CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135b123f91940aa',cH: 'iZ11dWqg1jyx.veuq2okEYHwweq3NP8X5W0kIZrdw3s-1739794412-1.2.1.1-lUcA4jQWnV3Gilm9Qhh5oKSVARIsUZEa7tExVAjRf8rZm5xiQr3qU33_5zKpjoGP',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=passive%20design&__cf_chl_tk=2PVkMwM1w11QnCnGHqVkIHxnQxnS85NEpmU42k.6WKM-1739794412-1.0.1.1-UGPGhSIcGPOhPLwCr7FK5gDYKPa7yi0DFZmDTrUyvG0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739794412',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=passive%20design&__cf_chl_f_tk=2PVkMwM1w11QnCnGHqVkIHxnQxnS85NEpmU42k.6WKM-1739794412-1.0.1.1-UGPGhSIcGPOhPLwCr7FK5gDYKPa7yi0DFZmDTrUyvG0",md: "LdvYLjpS95nRbEUERUECcKRUtQ3yvrRwfYQQTastn64-1739794412-1.2.1.1-Jy1gnS7RpWFk8N1LRRTqAP4M7fJIyz29qAZBPk9z4O3ctqTPkSHjVRmEvL4ZLQwz5jhfVNt3z0Wb70GP8ZsruHaZ1LNZRl9aGq7s8YRyxhUtpvzR5AGJd2Oagt74SKM.85tnN.3VS.eDYO72MaqLTbhoiyfOwev4XW5nv9ZpP_DfJZ6SjE8G5v4JjdfQHU1LDan2wG1cxOBsBVO4y8JlZcKfx6OAEWTL9IX2WofBWotpXbNljRx8QVWFij51eaZc0aipWKCQBqImKKyoe8f7rcEk_PQZhOAjUA7hT29yu5oIG3FIWEHH3Hl4ufYgeAlFWSfMryFIZsXtInGC8ShkFwNLi9F5vt4VNetg_hkT0TeZ2GtqF17zyQgx7h_g0fCXTTHsFctjlzr5tVKhd02gerMJyw4VO5wtYeUwkkk4vgCnewTcEmbiHj9hrgLn1.7Omg7fR1J2XEHhXrHLHgJYqb2DIfW.dEQubCqIv6TLjMcYysJWsIGEtrzk9giAiswZiLyVcao9AkIqhCV4xXLnY.gn.lbuRGye3K9orZ2FIDFYMDBiN9aLVUkrLRqQ1r1gENL3O2mnexVEKdhqzCWJ08NodTmOf2XWCLpXJvFUFZbDOS4pTIRGE_Xmeni6z9xj9dEBXwPLJLewZhSLdsmDLTUf0elFQjA2WVwFC9pVj7asLniar8eHUM1LWkfMxb.hhXWGKvmeO7_H7s6zJzHPr8DVJAd0xp.9SEpH8dRsjDDJcehf0lPy3oIIE1yQqVbiWX.NCD73KEBSpXJfebYjez3GJgnEXTQtHuz.hrWFo8Dt0JkqxOvtoNpS8CP3nxZ.GM_wIVPQznNPKztIgzogJqjZ0rGynlSgoPUfIUEyOg46Bica_2f1qHr9sLULULs6_NkTnS0ZN5KIWT8gTy5KYGxydFSZLIwwBbKa90nkNSypB0usfcwQumQ0oeliPBwqnZcEDbmon71SvUqbdY5k4_9X6L0oxOs_KgJSO8QPy8VRwbJyGF5M6sFBR3A4QVPrgPVYsvOaiyAUhBcXNjyk8rlmYtn7XfHcWjTBpxlmZwhKnoi2T4rvuctPmh2ubEVrwW2_Yji66eiUo5mRl9XyacM.M6aFgRidtNgIju7mO66YsfmakVbybAFwDe.l7b9N.caDeCt5aK_XvZS.JeVP9RXztRgHnC9T8czHgNn.sV_4xZ79mNm_JP1ttFduSvoBdq6Wl3z6I3dymkS1nP6MiExsi0IxUA7ZNu5XejKNljvj1xP6kZvhu.IAopeSzjxN2Fx9DwoYydTJHhUd.MgesP2i4vL8FgUuZDg6JhJedziNYw6Wjsy.tQyi6QgG93bfIlMcF6AA9xpeJS8Qmj7R2l3uuv_zoMxcSkRcJVh2lOf3GjGqhIYKbX6HydTD7sQU1RDAs1wsAHmGAsUcI.lg2hUDHZhzdCw3ppdLPfrJ8TYG8BGTKyFSe_SrM6SScociQXEMp_u53zWKv9gUyc2Gio1vz5d8FT3P4CAVOdrTd7GzC0Kxq9Nc_4OSIHVY9D7iilA5pb5hDR5lQGupP0DN5HxmINfFsdj.Wq0EGm..SuFst8lXdIN9UsS6PPBvHLtrVw4Y0Cn6a73IwPQuEGdPqTNWxqxoUVH7JtZBsbsxIVKtTp._7ME9H_UVSW7cxNuiX9a9sTo0JgY_VgiGMvixSFO3CHzEDQgXQbQxpCV7ryfJywNVTbHd0dfiasIXUpAM6qpOrQpWgUDi.2luq_JXhmS9b3OYs5kkIm5phiQTf87wYikHQy7GjOPh3bypNgPNWPKt1Ir3tdrCxBM17NOh2cLCi1NqseSs1stRVh1CBllUJKtTzifIHrEE65XJGttoYyH7r0IUNdxVqeVqE8UfhXWcT7K957m4Rle8gmEsQ.cgXPm773GvunCoU04UwH3NjRGx1m2_aPujB3ctccmSAhcXXQLkso._llZVD4z1CmQ",mdrd: "bzTPYzzSgG8aD2xHIZXR_VSluhl1T5Y7TGw4qdo4iDw-1739794412-1.2.1.1-AJwDPHwsKWpSVMHyKWe57PSAlTUXfRRoaeDMdXdvDZ9z2Aq1jzzFQg_2.kQCYnAk2k__YvYDh10B4rJGWqkgvcC1jk.pxDnjjeMzAuzPcReYRB4jkgYSq.w4yKAc1Rg7Pmhuvx5FBwPxgn7BGo0UqbfQwAh6FySaLcX6wX8hE4645ovF6Xr2Y9q2H.u12lNzjqda3hMp5_d_mumF2kczLH1KfuHuaXmDSQ_Kbow7LezZz412OAh5Kofa895YUrAgkJ47.CzEcvQMMK3Y6yWxXREawY4lBnp8fdXLCo3mn.5TLjbx7ssdf8eZB0g3CoyN67Aw6aoLGYaLcQBCtOTUYvlC0rGCspRuqigt.NXau.t97UG15hNDeK99HfXym1MEjiBv4OP.k1VUEHDEUTQ0LQAyeWQlmh0aO7bC8Y1WPkYOeVV55UEGbwuIvoGP.N8l9gnX34XBEs02igYlJR.bQZeOJI4yc7V1QeuLF4c.4d7geSHxOwLdvVxufoWelGMHCaNSruL_tfvIw6YhQ9ri2z5Em5w08_CJa17pEqBhU_xcMkylTRsgkon5IU3ZvRv8KQ47_aqE5mj4T5fAXCx8euiH4oJtX0t2TLQ7J21ngawNJkdCB6WwaSOMTMjLbjrVkt7z1s5d6H7YP0uxsZcW38vC9f.oXHXq7ao4W_QSv6cSOHKoxxBAbLSsfxD_XgeHltKVeKItc5r4S9XdOuZgrr7qbyuGM_Og3bY83FaDyhVk1kz46J8yzfsPJxtjfBXEKIPIPmRGiWGdkKXQ2J485I8QAjIl7vL9s.Uq6TVZnje1YTLvsMiwj9JGYUBfOMZQK82poY_5HcyDhELqHqLIPkOMtlGU7Cy7_O._DmL0_LvehFVApMYhYC8aUdMvVQiPlHsASezY5kAcVKagY1qGeDFnrDc.y8mRlegufPapVBmbAhTnEW.Srg99kZ94Byhj3DzogYoQVByEVc1Fn7CQoIuG.1Jrw4DuCLfjND_AHPRMnLs.yd3OysLPIMVrHdBljUI9CBRbAqtyOqGAzcK3fN6k7JXwJkWACKtNl_2_TLKjxY.SIsEXgzb_XbX4fsHH2cArXLxdF55X9ARGOxqdHas6SlxL93e0cB4MFpMbsFd8xcYyEQP4D1DDX5X4euirvuKsJLzeXb19xmLVUfJyv5ShXIxEiPoVVjFD4kRvm.gf6ZPOwPvZMvz8V30LaWzPjfknS3T0UaUawfo7SxIWH.BG7y5RKqrO9OE_FBQnhF_GWbVhRIOixC9qGx08KHLq.i92plMMs_DmZIUQmVckW.vIPUNavFF0KxoL8QdfFULecZltBRMaaqZPqLrI_5cxYlYFNOdVStu.922bu1d7nZ4O_I_upSi7F2AKB_uXklwgeOC25ZA4HWfmAZPZYHTCJcbN1TkrkRRqF.Zj9fVVRUqh_s653tKXjdC5edj2LBJ5_CveClRD.27jSSPTfszr7Yrr6pr8UxJmpiG5TXGmGmWz4A0.iQDGQBdf5467a8KtWx62U9na8NmKBf3NJUrnkYBSceKOEn4ckw6JyJlbf0atVEuSdUQ4oFV26HTFIYHt5iA9EaM4nIYJjGMhjFW8Cf6d4RqJMRNh_W1Paqe1968lujq5Nuxb49TbG5exjw388JvpSejGSgzkx3VAavIiNnL2ug.O.Od04w4rhSfsFv5gD7AzHpVspT4aI4V_x2MPsm.NAhqz.Au6kCwWGBPWfba_aziCM3LD0RlZsluTX1An1HaM68cA5arDYFp5spLcGwIQbO1L.sL7jtJAkeuzuLnx2uSPI9ZH4s.8P2rfPAXcbJbHSXp8SfIjL_SqJXxFcQxeILd.bD05r4f02kb_Fc1Gyv0gLTKyt7cCq.FNl5_pAoDwDAeGaSJmUMG4kyo.1oFcT0ZU2Gpv2ZChqqrrznOHjTlYlic1MHZ05FHD0WIM7iae_zSxQqSsEiilm6BNUXu0goZrXXqXY.7fr1JX4mgY.co2jGY8gnGAOwqaug"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135b123f91940aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=passive%20design&__cf_chl_rt_tk=2PVkMwM1w11QnCnGHqVkIHxnQxnS85NEpmU42k.6WKM-1739794412-1.0.1.1-UGPGhSIcGPOhPLwCr7FK5gDYKPa7yi0DFZmDTrUyvG0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>