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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 ICD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DSM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DSM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 DSM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DSM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Signs and symptoms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Signs and symptoms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broader_autism_phenotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broader_autism_phenotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Broader autism phenotype </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broader_autism_phenotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_communication_skills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_communication_skills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Social and communication skills </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_communication_skills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restricted_and_repetitive_behaviors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restricted_and_repetitive_behaviors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Restricted and repetitive behaviors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restricted_and_repetitive_behaviors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Self-injury </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burnout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burnout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Burnout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burnout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Other features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Problematic_digital_media_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problematic_digital_media_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Problematic digital media use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problematic_digital_media_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Possible causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Possible causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Biological subgroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syndromic_autism_and_non-syndromic_autism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syndromic_autism_and_non-syndromic_autism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Syndromic autism and non-syndromic autism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syndromic_autism_and_non-syndromic_autism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disproven_vaccine_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disproven_vaccine_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Disproven vaccine hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disproven_vaccine_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etiological_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etiological_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Etiological hypotheses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etiological_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Evolutionary hypotheses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditions_correlated_or_comorbid_to_autism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_correlated_or_comorbid_to_autism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Conditions correlated or comorbid to autism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conditions_correlated_or_comorbid_to_autism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conditions correlated or comorbid to autism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conditions_correlated_or_comorbid_to_autism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Correlations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correlations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Correlations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correlations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comorbidities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comorbidities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Comorbidities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comorbidities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-pharmacological_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-pharmacological_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Non-pharmacological interventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-pharmacological_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacological_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacological_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Pharmacological interventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacological_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neurodiversity_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurodiversity_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Neurodiversity movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurodiversity_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Symbols and flags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.2 Flags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caregivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caregivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Caregivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caregivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Autism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" > 101 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismus" title="Autismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Autismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF" title="توحد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توحد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4_(%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Օթիզմ (Առանձնայնութիւն) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օթիզմ (Առանձնայնութիւն)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autizm" title="Autizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Autizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اوتیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="আত্মসংবৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আত্মসংবৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-p%C3%AC-ch%C3%A8ng" title="Chū-pì-chèng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-pì-chèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аўтызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аўтызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўтызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Аутизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аутизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autizam" title="Autizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Autizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotegezh" title="Aotegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aotegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismus" title="Autismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtistiaeth" title="Awtistiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awtistiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF" title="توحد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="توحد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism" title="Autism – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Autism" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismus" title="Autismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AF%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="އޯޓިޒަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އޯޓިޒަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism" title="Autism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αυτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismo" title="Autismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADtismo" title="Aŭtismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭtismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismo" title="Autismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Autismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اوتیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوتیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisma" title="Autisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Autisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uathachas" title="Uathachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uathachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismo" title="Autismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Autismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%ED%8F%90" title="자폐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자폐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Աուտիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աուտիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वलीनता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वलीनता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autizam" title="Autizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Autizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismo" title="Autismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Autismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismo" title="Autismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Autismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Autism" title="I-Autism – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Autism" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhverfa" title="Einhverfa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Einhverfa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismo" title="Autismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אוטיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಟಿಸಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಟಿಸಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აუტიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აუტიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%B9%D8%B2%D9%85" title="آٹزم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آٹزم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аутизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аутизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawahudi" title="Tawahudi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tawahudi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otism" title="Otism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Otism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%AEzm" title="Otîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Otîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аутизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аутизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismus" title="Autismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Autismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisms" title="Autisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Autisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autizmas" title="Autizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Autizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ka_sezga%27o" title="ka sezga'o – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ka sezga'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autizmus" title="Autizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Autizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аутизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аутизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აუტიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აუტიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="अटिज्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अटिज्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%96%89%E7%97%87" title="自閉症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自閉症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ଅଟିଜିମ୍‌ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଟିଜିମ୍‌" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autizm" title="Autizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Autizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਵੈਲੀਨਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਵੈਲੀਨਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatizam" title="Aatizam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aatizam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autyzm" title="Autyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Autyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismo" title="Autismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism" title="Autism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Autism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аутизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аутизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismu" title="Autismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Autismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism" title="Autism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Autism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autizmi" title="Autizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Autizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism" title="Autism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Autism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtizem" title="Avtizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otismo" title="Otismo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Otismo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ئۆتیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆتیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autizam" title="Autizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Autizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autizam" title="Autizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Autizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autisme" title="Autisme – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Autisme" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismi" title="Autismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Autismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism" title="Autism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Autism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autismo" title="Autismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" 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academic journal with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Autism_(journal)" title="Autism (journal)">Autism (journal)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Autism</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Autism spectrum disorder,<a href="#cite_note-medical_term-1">[a]</a> autism spectrum condition</li> <li>Formerly: <a href="/wiki/Kanner_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanner syndrome">Kanner syndrome</a>/autistic disorder/childhood autism, <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">childhood disintegrative disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">occupational medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Difficulties in <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a>, verbal and <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communication</a>; inflexible routines; <a href="/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)" title="Special interest (autism)">narrow, restricted interests</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">repetitive body movements</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_sensitivity" title="Sensory processing sensitivity">unusual sensory responses</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">Social isolation</a>, educational and <a href="/wiki/Employment_of_autistic_people" title="Employment of autistic people">employment problems</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EPS-2022-2">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EPS-2022-2">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EPS-2022-2">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EPS-2022-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidality</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Early childhood</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Lifelong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multifactorial_disease" title="Multifactorial disease">Multifactorial</a>, with many uncertain factors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)" title="Family history (medicine)">Family history</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic conditions</a>, having older parents, certain prescribed drugs, <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development#Factors_influencing_development" title="Prenatal development">perinatal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infant#Health_issues" title="Infant">neonatal</a> health issues</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on combination of clinical observation of behavior and development and comprehensive diagnostic testing completed by a team of qualified professionals (including psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, neuropsychologists, pediatricians, and speech-language pathologists). For adults, the use of a patient's written and oral history of autistic traits becomes more important</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid personality disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">selective mutism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">fragile X syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Einstein_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein syndrome">Einstein syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> learning disorders (mainly <a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">speech disorders</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Positive_behavior_support" title="Positive behavior support">Positive behavior support</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychotropic medication</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">speech–language pathology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>One in 100 people (1%) worldwide<a href="#cite_note-Autism-Research-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization-2022-11">[10]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> Autism or autism spectrum disorder<a href="#cite_note-medical_term-1">[a]</a> (ASD), is a <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">neurodevelopmental disorder</a> characterized by repetitive, restricted, and inflexible patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as well as persistent difficulties in social communication and interaction. Autism generally affects a person's ability to understand and connect with others, as well as their adaptability to everyday situations, with its severity and support needs varying widely across the <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_disorder" title="Spectrum disorder">underlying spectrum</a>. For example, some are <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_autism" title="Nonverbal autism">nonverbal</a>, while others have proficient spoken language. A formal diagnosis of ASD according to either the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> or the <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> criteria requires not merely the presence of ASD symptoms, but symptoms that cause significant impairment in multiple domains of functioning, in addition to being atypical or excessive for the individual's age and <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural" title="Sociocultural">sociocultural</a> context.<a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-iacc.hhs.gov-13">[12]</a> Common signs of ASD include difficulty with <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">social interaction</a> and verbal and <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communication</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)" title="Special interest (autism)">perseverative interests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">stereotypic body movements</a>, rigid routines, and <a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), UK <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</a> (NICE), and <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> classify autism as a <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">neurodevelopmental disorder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-iacc.hhs.gov-13">[12]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">autism rights movement</a> (and some researchers) see autistic people as part of humanity's natural <a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">neurodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pellicano-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> From this point of view, autistic people may also be diagnosed with a <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> of some sort, but that disability may be rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">systemic structures of a society</a> rather than in the person;<a href="#cite_note-Autonomous_Press-17">[16]</a> thus, proponents argue that autistic people should be accommodated rather than cured.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> On the contrary, other scientists argue that ASD impairs functioning in many ways that are inherent to the disorder itself and unrelated to society.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The neurodiversity perspective has led to significant controversy among those who are autistic and advocates, practitioners, and charities.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> There are many theories about the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_autism" title="Causes of autism">causes of autism</a>; it is <a href="/wiki/Heritability_of_autism" title="Heritability of autism">highly heritable and mainly genetic</a>, but many genes are involved, and environmental factors may also be relevant.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Autism frequently co-occurs with <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>, and research indicates that autistic people have significantly higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">LGBTQ+ identities</a> and feelings than the general population.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lord-2022-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham_Holmes-2022-26">[25]</a> Disagreements persist about what should be included as part of the diagnosis, whether there are meaningful subtypes or stages of autism,<a href="#cite_note-The_Diagnosis_of_Autism:_From_Kanne-27">[26]</a> and the significance of autism-associated traits in the wider population.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The combination of broader criteria, increased awareness, and the potential increase of actual prevalence, has led to considerably increased estimates of <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism" title="Epidemiology of autism">autism prevalence</a> since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell_2021-31">[30]</a> The WHO estimates about 1 in 100 children had autism between 2012 and 2021, as that was the average estimate in studies during that period, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time.<a href="#cite_note-32">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autism-Research-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization-2022-11">[10]</a> This increasing prevalence has reinforced the myth perpetuated by <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vaccine activists">anti-vaccine activists</a> that autism is <a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">caused by vaccines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Review_of_Virology-33">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Boys are also significantly far more frequently diagnosed than girls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC_2020-34">[32]</a> There is no cure for autism. Some advocates of autistic people argue that efforts to find a cure are misguided and even harmful.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Autism_therapies" title="Autism therapies">Early intervention services</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a> (ABA) aim to teach children self-care and normative social and language skills.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutismResearch2023Study-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-psychiatric_investigation-39">[37]</a> Some in the autism rights movement consider ABA therapy unethical and unhelpful due to a perception that it emphasizes normalization instead of acceptance and its potential for causing harms.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeVita_2016-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Curtailing self-soothing behaviors is potentially classifiable as a form of <a href="/wiki/Patient_abuse" title="Patient abuse">abuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">augmentative and alternative modes of communication</a>, are effective <a href="/wiki/Adjuvant_therapy" title="Adjuvant therapy">adjunctive therapies</a>. Pharmacological treatments may also be useful; the <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">atypical antipsychotics</a> <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a> have shown to alleviate <a href="/wiki/Comorbid" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorbid">comorbid</a> irritability, though they tend to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melatonin_as_a_medication_and_supplement" title="Melatonin as a medication and supplement">Melatonin</a> supplementation has been shown to improve insomnia related to autism.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Stimulant therapy may improve mental processing speed when there is comorbid ADHD.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectrum_model">Spectrum model</h3></div> Before the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> (2013) and <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> (2022) diagnostic manuals were adopted, ASD was found under the diagnostic category <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">pervasive developmental disorder</a>. The previous system relied on a set of closely related and overlapping diagnoses such as <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a> and the syndrome formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Kanner_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanner syndrome">Kanner syndrome</a>. This created unclear boundaries between the terms, so for the DSM-5 and ICD-11, a spectrum approach was taken. The new system is also more restrictive, meaning fewer people qualify for diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The DSM-5 and ICD-11 use different categorization tools to define this spectrum. DSM-5 uses a "level" system, which ranks how in need of support the patient is, level 1 being the mildest and level 3 the severest,<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> while the ICD-11 system has two axes, intellectual impairment and language impairment,<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> as these are seen as the most crucial factors. Autism is currently defined as a highly variable <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">neurodevelopmental disorder</a><a href="#cite_note-Geschwind-50">[48]</a> that is generally thought to cover a broad and deep <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_disorder" title="Spectrum disorder">spectrum</a>, manifesting very differently from one person to another. Some have high support needs, may be <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_autism" title="Nonverbal autism">nonspeaking</a>, and experience developmental delays; this is more likely with other co-existing diagnoses. Others have relatively low support needs; they may have more typical speech-language and intellectual skills but atypical social/conversation skills, <a href="/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)" title="Special interest (autism)">narrowly focused interests</a>, and wordy, <a href="/wiki/Stilted_speech" title="Stilted speech">pedantic</a> communication.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> They may still require significant support in some areas of their lives. The spectrum model should not be understood as a continuum running from mild to severe, but instead means that autism can present very differently in each person.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> How it presents in a person can depend on context, and may vary over time.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> While the DSM and ICD greatly influence each other, there are also differences. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a> was included in ASD in the DSM-5, but in the ICD-11 it was excluded and placed in the chapter on Developmental Anomalies. The ICD and the DSM change over time, and there has been collaborative work toward a convergence of the two since 1980 (when <a href="/wiki/DSM-3" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-3">DSM-III</a> was published and <a href="/wiki/ICD-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD-9">ICD-9</a> was current), including more rigorous biological assessment—in place of historical experience—and a simplification of the classification system.<a href="#cite_note-Pickett_&_Anderson-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-APA-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mezzich-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-57">[55]</a> As of 2023, empirical and theoretical research is leading to a growing consensus among researchers that the established ASD criteria are ineffective descriptors of autism as a whole, and that alternative research approaches must be encouraged, such as going back to autism prototypes, exploring new causal models of autism, or developing transdiagnostic <a href="/wiki/Endophenotype" title="Endophenotype">endophenotypes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse2023-58">[56]</a> Proposed alternatives to the current disorder-focused spectrum model deconstruct autism into at least two separate phenomena: (1) a non-pathological spectrum of behavioral traits in the population,<a href="#cite_note-Sarovic2021-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chawner2022-60">[58]</a> and (2) the neuropathological burden of rare genetic mutations and environmental risk factors potentially leading to neurodevelopmental and psychological disorders,<a href="#cite_note-Sarovic2021-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chawner2022-60">[58]</a> (3) governed by an individual's cognitive ability to compensate.<a href="#cite_note-Sarovic2021-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICD">ICD</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a> (11th Revision), <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a>, was released in June 2018 and came into full effect as of January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_2021-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pickett_&_Anderson-54">[52]</a> It describes ASD as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICD-11-62">[60]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Autism spectrum disorder is characterised by persistent deficits in the ability to initiate and to sustain reciprocal social interaction and social communication, and by a range of restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour, interests or activities that are clearly atypical or excessive for the individual's age and sociocultural context. The onset of the disorder occurs during the developmental period, typically in early childhood, but symptoms may not become fully manifest until later, when social demands exceed limited capacities. Deficits are sufficiently severe to cause impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning and are usually a pervasive feature of the individual's functioning observable in all settings, although they may vary according to social, educational, or other context. Individuals along the spectrum exhibit a full range of intellectual functioning and language abilities.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>ICD-11, chapter 6, section A02</cite></div></blockquote> ICD-11 was produced by professionals from 55 countries out of the 90 involved and is the most widely used reference worldwide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DSM">DSM</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>'s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (<a href="/wiki/DSM-5-TR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-5-TR">DSM-5-TR</a>), released in 2022, is the current version of the DSM. It is the predominant mental health diagnostic system used in the United States and Canada, and is often used in Anglophone countries. Its fifth edition, <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>, released in May 2013, was the first to define ASD as a single diagnosis,<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> which is still the case in the DSM-5-TR.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR-64">[62]</a> ASD encompasses previous diagnoses, including the four traditional diagnoses of autism—<a href="/wiki/Classic_autism" title="Classic autism">classic autism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">childhood disintegrative disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a> (PDD-NOS)—and the range of diagnoses that included the word "autism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR"Autism_spectrum_disorder_encompasses_disorders_previously_referred_to_as_early_infantile_autism,_childhood_autism,_Kanner's_autism,_[[high-functioning_autism]],_[[atypical_autism]],_pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified,_childhood_disintegrative_disorder,_and_Asperger's_disorder"_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR"Autism_spectrum_disorder_encompasses_disorders_previously_referred_to_as_early_infantile_autism,_childhood_autism,_Kanner's_autism,_[[high-functioning_autism]],_[[atypical_autism]],_pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified,_childhood_disintegrative_disorder,_and_Asperger's_disorder"-65">[63]</a> Rather than distinguishing among these diagnoses, the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR adopt a dimensional approach with one diagnostic category for disorders that fall under the autism spectrum umbrella. Within that category, the DSM-5 and the DSM include a framework that differentiates each person by dimensions of symptom severity, as well as by associated features (i.e., the presence of other disorders or factors that likely contribute to the symptoms, other neurodevelopmental or mental disorders, intellectual disability, or language impairment).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR-64">[62]</a> The symptom domains are (a) social communication and (b) restricted, repetitive behaviors, and there is the option of specifying a separate severity—the negative effect of the symptoms on the person—for each domain, rather than just overall severity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR"It_may_be_helpful_to_note_level_of_support_needed_for_each_of_the_two_core_psychopathological_domains_in_Table_2_(e.g.,_'requiring_very_substantial_support_for_deficits_in_social_communication_and_requiring_substantial_support_for_restricted,_repetitive_behaviors')"_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR"It_may_be_helpful_to_note_level_of_support_needed_for_each_of_the_two_core_psychopathological_domains_in_Table_2_(e.g.,_'requiring_very_substantial_support_for_deficits_in_social_communication_and_requiring_substantial_support_for_restricted,_repetitive_behaviors')"-66">[64]</a> Before the DSM-5, the DSM separated social deficits and communication deficits into two domains.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Further, the DSM-5 changed to an onset age in the early developmental period, with a note that symptoms may manifest later when social demands exceed capabilities, rather than the previous, more restricted three years of age.<a href="#cite_note-IACC-68">[66]</a> These changes remain in the DSM-5-TR.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism" title="Outline of autism">Outline of autism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-diagnosis">Pre-diagnosis</h3></div> For many autistic people, characteristics first appear during infancy or childhood and follow a steady course without <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a> (different developmental timelines are described in more detail below).<a href="#cite_note-ICD-10-F84.0-69">[67]</a> Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Clinicians consider assessment for ASD when a patient shows: <ul><li>regular difficulties in social interaction or communication</li> <li>restricted or repetitive behaviors (often called "<a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">stimming</a>")</li> <li>resistance to changes or restricted interests</li></ul> These features are typically assessed with the following, when appropriate: <ul><li>problems in obtaining or sustaining employment or education</li> <li>difficulties in initiating or sustaining social relationships</li> <li>connections with mental health or learning disability services</li> <li>a history of neurodevelopmental conditions (including learning disabilities and <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>) or mental health conditions<a href="#cite_note-NICE_adult_2021-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canada_Health_ASD_2018-74">[72]</a></li></ul> There are many signs associated with autism; the presentation varies widely:<a href="#cite_note-Canada_Health_ASD_2018_signs-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Autism_2020-76">[74]</a> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="width:55em;border:solid 1px #999999; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common signs for autism spectrum disorder </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li>abnormalities in eye contact</li> <li>little or no babbling as an infant</li> <li>not showing interest in indicated objects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_disorder#Autism_spectrum_disorder" title="Language disorder">delayed language skills</a> (e.g., having a smaller vocabulary than peers or difficulty expressing themselves in words)</li> <li>reduced interest in other children or caretakers, possibly with more interest in objects</li> <li>difficulty playing reciprocal games (e.g., peek-a-boo)</li> <li>hyper- or hypo-sensitivity to or unusual response to the smell, texture, sound, taste, or appearance of things</li> <li>resistance to changes in routine</li> <li>repetitive, limited, or otherwise unusual usage of toys (e.g., lining up toys)</li> <li>repetition of words or phrases (<a href="/wiki/Echolalia" title="Echolalia">echolalia</a>)</li> <li>repetitive motions or movements, including <a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">stimming</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broader_autism_phenotype">Broader autism phenotype</h3></div> The broader autism <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> describes people who may not have ASD but do have autistic <a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">traits</a>, such as abnormalities in eye contact and <a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">stimming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Grandin_at_TED.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Temple_Grandin_at_TED.jpg/234px-Temple_Grandin_at_TED.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Temple_Grandin_at_TED.jpg/351px-Temple_Grandin_at_TED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Temple_Grandin_at_TED.jpg/468px-Temple_Grandin_at_TED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2402" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption>In 1996, American academic <a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a> published Emergence: Labeled Autistic, describing her life experiences as an autistic person.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_communication_skills">Social and communication skills</h3></div> According to the medical model, autistic people experience <a href="/wiki/Pathological_demand_avoidance" title="Pathological demand avoidance">social communications impairments</a>. Until 2013, deficits in social function and communication were considered two separate symptom domains.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The current social communication domain criteria for autism diagnosis require people to have deficits across three social skills: social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and developing and sustaining relationships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR-64">[62]</a> A deficit-based view predicts that autistic–autistic interaction would be less effective than autistic–non-autistic interactions or even non-functional.<a href="#cite_note-Crompton2020-79">[77]</a> But recent research has found that autistic–autistic interactions are as effective in information transfer as interactions between non-autistics are, and that communication breaks down only between autistics and non-autistics.<a href="#cite_note-Crompton2020-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heasman2018-80">[78]</a> Also contrary to social cognitive deficit interpretations, recent (2019) research recorded similar social cognitive performances in autistic and non-autistic adults, with both of them rating autistic individuals less favorably than non-autistic individuals; however, autistic individuals showed more interest in engaging with autistic people than non-autistic people did, and learning of a person's ASD diagnosis did not influence their interest level.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Thus, there has been a recent shift to acknowledge that autistic people may simply respond and behave differently than people without ASD.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> So far, research has identified two unconventional features by which autistic people create shared understanding (<a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a>): "a generous assumption of common ground that, when understood, led to rapid rapport, and, when not understood, resulted in potentially disruptive utterances; and a low demand for coordination that ameliorated many challenges associated with disruptive turns."<a href="#cite_note-Heasman2018-80">[78]</a> Autistic interests, and thus conversational topics, seem to be largely driven by an intense interest in specific topics (<a href="/wiki/Monotropism" title="Monotropism">monotropism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Historically, autistic children were said to be delayed in developing a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">empathizing–systemizing theory</a> has argued that while autistic people have compassion (<a href="/wiki/Affective_empathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective empathy">affective empathy</a>) for others with similar presentation of symptoms, they have limited, though not necessarily absent, <a href="/wiki/Social_cognition" title="Social cognition">cognitive empathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baron-Cohen,_S._2005-85">[83]</a> This may present as social naïvety,<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> lower than average intuitive perception of the utility or meaning of <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>, social reciprocity,<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> or social expectations, including the <a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">habitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">social cues</a>, and some aspects of sarcasm,<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> which to some degree may also be due to comorbid <a href="/wiki/Alexithymia" title="Alexithymia">alexithymia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> But recent research has increasingly questioned these findings, as the "<a href="/wiki/Double_empathy_problem" title="Double empathy problem">double empathy problem</a>" theory (2012) argues that there is a lack of mutual understanding and empathy between both non-autistic persons and autistic individuals.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> As communication is bidirectional,<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2021-95">[93]</a> research on communication difficulties has since also begun to study non-autistic behavior, with researcher Catherine Crompton writing in 2020 that non-autistic people "struggle to identify autistic mental states, identify autistic facial expressions, overestimate autistic egocentricity, and are less willing to socially interact with autistic people. Thus, although non-autistic people are generally characterised as socially skilled, these skills may not be functional, or effectively applied, when interacting with autistic people."<a href="#cite_note-Crompton2020-79">[77]</a> Any previously observed communication deficits of autistic people may thus have been constructed through a neurotypical bias in autism research, which has come to be scrutinized for "dehumanization, objectification, and stigmatization".<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Recent research has proposed that autistics' lack of readability and a neurotypical lack of effort to interpret atypical signals may cause a negative interaction loop, increasingly driving both groups apart into two distinct groups with different social interaction styles.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2021-95">[93]</a> Differences in verbal communication begin to be noticeable in childhood, as many autistic children develop language skills at an uneven pace. Verbal communication may be delayed or never develop (<a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_autism" title="Nonverbal autism">nonverbal autism</a>), while reading ability may be present before school age (<a href="/wiki/Hyperlexia" title="Hyperlexia">hyperlexia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Bal2018-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2017Com-98">[96]</a> Reduced <a href="/wiki/Joint_attention" title="Joint attention">joint attention</a> seem to distinguish autistic from non-autistic infants.<a href="#cite_note-John2007-99">[97]</a> Infants may show delayed onset of <a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">babbling</a>, unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are not synchronized with the caregiver. In the second and third years, autistic children may have less frequent and less diverse babbling, consonants, words, and word combinations; their gestures are less often integrated with words. Autistic children are less likely to make requests or share experiences and more likely to simply repeat others' words (<a href="/wiki/Echolalia" title="Echolalia">echolalia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Tager-Flusberg-100">[98]</a> The CDC estimated in 2015 that around 40% of autistic children do not speak at all.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Autistic adults' verbal communication skills largely depend on when and how well speech is acquired during childhood.<a href="#cite_note-Bal2018-97">[95]</a> Autistic people display atypical nonverbal behaviors or show differences in <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communication</a>. They may make infrequent <a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">eye contact</a>, even when called by name, or avoid it altogether. This may be due to the high amount of sensory input received when making eye contact.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Autistic people often recognize fewer emotions and their meaning from others' facial expressions, and may not respond with facial expressions expected by their non-autistic peers.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2017Com-98">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a>, an autistic woman involved in autism activism, described her inability to understand <a href="/wiki/Neurotypical" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotypical">neurotypicals</a>' <a href="/wiki/Social_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Social communication">social communication</a> as leaving her feeling "like an anthropologist on Mars".<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Autistic people struggle to understand the social context and subtext of neurotypical conversational or printed situations, and form different conclusions about the content.<a href="#cite_note-iidc.indiana.edu-105">[103]</a> Autistic people may not control the volume of their voice in different social settings.<a href="#cite_note-Fusaroli_2017-106">[104]</a> At least half of autistic children have atypical <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fusaroli_2017-106">[104]</a> What may look like self-involvement or indifference to non-autistic people stems from autistic differences in recognizing how other people have their own personalities, perspectives, and interests.<a href="#cite_note-iidc.indiana.edu-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lawson_2001-107">[105]</a> Most published research focuses on the interpersonal relationship difficulties between autistic people and their non-autistic counterparts and how to solve them through teaching neurotypical social skills, but newer research has also evaluated what autistic people want from friendships, such as a sense of belonging and good mental health.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Children with ASD are more frequently involved in bullying situations than their non-autistic peers, and predominantly experience bullying as victims rather than perpetrators or victim-perpetrators, especially after controlling for comorbid psychopathology.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Prioritizing dependability and intimacy in friendships during adolescence, coupled with lowered friendship quantity and quality, often lead to increased loneliness in autistic people.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> As they progress through life, autistic people observe and form a model of social patterns, and develop coping mechanisms, referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Autistic_masking" title="Autistic masking">masking</a>",<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> which have recently been found to come with psychological costs and a higher increased risk of suicidality.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2021-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restricted_and_repetitive_behaviors">Restricted and repetitive behaviors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sleeping boy beside a dozen or so toys arranged in a line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg/220px-Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg/330px-Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg/440px-Autistic-sweetiepie-boy-with-ducksinarow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>A young autistic boy who has arranged his toys in a row</figcaption></figure> ASD includes a wide variety of characteristics. Some of these include behavioral characteristics which widely range from slow development of social and learning skills to difficulties creating connections with other people. Autistic people may experience these challenges with forming connections due to anxiety or depression, which they are more likely to experience, and as a result isolate themselves.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Other behavioral characteristics include abnormal responses to sensations (such as sights, sounds, touch, taste and smell) and problems keeping a consistent speech rhythm. The latter problem influences social skills, leading to potential problems in understanding for interlocutors. Autistic people's behavioral characteristics typically influence development, language, and social competence. Their behavioral characteristics can be observed as perceptual disturbances, disturbances of development rate, relating, speech and language, and motility.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> The second core symptom of autism spectrum is a pattern of restricted and repetitive behaviors, activities, and interests. In order to be diagnosed with ASD under the DSM-5-TR, a person must have at least two of the following behaviors:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lord_2018-117">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_arranging_brads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_arranging_brads.jpg/220px-James_arranging_brads.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_arranging_brads.jpg/330px-James_arranging_brads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_arranging_brads.jpg/440px-James_arranging_brads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An autistic boy arranging <a href="/wiki/Brass_fastener" title="Brass fastener">brads</a> on a cork coaster</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">Repetitive behaviors</a> – Repetitive behaviors such as rocking, hand flapping, finger flicking, head banging, or repeating phrases or sounds.<a href="#cite_note-UpToDate_Clinical_Features-118">[116]</a> These behaviors may occur constantly or only when the person gets stressed, anxious, or upset. These behaviors are also known as stimming.</li> <li>Resistance to change – A strict adherence to routines such as eating certain foods in a specific order or taking the same path to school every day.<a href="#cite_note-UpToDate_Clinical_Features-118">[116]</a> The person may become distressed if there is a change or disruption to their routine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)" title="Special interest (autism)">Restricted interests</a> – An excessive interest in a particular activity, topic, or hobby, and devoting all their attention to it. For example, young children might completely focus on things that spin and ignore everything else. Older children might try to learn everything about a single topic, such as the weather or sports, and <a href="/wiki/Perseveration" title="Perseveration">perseverate</a> or talk about it constantly.<a href="#cite_note-UpToDate_Clinical_Features-118">[116]</a></li> <li>Sensory reactivity – An unusual reaction to certain sensory inputs, such as negative reaction to specific sounds or textures, fascination with lights or movements, or apparent indifference to pain or heat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR"Hyper-_or_hyporeactivity_to_sensory_input_or_unusual_interest_in_sensory_aspects_of_the_environment_(e.g.,_apparent_indifference_to_pain/temperature,_adverse_response_to_specific_sounds_or_textures,_excessive_smelling_or_touching_of_objects,_visual_fascination_with_lights_or_movement)"_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR"Hyper-_or_hyporeactivity_to_sensory_input_or_unusual_interest_in_sensory_aspects_of_the_environment_(e.g.,_apparent_indifference_to_pain/temperature,_adverse_response_to_specific_sounds_or_textures,_excessive_smelling_or_touching_of_objects,_visual_fascination_with_lights_or_movement)"-119">[117]</a></li></ul> Autistic people can display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) categorizes as follows.<a href="#cite_note-Lam-Aman-120">[118]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotyped behaviors</a>: Repetitive movements, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">Compulsive behaviors</a>: Time-consuming behaviors intended to reduce anxiety, that a person feels compelled to perform repeatedly or according to rigid rules, such as placing objects in a specific order, checking things, or handwashing.</li> <li>Sameness: Resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual#Psychology" title="Ritual">Ritualistic behavior</a>: Unvarying pattern of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing ritual. This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors.<a href="#cite_note-Lam-Aman-120">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-injurious behaviors</a>: Behaviors such as eye-poking, <a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">skin-picking</a>, hand-biting and head-banging.<a href="#cite_note-John2007-99">[97]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-injury">Self-injury</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-injurious behaviors</a> are relatively common in autistic people, and can include head-banging, self-cutting, self-biting, and hair-pulling.<a href="#cite_note-Mins2014-121">[119]</a> Some of these can result in serious injury or death.<a href="#cite_note-Mins2014-121">[119]</a> Following are theories about the cause of self-injurious behavior in children with developmental delay, including autistic children:<a href="#cite_note-Oliver2015-122">[120]</a> <ul><li>Frequency or continuation of self-injurious behavior can be influenced by environmental factors (e.g., reward in return for halting self-injurious behavior). This theory does not apply to younger children with autism. There is some evidence that frequency of self-injurious behavior can be reduced by removing or modifying environmental factors that reinforce the behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Oliver2015-122">[120]</a>: 10–12 </li> <li>Higher rates of self-injury are also noted in socially isolated autistic people. Studies have shown that socialization skills are related factors to self-injurious behavior for autistic people.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></li> <li>Self-injury could be a response to modulate <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">pain perception</a> when chronic pain or other health problems that cause pain are present.<a href="#cite_note-Oliver2015-122">[120]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 12–13
Quotation: "In the last decade a number of studies has emerged which indicate that pain might directly cause self-injury ... Self-injury could moderate the perception of pain caused by ongoing health problem"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">12–13 </li> <li>An abnormal <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a> connectivity may predispose to self-injurious behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Oliver2015-122">[120]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 13
Quotation: "In a recent review, Muehlmann and Lewis (2012) concluded that alterations in cortical basal ganglia circuitry underlie both self-injurious and stereotypic/compulsive behaviours."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">13 </li></ul> The suicide rate for verbal autistics is nine times that of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burnout">Burnout</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autistic_burnout" title="Autistic burnout">Autistic burnout</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section should include a summary of <a href="/wiki/Autistic_burnout" title="Autistic burnout">Autistic burnout</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a> for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text. (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Studies have supported the common belief that autistic people become exhausted or <a href="/wiki/Autistic_burnout" title="Autistic burnout">burnt out</a> in some situations.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wentworth_Miller_(28574002792).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wentworth_Miller_%2828574002792%29.jpg/220px-Wentworth_Miller_%2828574002792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wentworth_Miller_%2828574002792%29.jpg/330px-Wentworth_Miller_%2828574002792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wentworth_Miller_%2828574002792%29.jpg/440px-Wentworth_Miller_%2828574002792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>In 2021, screenwriter and actor <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Miller" title="Wentworth Miller">Wentworth Miller</a> revealed his autism diagnosis in a now-deleted Instagram post, stating it was "a shock" but "not a surprise".<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_features">Other features</h3></div> Autistic people may have symptoms that do not contribute to the official diagnosis, but that can affect the person or the family.<a href="#cite_note-Filipek-130">[128]</a> <ul><li>Some autistic people show unusual or notable abilities, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Splinter_skill" title="Splinter skill">splinter skills</a> (such as the memorization of trivia) to rare talents in mathematics, music, or artistic reproduction, which in exceptional cases are considered a part of the <a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">savant syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yu_&_Han_2018-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Molecular_Autism_2018-133">[131]</a> One study describes how some autistic people show superior skills in perception and attention relative to the general population.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system" title="Sensory nervous system">Sensory</a> abnormalities are found in over 90% of autistic people, and are considered core features by some.<a href="#cite_note-Geschwind-2009-135">[133]</a></li> <li>More generally, autistic people tend to show a "spiky skills profile", with strong abilities in some areas contrasting with much weaker abilities in others.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a></li> <li>Differences between the previously recognized disorders under the autism spectrum are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for sensation seeking (for example, rhythmic movements).<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> An estimated 60–80% of autistic people have motor signs that include <a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">poor muscle tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apraxia" title="Apraxia">poor motor planning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toe_walking" title="Toe walking">toe walking</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Geschwind-2009-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gargot2022-138">[136]</a> deficits in motor coordination are pervasive across ASD and are greater in autism proper.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_demand_avoidance" title="Pathological demand avoidance">Pathological demand avoidance</a> can occur. People with this set of autistic symptoms are more likely to refuse to do what is asked or expected of them, even to activities they enjoy.</li> <li>Unusual or atypical eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator.<a href="#cite_note-Filipek-130">[128]</a> Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur.<a href="#cite_note-Dominick-141">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problematic_digital_media_use">Problematic digital media use</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health#Autism" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health § Autism</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_media_use_and_mental_health&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> In September 2018, the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 47 studies published from 2005 to 2016 that concluded that associations between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and screen time was inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> In May 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Developmental_and_Behavioral_Pediatrics" title="Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics">Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics</a> published a systematic review of 16 studies that found that children and adolescents with ASD are exposed to more screen time than typically developing peers and that the exposure starts at a younger age.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> In April 2021, <a href="/wiki/Research_in_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders" title="Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders">Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders</a> published a systematic review of 12 studies of video game addiction in ASD subjects that found that children, adolescents, and adults with ASD are at greater risk of video game addiction than those without ASD, and that the data from the studies suggested that internal and external factors (sex, attention and oppositional behavior problems, social aspects, access and time spent playing video games, parental rules, and game genre) were significant predictors of video game addiction in ASD subjects.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> In March 2022, the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 21 studies investigating associations between ASD, problematic internet use, and gaming disorder where the majority of the studies found positive associations between the disorders.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> In August 2022, the International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction published a review of 15 studies that found that high rates of video game use in boys and young males with ASD was predominantly explained by video game addiction, but also concluded that greater video game use could be a function of ASD restricted interest and that video game addiction and ASD restricted interest could have an interactive relationship.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> In December 2022, the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 10 studies researching the prevalence of problematic internet use with ASD that found that ASD subjects had more symptoms of problematic internet use than control group subjects, had higher screen time online and an earlier age of first-time use of the internet, and also greater symptoms of depression and ADHD.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> In July 2023, <a href="/wiki/Cureus" title="Cureus">Cureus</a> published a systematic review of 11 studies that concluded that earlier and longer screen time exposure for children was associated with higher probability of a child "developing" ASD.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In December 2023, <a href="/wiki/JAMA_Network_Open" title="JAMA Network Open">JAMA Network Open</a> published a meta-analysis of 46 studies comprising 562,131 subjects that concluded that while screen time may be a developmental cause of ASD in childhood, associations between ASD and screen time were not statistically significant when accounting for <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">publication bias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_causes">Possible causes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_autism" title="Causes of autism">Causes of autism</a></div> Exactly what causes autism remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> It was long mostly presumed that there is a common cause at the genetic, cognitive, and neural levels for the social and non-social components of ASD's symptoms, described as a triad in the classic autism criteria.<a href="#cite_note-Fractionable-154">[152]</a> But it is increasingly suspected that autism is instead a complex disorder whose core aspects have distinct causes that often cooccur.<a href="#cite_note-Fractionable-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-HappeTime-155">[153]</a> It is unlikely that ASD has a single cause;<a href="#cite_note-HappeTime-155">[153]</a> many risk factors identified in the research literature may contribute to ASD. These include genetics, prenatal and perinatal factors (meaning factors during pregnancy or very early infancy), <a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">neuroanatomical</a> abnormalities, and environmental factors. It is possible to identify general factors, but much more difficult to pinpoint specific ones. Given the current state of knowledge, prediction can only be of a global nature and so requires the use of general markers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Tager-Flusberg_2010-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_subgroups">Biological subgroups</h3></div> Research into causes has been hampered by the inability to identify biologically meaningful subgroups within the autistic population<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> and by the traditional boundaries between the disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Newer technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">fMRI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_tensor_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion tensor imaging">diffusion tensor imaging</a> can help identify biologically relevant <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a> (observable traits) that can be viewed on <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">brain scans</a>, to help further <a href="/wiki/Neurogenetics" title="Neurogenetics">neurogenetic</a> studies of autism;<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> one example is lowered activity in the <a href="/wiki/Fusiform_face_area" title="Fusiform face area">fusiform face area</a> of the brain, which is associated with impaired perception of people versus objects.<a href="#cite_note-Levy_2009-160">[158]</a> It has been proposed to classify autism using genetics as well as behavior.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syndromic_autism_and_non-syndromic_autism">Syndromic autism and non-syndromic autism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syndromic_autism" title="Syndromic autism">Syndromic autism</a></div> Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be classified into two categories: "syndromic autism" and "non-syndromic autism". Syndromic autism refers to cases where ASD is one of the characteristics associated with a broader medical condition or <a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a>, representing about 25% of ASD cases. The causes of syndromic autism are often known, and monogenic disorders account for approximately 5% of these cases. Non-syndromic autism, also known as classic or idiopathic autism, represents the majority of cases, and its cause is typically polygenic and unknown. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Heritability_of_autism" title="Heritability of autism">Heritability of autism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_autism" title="Epigenetics of autism">Epigenetics of autism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autism_susceptibility_genes_effect_on_brain_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Autism_susceptibility_genes_effect_on_brain_structure.png/350px-Autism_susceptibility_genes_effect_on_brain_structure.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Autism_susceptibility_genes_effect_on_brain_structure.png/525px-Autism_susceptibility_genes_effect_on_brain_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Autism_susceptibility_genes_effect_on_brain_structure.png/700px-Autism_susceptibility_genes_effect_on_brain_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Hundreds of different genes are implicated in susceptibility to developing autism,<a href="#cite_note-brown2018-162">[160]</a> most of which alter the brain structure in a similar way.</figcaption></figure> Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the <a href="/wiki/Heritability_of_autism" title="Heritability of autism">genetics of autism</a> are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> with major effects, or by rare multi-gene interactions of common genetic variants.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahams-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Complexity arises due to interactions among multiple genes, the environment, and <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> factors which do not change <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sequencing but are heritable and influence <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rapin-165">[163]</a> Many genes have been associated with autism through sequencing the genomes of affected people and their parents.<a href="#cite_note-SandersHe2015-166">[164]</a> But most of the mutations that increase autism risk have not been identified. Typically, autism cannot be traced to a <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian</a> (single-gene) mutation or to a single <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality" title="Chromosome abnormality">chromosome abnormality</a>, and none of the genetic syndromes associated with ASD have been shown to selectively cause ASD.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahams-163">[161]</a> Numerous genes have been found, with only small effects attributable to any particular gene.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahams-163">[161]</a> Most loci individually explain less than 1% of cases of autism.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit">[update]</a>, it appeared that between 74% and 93% of ASD risk is heritable.<a href="#cite_note-Lord_2018-117">[115]</a> After an older child is diagnosed with ASD, 7% to 20% of subsequent children are likely to be as well.<a href="#cite_note-Lord_2018-117">[115]</a> If parents have one autistic child, they have a 2% to 8% chance of having a second child who is autistic. If the autistic child is an identical twin, the other will be affected 36% to 95% of the time. A fraternal twin is affected up to 31% of the time.<a href="#cite_note-APAM-168">[166]</a> The large number of autistic people with unaffected family members may result from spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Structural_variation" title="Structural variation">structural variation</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)" title="Deletion (genetics)">deletions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">duplications</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_inversion" title="Chromosomal inversion">inversions</a> in genetic material during <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Hence, a substantial fraction of autism cases may be traceable to genetic causes that are highly heritable but not inherited: that is, the mutation that causes the autism is not present in the parental genome.<a href="#cite_note-Beaudet2-171">[169]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit">[update]</a>, understanding of genetic risk factors had shifted from a focus on a few <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> to an understanding that genetic involvement in ASD is probably diffuse, depending on a large number of variants, some of which are common and have a small effect, and some of which are rare and have a large effect. The most common gene disrupted with large effect rare variants appeared to be <a href="/wiki/CHD8" title="CHD8">CHD8</a>, but less than 0.5% of autistic people have such a mutation. The gene CHD8 encodes the protein chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8, which is a <a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">chromatin</a> regulator enzyme that is essential during fetal development. CHD8 is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–dependent enzyme.<a href="#cite_note-Nishiyama_172–182-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ronan_347–359-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_3894–3904-174">[172]</a> The protein contains an Snf2 helicase domain that is responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).<a href="#cite_note-Thompson_3894–3904-174">[172]</a> CHD8 encodes a DNA helicase that functions as a repressor of transcription, remodeling chromatin structure by altering the position of nucleosomes. CHD8 negatively regulates <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Wnt signaling">Wnt signaling</a>. Wnt signaling is important in the vertebrate early development and morphogenesis. It is believed that CHD8 also recruits the linker <a href="/wiki/Histone_H1" title="Histone H1">histone H1</a> and causes the repression of <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-catenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-catenin">β-catenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a> target genes.<a href="#cite_note-Nishiyama_172–182-172">[170]</a> The importance of CHD8 can be observed in studies where CHD8-knockout mice died after 5.5 embryonic days because of widespread p53-induced apoptosis. Some studies have determined the role of CHD8 in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). CHD8 expression significantly increases during human mid-fetal development.<a href="#cite_note-Nishiyama_172–182-172">[170]</a> The chromatin remodeling activity and its interaction with transcriptional regulators have shown to play an important role in ASD <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">aetiology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ronan_347–359-173">[171]</a> The developing mammalian brain has conserved CHD8 target regions that are associated with ASD risk genes.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> The knockdown of CHD8 in human neural stem cells results in dysregulation of ASD risk genes that are targeted by CHD8.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Recently CHD8 has been associated with the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Long_non-coding_RNA" title="Long non-coding RNA">long non-coding RNAs</a> (lncRNAs),<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> and the regulation of <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome_inactivation" class="mw-redirect" title="X chromosome inactivation">X chromosome inactivation</a> (XCI) initiation, via regulation of <a href="/wiki/Xist" class="mw-redirect" title="Xist">Xist</a> long non-coding RNA,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>] the master regulator of XCI,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>] though competitive binding to Xist regulatory regions.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Some ASD is associated with clearly genetic conditions, like <a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">fragile X syndrome</a>, but only around 2% of autistic people have fragile X.<a href="#cite_note-Lord_2018-117">[115]</a> Hypotheses from <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">evolutionary psychiatry</a> suggest that these genes persist because they are linked to human inventiveness, intelligence or systemising.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Current research suggests that genes that increase susceptibility to ASD are ones that control <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">protein synthesis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal cells</a> in response to cell needs, activity and adhesion of neuronal cells, <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a> formation and remodeling, and excitatory to inhibitory <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> balance. Therefore, although up to 1,000 different genes are thought to increase the risk of ASD, all of them eventually affect normal neural development and connectivity between different functional areas of the brain in a similar manner that is characteristic of an ASD brain. Some of these genes are known to modulate production of the <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a> neurotransmitter, the nervous system's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. These GABA-related genes are under-expressed in an ASD brain. On the other hand, genes controlling expression of <a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia">glial</a> and immune cells in the brain, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">astrocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">microglia</a>, respectively, are over-expressed, which correlates with increased number of glial and immune cells found in postmortem ASD brains. Some genes under investigation in ASD pathophysiology are those that affect the <a href="/wiki/MTOR" title="MTOR">mTOR</a> signaling pathway, which supports cell growth and survival.<a href="#cite_note-Chen2015-181">[179]</a> All these genetic variants contribute to the development of the autism spectrum, but it cannot be guaranteed that they are determinants for the development.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> ASD may be under-diagnosed in women and girls due to an assumption that it is primarily a male condition,<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> but genetic phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Genomic_imprinting" title="Genomic imprinting">imprinting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">X linkage</a> have the ability to raise the frequency and severity of conditions in males, and theories have been put forward for a genetic reason why males are diagnosed more often, such as the <a href="/wiki/Imprinted_brain_hypothesis" title="Imprinted brain hypothesis">imprinted brain hypothesis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">extreme male brain theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator_mother_theory" title="Refrigerator mother theory">Refrigerator mother theory</a></div> Several prenatal and perinatal complications have been reported as possible risk factors for autism. These risk factors include maternal <a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">gestational diabetes</a>, maternal and paternal age over 30,<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> bleeding during pregnancy after the first trimester, use of certain prescription medication (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">valproate</a>) during pregnancy, and <a href="/wiki/Meconium" title="Meconium">meconium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">amniotic fluid</a>. Research is not conclusive on the relation of these factors to autism, but each of them has been identified more frequently in children with autism compared to their siblings who do not have autism and other typically developing youth.<a href="#cite_note-Garder,_Spiegelman,_Buka-190">[188]</a> While it is unclear if any single factors during the prenatal phase affect the risk of autism,<a href="#cite_note-Gardener_2009-191">[189]</a> complications during pregnancy may be a risk.<a href="#cite_note-Gardener_2009-191">[189]</a> There are also studies being done to test whether certain types of regressive autism have an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">autoimmune</a> basis.<a href="#cite_note-Stefanatos-192">[190]</a> Maternal nutrition and inflammation during preconception and pregnancy influences fetal neurodevelopment. <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">Intrauterine growth restriction</a> is associated with ASD, in both term and preterm infants.<a href="#cite_note-VohrPoggiDavis2017-193">[191]</a> Maternal inflammatory and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a> may damage fetal tissues, aggravating a genetic problem or damaging the nervous system.<a href="#cite_note-SamsamAhangari2014-194">[192]</a> Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have found that <a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">maternal prenatal infections</a>, prenatal <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> exposure, and <a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">post-term pregnancies</a> are associated with increased risk of ASD in children.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Exposure to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> during child pregnancy, especially <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> and particulates, may increase the risk of autism.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_factor" title="Environmental factor">Environmental factors</a> that have been claimed without evidence to contribute to or exacerbate autism include certain foods, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a> used in plastic products, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardant" title="Brominated flame retardant">brominated flame retardants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, smoking, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">illicit drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Newschaffer_2007-200">[198]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_stress" title="Prenatal stress">prenatal stress</a>. Some, such as the MMR vaccine, have been completely disproven.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP20172-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disproven_vaccine_hypothesis">Disproven vaccine hypothesis</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a> and <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a></div> Parents may first become aware of ASD symptoms in their child around the time of a routine vaccination. This has led to unsupported and disproven theories blaming <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_controversy#Vaccine_overload" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccine controversy">vaccine "overload"</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">vaccine preservative thiomersal</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine</a> for causing autism spectrum disorder.<a href="#cite_note-GerberOffit2009-205">[203]</a> In 1998, British physician and academic <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a> led a fraudulent, litigation-funded study that suggested that the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR vaccine</a> may cause autism.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Godlee2011-210">[208]</a> Two versions of the vaccine causation hypothesis were that autism results from brain damage caused by either the MMR vaccine itself, or by <a href="/wiki/Thiomersal" title="Thiomersal">mercury</a> used as a vaccine preservative.<a href="#cite_note-Tan_and_Parkin_2008-211">[209]</a> No convincing scientific evidence supports these claims.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Review_of_Virology-33">[31]</a> They are biologically implausible,<a href="#cite_note-GerberOffit2009-205">[203]</a> and further evidence continues to refute them, including the observation that the rate of autism continues to climb despite elimination of thimerosal from most routine vaccines given to children from birth to 6 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse_2008-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> A 2014 meta-analysis examined ten major studies on autism and vaccines involving 1.25 million children worldwide; it concluded that neither the vaccine preservative thimerosal (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>), nor the MMR vaccine, which has never contained thimerosal,<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> lead to the development of ASDs.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2014-218">[216]</a> Despite this, misplaced parental concern has led to lower rates of <a href="/wiki/Childhood_immunizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood immunizations">childhood immunizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism#Disease_outbreaks" title="MMR vaccine and autism">outbreaks of previously controlled childhood diseases</a> in some countries, and the preventable deaths of several children.<a href="#cite_note-vaccines-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-dublin-220">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etiological_hypotheses">Etiological hypotheses</h3></div> Several hypotheses have been presented that try to explain how and why autism develops by integrating known causes (genetic and environmental effects) and findings (neurobiological and somatic). Some are more comprehensive, such as the Pathogenetic Triad, which proposes and operationalizes three core features (an autistic personality, cognitive compensation, neuropathological burden) that interact to cause autism,<a href="#cite_note-Sarovic-221">[219]</a> and the Intense World Theory, which explains autism through a hyper-active neurobiology that leads to an increased perception, attention, memory, and emotionality.<a href="#cite_note-Markram-222">[220]</a> There are also simpler hypotheses that explain only individual parts of the neurobiology or phenotype of autism, such as <a href="/wiki/Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">mind-blindness</a> (a decreased ability for <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Weak_central_coherence_theory" title="Weak central coherence theory">weak central coherence theory</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_male_brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme male brain">extreme male brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">empathising–systemising theory</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_hypotheses">Evolutionary hypotheses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy#Autism_and_schizophrenia" title="Pleiotropy">Pleiotropy § Autism and schizophrenia</a></div> Research exploring the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> benefits of autism and associated genes has suggested that autistic people may have played a "unique role in technological spheres and understanding of natural systems" in the course of human development.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> It has been suggested that autism may have arisen as "a slight trade off for other traits that are seen as highly advantageous", providing "advantages in tool making and mechanical thinking", with speculation that the condition may "reveal itself to be the result of a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_polymorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanced polymorphism">balanced polymorphism</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle cell anemia">sickle cell anemia</a>, that is advantageous in a certain mixture of genes and disadvantageous in specific combinations".<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> In 2011, a paper in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Psychology_(journal)" title="Evolutionary Psychology (journal)">Evolutionary Psychology</a> proposed that autistic traits, including increased spatial intelligence, concentration and memory, could have been <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">naturally selected</a> to enable self-sufficient <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> in a more (although not completely) solitary environment. This is called the "Solitary Forager Hypothesis".<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> A 2016 paper examines Asperger syndrome as "an alternative <a href="/wiki/Prosocial_behavior" title="Prosocial behavior">prosocial</a> adaptive strategy" that may have developed as a result of the emergence of "collaborative morality" in the context of small-scale <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gathering</a>, i.e., where "a positive social reputation for making a contribution to group wellbeing and survival" becomes more important than complex social understanding.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> Some multidisciplinary research suggests that <a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">recent human evolution</a> may be a driving force in the rise of a number of medical conditions, including autism, in recent human populations. Studies in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">evolutionary medicine</a> indicate that as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">cultural evolution</a> outpaces biological evolution, disorders linked to bodily dysfunction increase in prevalence due to lack of contact with pathogens and negative environmental conditions that once widely affected ancestral populations. Because natural selection favors reproduction over health and longevity, the lack of this impetus to adapt to certain harmful circumstances creates a tendency for genes in descendant populations to over-express themselves, which may cause a wide array of maladies, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a> to <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Conversely, noting the <a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">failure to find specific alleles</a> that reliably cause autism or <a href="/wiki/Mutation_rate" title="Mutation rate">rare mutations</a> that account for more than 5% of the <a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">heritable variation</a> in autism established by twin and adoption studies, research in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">evolutionary psychiatry</a> has concluded that it is unlikely that there is <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">selection pressure</a> for autism when considering that, <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_schizophrenia#Balancing_Selection_and_Positive_Selection_Hypothesis" title="Evolution of schizophrenia">like schizophrenics</a>, autistic people and their siblings <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">tend to have fewer offspring on average</a> than non-autistic people, and instead that autism is probably better explained as a <a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">by-product</a> of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_adaptation" title="Psychological adaptation">adaptive traits</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy#Antagonistic_pleiotropy" title="Pleiotropy">antagonistic pleiotropy</a> and by genes that are retained due to a <a href="/wiki/Fitness_landscape" title="Fitness landscape">fitness landscape</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Skewness" title="Skewness">asymmetric distribution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_autism" title="Mechanism of autism">Mechanism of autism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathophysiology of autism">Pathophysiology of autism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (October 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_autism" title="Diagnosis of autism">Diagnosis of autism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Summarize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section should include a summary of <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_autism" title="Diagnosis of autism">Diagnosis of autism</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a> for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text. (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_autism" title="Diagnosis of autism">Diagnosis of autism</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diagnosis_of_autism&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_autism" title="Diagnosis of autism">diagnosis of autism</a> is based on a person's reported and directly observed behavior.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> There are no known <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum conditions">autism spectrum conditions</a> that allow for a conclusive diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> In most cases, <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic criteria">diagnostic criteria</a> codified in the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a> (ICD) or the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM) are used. These reference manuals are regularly updated based on advances in research, systematic evaluation of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical experience">clinical experience</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> considerations. Currently, the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> published in 2013 and the <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> that came into effect in 1994 are used, with the latter in the process of being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> that came into effect in 2022 and is now implemented by <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare systems">healthcare systems</a> across the world. Which autism spectrum diagnoses can be made and which criteria are used depends on the local healthcare system's regulations. According to the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5-TR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-5-TR">DSM-5-TR</a> (2022), in order to receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, one must present with "persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, <a href="/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)" title="Special interest (autism)">interests</a>, or activities."<a href="#cite_note-Diagnosis_of_autism_:1-236">[234]</a> These behaviors must begin in early childhood and affect one's ability to perform everyday tasks. Furthermore, the symptoms must not be fully explainable by <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_developmental_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual developmental disorder">intellectual developmental disorder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Global_developmental_delay" title="Global developmental delay">global developmental delay</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditions_correlated_or_comorbid_to_autism">Conditions correlated or comorbid to autism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conditions_comorbid_to_autism_spectrum_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders">Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overlapping_clinical_phenotypes_in_genes_associated_with_monogenic_forms_of_autism_spectrum_disorder_(ASD),_dystonia,_epilepsy_and_schizophrenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Overlapping_clinical_phenotypes_in_genes_associated_with_monogenic_forms_of_autism_spectrum_disorder_%28ASD%29%2C_dystonia%2C_epilepsy_and_schizophrenia.svg/220px-Overlapping_clinical_phenotypes_in_genes_associated_with_monogenic_forms_of_autism_spectrum_disorder_%28ASD%29%2C_dystonia%2C_epilepsy_and_schizophrenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Overlapping_clinical_phenotypes_in_genes_associated_with_monogenic_forms_of_autism_spectrum_disorder_%28ASD%29%2C_dystonia%2C_epilepsy_and_schizophrenia.svg/330px-Overlapping_clinical_phenotypes_in_genes_associated_with_monogenic_forms_of_autism_spectrum_disorder_%28ASD%29%2C_dystonia%2C_epilepsy_and_schizophrenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Overlapping_clinical_phenotypes_in_genes_associated_with_monogenic_forms_of_autism_spectrum_disorder_%28ASD%29%2C_dystonia%2C_epilepsy_and_schizophrenia.svg/440px-Overlapping_clinical_phenotypes_in_genes_associated_with_monogenic_forms_of_autism_spectrum_disorder_%28ASD%29%2C_dystonia%2C_epilepsy_and_schizophrenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing overlapping <a href="/wiki/Clinical_phenotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical phenotype">clinical phenotypes</a> in genes associated with <a href="/wiki/Monogenic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogenic disease">monogenic forms</a> of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), <a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">dystonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Genes associated with epilepsy</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Genes associated with schizophrenia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Genes associated with autism spectrum disorder</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Genes associated with dystonia</div></figcaption></figure> Autism is correlated or comorbid with several personality traits/disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Levy_2009-160">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">Comorbidity</a> may increase with age and may worsen the course of youth with ASDs and make intervention and treatment more difficult. Distinguishing between ASDs and other diagnoses can be challenging because the traits of ASDs often overlap with symptoms of other disorders, and the characteristics of ASDs make traditional diagnostic procedures difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Helverschou_2011-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Underwood_2010-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correlations">Correlations</h3></div> Research <a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">indicates that autistic people</a> are significantly more likely to be <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT</a> than the general population.<a href="#cite_note-Graham_Holmes-2022-26">[25]</a> There is tentative evidence that <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a> occurs more frequently in autistic people.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> A 2021 anonymized online survey of 16- to 90-year-olds revealed that autistic males are more likely to identify as bisexual than their non-autistic peers, while autistic females are more likely to identify as homosexual than non-autistic females do.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> People on the autism spectrum are significantly more likely to be <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">non-theistic</a> than members of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comorbidities">Comorbidities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Complete_Spectrum_of_Physical_Comorbidities_with_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder_in_a_Nationwide_Cohort_(fig_1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Complete_Spectrum_of_Physical_Comorbidities_with_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder_in_a_Nationwide_Cohort_%28fig_1%29.png/220px-Complete_Spectrum_of_Physical_Comorbidities_with_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder_in_a_Nationwide_Cohort_%28fig_1%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Complete_Spectrum_of_Physical_Comorbidities_with_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder_in_a_Nationwide_Cohort_%28fig_1%29.png/330px-Complete_Spectrum_of_Physical_Comorbidities_with_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder_in_a_Nationwide_Cohort_%28fig_1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Complete_Spectrum_of_Physical_Comorbidities_with_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder_in_a_Nationwide_Cohort_%28fig_1%29.png/440px-Complete_Spectrum_of_Physical_Comorbidities_with_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder_in_a_Nationwide_Cohort_%28fig_1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>A 2024 Danish <a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">cohort study</a> found increased risks for a multitude of comorbid physical diseases, especially in infancy.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The most common medical condition occurring in autistic people is seizure disorder or <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, which occurs in 11–39% of autistic people.<a href="#cite_note-Ballaban-Gill_&_Tuchman-243">[241]</a> The risk varies with age, cognitive level, and type of <a href="/wiki/Language_disorder" title="Language disorder">language disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">autosomal dominant</a> genetic condition in which non-malignant tumors grow in the brain and on other vital organs, is present in 1–4% of autistic people.<a href="#cite_note-Wiznitzer-245">[243]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disabilities</a> are some of the most common comorbid disorders with ASDs. As diagnosis is increasingly being given to people with higher functioning autism, there is a tendency for the proportion with comorbid intellectual disability to decrease over time. In a 2019 study, it was estimated that approximately 30–40% of people diagnosed with ASD also have intellectual disability.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> Recent research has suggested that autistic people with intellectual disability tend to have rarer, more harmful, genetic mutations than those found in people solely diagnosed with autism.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> A number of genetic syndromes causing intellectual disability may also be comorbid with ASD, including <a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">fragile X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prader-Willi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prader-Willi">Prader-Willi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelman" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelman">Angelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williams_syndrome" title="Williams syndrome">Williams syndrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_keto_acid_dehydrogenase_kinase_deficiency" title="Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency">branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> and <a href="/wiki/SYNGAP1-related_intellectual_disability" title="SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability">SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disabilities</a> are also highly comorbid in people with an ASD. Approximately 25–75% of people with an ASD also have some degree of a learning disability.<a href="#cite_note-Obrien_&_Pearson-253">[251]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit disorder">attention deficit disorder</a>, which is generally more prevalent than autism (ca. 8% vs. 1%), is not directly related, though it is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Comorbid" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorbid">comorbid</a> with autism.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a></li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a> tend to co-occur with ASDs, with overall comorbidity rates of 7–84%.<a href="#cite_note-Mash_&_Barkley-255">[253]</a> They are common among children with ASD; there are no firm data, but studies have reported prevalences ranging from 11% to 84%. Many anxiety disorders have symptoms that are better explained by ASD itself or are hard to distinguish from ASD's symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a></li> <li>Rates of comorbid <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> in people with an ASD range from 4–58%.<a href="#cite_note-Lainhart-257">[255]</a></li> <li>The relationship between ASD and <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> remains a controversial subject under continued investigation, and recent <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analyses</a> have examined genetic, environmental, infectious, and immune risk factors that may be shared between the two conditions.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">Oxidative stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> repair have been postulated to play a role in the aetiopathology of both ASD and schizophrenia.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a></li> <li>Deficits in ASD are often linked to behavior problems, such as difficulties following directions, being cooperative, and doing things on other people's terms.<a href="#cite_note-Tsakanikos_2007-262">[260]</a> Symptoms similar to those of <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a> can be part of an ASD diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Rommelse_et_al.-263">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a> is also comorbid with ASD, with comorbidity rates of 42–88%.<a href="#cite_note-Baranek_2002-264">[262]</a></li> <li>Starting in adolescence, some people with Asperger syndrome (26% in one sample)<a href="#cite_note-Comprehensive_Psychiatry-265">[263]</a> fall under the criteria for the similar condition <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder" title="Schizoid personality disorder">schizoid personality disorder</a>, which is characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Asociality" title="Asociality">lack of interest in social relationships</a>, a tendency towards a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment and <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Comprehensive_Psychiatry-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> Asperger syndrome was traditionally called "schizoid disorder of childhood".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">Genetic disorders</a> – about 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian</a> (single-gene) condition, <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality" title="Chromosome abnormality">chromosome abnormality</a>, or other genetic syndromes.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a></li> <li>Several <a href="/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_metabolism" title="Inborn errors of metabolism">metabolic defects</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Phenylketonuria" title="Phenylketonuria">phenylketonuria</a>, are associated with autistic symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Manzi-269">[267]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal problems</a> are one of the most commonly <a href="/wiki/Conditions_comorbid_to_autism_spectrum_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders">co-occurring medical conditions</a> in autistic people.<a href="#cite_note-IsraelyanMargolis2018-270">[268]</a> These are linked to greater social impairment, irritability, language impairments, mood changes, and behavior and sleep problems.<a href="#cite_note-IsraelyanMargolis2018-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-WasilewskaKlukowski2015-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-RaoGershon2016-272">[270]</a> A 2015 review proposed that immune, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> inflammation, malfunction of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> alterations, and food <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> may cause brain neuroinflammation and dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-WasilewskaKlukowski2015-271">[269]</a> A 2016 review concludes that <a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">enteric nervous system</a> abnormalities might play a role in neurological disorders such as autism. Neural connections and the immune system are a pathway that may allow diseases originated in the intestine to spread to the brain.<a href="#cite_note-RaoGershon2016-272">[270]</a></li> <li>Sleep problems affect about two-thirds of autistic people at some point in childhood. These most commonly include symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, such as difficulty falling asleep, frequent <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_awakenings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal awakenings">nocturnal awakenings</a>, and early morning awakenings. Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family stress, and are often a focus of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysautonomia" title="Dysautonomia">Dysautonomia</a> is common in ASD, affecting heart rate and blood pressure and causing symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Clouding_of_consciousness" title="Clouding of consciousness">brain fog</a>, blurry vision, and bowel dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> It can be diagnosed through a <a href="/wiki/Tilt_table_test" title="Tilt table test">Tilt table test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a></li> <li>The frequency of ASD is 10 times higher in <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_activation_syndrome" title="Mast cell activation syndrome">mast cell activation syndrome</a> patients than in the general population. This immunological condition causes cardiovascular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, neurological, and respiratory problems.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autism_therapies" title="Autism therapies">Autism therapies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Autism-friendly" title="Autism-friendly">Autism-friendly</a></div> There is no treatment as such for autism,<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> and many sources advise that this is not an appropriate goal,<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> although treatment of co-occurring conditions remains an important goal.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> There is no cure for autism, nor can any of the known treatments significantly reduce brain mutations caused by autism, although those who require little to no support are more likely to experience a lessening of symptoms over time.<a href="#cite_note-McPartland-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woodbury-Smith-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coplan-283">[281]</a> Several interventions can help children with autism,<a href="#cite_note-HHS2017-284">[282]</a> and no single treatment is best, with treatment typically tailored to the child's needs.<a href="#cite_note-Myers_2007-285">[283]</a> Studies of interventions have methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> but the development of evidence-based interventions has advanced.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> The main goals of treatment are to lessen associated deficits and family distress, and to increase <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> and functional independence. In general, higher <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQs</a> are correlated with greater responsiveness to treatment and improved treatment outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> Behavioral, psychological, education, and skill-building interventions may be used to assist autistic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently,<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> as well as other social, communication, and language skills. Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> Intensive, sustained <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a> programs and behavior therapy early in life may help children acquire self-care, language, and job skills.<a href="#cite_note-Myers_2007-285">[283]</a> Although evidence-based interventions for autistic children vary in their methods, many adopt a <a href="/wiki/Psychoeducation" title="Psychoeducation">psychoeducational</a> approach to enhancing cognitive, communication, and social skills while minimizing problem behaviors. While medications have not been found to help with core symptoms, they may be used for associated symptoms, such as irritability, inattention, or repetitive behavior patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Ji2015-290">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-pharmacological_interventions">Non-pharmacological interventions</h3></div> Intensive, sustained <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a> or <a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">remedial education</a> programs and <a href="/wiki/Behavior_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior therapy">behavior therapy</a> early in life may help children acquire self-care, social, and job skills. Available approaches include <a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a>, developmental models, <a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_Education_of_Autistic_and_Related_Communication_Handicapped_Children" title="Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children">structured teaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech_and_language_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech and language therapy">speech and language therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wang_Zhao_Huang_Chen_2021_p.-291">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">social skills</a> therapy, and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Myers-292">[290]</a> Among these approaches, interventions either treat autistic features comprehensively, or focus treatment on a specific area of deficit.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> Generally, when educating those with autism, specific tactics may be used to effectively relay information to these people. Using as much social interaction as possible is key in targeting the inhibition autistic people experience concerning person-to-person contact. Additionally, research has shown that employing semantic groupings, which involves assigning words to typical conceptual categories, can be beneficial in fostering learning.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> There has been increasing attention to the development of evidence-based interventions for autistic young children. Three theoretical frameworks outlined for early childhood intervention include <a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a> (ABA), the <a href="/wiki/Developmental_social-pragmatic_model" title="Developmental social-pragmatic model">developmental social-pragmatic model</a> (DSP) and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT).<a href="#cite_note-Wang_Zhao_Huang_Chen_2021_p.-291">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> Although ABA therapy has a strong evidence base, particularly in regard to early intensive home-based therapy, ABA's effectiveness may be limited by diagnostic severity and IQ of the person affected by ASD.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Child_%26_Adolescent_Psychology" title="Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology">Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology</a> has published a paper deeming two early childhood interventions "well-established": individual comprehensive ABA, and focused teacher-implemented ABA combined with DSP.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> Many people, including autistic adults, have criticized ABA, calling it unhelpful, unethical, and even abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Autonomous_Press-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cogent_Psychology-295">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> Autistic scholar Nick Walker, who experienced ABA as a child, has said that, through ABA, autistic children are "abused, coerced, and traumatized into imitating the outward behavior of neurotypical children, at the expense of their long-term psychological well-being."<a href="#cite_note-Autonomous_Press-17">[16]</a> Sandoval-Norton et al. also discuss the "unintended but damaging consequences, such as prompt dependency, psychological abuse and compliance" that result in autistic people facing challenges as they transition into adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Cogent_Psychology-295">[293]</a> Some ABA advocates have responded to such critiques that, instead of stopping ABA, there should be movement to increase protections and ethical compliance when working with autistic children.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">evidence-based</a> intervention that has demonstrated efficacy is a parent training model, which teaches parents how to implement various ABA and DSP techniques themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> Various DSP programs have been developed to explicitly deliver intervention systems through at-home parent implementation. In October 2015, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> (AAP) proposed new evidence-based recommendations for early interventions in ASD for children under 3.<a href="#cite_note-APP2015-299">[297]</a> These recommendations emphasize early involvement with both developmental and behavioral methods, support by and for parents and caregivers, and a focus on both the core and associated symptoms of ASD.<a href="#cite_note-APP2015-299">[297]</a> But a <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> review found no evidence that early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) is effective in reducing behavioral problems associated with autism in most autistic children, though it did improve IQ and language skills. The Cochrane review acknowledged that this may be due to the low quality of studies available on EIBI and therefore providers should recommend EIBI based on their clinical judgment and the family's preferences. No adverse effects of EIBI treatment were found.<a href="#cite_note-The_Cochrane_Database_of_Systematic_Reviews-300">[298]</a> A meta-analysis in that same database indicates that due to the heterology in ASD, children progress to differing early intervention modalities based on ABA.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-37">[35]</a> ASD treatment generally focuses on behavioral and educational interventions to target its two core symptoms: social communication deficits and restricted, repetitive behaviors. If symptoms continue after behavioral strategies have been implemented, some medications can be recommended to target specific symptoms or co-existing problems such as restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs), anxiety, depression, hyperactivity/inattention and sleep disturbance.<a href="#cite_note-Weissman-301">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a>, for example, can be used for sleep problems.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> Several parent-mediated behavioral therapies target social communication deficits in children with autism, but their efficacy in treating RRBs is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_a_window_to_the_autistic_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young child points, in front of a woman who smiles and points in the same direction." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Opening_a_window_to_the_autistic_brain.jpg/220px-Opening_a_window_to_the_autistic_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Opening_a_window_to_the_autistic_brain.jpg/330px-Opening_a_window_to_the_autistic_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Opening_a_window_to_the_autistic_brain.jpg/440px-Opening_a_window_to_the_autistic_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>An autistic three-year-old points to fish in an aquarium, as part of an experiment on the effect of intensive shared-attention training on language development.<a href="#cite_note-Powell-304">[302]</a></figcaption></figure> Educational interventions often used include <a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a> (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, <a href="/wiki/Speech_and_language_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech and language therapy">speech and language therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">social skills</a> therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Myers_2007-285">[283]</a> Among these approaches, interventions either treat autistic features comprehensively, or focalize treatment on a specific area of deficit.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> The quality of research for early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI)—a treatment procedure incorporating over 30 hours per week of the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_trial_training" title="Discrete trial training">structured type of ABA</a> that is carried out with very young children—is low; more vigorous research designs with larger sample sizes are needed.<a href="#cite_note-The_Cochrane_Database_of_Systematic_Reviews-300">[298]</a> Two theoretical frameworks outlined for early childhood intervention include <a href="/wiki/Discrete_trial_training" title="Discrete trial training">structured</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment" title="Pivotal response treatment">naturalistic</a> ABA interventions, and developmental social pragmatic models (DSP).<a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> One interventional strategy utilizes a parent training model, which teaches parents how to implement various ABA and DSP techniques, allowing for parents to disseminate interventions themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> Various DSP programs have been developed to explicitly deliver intervention systems through at-home parent implementation. Despite the recent development of parent training models, these interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in numerous studies, being evaluated as a probable efficacious mode of treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Discrete_trial_training" title="Discrete trial training">Early, intensive ABA therapy</a> has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing communication and adaptive functioning in preschool children;<a href="#cite_note-Myers_2007-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> it is also well-established for improving the intellectual performance of that age group.<a href="#cite_note-Myers_2007-285">[283]</a> In 2018, a Cochrane meta-analysis database concluded that some recent research is beginning to suggest that because of the <a href="/wiki/Heritability_of_autism" title="Heritability of autism">heterology of ASD</a>, there are two different ABA teaching approaches to acquiring <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>: children with <a href="/wiki/Expressive_language_disorder" title="Expressive language disorder">higher receptive language skills</a> respond to 2.5 to 20 hours per week of the <a href="/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment" title="Pivotal response treatment">naturalistic approach</a>, whereas children with <a href="/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain" title="Language processing in the brain">lower receptive language skills</a> require 25 hours per week of <a href="/wiki/Discrete_trial_training" title="Discrete trial training">discrete trial training</a>—the structured and intensive form of ABA.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-37">[35]</a> A 2023 randomized control trial study of 164 participants showed similar findings.<a href="#cite_note-AutismResearch2023Study-38">[36]</a> Similarly, a teacher-implemented intervention that utilizes a more <a href="/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment" title="Pivotal response treatment">naturalistic form of ABA</a> combined with a developmental social pragmatic approach has been found to be beneficial in improving social-communication skills in young children, although there is less evidence in its treatment of global symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-36">[34]</a> Neuropsychological reports are often poorly communicated to educators, resulting in a gap between what a report recommends and what education is provided.<a href="#cite_note-Kanne_2008-306">[304]</a> The appropriateness of including children with varying severity of autism spectrum disorders in the general education population is a subject of current debate among educators and researchers.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacological_interventions">Pharmacological interventions</h3></div> Medications may be used to treat ASD symptoms that interfere with integrating a child into home or school when behavioral treatment fails.<a href="#cite_note-San2016-308">[306]</a> They may also be used for associated health problems, such as <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a>, or if the person is hurting themself or aggressive with others,<a href="#cite_note-San2016-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> but their routine prescription for ASD's core features is not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-Siafis2022-310">[308]</a> More than half of US children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drugs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a>, with the most common drug classes being <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oswald_DP_2006-311">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">atypical antipsychotic</a> drugs <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a> are <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a>-approved for treating associated aggressive and self-injurious behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-Ji2015-290">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> But their side effects must be weighed against their potential benefits, and autistic people may respond atypically. Side effects may include weight gain, tiredness, drooling, and <a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_reaction" title="Paradoxical reaction">paradoxical</a> aggression.<a href="#cite_note-Ji2015-290">[288]</a> Some emerging data show positive effects of <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a> on restricted and repetitive behaviors (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">stimming</a>; e.g., flapping, twisting, complex whole-body movements),<a href="#cite_note-Siafis2022-310">[308]</a> but due to the small sample size and different focus of these studies and the concerns about their side effects, antipsychotics are not recommended as primary treatment of RRBs.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRI</a> antidepressants, such as <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a>, have been shown to be effective in reducing repetitive and ritualistic behaviors, while the stimulant medication <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a> is beneficial for some children with comorbid inattentiveness or hyperactivity.<a href="#cite_note-Myers_2007-285">[283]</a> There is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> No known medication is approved for treating autism's core symptoms of social and communication impairments,<a href="#cite_note-Ji2015-290">[288]</a> although animal models indicate that postnatal administration of MDMA may be effective.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> MDMA has also been investigated alongside psychotherapy to treat social anxiety in autistic adults.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3></div> A multitude of alternative therapies have been researched and implemented, and many have resulted in harm to autistic people.<a href="#cite_note-Myers-292">[290]</a> A 2020 systematic review on adults with autism provided evidence that <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a>-based interventions may decrease stress, anxiety, ruminating thoughts, anger, and aggression and improve mental health.<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> Although popularly used as an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative treatment">alternative treatment</a> for autistic people, as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&action=edit">[update]</a> there is no good evidence to recommend a <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free,_casein-free_diet" title="Gluten-free, casein-free diet">gluten- and casein-free diet</a> as a standard treatment.<a href="#cite_note-GogouKolios2018-319">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-MariBausetZazpe-320">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millward2008-321">[319]</a> A 2018 review concluded that it may be a therapeutic option for specific groups of children with autism, such as those with known <a href="/wiki/Food_intolerance" title="Food intolerance">food intolerances</a> or <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">allergies</a>, or with food intolerance markers. The authors analyzed the prospective trials conducted to date that studied the efficacy of the gluten- and casein-free diet in children with ASD (4 in total). All of them compared gluten- and casein-free diet versus normal diet with a control group (2 double-blind randomized controlled trials, 1 double-blind crossover trial, 1 single-blind trial). In two of the studies, whose duration was 12 and 24 months, a significant improvement in ASD symptoms (efficacy rate 50%) was identified. In the other two studies, whose duration was 3 months, no significant effect was observed.<a href="#cite_note-GogouKolios2018-319">[317]</a> The authors concluded that a longer duration of the diet may be necessary to achieve the improvement of the ASD symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-GogouKolios2018-319">[317]</a> Other problems documented in the trials carried out include transgressions of the diet, small sample size, the heterogeneity of the participants and the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> effect.<a href="#cite_note-Millward2008-321">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-HymanStewart2016-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Siafis2020-323">[321]</a> In the subset of people who have <a href="/wiki/Gluten_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten sensitivity">gluten sensitivity</a> there is limited evidence that suggests that a <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free diet</a> may improve some autistic behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-Buie-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-VoltaCaio-325">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-SanMauroGaricano-326">[324]</a> The preference that autistic children have for unconventional foods can lead to reduction in bone cortical thickness with this risk being greater in those on <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein-free diets</a>, as a consequence of the low intake of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>; however, suboptimal bone development in ASD has also been associated with lack of exercise and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal disorders">gastrointestinal disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TyeRunicles2018-327">[325]</a> In 2005, botched <a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">chelation therapy</a> killed a five-year-old child with autism.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18775371-328">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> Chelation is not recommended for autistic people since the associated risks outweigh any potential benefits.<a href="#cite_note-JamesStevenson2015-330">[328]</a> Another alternative medicine practice with no evidence is <a href="/wiki/CEASE_therapy" title="CEASE therapy">CEASE therapy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> mixture of <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>, supplements, and "vaccine detoxing".<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> Results of a systematic review on interventions to address health outcomes among autistic adults found emerging evidence to support <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a>-based interventions for improving mental health. This includes decreasing stress, anxiety, ruminating thoughts, anger, and aggression.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> An updated Cochrane review (2022) found evidence that <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">music therapy</a> likely improves social interactions, verbal communication, and nonverbal communication skills.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> There has been early research on <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">hyperbaric treatments</a> in children with autism.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> Studies on pet therapy have shown positive effects.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention">Prevention</h3></div> While infection with <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a> during pregnancy causes fewer than 1% of cases of autism,<a href="#cite_note-Duchan-336">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">vaccination against rubella</a> can prevent many of those cases.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-337">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prognosis_of_autism" title="Prognosis of autism">Prognosis of autism</a></div> There is no evidence of a cure for autism.<a href="#cite_note-Myers_2007-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levy_2009-160">[158]</a> The degree of symptoms can decrease, occasionally to the extent that people lose their diagnosis of ASD;<a href="#cite_note-Helt2008-338">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fein2013-339">[337]</a> this occurs sometimes after intensive treatment<a href="#cite_note-Orinstein2014-340">[338]</a> and sometimes not. It is not known how often this outcome happens,<a href="#cite_note-Rogers-341">[339]</a> with reported rates in unselected samples ranging from 3% to 25%.<a href="#cite_note-Helt2008-338">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fein2013-339">[337]</a> Although core difficulties tend to persist, symptoms often become less severe with age.<a href="#cite_note-Rapin-165">[163]</a> Acquiring language before age six, having an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQ</a> above 50, and having a marketable skill all predict better outcomes; <a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">independent living</a> is unlikely in autistic people with higher support needs.<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a> Among others, academic <a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a> has advised against striving to cure autism, saying that if a cure were found, she would choose to stay the way she is. She wrote, "The skills that people with autism bring to the table should be nurtured for their benefit and [for the benefit of] society", adding, "If you totally get rid of autism, you'd have nobody to fix your computer in the future".<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> The prognosis of autism describes the <a href="/wiki/Prognosis_of_autism#Developmental_course" title="Prognosis of autism">developmental course</a>, gradual autism development, regressive autism development, differential outcomes, <a href="/wiki/Prognosis_of_autism#Academic_performance" title="Prognosis of autism">academic performance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Employment_of_autistic_people" title="Employment of autistic people">employment</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism" title="Epidemiology of autism">Epidemiology of autism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_autism_6_17_1996-2007.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bar chart versus time. The graph rises steadily from 1996 to 2007, from about 0.7 to about 5.3. The trend curves slightly upward." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/US_autism_6_17_1996-2007.svg/220px-US_autism_6_17_1996-2007.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/US_autism_6_17_1996-2007.svg/330px-US_autism_6_17_1996-2007.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/US_autism_6_17_1996-2007.svg/440px-US_autism_6_17_1996-2007.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Reports of autism cases per 1,000 children rose considerably in the US from 1996 to 2007. It is unknown how much growth came from changes in rates of autism.</figcaption></figure> The World Health Organization estimates about 1 in 100 children had autism during the period from 2012 to 2021 as that was the average estimate in studies published during that period with a trend of increasing prevalence over time. However, the study's 1% figure may reflect an underestimate of prevalence in <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">low-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">middle-income countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Autism-Research-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization-2022-11">[10]</a> The number of people diagnosed has increased considerably since the 1990s, which may be partly due to increased recognition of the condition.<a href="#cite_note-Russell_2021-31">[30]</a> While rates of ASD are consistent across cultures, they vary greatly by gender, with boys diagnosed far more frequently than girls: 1 in 70 boys, but only 1 in 315 girls at eight years of age.<a href="#cite_note-CDC_2020-34">[32]</a> Girls, however, are more likely to have associated cognitive impairment, suggesting that less severe forms of ASD are likely being missed in girls and women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICD-11"Females_diagnosed_with_autism_spectrum_disorder_are_more_frequently_diagnosed_with_co-occurring_disorders_of_intellectual_development,_suggesting_that_less_severe_presentations_may_go_undetected_as_compared_to_males"_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICD-11"Females_diagnosed_with_autism_spectrum_disorder_are_more_frequently_diagnosed_with_co-occurring_disorders_of_intellectual_development,_suggesting_that_less_severe_presentations_may_go_undetected_as_compared_to_males"-345">[343]</a> Prevalence differences may be a result of gender differences in expression of clinical symptoms, with <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">women and girls with autism</a> showing less atypical behaviors and, therefore, less likely to receive an ASD diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Tsakanikos_Underwood_2011-346">[344]</a> Using DSM-5 criteria, 92% of the children diagnosed per DSM-IV with one of the disorders which is considered part of ASD will still meet the diagnostic criteria of ASD. However, if both ASD and the social (pragmatic) communication disorder categories of DSM-5 are combined, the <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of autism is mostly unchanged from the prevalence per the DSM-IV criteria. The best estimate for prevalence of ASD is 0.7% or 1 child in 143 children.<a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a> Relatively mild forms of autism, such as Asperger's as well as other developmental disorders, are included in the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.<a href="#cite_note-Baio2018-348">[346]</a> ASD rates were constant between 2014 and 2016 but twice the rate compared to the time period between 2011 and 2014 (1.25 vs 2.47%). A Canadian meta-analysis from 2019 confirmed these effects as the profiles of autistic people became less and less different from the profiles of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> In the US, the rates for diagnosed ASD have been steadily increasing since 2000 when records began being kept.<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a> While it remains unclear whether this trend represents a true rise in incidence, it likely reflects changes in ASD diagnostic criteria, improved detection, and increased public awareness of autism.<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a> estimated that the overall prevalence of autism among adults aged 18 years and over in the UK was 1.1%.<a href="#cite_note-NHSEstimating-352">[350]</a> A 2016 survey in the United States reported a rate of 25 per 1,000 children for ASD.<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> Rates of autism are poorly understood in many low- and middle-income countries, which affects the accuracy of global ASD prevalence estimates,<a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a> but it is thought that most autistic people live in low- and middle-income countries.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a>'s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network reported that approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States (1 in 34 boys, and 1 in 144 girls) is diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), based on data collected in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-CDC20-356">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> This estimate is a 10% increase from the 1 in 59 rate in 2014, a 105% increase from the 1 in 110 rate in 2006, and a 176% increase from the 1 in 150 rate in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-CDC20-356">[354]</a> Diagnostic criteria for ASD have changed significantly since the 1980s; for example, <a href="/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special education in the United States">U.S. special-education</a> autism classification was introduced in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Newschaffer_2007-200">[198]</a> In the UK, from 1998 to 2018, the autism diagnoses increased by 787%.<a href="#cite_note-Russell_2021-31">[30]</a> This increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness,<a href="#cite_note-Fombonne-2009-358">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a> particularly among women,<a href="#cite_note-Russell_2021-31">[30]</a> though unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out.<a href="#cite_note-Rut2005-361">[359]</a> The available evidence does not rule out the possibility that autism's true prevalence has increased;<a href="#cite_note-Fombonne-2009-358">[356]</a> a real increase would suggest directing more attention and funding toward psychosocial factors and changing environmental factors instead of continuing to focus on genetics.<a href="#cite_note-Szpir-362">[360]</a> It has been established that vaccination is not a risk factor for autism and is not a cause of any increase in autism prevalence rates, if any change in the rate of autism exists at all.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2014-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization-2022-11">[10]</a> Males have higher likelihood of being diagnosed with ASD than females. The sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with intellectual disability and more than 5.5:1 without.<a href="#cite_note-Newschaffer_2007-200">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences in autism">Several theories</a> about the higher prevalence in males have been investigated, but the cause of the difference is unconfirmed;<a href="#cite_note-Chaste-363">[361]</a> one theory is that females are underdiagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a> The risk of developing autism is greater with older fathers than with older mothers; two potential explanations are the known increase in mutation burden in older sperm, and the hypothesis that men marry later if they carry genetic liability and show some signs of autism.<a href="#cite_note-Geschwind-50">[48]</a> Most professionals believe that race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background do not affect the occurrence of autism.<a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_autism" title="History of autism">History of autism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism" title="Societal and cultural aspects of autism">Societal and cultural aspects of autism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greta_Thunberg_in_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Greta_Thunberg_in_2022.jpg/220px-Greta_Thunberg_in_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Greta_Thunberg_in_2022.jpg/330px-Greta_Thunberg_in_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Greta_Thunberg_in_2022.jpg/440px-Greta_Thunberg_in_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="2519" /></a><figcaption>In 2021, Swedish climate activist <a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> likened her autism to a "superpower", crediting her success to her <a href="/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)" title="Special interest (autism)">special interests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com2-366">[364]</a></figcaption></figure> An autistic culture has emerged, accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Autistic_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Autistic rights">autistic rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">neurodiversity</a> movements, that argues autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured,<a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-369">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-Silverman_2008-371">[369]</a> although a minority of autistic people might still accept a cure.<a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a> Worldwide, events related to autism include <a href="/wiki/World_Autism_Awareness_Day" title="World Autism Awareness Day">World Autism Awareness Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autism_Sunday" title="Autism Sunday">Autism Sunday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autistic_Pride_Day" title="Autistic Pride Day">Autistic Pride Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autism_Network_International" title="Autism Network International">Autreat</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[374]</a> Social-science scholars study those with autism in hopes to learn more about "autism as a culture, transcultural comparisons ... and research on social movements."<a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a> Many autistic people have been successful in their fields.<a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)" title="Special interest (autism)">Special interests</a> are commonly found in autistic people, sometimes leading to hobbies, vast collections, and activism. Environmental activist <a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> has spoken favorably about her autism diagnosis, saying that autism can be a source of <a href="/wiki/Life_purpose" class="mw-redirect" title="Life purpose">life purpose</a>, as well as forming the basis of careers, hobbies, and friendships.<a href="#cite_note-379">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com2-366">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurodiversity_movement">Neurodiversity movement</h3></div> Some autistic people, as well as a growing number of researchers,<a href="#cite_note-Pellicano-15">[14]</a> have advocated a <a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">shift in attitudes</a> toward the view that autism spectrum disorder is a difference, rather than a disease that must be treated or cured.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke-381">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-BaronCohen2002-382">[380]</a> Critics have bemoaned the entrenchment of some of these groups' opinions.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon2-383">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[384]</a> The neurodiversity movement and the <a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">autism rights movement</a> are <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a> within the context of <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability rights">disability rights</a>, emphasizing the concept of <a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">neurodiversity</a>, which describes the autism spectrum as a result of natural variations in the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a> rather than a disorder to be cured.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-369">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-124">[122]</a> The autism rights movement advocates including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors; therapies that focus on coping skills rather than imitating the behaviors of those without autism;<a href="#cite_note-Bigthink-387">[385]</a> and the recognition of the autistic community as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bigthink-387">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaarsma2012-388">[386]</a> Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that the autism spectrum is genetic and should be accepted as a natural variation in the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-369">[367]</a> These movements are not without detractors; a common argument against neurodiversity activists is that most of them have relatively low support needs, or are <a href="/wiki/Self-diagnosed" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-diagnosed">self-diagnosed</a>, and do not represent the views of autistic people with higher support needs.<a href="#cite_note-Jaarsma2012-388">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[388]</a> Jacquiline den Houting explores this critique, determining that the voices of low-support needs autistics are "some of the most influential within the neurodiversity movement, although admittedly these voices are a minority within the advocacy community"; she suggests this is in part a shortcoming of the wider neurotypical community, referencing nonspeaking self-advocate Amy Sequenzia's writing.<a href="#cite_note-391">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[390]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Autism#Neurodiversity_criticism_discussion" title="Talk:Autism">discuss</a>] Pier Jaarsma and Stellan Welin make the argument that only high-functioning autistic people should be included under the neurodiversity banner, as low-functioning autists' condition may rightfully be viewed as a disability.<a href="#cite_note-393">[391]</a> The concept of neurodiversity is contentious in autism advocacy and research groups and has led to infighting.<a href="#cite_note-394">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Events">Events</h4></div> Since 2011, the Autistic Self Advocacy Network has celebrated April as Autism Acceptance Month. In 2021, the Autism Society of America urged organizations to retitle Autism Awareness Day as Autism Acceptance Day, to focus on "more fully integrating those 1 in 54 Americans living with autism into our social fabric".<a href="#cite_note-Valerie-2022-396">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols_and_flags">Symbols and flags</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Symbols">Symbols</h4></div> Over the years, multiple organizations have tried to capture the essence of autism in symbols. In 1963, the board for the <a href="/wiki/National_Autistic_Society" title="National Autistic Society">National Autistic Society</a>, led by Gerald Gasson, proposed the "puzzle piece" as a symbol for autism, because it fit their view of autism as a "puzzling condition".<a href="#cite_note-Spectrum_Strategies-397">[395]</a> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Autism_Society_of_America" title="Autism Society of America">Autism Society</a> adopted the puzzle ribbon as the universal sign of autism awareness.<a href="#cite_note-Spectrum_Strategies-397">[395]</a> As of 2023, the puzzle ribbon has negative associations, such as "implications of autistic people as incomplete and...association with autism hate groups".<a href="#cite_note-Valerie-2022-396">[394]</a> In 2004, neurodiversity advocates Amy and Gwen Nelson conjured the "rainbow infinity symbol". It was initially the logo for their website, <a href="/wiki/Aspies_For_Freedom" title="Aspies For Freedom">Aspies For Freedom</a>. Nowadays, the prismatic colors are often associated with the neurodiversity movement in general.<a href="#cite_note-Autistic_UK_CIC-398">[396]</a> The autism spectrum has also been symbolized by the infinity symbol itself.<a href="#cite_note-399">[397]</a> In 2018, Julian Morgan wrote the article "Light It Up Gold", a response to <a href="/wiki/Autism_Speaks" title="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Light_It_Up_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Light It Up Blue">Light It Up Blue</a>" campaign, launched in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-400">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[399]</a> Aurum is Latin for gold,<a href="#cite_note-Autistic_UK_CIC-398">[396]</a> and gold has been used to symbolize autism, since both words start with "Au". The flag implements a gradient to represent the <a href="/wiki/Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism#Autistic_pride" title="Societal and cultural aspects of autism">Pride Movement</a> and incorporates a golden infinity symbol as its focal point.<a href="#cite_note-402">[400]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Autismawareness.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The puzzle piece symbol as used in the autism awareness ribbon used by Autism Speaks from 2005 and now has negative associations"><img alt="The puzzle piece symbol as used in the autism awareness ribbon used by Autism Speaks from 2005 and now has negative associations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Autismawareness.png/69px-Autismawareness.png" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Autismawareness.png/103px-Autismawareness.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Autismawareness.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="237" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle" title="Jigsaw puzzle">puzzle piece</a> symbol as used in the autism awareness ribbon used by <a href="/wiki/Autism_Speaks" title="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks</a> from 2005 and now has negative associations</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Autism infinity symbol from 2013, featuring a rainbow gradient from left to right"><img alt="Autism infinity symbol from 2013, featuring a rainbow gradient from left to right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg/120px-Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg/180px-Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg/240px-Autism_spectrum_infinity_awareness_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="612" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Autism <a href="/wiki/Infinity_symbol" title="Infinity symbol">infinity symbol</a> from 2013, featuring a rainbow gradient from left to right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Autism_golden_infinity_loop.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold infinity loop, following Julian Morgan's 2018 push to use gold for autism"><img alt="Gold infinity loop, following Julian Morgan's 2018 push to use gold for autism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Autism_golden_infinity_loop.png/120px-Autism_golden_infinity_loop.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Autism_golden_infinity_loop.png/180px-Autism_golden_infinity_loop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Autism_golden_infinity_loop.png/240px-Autism_golden_infinity_loop.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="231" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Gold infinity loop, following Julian Morgan's 2018 push to use gold for autism</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flags">Flags</h4></div> An autistic pride flag was created in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Aspies_For_Freedom" title="Aspies For Freedom">Aspies For Freedom</a> for the first Autistic Pride Day, featuring a rainbow infinity symbol on a white background.<a href="#cite_note-403">[401]</a> As the rainbow infinity on a white background has become increasingly viewed as representative of neurodiversity in general,<a href="#cite_note-Autistic_UK_CIC-398">[396]</a> several designs have been proposed for an autistic-specific flag.<a href="#cite_note-404">[402]</a> In 2023, the People's History Museum featured a 2015 autistic pride design by Joseph Redford, featuring a rainbow infinity symbol, a green background for being true to one's nature, and a purple background for neurodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-phm-405">[403]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Neurodiversity-2013-Flag.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An autistic/neurodiversity pride flag featuring a rainbow infinity, based on a design from 2013"><img alt="An autistic/neurodiversity pride flag featuring a rainbow infinity, based on a design from 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Neurodiversity-2013-Flag.png/200px-Neurodiversity-2013-Flag.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Neurodiversity-2013-Flag.png/300px-Neurodiversity-2013-Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Neurodiversity-2013-Flag.png/400px-Neurodiversity-2013-Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="969" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> An autistic/neurodiversity pride flag featuring a rainbow infinity, based on a design from 2013</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Autistic_Pride_Flag_(purple_and_green).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 2015 autistic pride flag by Joseph Redford"><img alt="The 2015 autistic pride flag by Joseph Redford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Autistic_Pride_Flag_%28purple_and_green%29.svg/200px-Autistic_Pride_Flag_%28purple_and_green%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Autistic_Pride_Flag_%28purple_and_green%29.svg/300px-Autistic_Pride_Flag_%28purple_and_green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Autistic_Pride_Flag_%28purple_and_green%29.svg/400px-Autistic_Pride_Flag_%28purple_and_green%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The 2015 autistic pride flag by Joseph Redford</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caregivers">Caregivers</h3></div> Families who care for an autistic child face added stress from a number of different causes.<a href="#cite_note-Volkmar-406">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a> Parents may struggle to understand the diagnosis and to find appropriate care options. They often take a negative view of the diagnosis, and may struggle emotionally.<a href="#cite_note-408">[406]</a> More than half of parents over age 50 are still living with their child, as about 85% of autistic people have difficulties living independently.<a href="#cite_note-Kar2012-409">[407]</a> Some studies also find decreased earnings among parents who care for autistic children.<a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[409]</a> Siblings of children with ASD report greater admiration and less conflict with the affected sibling than siblings of unaffected children, like siblings of children with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>. But they reported lower levels of closeness and intimacy than siblings of children with Down syndrome; siblings of autistic people have a greater risk of negative well-being and poorer sibling relationships as adults.<a href="#cite_note-412">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism" title="Outline of autism">Outline of autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_model_of_autism" title="Animal model of autism">Animal model of autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_memory" title="Autism and memory">Autism and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_in_popular_culture" title="Autism in popular culture">Autism in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_art" title="Autistic art">Autistic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_autism" title="Controversies in autism">Controversies in autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_perceptions_of_autism" title="Global perceptions of autism">Global perceptions of autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autistic_fictional_characters" title="List of autistic fictional characters">List of autistic fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_autism" title="List of films about autism">List of films about autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_autism" title="Violence and autism">Violence and autism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-medical_term-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medical_term_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-medical_term_1-1">b</a> Medical diagnosis term. See <a href="#Classification">Classification</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> However, this figure may reflect an underestimate of prevalence in low- and middle-income countries. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EPS-2022-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPS-2022_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPS-2022_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPS-2022_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPS-2022_2-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/01307942">01307942</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26782158">26782158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Child+Psychology+and+Psychiatry%2C+and+Allied+Disciplines&rft.atitle=Annual+Research+Review%3A+The+role+of+the+environment+in+the+developmental+psychopathology+of+autism+spectrum+condition&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-292&rft.date=2016-03&rft.eissn=1469-7610&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjcpp.12501&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F01307942&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26782158&rft.issn=0021-9630&rft.aulast=Mandy&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Lai%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjcpp.12501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> 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title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95720-3"><bdi>978-3-319-95720-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 8 June 2022, <q>Persons with autism spectrum disorder and/or other neurodevelopmental problems are more likely than the general population to have <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> identity, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, and other gender non-conformities.</q></cite><span 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Autistic people are more likely to be transgender or gender nonconforming compared with non-autistic people, and findings from a recent autism registry study suggest that among autistic people able to self-report on a survey, up to 18% of men and 43% of women may be sexual minorities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Improving+the+Sexual+and+Reproductive+Health+and+Health+Care+of+Autistic+People&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=Supplement+4&rft.pages=e2020049437J&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft.issn=0031-4005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35363286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2020-049437J&rft.aulast=Graham+Holmes&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Ames%2C+Jennifer+L.&rft.au=Massolo%2C+Maria+L.&rft.au=Nunez%2C+Denise+M.&rft.au=Croen%2C+Lisa+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1542%252Fpeds.2020-049437J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Diagnosis_of_Autism:_From_Kanne-27"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Diagnosis_of_Autism:_From_Kanne_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenLordVolkmar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rosen NE, Lord C, Volkmar FR (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8531066">"The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond"</a>. 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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8637925">"A Unifying Theory for Autism: The Pathogenetic Triad as a Theoretical Framework"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers in Psychiatry">Frontiers in Psychiatry</a>. 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2021.767075">10.3389/fpsyt.2021.767075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8637925">8637925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34867553">34867553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=A+Unifying+Theory+for+Autism%3A+The+Pathogenetic+Triad+as+a+Theoretical+Framework&rft.volume=12&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8637925%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34867553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2021.767075&rft.aulast=Sarovic&rft.aufirst=Darko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8637925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chawner2022-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chawner2022_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chawner2022_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChawner2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chawner S (2 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9479184">"Autism: A model of neurodevelopmental diversity informed by genomics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers in Psychiatry">Frontiers in Psychiatry</a>. 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2022.981691">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.981691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9479184">9479184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36117659">36117659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Autism%3A+A+model+of+neurodevelopmental+diversity+informed+by+genomics&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9479184%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36117659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2022.981691&rft.aulast=Chawner&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9479184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_2021-61"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_2021_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news/item/18-06-2018-who-releases-new-international-classification-of-diseases-(icd-11)">"WHO releases new International Classification of Diseases (ICD 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World Health Organization (Press Release). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225230744/https://www.who.int/news/item/18-06-2018-who-releases-new-international-classification-of-diseases-(icd-11)">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=WHO+releases+new+International+Classification+of+Diseases+%28ICD+11%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F18-06-2018-who-releases-new-international-classification-of-diseases-%28icd-11%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICD-11-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICD-11_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFICD-11">ICD-11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a>. Arlington County: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>. 18 May 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2FAPPI.BOOKS.9780890425596">10.1176/APPI.BOOKS.9780890425596</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-554-1"><bdi>978-0-89042-554-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830807378">830807378</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27587204M">27587204M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3064664" class="extiw" title="d:Q3064664">Q3064664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders%2C+Fifth+Edition&rft.place=Arlington+County&rft.series=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.date=2013-05-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830807378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2FAPPI.BOOKS.9780890425596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL27587204M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-89042-554-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR_64-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDSM-5-TR">DSM-5-TR</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR"Autism_spectrum_disorder_encompasses_disorders_previously_referred_to_as_early_infantile_autism,_childhood_autism,_Kanner's_autism,_[[high-functioning_autism]],_[[atypical_autism]],_pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified,_childhood_disintegrative_disorder,_and_Asperger's_disorder"-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR"Autism_spectrum_disorder_encompasses_disorders_previously_referred_to_as_early_infantile_autism,_childhood_autism,_Kanner's_autism,_[[high-functioning_autism]],_[[atypical_autism]],_pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified,_childhood_disintegrative_disorder,_and_Asperger's_disorder"_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDSM-5-TR">DSM-5-TR</a>, "Autism spectrum disorder encompasses disorders previously referred to as early infantile autism, childhood autism, Kanner's autism, <a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">high-functioning autism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atypical_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atypical autism">atypical autism</a>, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Asperger's disorder". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR"It_may_be_helpful_to_note_level_of_support_needed_for_each_of_the_two_core_psychopathological_domains_in_Table_2_(e.g.,_'requiring_very_substantial_support_for_deficits_in_social_communication_and_requiring_substantial_support_for_restricted,_repetitive_behaviors')"-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDSM-5-TR"It_may_be_helpful_to_note_level_of_support_needed_for_each_of_the_two_core_psychopathological_domains_in_Table_2_(e.g.,_'requiring_very_substantial_support_for_deficits_in_social_communication_and_requiring_substantial_support_for_restricted,_repetitive_behaviors')"_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDSM-5-TR">DSM-5-TR</a>, "It may be helpful to note level of support needed for each of the two core psychopathological domains in Table 2 (e.g., 'requiring very substantial support for deficits in social communication and requiring substantial support for restricted, repetitive behaviors')". </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulageSmaldoneCohn2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kulage KM, Smaldone AM, Cohn EG (August 2014). "How will DSM-5 affect autism diagnosis? 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Brisbane: Exon Publications (published 20 August 2021). pp. 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36255%2Fexonpublications.autismspectrumdisorders.2021.etiology">10.36255/exonpublications.autismspectrumdisorders.2021.etiology</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6450017-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6450017-8-5"><bdi>978-0-6450017-8-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1280592589">1280592589</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34495611">34495611</a>. <q>The cause of ASD is unknown, but several genetic and non-genetic risk factors have been characterized that, alone or in combination, are implicated in the development of ASD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autism+Spectrum+Disorders%3A+Etiology+and+Pathology&rft.btitle=Autism+spectrum+disorders&rft.place=Brisbane&rft.pages=1-16&rft.pub=Exon+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1280592589&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34495611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36255%2Fexonpublications.autismspectrumdisorders.2021.etiology&rft.isbn=978-0-6450017-8-5&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Ann+Katrin&rft.au=Stanton%2C+Janelle+E.&rft.au=Hans%2C+Sakshi&rft.au=Grabrucker%2C+Andreas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKałużna-CzaplińskaŻurawiczJóźwik-Pruska2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Żurawicz E, Jóźwik-Pruska J (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5889772">"Focus on the Social Aspect of Autism"</a>. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 48 (5). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a> (published 29 November 2017): 1861–1867. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10803-017-3407-7">10.1007/s10803-017-3407-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3432">1573-3432</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5889772">5889772</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29188587">29188587</a>. <q>Despite extensive ASD research lasting more than 60 years, its causes are still unknown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Autism+and+Developmental+Disorders&rft.atitle=Focus+on+the+Social+Aspect+of+Autism&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1861-1867&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5889772%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1573-3432&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29188587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10803-017-3407-7&rft.aulast=Ka%C5%82u%C5%BCna-Czapli%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft.au=%C5%BBurawicz%2C+Ewa&rft.au=J%C3%B3%C5%BAwik-Pruska%2C+Jagoda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5889772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedavarapuMarellaSangemKairam2019" class="citation journal cs1">Medavarapu S, Marella LL, Sangem A, Kairam R (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6424545">"Where is the Evidence? A Narrative Literature Review of the Treatment Modalities for Autism Spectrum Disorders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cureus" title="Cureus">Cureus</a>. 11 (1). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a> (published 16 January 2019): e3901. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.3901">10.7759/cureus.3901</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-8184">2168-8184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6424545">6424545</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30911457">30911457</a>. <q>It is important to realize that the etiology of autism is unknown and at present, there is no cure, although there are interventions that may be effective in alleviating some symptoms and improving skills that may help autistic persons lead more productive lives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cureus&rft.atitle=Where+is+the+Evidence%3F+A+Narrative+Literature+Review+of+the+Treatment+Modalities+for+Autism+Spectrum+Disorders&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e3901&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6424545%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2168-8184&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30911457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7759%2Fcureus.3901&rft.aulast=Medavarapu&rft.aufirst=Srinivas&rft.au=Marella%2C+Lakshmi+Lavanya&rft.au=Sangem%2C+Aneela&rft.au=Kairam%2C+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6424545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fractionable-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fractionable_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fractionable_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHappéRonald2008" class="citation journal cs1">Happé F, Ronald A (December 2008). 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Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 46 (1): 205–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10803-015-2564-9">10.1007/s10803-015-2564-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26343026">26343026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12884691">12884691</a>. <q>20 natural challenges when parents reported that children by mistake consumed foods containing gluten or casein.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Autism+and+Developmental+Disorders&rft.atitle=The+Gluten-Free%2FCasein-Free+Diet%3A+A+Double-Blind+Challenge+Trial+in+Children+with+Autism&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=205-220&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12884691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26343026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10803-015-2564-9&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Stewart%2C+PA&rft.au=Foley%2C+J&rft.au=Cain%2C+U&rft.au=Peck%2C+R&rft.au=Morris%2C+DD&rft.au=Wang%2C+H&rft.au=Smith%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siafis2020-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Siafis2020_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiafisÇıraySchneider-ThomaBighelli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Siafis S, Çıray O, Schneider-Thoma J, Bighelli I, Krause M, Rodolico A, Ceraso A, Deste G, Huhn M, Fraguas D, Mavridis D, Charman T, Murphy DG, Parellada M, Arango C, Leucht S (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7448339">"Placebo response in pharmacological and dietary supplement trials of autism spectrum disorder (ASD): systematic review and meta-regression analysis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Autism" title="Molecular Autism">Molecular Autism</a>. 11 (1): 66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13229-020-00372-z">10.1186/s13229-020-00372-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7448339">7448339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32847616">32847616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Autism&rft.atitle=Placebo+response+in+pharmacological+and+dietary+supplement+trials+of+autism+spectrum+disorder+%28ASD%29%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-regression+analysis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7448339%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32847616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13229-020-00372-z&rft.aulast=Siafis&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=%C3%87%C4%B1ray%2C+O&rft.au=Schneider-Thoma%2C+J&rft.au=Bighelli%2C+I&rft.au=Krause%2C+M&rft.au=Rodolico%2C+A&rft.au=Ceraso%2C+A&rft.au=Deste%2C+G&rft.au=Huhn%2C+M&rft.au=Fraguas%2C+D&rft.au=Mavridis%2C+D&rft.au=Charman%2C+T&rft.au=Murphy%2C+DG&rft.au=Parellada%2C+M&rft.au=Arango%2C+C&rft.au=Leucht%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7448339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buie-324"><a href="#cite_ref-Buie_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuie2013" class="citation journal cs1">Buie T (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2013.04.011">"The relationship of autism and gluten"</a>. Clinical Therapeutics (Review). 35 (5): 578–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2013.04.011">10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.04.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23688532">23688532</a>. <q>At this time, the studies attempting to treat symptoms of autism with diet have not been sufficient to support the general institution of a gluten-free or other diet for all children with autism. There may be a subgroup of patients who might benefit from a gluten-free diet, but the symptom or testing profile of these candidates remains unclear.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=The+relationship+of+autism+and+gluten&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=578-583&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2013.04.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23688532&rft.aulast=Buie&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.clinthera.2013.04.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoltaCaio-325"><a href="#cite_ref-VoltaCaio_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoltaCaioDe_GiorgioHenriksen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Volta U, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE (June 2015). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/122/1/e202">the original</a> on 6 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Child+care+problems+and+employment+among+families+with+preschool-aged+children+with+autism+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e202-e208&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22686553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18595965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2007-3037&rft.aulast=Montes&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Halterman%2C+JS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpediatrics.aappublications.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F122%2F1%2Fe202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrsmondSeltzer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Orsmond GI, Seltzer MM (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530100939/http://www.waisman.wisc.edu/family/pubs/Autism/2007%20siblings_autism_life-course.pdf">"Siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders across the life course"</a> (PDF). Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 13 (4): 313–320. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.359.7273">10.1.1.359.7273</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrdd.20171">10.1002/mrdd.20171</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17979200">17979200</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waisman.wisc.edu/family/pubs/Autism/2007%20siblings_autism_life-course.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Disabilities+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=Siblings+of+individuals+with+autism+spectrum+disorders+across+the+life+course&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=313-320&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.359.7273%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17979200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmrdd.20171&rft.aulast=Orsmond&rft.aufirst=GI&rft.au=Seltzer%2C+MM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waisman.wisc.edu%2Ffamily%2Fpubs%2FAutism%2F2007%2520siblings_autism_life-course.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDSM-5-TR" class="citation book cs1">"Neurodevelopmental Disorders". <a href="/wiki/DSM-5-TR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-5-TR">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR)</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>. 18 March 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-577-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-577-0"><bdi>978-0-89042-577-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021051782">2021051782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neurodevelopmental+Disorders&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders%2C+Fifth+Edition%2C+Text+Revision+%28DSM-5-TR%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2021051782&rft.isbn=978-0-89042-577-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICD-11" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/437815624">"6A02 Autism spectrum disorder"</a>. International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). World Health Organization. February 2022 [adopted in 2019]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#437815624">6A02</a>. Retrieved 14 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6A02+Autism+spectrum+disorder&rft.btitle=International+Classification+of+Diseases+11th+Revision+%28ICD-11%29&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficd.who.int%2Fbrowse11%2Fl-m%2Fen%23%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fid.who.int%2Ficd%2Fentity%2F437815624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Autism <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Autism&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Autism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Autism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Gabovitch, Elaine; Dutra, Courtney; Lauer, Emily. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shriver.umassmed.edu/research/massachusetts-healthy-people-2020-autism-roadmap-report-understanding-needs-measuring-outcomes/">The Healthy People 2020 Roadmap for Massachusetts Children & Youth with ASD/DD: Understanding Needs and Measuring Outcomes (Report)</a>. Worcester: UMass Chan Medical School. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsonDempsey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Matson JL, Dempsey T (2008). "Stereotypy in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Relationship and Diagnostic Fidelity". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Developmental_and_Physical_Disabilities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities (page does not exist)">Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities</a>. 20 (2): 155–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10882-007-9086-0">10.1007/s10882-007-9086-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143874013">143874013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Developmental+and+Physical+Disabilities&rft.atitle=Stereotypy+in+Adults+with+Autism+Spectrum+Disorders%3A+Relationship+and+Diagnostic+Fidelity&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-165&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10882-007-9086-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143874013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Matson&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Dempsey%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnny_L_MatsonMichael_L_MatsonTessa_T_Rivet2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Matson" title="Johnny Matson">Johnny L Matson</a>, Michael L Matson, Tessa T Rivet (September 2007). "Social-skills treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders: an overview". <a href="/wiki/Behavior_Modification_(journal)" title="Behavior Modification (journal)">Behavior Modification</a>. 31 (5): 682–707. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0145445507301650">10.1177/0145445507301650</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-4455">0145-4455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17699124">17699124</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28240738" class="extiw" title="d:Q28240738">Q28240738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavior+Modification&rft.atitle=Social-skills+treatments+for+children+with+autism+spectrum+disorders%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=682-707&rft.date=2007-09&rft.issn=0145-4455&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17699124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0145445507301650&rft.au=Johnny+L+Matson&rft.au=Michael+L+Matson&rft.au=Tessa+T+Rivet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnny_L_MatsonMary_Shoemaker2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Matson" title="Johnny Matson">Johnny L Matson</a>, Mary Shoemaker (14 July 2009). "Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders". <a href="/wiki/Research_in_Developmental_Disabilities" title="Research in Developmental Disabilities">Research in Developmental Disabilities</a>. 30 (6): 1107–1114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.RIDD.2009.06.003">10.1016/J.RIDD.2009.06.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-4222">0891-4222</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19604668">19604668</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37552242" class="extiw" title="d:Q37552242">Q37552242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Developmental+Disabilities&rft.atitle=Intellectual+disability+and+its+relationship+to+autism+spectrum+disorders&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1107-1114&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft.issn=0891-4222&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19604668&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FJ.RIDD.2009.06.003&rft.au=Johnny+L+Matson&rft.au=Mary+Shoemaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/EISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN">eISSN</a> 1873-3379</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersenPettygroveLuAndrews2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen AL, Pettygrove S, Lu Z, Andrews J, Meaney FJ, Kurzius-Spencer M, et al. (August 2017). "DSM Criteria that Best Differentiate Intellectual Disability from Autism Spectrum Disorder". <a href="/wiki/Child_Psychiatry_and_Human_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Psychiatry and Human Development">Child Psychiatry and Human Development</a>. 48 (4): 537–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10578-016-0681-0">10.1007/s10578-016-0681-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27558812">27558812</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4377173">4377173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Psychiatry+and+Human+Development&rft.atitle=DSM+Criteria+that+Best+Differentiate+Intellectual+Disability+from+Autism+Spectrum+Disorder&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=537-545&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4377173%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27558812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10578-016-0681-0&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=AL&rft.au=Pettygrove%2C+S&rft.au=Lu%2C+Z&rft.au=Andrews%2C+J&rft.au=Meaney%2C+FJ&rft.au=Kurzius-Spencer%2C+M&rft.au=Lee%2C+LC&rft.au=Durkin%2C+MS&rft.au=Cunniff%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkmarWiesner2009" class="citation book cs1">Volkmar FR, Wiesner LA (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto0000volk">A practical guide to autism: what every parent, family member, and teacher needs to know</a>. Hoboken: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39473-1"><bdi>978-0-470-39473-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/748908084">748908084</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+guide+to+autism%3A+what+every+parent%2C+family+member%2C+and+teacher+needs+to+know&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F748908084&rft.isbn=978-0-470-39473-1&rft.aulast=Volkmar&rft.aufirst=FR&rft.au=Wiesner%2C+LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticalguideto0000volk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders">WHO fact sheet on autism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404" class="extiw" title="d:Q38404">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#437815624">6A02</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F84.0">F84.0</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=299.00">299.00</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/209850">209850</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001321">D001321</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001526.htm">001526</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/autism">Autism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autism" title="Template:Autism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autism" title="Template talk:Autism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_autism" title="Causes of autism">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_autism" title="Diagnosis of autism">Diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism" title="Epidemiology of autism">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_autism" title="Epigenetics of autism">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritability_of_autism" title="Heritability of autism">Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_autism" title="History of autism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_memory" title="Autism and memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathophysiology of autism">Pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Sex and gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism" title="Societal and cultural aspects of autism">Societal and cultural aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_therapies" title="Autism therapies">Therapies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagnoses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive developmental disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_autism" title="Classic autism">Autistic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated conditions and phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexithymia" title="Alexithymia">Alexithymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_burnout" title="Autistic burnout">Autistic burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_catatonia" title="Autistic catatonia">Autistic catatonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_masking" title="Autistic masking">Autistic masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_meltdown" title="Autistic meltdown">Autistic meltdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echolalia" title="Echolalia">Echolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echopraxia" title="Echopraxia">Echopraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Emotional dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlexia" title="Hyperlexia">Hyperlexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodumping" title="Infodumping">Infodumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_talker" title="Late talker">Late talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotropism" title="Monotropism">Monotropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_autism" title="Nonverbal autism">Nonverbal autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_demand_avoidance" title="Pathological demand avoidance">Pathological demand avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun_reversal" title="Pronoun reversal">Pronoun reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_interest_(autism)" title="Special interest (autism)">Special interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">Stimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_overload" title="Sensory overload">Sensory overload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conditions_comorbid_to_autism" title="Conditions comorbid to autism">Comorbid conditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoidant/restrictive_food_intake_disorder" title="Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder">Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder" title="Developmental coordination disorder">Developmental coordination disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_developmental_delay" title="Global developmental delay">Global developmental delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia" title="Developmental verbal dyspraxia">Developmental verbal dyspraxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syndromic_autism" title="Syndromic autism">Associated syndromes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22q13_deletion_syndrome" title="22q13 deletion syndrome">22q13 deletion syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelman_syndrome" title="Angelman syndrome">Angelman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHARGE_syndrome" title="CHARGE syndrome">CHARGE syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_syndrome" title="Cohen syndrome">Cohen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_de_Lange_syndrome" title="Cornelia de Lange syndrome">Cornelia de Lange syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome" title="DiGeorge syndrome">DiGeorge syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_valproate_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal valproate spectrum disorder">Fetal valproate spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MECP2_duplication_syndrome" title="MECP2 duplication syndrome">MECP2 duplication syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_I" title="Neurofibromatosis type I">Neurofibromatosis type I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noonan_syndrome" title="Noonan syndrome">Noonan syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_hamartoma_syndrome" title="Multiple hamartoma syndrome">Multiple hamartoma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lemli%E2%80%93Opitz_syndrome" title="Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome">Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_syndrome" title="Timothy syndrome">Timothy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_syndrome" title="Williams syndrome">Williams syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_autism_studies" title="Critical autism studies">Critical autism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_empathy_problem" title="Double empathy problem">Double empathy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_of_autistic_people" title="Employment of autistic people">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_complex_developmental_disorder" title="Multiple complex developmental disorder">Multiple complex developmental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_Education_of_Autistic_and_Related_Communication_Handicapped_Children" title="Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children">TEACCH program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twice_exceptional" title="Twice exceptional">Twice exceptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_autism" title="Violence and autism">Violence and autism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_autism" title="Controversies in autism">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">Chelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combating_Autism_Act" title="Combating Autism Act">Combating Autism Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagnostic scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Diagnostic_Interview" title="Autism Diagnostic Interview">Autism Diagnostic Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Diagnostic_Observation_Schedule" title="Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule">Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_Autism_Rating_Scale" title="Childhood Autism Rating Scale">Childhood Autism Rating Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilliam_Asperger%27s_disorder_scale" title="Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale">Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism-spectrum_quotient" title="Autism-spectrum quotient">Autism-spectrum quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_Autism_Spectrum_Test" title="Childhood Autism Spectrum Test">Childhood Autism Spectrum Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritvo_Autism_and_Asperger_Diagnostic_Scale" title="Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale">Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism" title="Outline of autism">Autism-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autistic_fictional_characters" title="List of autistic fictional characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_for_people_on_the_autism_spectrum" title="List of schools for people on the autism spectrum">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accommodations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism-friendly" title="Autism-friendly">Autism-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_friendly" title="Sensory friendly">Sensory friendly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Autism" title="Category:Autism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autism_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autism_resources" title="Template:Autism resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autism_resources" title="Template talk:Autism resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autism_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autism resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autism_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autism</a> resources</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism" title="Outline of autism">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_autism" title="History of autism">history</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awareness</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism-friendly" title="Autism-friendly">Autism-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Sunday" title="Autism Sunday">Autism Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_Shutdown" title="Communication Shutdown">Communication Shutdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Autism_Awareness_Day" title="World Autism Awareness Day">World Autism Awareness Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism" title="Societal and cultural aspects of autism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_art" title="Autistic art">Autistic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_in_popular_culture" title="Autism in popular culture">Autism in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autistic_fictional_characters" title="List of autistic fictional characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_autism" title="List of films about autism">Films about autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Friends_(disabled_care)" title="Circle of Friends (disabled care)">Circle of Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accommodations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_friendly" title="Sensory friendly">Sensory friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KultureCity" title="KultureCity">KultureCity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Therapies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Autism_therapies" title="Autism therapies">Therapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychotropic medication (<a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavioral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_trial_training" title="Discrete trial training">Discrete trial training</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ole_Ivar_Lovaas" title="Ole Ivar Lovaas">Lovaas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_exchange_communication_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture exchange communication system">Picture exchange communication system</a> (PECS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment" title="Pivotal response treatment">Pivotal response treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_behavior_support" title="Positive behavior support">Positive behavior support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Start_Denver_Model" title="Early Start Denver Model">Early Start Denver Model</a> (ESDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT)</li> <li>Social skills training</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floortime" title="Floortime">Floortime</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLAY_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="PLAY Project">PLAY Project</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a> (ABA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_integration_training" title="Auditory integration training">Auditory integration training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judge_Rotenberg_Center" title="Judge Rotenberg Center">Judge Rotenberg Center</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">Chelation of mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free,_casein-free_diet" title="Gluten-free, casein-free diet">Gluten-free, casein-free diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hug_machine" title="Hug machine">Hug machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric oxygen therapy">Hyperbaric oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holding therapy">Holding therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relationship_development_intervention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relationship development intervention (page does not exist)">Relationship development intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_integration_therapy" title="Sensory integration therapy">Sensory integration therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-Rise" title="Son-Rise">Son-Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder#Medication" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Stories" title="Social Stories">Social Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech therapy">Speech therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_Education_of_Autistic_and_Related_Communication_Handicapped_Children" title="Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children">Structured teaching (TEACCH)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Centers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Centers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Science_in_Autism_Treatment" title="Association for Science in Autism Treatment">Association for Science in Autism Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Research_Institute" title="Autism Research Institute">Autism Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Science_Foundation" title="Autism Science Foundation">Autism Science Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Krieger_Institute" title="Kennedy Krieger Institute">Kennedy Krieger Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Autism_Research" title="National Alliance for Autism Research">National Alliance for Autism Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simons_Foundation_Autism_Research_Initiative" title="Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative">Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Child_Study_Center" title="Yale Child Study Center">Yale Child Study Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Research_Centre" title="Autism Research Centre">Autism Research Centre</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism#Conditions_and_research_areas" title="Outline of autism">Conditions and research areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_autism#Researchers_and_therapists" title="Outline of autism">Researchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Autism_and_Related_Disorders" title="Center for Autism and Related Disorders">Center for Autism and Related Disorders</a> (CARD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIND_Institute" title="MIND Institute">MIND Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_for_people_on_the_autism_spectrum" title="List of schools for people on the autism spectrum">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Learning_Group" title="Alpine Learning Group">Alpine Learning Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_II_School_for_Autistic_Children" title="Eden II School for Autistic Children">Eden II School for Autistic Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPA_College" title="ESPA College">ESPA College</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_Minds" title="Exceptional Minds">Exceptional Minds</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Center_for_Children" title="New England Center for Children">New England Center for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathlight_School" title="Pathlight School">Pathlight School</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_School" title="Rebecca School">Rebecca School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunfield_Children%27s_Home" title="Sunfield Children's Home">Sunfield Children's Home</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TreeHouse_School" title="TreeHouse School">TreeHouse School</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Autistic_School" title="Western Autistic School">Western Autistic School</a> (Australia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_Planet" title="Wrong Planet">Wrong Planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Network_International" title="Autism Network International">Autism Network International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Science_Foundation" title="Autism Science Foundation">Autism Science Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_Self_Advocacy_Network" title="Autistic Self Advocacy Network">Autistic Self Advocacy Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Society_of_America" title="Autism Society of America">Autism Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Speaks" title="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Ponce%C3%B1o_de_Autismo" title="Centro Ponceño de Autismo">Centro Ponceño de Autismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jordan_Fiddle_Foundation" title="Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation">Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Rescue" title="Generation Rescue">Generation Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_Autism_Network" title="Interactive Autism Network">Interactive Autism Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_Autism_Coordinating_Committee" title="Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee">Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LENA_Foundation" title="LENA Foundation">LENA Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Autism_Research" title="National Alliance for Autism Research">National Alliance for Autism Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_on_Severe_Autism" title="National Council on Severe Autism">National Council on Severe Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Database_for_Autism_Research" title="National Database for Autism Research">National Database for Autism Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autism_Community_in_Action" title="The Autism Community in Action">The Autism Community in Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Ann_Sullivan_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Centro Ann Sullivan del Perú">Centro Ann Sullivan</a> (Peru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Instituto_de_Autismo" title="Domus Instituto de Autismo">Domus Instituto de Autismo</a> (Mexico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_for_Autism" title="Action for Autism">Action for Autism</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Resource_Centre_(Singapore)" title="Autism Resource Centre (Singapore)">Autism Resource Centre (Singapore)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_Society_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Autistic Society of Trinidad and Tobago">Autistic Society of Trinidad and Tobago</a> (Trinidad and Tobago)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maia_Chung_Autism_and_Disabilities_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maia Chung Autism and Disabilities Foundation (page does not exist)">Maia Chung Autism and Disabilities Foundation</a> (Jamaica)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UK" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Anglia" title="Autism Anglia">Autism Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autism_Directory" title="The Autism Directory">The Autism Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Awareness_Campaign_UK" title="Autism Awareness Campaign UK">Autism Awareness Campaign UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Cymru" title="Autism Cymru">Autism Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Plus" title="Autism Plus">Autism Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistica" title="Autistica">Autistica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Autistic_Society" title="National Autistic Society">National Autistic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacar_(charity)" title="Sacar (charity)">Sacar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Specialisterne" title="Specialisterne">Specialisterne</a> (Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspies_For_Freedom" title="Aspies For Freedom">Aspies For Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Priddis_Foundation" title="Luke Priddis Foundation">Luke Priddis Foundation</a> (Australia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Accidental_Teacher:_Life_Lessons_from_My_Silent_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="The Accidental Teacher: Life Lessons from My Silent Son">The Accidental Teacher: Life Lessons from My Silent Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Translation" title="Animals in Translation">Animals in Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspergirls:_Empowering_Females_with_Asperger%27s_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspergirls: Empowering Females with Asperger's Syndrome">Aspergirls: Empowering Females with Asperger's Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism%27s_False_Prophets" title="Autism's False Prophets">Autism's False Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Love:_Autism" title="Extreme Love: Autism">Extreme Love: Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freaks,_Geeks,_and_Asperger_Syndrome:_A_User_Guide_to_Adolescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Freaks, Geeks, and Asperger Syndrome: A User Guide to Adolescence">Freaks, Geeks, and Asperger Syndrome: A User Guide to Adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_a_Different_Key" title="In a Different Key">In a Different Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life,_Animated" title="Life, Animated">Life, Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_Colour_to_the_Blind" title="Like Colour to the Blind">Like Colour to the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_Me_in_the_Eye" title="Look Me in the Eye">Look Me in the Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Warriors" title="Mother Warriors">Mother Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Miedzianik)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Autobiography (Miedzianik)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeuroTribes" title="NeuroTribes">NeuroTribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobody_Nowhere" title="Nobody Nowhere">Nobody Nowhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reason_I_Jump" title="The Reason I Jump">The Reason I Jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somebody_Somewhere_(book)" title="Somebody Somewhere (book)">Somebody Somewhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-Rise:_The_Miracle_Continues" title="Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues">Son-Rise: The Miracle Continues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_Son" title="Strange Son">Strange Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_On_(book)" title="Switched On (book)">Switched On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstrange_Minds" title="Unstrange Minds">Unstrange Minds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Curious_Incident_of_the_Dog_in_the_Night-Time" title="The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time">The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_John_(novel)" title="Dear John (novel)">Dear John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Rules_(novel)" title="House Rules (novel)">House Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockingbird_(Erskine_novel)" title="Mockingbird (Erskine novel)">Mockingbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saving_Max" title="Saving Max">Saving Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_Dark" title="Speed of Dark">Speed of Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Winter_Journey_(novel)" title="The Winter Journey (novel)">The Winter Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/With_the_Light" title="With the Light">With the Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For younger people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everybody_Is_Different:_A_Book_for_Young_People_Who_Have_Brothers_or_Sisters_With_Autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Everybody Is Different: A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism">Everybody Is Different: A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian%27s_Walk:_A_Story_about_Autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian's Walk: A Story about Autism">Ian's Walk: A Story about Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_in_the_Real_World" title="Marcelo in the Real World">Marcelo in the Real World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage:_A_Love_Story" title="Rage: A Love Story">Rage: A Love Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_(novel)" title="Rules (novel)">Rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_(journal)" title="Autism (journal)">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_in_Adulthood" title="Autism in Adulthood">Autism in Adulthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_Research" title="Autism Research">Autism Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Autism_and_Developmental_Disorders" title="Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders">Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Autism" title="Molecular Autism">Molecular Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_in_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders" title="Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders">Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development (<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Template:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Template talk:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed or recognised diagnostic categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_addiction" title="Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">Online problem gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use" title="Problematic smartphone use">Problematic smartphone use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomophobia" title="Nomophobia">Nomophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_addiction" title="Television addiction">Television addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sociology">Digital sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpsychology" title="Cyberpsychology">Cyberpsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Evolutionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated psychiatric conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image_disturbance" title="Body image disturbance">Body image disturbance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">Body image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpathology" title="Cyberpathology">Cyberpathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_detox" title="Digital detox">Digital detox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Evolution of cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Evolutionary mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_of_anorexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Promotion of anorexia">Promotion of anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_restrictions_on_children_in_Australia" title="Social media restrictions on children in Australia">Social media restrictions on children in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technostress" title="Technostress">Technostress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nonverbal_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template talk:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nonverbal_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modalities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modalities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_interpersonal_communicative_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic interpersonal communicative skills">Basic interpersonal communicative skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral communication">Behavioral communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign lexicons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Verbal communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-verbal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadoma" title="Tadoma">Tadoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimoplastic_art" title="Mimoplastic art">Mimoplastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">Subtext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Autism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autism_spectrum" class="extiw" title="wikt:autism spectrum">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Autism" class="extiw" title="c:Autism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Autism" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Autism">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Autism" class="extiw" title="q:Autism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Autism" class="extiw" title="b:Introduction to Psychology/Autism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063" class="extiw" title="d:Q1436063">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003932-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010038">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119309913">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119309913">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574713">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118685&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000102608&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000102609&local_base=nsk10">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295715505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027220451">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&oldid=1259033364">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&oldid=1259033364</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Autism_spectrum_disorders" title="Category:Autism spectrum disorders">Autism spectrum disorders</a></li><li><a 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168.394 1 Template:Medical_condition_classification_and_resources"," 3.85% 167.249 29 Template:Cite_book"," 3.76% 163.120 3 Template:Cite_Q"," 3.17% 137.772 2 Template:Excerpt"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.080","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26085374,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAU-TI2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbrahamsGeschwind2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdvocate2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAguiarde_Pondé2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Beltagi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltevogtHansonLeshner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmeisKasseeCorbett-DickCole2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnoldHigginsWeiseDesai2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAugustyn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaioWigginsChristensenet_al2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalKimFokLord2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallaban-GilTuchman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaranek2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaron-Cohen2002\"] = 2,\n 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[\"CITEREFDojaRoberts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominickDavisLainhartTager-Flusberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDona2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyleMcDougle2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuchanPatel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkleberry2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEldevikHastingsHughesJahr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_BarnesMcCabe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFastWentzRoswallStrandberg2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinBartonEigstiKelley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilipekAccardoBaranekCook1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinke2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlaherty2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlowersLantzHamlinSimeonsson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolsteinRosen-Sheidley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFombonne2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFournierHassNaikLodha2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranco2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFusaroliLambrechtsBangBowler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardenerSpiegelmanBuka2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardenerSpiegelmanBuka2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGargotArchambaultChetouaniCohen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvey2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerberOffit2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGeretseggerFusar-PoliElefantMössler2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGernsbacher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGernsbacherDawsonGoldsmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeschwind2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeschwind2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGliddenBoumanJonesArcelus2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodleeSmithMarcovitch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGogouKolios2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoryckiRuppelZane2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham_HolmesAmesMassoloNunez2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroveHoekstraWierdaBegeer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahlerElsabbagh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamlynDuhigMcGrathScott2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHappé1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHappéFrith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHappéRonald2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHappéRonaldPlomin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrop2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvard_University2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattenstoneFischer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeasmanAlex2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeltKelleyKinsbournePandey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelverschouBakkenMartinsen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinerman1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogeveenGrafman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolder_JrHamdanMichaud2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollanderHagermanFein2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHolmesGoebelHollingueZhu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughesWardGruffyddBaron-Cohen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussainAliAhmedHussain2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHymanStewartFoleyCain2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFICD-11\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIfflandLivingstoneJorgensenHazell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsraelyanMargolis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaarsmaWelin2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJamesStevensonSiloveWilliams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenabiFarashiSalehiParsapoor2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensenSmolenGirirajan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiFindling2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiangXuShaoXia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonMyers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanneRandolphFarmer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarstVan_Hecke2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasariShireShihLanda2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKałużna-CzaplińskaŻurawiczJóźwik-Pruska2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinneyMunirCrowleyMiller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlinVolkmarSparrow2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulageSmaldoneCohn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLainhart1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamAman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamSuttonKalkbrennerWindham2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambertStrebelOrensteinIcenogle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeChoKim2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeskovecRowlesFindling2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinovitz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyHyman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyMandellSchultz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoftus2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLomelin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLordCharmanHavdahlCarbone2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLordElsabbaghBairdVeenstra-Vanderweele2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoshAdolphsPiven2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoukusa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLugnegårdHallerbäckGillberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyallSchmidtHertz-Picciotto2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaennerShawBaioWashington2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaennerWarrenWilliamsAmoakohene2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandyLai2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMantzalasRichdaleAdikariLowe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManziLoizzoGianaCuratolo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkkanenMeyerDianov2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkramMarkram2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarí-BausetZazpeMari-SanchisLlopis-González2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMashBarkley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsonDempsey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsonDempseyFodstad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsonSturmey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBrienMurphyGillCronin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPartlandKlin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedavarapuMarellaSangemKairam2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMezzich2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillwardFerriterCalverConnell-Jones2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiltonGurbuzLópez2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinshawiHurwitzFodstadBiebl2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchellSheppardCassidy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontesHalterman2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMozes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayLesserLawson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuseum2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafaFesselBarwiseShannon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuzikar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyersJohnson2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Center_on_Birth_Defects_and_Developmental_Disabilities2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Center_on_Birth_Defects_and_Developmental_Disabilities2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesse2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesse2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNewschafferCroenDanielsGiarelli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNishiyamaOshikawaTsukadaNakagawa2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorenzayanGervaisTrzesniewski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;BrienPearson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connorvan_den_BedemBlijd-HoogewysStockmann2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOliverRichards2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrinsteinHeltTroybTyson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrsmondSeltzer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOspinaKrebs_SeidaClarkKarkhaneh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOswaldSonenklar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsonRose2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersenPettygroveLuAndrews2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeledCassutoBerger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPellicanoden_Houting2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPersicoNapolioni2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetroliniRodríguez-ArmendarizVicente2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPezzimentiHanVasaGotham2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickettAnderson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiggotShirinyanShemmassianVazirian2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPivenPalmerJacobiChildress1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlaisted_GrantDavis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolandJacobson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaoGershon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapinTuchman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymakerTeoStecklerLentz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichowHumeBartonBoyd2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichdaleSchreck2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobison2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogersVismara2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRommelseFrankeGeurtsHartman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonanWuCrabtree2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenLordVolkmar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenbergLawYenokyanMcGready2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudacille2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRumayorThrasher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellKappElliottElphick2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellStapleyNewlove-DelgadoSalmon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRzepka-MigutPaprocka2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRødgaardJensenVergnesSoulières2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalaHooleyAttwood2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamsamAhangariNaser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSan_Mauro_MartínGaricano_VilarCollado_YurrutiaCiudad_Cabañas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchackThomas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandersHeWillseyErcan-Sencicek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandinHultmanKolevzonGross2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandoval-NortonShkedyShkedy2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSarovic2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSarrett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSassonFasoNugentLovell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatterstromKosmickiWangBreen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauerStantonHansGrabrucker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaafsmaPfaff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchenkman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSequenzia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShieldsBeversdorf2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShkedyShkedySandoval-Norton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiafisÇıraySchneider-ThomaBighelli2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiafisÇırayWuSchneider-Thoma2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigmanCapps2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilberman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverman2008\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFSimpsonde_Boer-OttSmith-Myles2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithIadarola2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpenceSchneider2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencerTrondsen_PawlowskiThomas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpikins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpikins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpikinsWrightHodgson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefanatos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrattonFordRuschClayton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugathanBiagioliGolzioErdin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzpir2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTager-Flusberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTager-FlusbergCaronna2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanParkin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTangeraasConstanteBackeOyarzábal2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTantam1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorSwerdfegerEslick2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheoharidesAngelidouAlysandratosZhang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonTremblayLinBochar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTidmarshVolkmar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreffert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevisanRobertsLinBirmingham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrivedi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsakanikosCostelloHoltSturmey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsakanikosUnderwoodKravaritiBouras2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyeRuniclesWhitehouseAlvares2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnderwoodMcCarthyTsakanikos2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValerie2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_MiesenHurleyDe_Vries2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVicker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirués-Ortega2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVohrPoggi_DavisWankeKrebs2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkmarPaulPelphreyRogers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkmarWiesner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoltaCaioDe_GiorgioHenriksen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangGengLiuZhang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangPetrullaZampellaWaller2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangZhaoHuangChen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrenVeenstra-VanderWeeleStoneetal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasilewskaKlukowski2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterhouse2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterhouseMottron2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWazanaBresnahanKline2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeirAllisonBaron-Cohen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeissman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerlingBrandAnStone2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteOswaldOllendickScahill2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsonGrepoThompsonKim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams_BuckleyHirtzOskouiet_al2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillingham\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWing1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingPotter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiznitzer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodbury-SmithVolkmar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuLiLiLiang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZafeiriouVerveriVargiami2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeidanFombonneScorahIbrahim2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangHan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZwaigenbaumBaumanChoueiriKasari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_KluiverBuizer-VoskampDolanBoomsma2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFden_Houting2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_RoekelScholteDidden2010\"] = 1,\n [\"Common_characteristics\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"Ambiguous\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Autism resources\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 277,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 76,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Digital media use and mental health\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EMedicine2\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Empty section\"] = 1,\n [\"Endash\"] = 1,\n [\"Erratum\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"ICD10\"] = 1,\n [\"ICD11\"] = 2,\n [\"ICD9\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox medical condition\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Medical condition classification and resources\"] = 1,\n [\"Mental and behavioural disorders\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Nonverbal communication\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pervasive developmental disorders\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Summarize\"] = 2,\n [\"Undue weight inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Johnny L Matson\n2 2 Michael L Matson\n3 3 Tessa T Rivet\n1 1 Johnny L Matson\n2 2 Mary Shoemaker\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","15.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","320","10.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","8.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","200","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","4.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","2.5"],["[others]","1100","35.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4cmjj","timestamp":"20241123004454","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Autism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38404","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38404","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-25T10:16:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T00:44:45Z","headline":"neurodevelopmental condition"}</script> </body> </html>