. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner2011" class="citation book cs1">Milner, Anthony (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sACaolB0FpkC&q=liberally">The Malays</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444391664" title="Special:BookSources/9781444391664"><bdi>9781444391664</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331160702/https://books.google.com/books?id=sACaolB0FpkC&q=liberally">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malays&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444391664&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsACaolB0FpkC%26q%3Dliberally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> For the dating of the manuscripts, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcp.anu.edu.au/Q/texts.html">Malay Concordance Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809133732/https://mcp.anu.edu.au/Q/texts.html">Archived</a> 9 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan19764–5-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan19764–5_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan1976">Ryan 1976</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722233738/http://www.coac.org.my/codenavia/portals/coacv2/code/main/main_art.php?parentID=11374494101180&artID=11432750280711">"Orang Asli Population Statistics"</a>. Center for Orang Asli Concerns. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coac.org.my/codenavia/portals/coacv2/code/main/main_art.php?parentID=11374494101180&artID=11432750280711">the original</a> on 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orang+Asli+Population+Statistics&rft.pub=Center+for+Orang+Asli+Concerns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coac.org.my%2Fcodenavia%2Fportals%2Fcoacv2%2Fcode%2Fmain%2Fmain_art.php%3FparentID%3D11374494101180%26artID%3D11432750280711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthipanMirianti_Ishar2022" class="citation journal cs1">Parthipan, Shalini; Mirianti Ishar, Seri (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalarticle.ukm.my/19571/1/49021-177065-2-PB.pdf">"Perspective on Ancestral Lineages and Genetic Markers of Malay Population in Peninsular Malaysia"</a> (PDF). Journal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia. 20 (1): 86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016080144/http://journalarticle.ukm.my/19571/1/49021-177065-2-PB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Journalarticle.ukm.my.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Sains+Kesihatan+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Perspective+on+Ancestral+Lineages+and+Genetic+Markers+of+Malay+Population+in+Peninsular+Malaysia&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Parthipan&rft.aufirst=Shalini&rft.au=Mirianti+Ishar%2C+Seri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalarticle.ukm.my%2F19571%2F1%2F49021-177065-2-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2004-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2004_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnard2004">Barnard 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock1969278-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdock1969278_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurdock1969">Murdock 1969</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQKgraWbb7yoCpgPA495_495]-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQKgraWbb7yoCpgPA495_495]_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA495">495</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderbeck2002-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderbeck2002_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderbeck2002">Anderbeck 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamil_Abu_Bakar200239-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamil_Abu_Bakar200239_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamil_Abu_Bakar2002">Jamil Abu Bakar 2002</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETED1999-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETED1999_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTED1999">TED 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimer2006-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOppenheimer2006_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppenheimer2006">Oppenheimer 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdulla_et_al.2009-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdulla_et_al.2009_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbdulla_et_al.2009">Abdulla et al. 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares,_et_al.2008-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares,_et_al.2008_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoares,_et_al.2008">Soares, et al. 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERazak2012-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERazak2012_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRazak2012">Razak 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrell1999-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerrell1999_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTerrell1999">Terrell 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer1999-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaer1999_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaer1999">Baer 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarenaSanchez-QuintoSjödinMcKenna2021" class="citation journal cs1">Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (30 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020671">"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"</a>. 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Brunei Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.com.bn/golden-legacy/2011/10/24/search-brunei-malays-outside-brunei">the original</a> on 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brunei+Times&rft.atitle=In+search+of+Brunei+Malays+outside+Brunei&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.aulast=Yunos&rft.aufirst=Rozan&rft.au=Begawan%2C+Bandar+Seri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.com.bn%2Fgolden-legacy%2F2011%2F10%2F24%2Fsearch-brunei-malays-outside-brunei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakaria2016" class="citation web cs1">Zakaria, Faizal Izzani (3 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035426/http://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/utama/keris-jiwa-melayu-dan-nusantara-1.377802">"Keris jiwa Melayu dan Nusantara"</a>. Utusan online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/utama/keris-jiwa-melayu-dan-nusantara-1.377802">the original</a> on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utusan+online&rft.atitle=Keris+jiwa+Melayu+dan+Nusantara&rft.date=2016-09-03&rft.aulast=Zakaria&rft.aufirst=Faizal+Izzani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utusan.com.my%2Frencana%2Futama%2Fkeris-jiwa-melayu-dan-nusantara-1.377802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaki_Ragman2003" class="citation cs2">Zaki Ragman (2003), Gateway to Malay culture, Singapore: Asiapac Books Pte Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-229-326-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-229-326-8"><bdi>978-981-229-326-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gateway+to+Malay+culture&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Asiapac+Books+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-981-229-326-8&rft.au=Zaki+Ragman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1972" class="citation cs2">Ziegler, Oswald Leopol (1972), The world and south east Asia, Oswald Ziegler Enterprises, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909586-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-909586-03-4"><bdi>978-0-909586-03-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+and+south+east+Asia&rft.pub=Oswald+Ziegler+Enterprises&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-909586-03-4&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Oswald+Leopol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8406506.stm">"Genetic 'map' of Asia's diversity"</a>. BBC News. 11 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Genetic+%27map%27+of+Asia%27s+diversity&rft.date=2009-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8406506.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404150912/http://www.kkbs.gov.bn/html/pakaian_tradisi.htm">"Pakaian Tradisi"</a> [Traditional Clothing] (in Malay). Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan [Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kkbs.gov.bn/html/pakaian_tradisi.htm">the original</a> on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakaian+Tradisi&rft.pub=Kementerian+Kebudayaan%2C+Belia+dan+Sukan+%5BMinistry+of+Culture%2C+Youth+and+Sports%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kkbs.gov.bn%2Fhtml%2Fpakaian_tradisi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510081825/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/malaysianmonarchy/?q=en%2Fdress">"Royal and Palace Customs: Dresses For Ceremonies And Functions"</a>. Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/malaysianmonarchy/?q=en/dress">the original</a> on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yang+di-Pertuan+Agong&rft.atitle=Royal+and+Palace+Customs%3A+Dresses+For+Ceremonies+And+Functions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysianmonarchy.org.my%2Fmalaysianmonarchy%2F%3Fq%3Den%2Fdress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnantaArifinHasbullahHandayani2013" class="citation conference cs1">Ananta, Aris; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Hasbullah, M. Sairi; Handayani, Nur Budi; Pramono, Agus (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/IUSSP%20Ethnicity%20Indonesia%20Poster%20Section%20G%202708%202013%20revised.pdf">"Changing Ethnic Composition:Indonesia, 2000–2010"</a> (PDF). XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference. Busan, Korea: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. Retrieved 10 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Changing+Ethnic+Composition%3AIndonesia%2C+2000%E2%80%932010&rft.btitle=XXVII+IUSSP+International+Population+Conference&rft.place=Busan%2C+Korea&rft.pub=International+Union+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Population&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ananta&rft.aufirst=Aris&rft.au=Arifin%2C+Evi+Nurvidya&rft.au=Hasbullah%2C+M.+Sairi&rft.au=Handayani%2C+Nur+Budi&rft.au=Pramono%2C+Agus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiussp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fevent_call_for_papers%2FIUSSP%2520Ethnicity%2520Indonesia%2520Poster%2520Section%2520G%25202708%25202013%2520revised.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2003" class="citation cs2">Collins, Alan (2003), Security and Southeast Asia: domestic, regional, and global issues, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-230-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-230-4"><bdi>978-981-230-230-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+and+Southeast+Asia%3A+domestic%2C+regional%2C+and+global+issues&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-981-230-230-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewaeleBeardsmoreHousenLi2003" class="citation cs2">Dewaele, Jean-Marc; Beardsmore, Hugo Baetens; Housen, Alex; Li, Wei (2003), Bilingualism: beyond basic principles, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-625-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-625-4"><bdi>978-1-85359-625-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism%3A+beyond+basic+principles&rft.place=Clevedon&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-625-4&rft.aulast=Dewaele&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rft.au=Beardsmore%2C+Hugo+Baetens&rft.au=Housen%2C+Alex&rft.au=Li%2C+Wei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatinNur-ShafawatiZahriXu2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hatin WI, Nur-Shafawati AR, Zahri MK, Xu S, Jin L, et al. (The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071720">"Population Genetic Structure of Peninsular Malaysia Malay Sub-Ethnic Groups"</a>. PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e18312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...618312H">2011PLoSO...618312H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018312">10.1371/journal.pone.0018312</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071720">3071720</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21483678">21483678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Population+Genetic+Structure+of+Peninsular+Malaysia+Malay+Sub-Ethnic+Groups&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e18312&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3071720%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21483678&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...618312H&rft.aulast=Hatin&rft.aufirst=Wan+Isa&rft.au=Nur-Shafawati%2C+Ab+Rajab&rft.au=Zahri%2C+Mohd-Khairi&rft.au=Xu%2C+Shuhua&rft.au=Jin%2C+Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3071720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoh2016" class="citation web cs1">Loh, Arnold (21 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/05/21/debate-arises-over-bujang-valley-experts-disagree-on-religion-practised-at-ruins-older-than-borobodu/">"Experts disagree on religion practised at ruins older than Borobodur and Angkor Wat"</a>. The Star.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Experts+disagree+on+religion+practised+at+ruins+older+than+Borobodur+and+Angkor+Wat&rft.date=2016-05-21&rft.aulast=Loh&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2016%2F05%2F21%2Fdebate-arises-over-bujang-valley-experts-disagree-on-religion-practised-at-ruins-older-than-borobodu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogadaev2012" class="citation cs2">Pogadaev, V.A. (2012), Dunia Melayu (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura): Kamus Lingua-Budaya [Malay World (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore). Lingua-Cultural Dictionary], Moscow: Vostochnaya Kniga, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7873-0658-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7873-0658-3"><bdi>978-5-7873-0658-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dunia+Melayu+%28Brunei%2C+Indonesia%2C+Malaysia%2C+Singapura%29%3A+Kamus+Lingua-Budaya&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Vostochnaya+Kniga&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-5-7873-0658-3&rft.aulast=Pogadaev&rft.aufirst=V.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanah_Khairat_Yayasan_Melayu_Sarawak" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://melayusarawak.org.my/sejarah-orang-melayu-sarawak/">"Sejarah Orang Melayu Sarawak"</a> [The History of Sarawakian Malay] (in Malay). Amanah Khairat Yayasan Melayu Sarawak. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Orang+Melayu+Sarawak&rft.pub=Amanah+Khairat+Yayasan+Melayu+Sarawak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmelayusarawak.org.my%2Fsejarah-orang-melayu-sarawak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalays+%28ethnic+group%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/21px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belait_people" title="Belait people">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Brunei Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_(Brunei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusun (Brunei)">Dusun (Brunei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutong_people" title="Tutong people">Tutong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Brunei" title="Indians in Brunei">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Brunei" title="British Forces Brunei">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Philippines_relations#Filipinos_in_Brunei" title="Brunei–Philippines relations">Filipino</a></li> <li>Indonesian</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Ethnic 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay#Indonesia" title="Proto-Malay">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akit people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfur people">Alfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Chinese (page does not exist)">Padang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aceh Chinese (page does not exist)">Aceh Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Chinese (page does not exist)">Bali Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parit_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parit Chinese (page does not exist)">Parit Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palembang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palembang Chinese (page does not exist)">Palembang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Chinese (page does not exist)">Medan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia" title="Filipinos in Indonesia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Indonesian">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia" title="Koreans in Indonesia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Indonesia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malay_people" title="List of Malay people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Anak Jati</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johorean_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Johorean Malay people">Johorean Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Kedahan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_Malays" title="Kelantanese Malays">Kelantanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Malay people">Malaccan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays#Sub-ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Negeri Sembilanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Penangite Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakian_Malays" title="Perakian Malays">Perakian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Perlisan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malays" title="Pahang Malays">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangorian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangorian Malay people">Selangorian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganuan_Malays" title="Terengganuan Malays">Terengganuan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawakian Malay people">Sarawakian Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Anak Dagang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Malaysians" title="Javanese Malaysians">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_people" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocu people (page does not exist)">Ocu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Burmese Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Patani Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Orang Asal</a> (Other Indigenous peoples)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Peninsular Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_people" title="Semelai people">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_people" title="Temoq people">Temoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_people" title="Temuan people">Temuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semang" title="Semang">Semang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_people" title="Lanoh people">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_people" title="Jahai people">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendriq">Mendriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintil">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos language">Mos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_people" title="Mah Meri people">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_people" title="Cheq Wong people">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_people" title="Temiar people">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_people" title="Jah Hut people">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_people" title="Semaq Beri people">Semaq Beri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_people" title="Ukit people">Ukit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriek_people" title="Miriek people">Miriek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Illanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Peranakan Arab</a></li> <li>Peranakan Eropah (including <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Peranakan Siam</a> (Sam-Sam)</li> <li>Peranakan Turki</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Chinese_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Chinese descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Foochow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Henghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangite" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangite">Penangite</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peranakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a> (Baba-Nyonya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Indian_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Indian descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati Malaysian">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penangite Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Indians in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sarawak" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sarawak">Indians in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Malaysia" title="Sri Lankans in Malaysia">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Telugu">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peranakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Peranakan Chitty</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed ancestry (non-Peranakan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians#Malaysia" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Foreign ethnicities /expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Malaysia" title="Burmese in Malaysia">Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese#Malaysia" title="Overseas Chinese">China/Taiwan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Malaysians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Malaysians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Malaysia" title="Iranians in Malaysia">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Jewish</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Malaysia" title="Koreans in Malaysia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Nepalese people in Malaysia">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans_in_Malaysia" title="Singaporeans in Malaysia">Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Vietnamese people in Malaysia">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singaporeans" title="Template:Singaporeans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singaporeans" title="Template talk:Singaporeans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singaporeans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singaporeans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Ethnic groups in Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">CMIO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans#Chinese_Singaporean_subgroups" title="Chinese Singaporeans">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Indians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasians</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Singaporeans" title="Arab Singaporeans">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Buginese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Singapore" title="Sri Lankans in Singapore">Ceylonese/Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">Foreign nationalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Singapore" title="Armenians in Singapore">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationals_in_Singapore" title="Chinese nationals in Singapore">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Singapore" title="Filipinos in Singapore">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Singapore" title="Japanese people in Singapore">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Singapore" title="Koreans in Singapore">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_in_Singapore" title="Malaysians in Singapore">Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Singapore" title="Nepalis in Singapore">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Singapore" title="Pakistanis in Singapore">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Taiwanese" title="Overseas Taiwanese">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thais_in_Singapore" title="Thais in Singapore">Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Singapore" title="Vietnamese people in Singapore">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Singapore" title="Australians in Singapore">Australians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* : One major race in the former CMIE model incorporated into Others in the new CMIO model <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_workers_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant workers in Singapore">Immigrant workers in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">Immigration to Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">Race in Singapore</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Sabah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Sabah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Sabah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Sabah">Ethnic groups in Sabah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sabah" title="Demographics of Sabah">Sabahan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Native (Anak Negeri)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li>Molbog/Balabak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li>Bulungan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li>Subpan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Non-native</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Peninsula Malays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Non-Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Malaysian Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_citizens_in_Malaysia" title="Indonesian citizens in Malaysia">Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bengalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142702#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142702#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142702#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1006554/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080106">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11980487h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11980487h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567480">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545954005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&oldid=1259173999">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malays_(ethnic_group)&oldid=1259173999</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malay_people" title="Category:Malay people">Malay people</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFGerini1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhulam_Sarwar_Yousof1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson-Hill1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopal2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulrose_Karim1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalimiPitchai2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatinNur-ShafawatiZahriXu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeGalliganInoguchi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenketHeynen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerwig1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunterRoberts2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussin_Mutalib2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIBP2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFI_Ching2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrma_Musliana2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaaffarHussainAhmad1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamil_Abu_Bakar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJermsawatdi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsLahoud2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephNajmabadi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaryaneka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerawang_Merah2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarenaSanchez-QuintoSjödinMcKenna2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeyden1821\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittrup1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLumholtz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajlis_Kebudayaan_Negeri_Kedah1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Cavendish2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarzuki_bin_Haji_Mohd_Seruddin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatusky1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaznah_Mohammad1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNair2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelayu_Online2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelebekMoain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiksic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiksicGoh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamad_Tajuddin_Haji_Mohamad_Rasdi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed_Anwar_Omar_Din2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohd._Zamberi_A._Malek.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohd_Fauzi_Yaacob2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMok2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukerjee1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuljana1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuljana2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunoz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdock1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNa\u0026#039;imSyaputra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiza2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoorKhoo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Reilly2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheimer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOthman1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPande2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParthipanMirianti_Ishar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogadaev2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamli1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRazak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichmond2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefs1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabrizain\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheikh_Shamsuddin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSneddon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoares,_et_al.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasa2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearns2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuryadinata2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweeney1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyed_Husin_Ali2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTED1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTantri_Yuliandini2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeeuw1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTirtosudarmo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmaiyah_Haji_Omar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmaiyah_Haji_Omar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_BeekInvernizzi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_PuttenCody2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinarno2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinstedt1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolters1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYunosBegawan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZakaria2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaki_Ragman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiegler1972\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 109,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 39,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Brunei\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Malaysia\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Sabah\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Singapore\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 46,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 16,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Further-text\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 19,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Lower\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 150,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","17.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","15.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","9.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","6.1"],["type","100","5.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","5.1"],["tostring","60","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.0"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","60","3.0"],["[others]","540","27.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-wlthb","timestamp":"20241128193739","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Malays (ethnic group)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malays_(ethnic_group)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q142702","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q142702","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-27T12:44:35Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T19:53:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e6\/Malay_couple.jpg","headline":"Sumatran ethnic group native to eastern Sumatra"}</script> 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