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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categorization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categorization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Categorization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categorization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categorization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connected_PACs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connected_PACs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Connected PACs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connected_PACs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-connected_PACs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-connected_PACs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Non-connected PACs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-connected_PACs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership_PACs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_PACs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Leadership PACs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_PACs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversial_use_of_leadership_PACs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_use_of_leadership_PACs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Controversial use of leadership PACs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_use_of_leadership_PACs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Super_PACs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super_PACs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Super PACs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super_PACs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_PAC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_PAC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hybrid PAC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_PAC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top_PACs_by_election_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_PACs_by_election_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Top PACs by election cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Top_PACs_by_election_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Top PACs by election cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Top_PACs_by_election_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2018_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>2018 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>2020 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>2022 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>2024 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_aksiekommitee" title="Politieke aksiekommitee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Politieke aksiekommitee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A8_d%27acci%C3%B3_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Comitè d'acció política – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comitè d'acció política" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Action_Committee" title="Political Action Committee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Political Action Committee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_de_acci%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Comité de acción política – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comité de acción política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_d%27action_politique" title="Comité d'action politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comité d'action politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiste_um_ghn%C3%ADomha%C3%ADocht_pholaiti%C3%BAil" title="Coiste um ghníomhaíocht pholaitiúil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coiste um ghníomhaíocht pholaitiúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="정치활동위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정치활동위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Political action committee" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komite_pangr%C3%A8h_pulitik" title="Komite pangrèh pulitik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Komite pangrèh pulitik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek_actiecomit%C3%A9" title="Politiek actiecomité – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek actiecomité" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A" title="政治行動委員会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政治行動委員会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_handlingskomit%C3%A9" title="Politisk handlingskomité – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politisk handlingskomité" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Political action committee" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Political action committee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" 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href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">campaigns</a> for or against candidates, <a href="/wiki/Ballot_initiative#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot initiative">ballot initiatives</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal term PAC was created in pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance reform in the United States">campaign finance reform in the United States</a>. Democracies of other countries use different terms for the units of campaign spending or spending on political competition (see <a href="/wiki/Political_finance" title="Political finance">political finance</a>). At the U.S. federal level, an organization becomes a PAC when it receives or spends more than $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election, and registers with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> (FEC), according to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Campaign_Act" title="Federal Election Campaign Act">Federal Election Campaign Act</a> as amended by the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act" title="Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act">Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act</a> of 2002 (also known as the McCain–Feingold Act).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the state level, an organization becomes a PAC according to the state's <a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">election laws</a>. </p><p>Contributions to PACs from corporate or labor union treasuries are illegal, though these entities may sponsor a PAC and provide financial support for its administration and fundraising. Union-affiliated PACs may solicit contributions only from union members. Independent PACs may solicit contributions from the general public and must pay their own costs from those funds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federal multi-candidate PACs may contribute to candidates as follows: </p> <ul><li>$5,000 to a candidate or candidate committee for each election (primary and general elections count as separate elections);</li> <li>$15,000 to a political party per year; and</li> <li>$5,000 to another PAC per year.</li> <li>PACs may make unlimited expenditures independently of a candidate or political party</li></ul> <p>In its 2010 case <i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> overturned sections of the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Reform_Act_of_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign Reform Act of 2002">Campaign Reform Act of 2002</a> (also known as the McCain–Feingold Act) that had prohibited corporate and union political independent expenditures in political campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Citizens United</i> declared it was unconstitutional to prohibit corporations and unions from spending from their general treasuries to promote candidates or from contributing to PACs. It left intact these laws' prohibitions on corporations or unions contributing directly to a candidate or candidate committee.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political action committee emerged from the labor movement of 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first PAC was the <a href="/wiki/CIO-PAC" title="CIO-PAC">CIO-PAC</a>, formed in July 1943 under CIO president <a href="/wiki/Philip_Murray" title="Philip Murray">Philip Murray</a> and headed by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hillman" title="Sidney Hillman">Sidney Hillman</a>. It was established after the U.S. Congress prohibited unions from giving direct contributions to political candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This restriction was initially imposed in 1907 on corporations through the <a href="/wiki/Tillman_Act_of_1907" title="Tillman Act of 1907">Tillman Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Connally_Act" title="Smith–Connally Act">Smith–Connally Act</a> extended its coverage to labor unions in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of campaign reform laws enacted during the 1970s facilitated the growth of PACs after these laws allowed corporations, trade associations, and labor unions to form PACs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971 the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) created rules for disclosure, which made it so all donations received by PACs must go through a central committee maintained by said PAC. Furthermore, it required PACs to file regular reports with the Federal Election Commission(FEC) disclosing anyone who has donated at least $200.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court has declared unconstitutional limits imposed on PACs by the legislature under First Amendment grounds in many cases, starting with <a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the past 30 years, campaign donations from PACs have been increasingly growing, with $333 million being raised in 1990 to $482 million in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with the major growth, PAC contributions only made up 23% of the money raised by House candidates and only 10% for senate candidates,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite media coverage which tends to exaggerate contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categorization">Categorization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Categorization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_action_committees" title="List of political action committees">List of political action committees</a></div> <p>Federal law formally allows for two types of PACs: connected and non-connected. Judicial decisions added a third classification, independent expenditure-only committees, which are colloquially known as "super PACs". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connected_PACs">Connected PACs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Connected PACs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the 4,600 active, registered PACs, named "connected PACs", sometimes also called "corporate PACs", are established by businesses, non-profits, labor unions, trade groups, or health organizations. These PACs receive and raise money from a "restricted class", generally consisting of managers and shareholders in the case of a corporation or members in the case of a non-profit organization, labor union or other interest group. As of January 2009, there were 1,598 registered corporate PACs, 272 related to labor unions and 995 to trade organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FEC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-connected_PACs">Non-connected PACs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-connected PACs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groups with an ideological mission, single-issue groups, and members of Congress and other political leaders may form "non-connected PACs". These organizations may accept funds from any individual, connected PAC, or organization. As of January 2009, there were 1,594 non-connected PACs, the fastest-growing category.<sup id="cite_ref-FEC_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leadership_PACs">Leadership PACs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leadership PACs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elected officials and political parties cannot give more than the federal limit directly to candidates. However, they can set up a leadership PAC that makes <a href="/wiki/Independent_expenditure" title="Independent expenditure">independent expenditures</a>. Provided the expenditure is not coordinated with the other candidate, this type of spending is not limited.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the FEC (Federal Election Commission) rules, leadership PACs are non-connected PACs, and can accept donations from individuals and other PACs. Since current officeholders have an easier time attracting contributions, Leadership PACs are a way dominant parties can capture seats from other parties. A leadership PAC sponsored by an elected official cannot use funds to support that official's own campaign. However, it may fund travel, administrative expenses, consultants, polling, and other non-campaign expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2018 election cycle, leadership PACs donated more than $67 million to federal candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Controversial_use_of_leadership_PACs">Controversial use of leadership PACs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Controversial use of leadership PACs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Former Rep. <a href="/wiki/John_Doolittle" title="John Doolittle">John Doolittle</a>'s (R-CA) leadership PAC paid 15% to a firm that employed only his wife. Payouts to his wife's firm were $68,630 in 2003 and 2004, and $224,000 in 2005 and 2006. The Doolittle home was raided in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After years of investigation, the Justice Department dropped the case with no charges in June 2010.</li> <li>One Leadership PAC purchased $2,139 in gifts from <a href="/wiki/Bose_Corporation" title="Bose Corporation">Bose Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Former Rep. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pombo" title="Richard Pombo">Richard Pombo</a> (R-CA) used his leadership PAC to pay hotel bills ($22,896) and buy baseball tickets ($320) for donors.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>'s (D-CA) leadership PAC, Team Majority, was fined $21,000 by federal election officials "for improperly accepting donations over federal limits."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Former president Trump's leadership PAC <a href="/wiki/Save_America" title="Save America">Save America</a> paid $650,000 for portraits of him and the former first lady that will one day hang in the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a>, $200,000 to Trump Hotel properties, and $132,000 to former First Lady <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fashion_stylist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion stylist">fashion stylist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto9_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super_PACs">Super PACs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Super PACs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a></div> <p>Super PACs, officially known as "independent expenditure-only political action committees," are unlike traditional PACs in that they may raise unlimited amounts from individuals, corporations, unions, and other groups to spend on, for example, ads overtly advocating for or against political candidates. However, they are not allowed to either coordinate with or contribute directly to candidate campaigns or political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Super PACs are subject to the same organizational, reporting, and public disclosure requirements of traditional PACs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_PAC">Hybrid PAC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hybrid PAC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_PAC" title="Hybrid PAC">Hybrid PAC</a></div> <p>A hybrid PAC (sometimes called a Carey Committee) is similar to a super PAC, but can give limited amounts of money directly to campaigns and committees, while still making independent expenditures in unlimited amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-politico_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politico-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Top_PACs_by_election_cycle">Top PACs by election cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Top PACs by election cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/OpenSecrets" title="OpenSecrets">OpenSecrets</a> maintains a list of the largest PACs by election cycle on its website OpenSecrets.org.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their list can be filtered by receipts or different types of expenses, political party, and type of PAC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_election">2018 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2018 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2018 United States House of Representatives elections">2018 election</a>, the top ten PACs donated a total of $29,349,895 (directly, and via their affiliates and subsidiaries) to federal candidates:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>National Association of Realtors – $3,444,276</li> <li>National Beer Wholesalers Association – $3,433,500</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> – $3,433,500</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> PAC – $2,849,740</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Association" title="National Air Traffic Controllers Association">National Air Traffic Controllers Association</a> – $2,813,250</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Sheet_Metal,_Air,_Rail_and_Transportation_Workers" title="International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers">International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers</a> – $2,797,450</li> <li>American Bankers Association – $2,768,330</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_Freedom_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House Freedom Fund (page does not exist)">House Freedom Fund</a>, a leadership PAC associated with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows">Mark Meadows</a> – $2,733,340</li> <li>International Union of Operating Engineers – $2,726,909</li> <li>National Auto Dealers Association – $2,666,400</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_election">2020 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2020 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a>, the top ten PACs donated a total of $28,276,448 (directly, and via their affiliates and subsidiaries) to federal candidates:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>National Association of Realtors – $3,960,998</li> <li>National Beer Wholesalers Association – $3,147,500</li> <li>Credit Union National Association – $2,849,800</li> <li>AT&T Inc. – $2,742,000</li> <li>American Crystal Sugar – $2,702,500</li> <li>Comcast – $2,664,500</li> <li>American Bankers Association – $2,661,200</li> <li>International Union of Operating Engineers – $2,599,700</li> <li>Sheet Metal, Air, Rail, & Transportation Union – $2,488,150</li> <li>Majority Committee PAC, a <a href="/wiki/Leadership_PAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership PAC">leadership PAC</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a> – $2,460,100</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_election">2022 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2022 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections">2022 election</a>, the top ten PACs donated a total of $28,051,395 (directly, and via their affiliates and subsidiaries) to federal candidates:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Realtors" title="National Association of Realtors">National Association of Realtors</a> – $4,001,500</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Beer_Wholesalers_Association" title="National Beer Wholesalers Association">National Beer Wholesalers Association</a> – $3,258,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Union_National_Association" title="Credit Union National Association">Credit Union National Association</a> – $2,888,500</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="American Israel Public Affairs Committee">American Israel Public Affairs Committee</a> – $2,664,900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crystal_Sugar_Company" title="American Crystal Sugar Company">American Crystal Sugar</a> – $2,624,000</li> <li>AT&T Inc. – $2,609,400</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_Blue_Shield_Association" title="Blue Cross Blue Shield Association">Blue Cross/Blue Shield</a> – $2,561,225</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Operating_Engineers" title="International Union of Operating Engineers">International Union of Operating Engineers</a> – $2,533,920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Automobile_Dealers_Association" title="National Automobile Dealers Association">National Auto Dealers Association</a> – $2,514,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Bankers_Association" title="American Bankers Association">American Bankers Association</a> – $2,395,950</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_election">2024 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2024 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2024 United States House of Representatives elections">2024 election</a>, the top ten PACs donated a total of $25,995,526 (directly, and via their affiliates and subsidiaries) to federal candidates:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Realtors" title="National Association of Realtors">National Assn of Realtors</a> – $3,751,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_Blue_Shield_Association" title="Blue Cross Blue Shield Association">Blue Cross/Blue Shield</a> – $2,705,050</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crystal_Sugar_Company" title="American Crystal Sugar Company">American Crystal Sugar</a> – $2,667,500</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Beer_Wholesalers_Association" title="National Beer Wholesalers Association">National Beer Wholesalers Assn</a> – $2,585,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIPAC" title="AIPAC">American Israel Public Affairs Committee</a> – $2,572,500</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operating_Engineers_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operating Engineers Union (page does not exist)">Operating Engineers Union</a> – $2,528,306</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Credit_Unions" title="America's Credit Unions">America's Credit Unions</a> – $2,489,160</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Bankers_Association" title="American Bankers Association">American Bankers Assn</a> – $2,249,580</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Sheet_Metal,_Air,_Rail_and_Transportation_Workers" title="International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers">Sheet Metal, Air, Rail & Transportation Union</a> – $2,226,900</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_47_Cmte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trump 47 Cmte (page does not exist)">Trump 47 Cmte</a> – $2,220,530</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_action_committees" title="List of political action committees">List of political action committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/501(c)_organization#501(c)(4)" title="501(c) organization">501(c)(4) organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Advocacy group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_advocacy_ads" title="Issue advocacy ads">Issue advocacy ads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">Lobbying in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Money loop">Money loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft money">Soft money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_money" title="Dark money">Dark money</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJandaBerryGoldman2008" class="citation book cs1">Janda, Kenneth; Berry, Jeffrey M.; Goldman, Jerry (December 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZEDnrzMHFIC&pg=PA309"><i>The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in a Global World</i></a> (10th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: Cengage Learning. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547204543" title="Special:BookSources/978-0547204543"><bdi>978-0547204543</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Democracy%3A+American+Government+in+a+Global+World&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=309&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft.isbn=978-0547204543&rft.aulast=Janda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Berry%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZEDnrzMHFIC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607160220/http://www.sos.ky.gov/kids/civics/glossary.htm">"Civics Glossary"</a>. <i>Kentucky Secretary of State</i>. December 20, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.ky.gov/kids/civics/glossary.htm">the original</a> on June 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kentucky+Secretary+of+State&rft.atitle=Civics+Glossary&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.ky.gov%2Fkids%2Fcivics%2Fglossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_52_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 52 of the United States Code">52 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/52/30101">§ 30101</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title52-section30101&num=0&edition=prelim">"[USC02] 52 USC 30101: Definitions"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3BUSC02%26%2393%3B+52+USC+30101%3A+Definitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuscode.house.gov%2Fview.xhtml%3Freq%3Dgranuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title52-section30101%26num%3D0%26edition%3Dprelim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/nongui.pdf">"FEC Campaign Guide for Nonconnected Committees"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal Election Committee</i>. May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Election+Committee&rft.atitle=FEC+Campaign+Guide+for+Nonconnected+Committees&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fresources%2Fcms-content%2Fdocuments%2Fnongui.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEly2012" class="citation book cs1">Ely, James W. Jr. (2012) [2005]. <a href="/wiki/Kermit_L._Hall" title="Kermit L. Hall">Hall, Kermit L.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</i> (encyclopedia) (2nd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199916467" title="Special:BookSources/9780199916467"><bdi>9780199916467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199916467&rft.aulast=Ely&rft.aufirst=James+W.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_2_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 2 of the United States Code">2 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/441b">§ 441b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-637/4637-21.pdf">"Comments on Petition for Rulemaking on Corporate Political Spending, Submitted by 21 Civic Organizations and Individuals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Securities and Exchange Commission</i>. January 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft.atitle=Comments+on+Petition+for+Rulemaking+on+Corporate+Political+Spending%2C+Submitted+by+21+Civic+Organizations+and+Individuals&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Fcomments%2F4-637%2F4637-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurse" class="citation web cs1">Murse, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112201956/http://uspolitics.about.com/od/firstamendment/a/What-Is-A-Super-Pac.htm">"What is a Super PAC?"</a>. <i>About.com U.S. Politics</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uspolitics.about.com/od/firstamendment/a/What-Is-A-Super-Pac.htm">the original</a> on November 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+U.S.+Politics&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Super+PAC%3F&rft.aulast=Murse&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuspolitics.about.com%2Fod%2Ffirstamendment%2Fa%2FWhat-Is-A-Super-Pac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/04/04/end-citizens-united-pac-raises-4-million-/100000662/">"End Citizens United raises $4 million, projects $35 million haul for midterms"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=End+Citizens+United+raises+%244+million%2C+projects+%2435+million+haul+for+midterms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fonpolitics%2F2017%2F04%2F04%2Fend-citizens-united-pac-raises-4-million-%2F100000662%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehne2012" class="citation book cs1">Lehne, Richard (2012). <i>Government and Business: American Political Economy in Comparative Perspective</i> (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608710171" title="Special:BookSources/9781608710171"><bdi>9781608710171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+Business%3A+American+Political+Economy+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pages=169&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781608710171&rft.aulast=Lehne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider-MarkelCard2009" class="citation book cs1">Haider-Markel, Donald P.; Card, Michael A. 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Here's what you need to know about what the fund does and how it spends"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump%27s+Save+America+PAC+was+formed+to+fight+debunked+election+fraud+claims+after+he+lost+the+2020+election.+Here%27s+what+you+need+to+know+about+what+the+fund+does+and+how+it+spends.&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft.au=Rachel+Looker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F08%2F11%2Fjan-6-committee-trump-campaign-spending%2F10265619002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto9_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmacherHaberman2023" class="citation web cs1">Goldmacher, Shane; Haberman, Maggie (June 25, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/25/us/politics/trump-donations-legal-fees.html">"As Legal Fees Mount, Trump Steers Donations Into PAC That Has Covered Them"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Legal+Fees+Mount%2C+Trump+Steers+Donations+Into+PAC+That+Has+Covered+Them&rft.date=2023-06-25&rft.aulast=Goldmacher&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft.au=Haberman%2C+Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F06%2F25%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-donations-legal-fees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto5_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-save-america-leadership-pac-federal-grand-jury/">"Federal grand jury probing Trump's Save America leadership PAC, reports say"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. September 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Federal+grand+jury+probing+Trump%27s+Save+America+leadership+PAC%2C+reports+say&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Ftrump-save-america-leadership-pac-federal-grand-jury%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensecrets.org/political-action-committees-pacs/super-pacs/2022">"Super PACs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OpenSecrets" title="OpenSecrets">OpenSecrets</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Meet+the+super+super+PAC&rft.date=2012-01-21&rft.aulast=Levinthal&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2012%2F01%2Fmeet-the-super-super-pac-071763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/toppacs.php">"Top PACs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OpenSecrets" title="OpenSecrets">OpenSecrets</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Secrets&rft.atitle=Top+PACs+2024&rft.date=2024-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensecrets.org%2Fpolitical-action-committees-pacs%2Ftop-pacs%2F2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+action+committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fec.gov/rad/pacs/FederalElectionCommission-RAD-PACs.shtml">FEC.gov – Political Action Committees (PAC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071126095845/http://www.fec.gov/law/litigation_CCA_S.shtml#speechnow">FEC.gov – Speechnow.org v. FEC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/">OpenSecrets.org</a> from <a href="/wiki/OpenSecrets" title="OpenSecrets">OpenSecrets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factcheck.org/players-guide/2012/">FactCheck.org Players Guide 2012</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factcheck.org/players-guide/2016/">FactCheck.org Players Guide 2016</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factcheck.org/players-guide/2018/">FactCheck.org Players Guide 2018</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.PoliticalMoneyLine.com/">PoliticalMoneyLine</a> <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_company" title="Dot-com company">dot-com company</a> that offers some free information; detailed info requires a subscription</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunlightfoundation.com/">Sunlight Foundation</a></li></ul> <div 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title="Lobbying in the United States">Lobbying in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="History of lobbying in the United States">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Direct lobbying in the United States">Direct lobbying</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political action committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_PAC" title="Hybrid PAC">Hybrid PAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/527_organization" title="527 organization">527 organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance reform in the United States">reform</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_scorecard" title="Legislative scorecard">Legislative scorecard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major industrial and business lobbies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance#Insurance_companies" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Organized labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_lobby" title="Pharmaceutical lobby">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_lobbying_groups" title="List of software lobbying groups">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco lobby">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major single-issue lobbies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_by_the_administration_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying by the administration in the United States">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_pro-choice_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States pro-choice movement">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_PAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership PAC">Federal leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun lobby">Guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_movements_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT movements in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AARP" title="AARP">Retirees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_history_in_the_United_States" title="Tax protester history in the United States">Taxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Diaspora politics in the United States">Diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Ethnic interest groups in the United States">ethnic lobbies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Arab lobby in the United States">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Egypt lobby in the United States">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Libya lobby in the United States">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_lobby_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian lobby in the United States">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="China lobby in the United States">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban-American_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban-American lobby">Cuba</a> <small>(Anti Castro)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Greece lobby in the United States">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Ireland lobby in the United States">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Israel lobby in the United States">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Israel lobby in the United States">Anti-Israel lobby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Pakistan lobby in the United States">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Turkey lobby in the United States">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Japan lobby in the United States">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101438#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129613770">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131802-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104342">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560619105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644024">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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