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Metal — Wikipèdia

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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_la_Preïstòria_a_l&#039;Edat_Mejana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_la_Preïstòria_a_l&#039;Edat_Mejana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>De la Preïstòria a l'Edat Mejana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_la_Preïstòria_a_l&#039;Edat_Mejana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preïstòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preïstòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Preïstòria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preïstòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L&#039;aparicion_de_la_metallurgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L&#039;aparicion_de_la_metallurgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>L'aparicion de la metallurgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L&#039;aparicion_de_la_metallurgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_medievau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_medievau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Lo periòde medievau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_medievau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_la_fondacion_de_la_metallurgia_a_la_Segonda_Guèrra_Mondiala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_la_fondacion_de_la_metallurgia_a_la_Segonda_Guèrra_Mondiala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>De la fondacion de la metallurgia a la Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_la_fondacion_de_la_metallurgia_a_la_Segonda_Guèrra_Mondiala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_fondacion_e_l&#039;estructuracion_de_la_metallurgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_fondacion_e_l&#039;estructuracion_de_la_metallurgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>La fondacion e l'estructuracion de la metallurgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_fondacion_e_l&#039;estructuracion_de_la_metallurgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_descubèrta_dei_metaus_leugiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_descubèrta_dei_metaus_leugiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>La descubèrta dei metaus leugiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_descubèrta_dei_metaus_leugiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_desvolopament_de_la_siderurgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_desvolopament_de_la_siderurgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Lo desvolopament de la siderurgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_desvolopament_de_la_siderurgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_descubèrta_dei_darriers_metaus_estables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_descubèrta_dei_darriers_metaus_estables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>La descubèrta dei darriers metaus estables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_descubèrta_dei_darriers_metaus_estables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_metallurgia_dempuei_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_metallurgia_dempuei_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>La metallurgia dempuei 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_metallurgia_dempuei_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_descubèrta_dei_transuranians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_descubèrta_dei_transuranians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>La descubèrta dei transuranians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_descubèrta_dei_transuranians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_veires_metallics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_veires_metallics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Lei veires metallics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_veires_metallics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_recèrcas_sus_leis_aliatges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_recèrcas_sus_leis_aliatges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Lei recèrcas sus leis aliatges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_recèrcas_sus_leis_aliatges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietats_dei_metaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietats_dei_metaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proprietats dei metaus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietats_dei_metaus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Proprietats dei metaus</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietats_dei_metaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_formacion_dei_metaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_formacion_dei_metaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>La formacion dei metaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_formacion_dei_metaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_metaus_dins_la_classificacion_periodica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_metaus_dins_la_classificacion_periodica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lei metaus dins la classificacion periodica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_metaus_dins_la_classificacion_periodica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietats_fisicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietats_fisicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Proprietats fisicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietats_fisicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lei_proprietats_fisicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_proprietats_fisicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Lei proprietats fisicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_proprietats_fisicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_proprietats_mecanicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_proprietats_mecanicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Lei proprietats mecanicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_proprietats_mecanicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_proprietats_magneticas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_proprietats_magneticas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Lei proprietats magneticas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_proprietats_magneticas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietats_quimicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietats_quimicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Proprietats quimicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietats_quimicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L&#039;oxidacion_e_la_reduccion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L&#039;oxidacion_e_la_reduccion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>L'oxidacion e la reduccion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L&#039;oxidacion_e_la_reduccion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leis_aliatges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leis_aliatges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Leis aliatges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leis_aliatges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_diferents_compausats_metallics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_diferents_compausats_metallics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Lei diferents compausats metallics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_diferents_compausats_metallics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produccion_e_utilizacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produccion_e_utilizacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Produccion e utilizacion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Produccion_e_utilizacion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Produccion e utilizacion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Produccion_e_utilizacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_metallurgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_metallurgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>La metallurgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_metallurgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leis_aplicacions_dei_metaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leis_aplicacions_dei_metaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Leis aplicacions dei metaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leis_aplicacions_dei_metaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L&#039;economia_dei_metaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L&#039;economia_dei_metaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>L'economia dei metaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L&#039;economia_dei_metaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leis_aspèctes_environamentaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leis_aspèctes_environamentaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Leis aspèctes environamentaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leis_aspèctes_environamentaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annèxas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annèxas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Annèxas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Annèxas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 164 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalle" title="Metalle - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Metalle" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alata" title="Alata - obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Alata" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="فلز - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="فيليز - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيليز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86" title="معدن - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معدن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ধাতু - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধাতু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="فیلیز - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Металдар - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Металдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoi" title="Metoi - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Metoi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals" title="Metals - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Metals" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Металы - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Металы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мэтал - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="သတ္တု - Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သတ္တု" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ধাতু - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধাতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k" title="Gĭng-sṳ̆k - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭng-sṳ̆k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - cebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%B1%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ - cheroqui" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroqui" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="کانزا - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانزا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovy" title="Kovy - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Металсем - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Металсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metel" title="Metel - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalle" title="Metalle - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metalle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Μέταλλα - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέταλλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C3%A2l" title="Metâl - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Metâl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalo" title="Metalo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallid" title="Metallid - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="فلز - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalli" title="Metalli - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakumea" title="Kakumea - fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kakumea" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal" title="Métal - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotal" title="Miotal - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="金屬 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="金屬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal" title="Métal - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Métal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatailt" title="Meatailt - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Meatailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="فلز - gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فلز" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepoti" title="Kuarepoti - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepoti" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81" title="ધાતુ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ધાતુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98arfe" title="Ƙarfe - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙarfe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEm-su%CC%8Dk" title="Kîm-su̍k - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kîm-su̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%AA" title="מתכת - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתכת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धातु - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धातु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaatu" title="Dhaatu - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dhaatu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovine" title="Kovine - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kovine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9mek" title="Fémek - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fémek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2" title="Մետաղ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետաղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2" title="Մետաղ - arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մետաղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo" title="Metallo - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Metallo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalle" title="Metalle - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Metalle" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Маьхалаш - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Маьхалаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalo" title="Metalo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lmur" title="Málmur - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málmur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo" title="Metallo - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinme" title="jinme - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Logam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლითონები - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლითონები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asin" title="Asin - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_n%C9%A9%C9%A3y%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Ñɩɣlɩm nɩɣyʊʊ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣlɩm nɩɣyʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Металдар - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Металдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9" title="ಲೋಹ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೋಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="금속 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="داتھ - cashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="داتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanza" title="Kanza - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kanza" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Кӧртулов - komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кӧртулов" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Металл - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Металл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallum" title="Metallum - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metallum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Metaal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalai" title="Metalai - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C4%81li" title="Metāli - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metāli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaly" title="Metaly - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Metaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Logam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="ലോഹം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Металл - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Металл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="धातू - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धातू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Logam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="သတ္တု - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတ္တု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кшнипонат - mordovià erza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кшнипонат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="mordovià erza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Metaal" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धातु - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="धातु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="धातु - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="धातु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ta" title="Méta - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Méta" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiila" title="Sibiila - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sibiila" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81" title="ଧାତୁ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଧାତୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%80" title="Згъæр - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Згъæр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਧਾਤ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metale" title="Metale - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دھات - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دھات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="فلز - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فلز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27illay" title="Q&#039;illay - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q&#039;illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalu" title="Metalu - aromanès" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Metalu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Металлы - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Металлы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Ков - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ков" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Метал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitallu" title="Mitallu - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mitallu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%84" title="ලෝහ - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෝහ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov" title="Kov - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovina" title="Kovina - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Simbi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalet" title="Metalet - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metalet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Logam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metali" title="Metali - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Metali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உலோகம் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலோகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="లోహాలు - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లోహాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0" title="โลหะ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลหะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Металлдар - tuvinià" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Металлдар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مېتال - oigor" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېتال" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oigor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Метали - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دھات - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دھات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallar" title="Metallar - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta%C5%82i" title="Metałi - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Metałi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall" title="Metall - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Metall" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Kim loại - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim loại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-metal" title="I-metal - xhòsa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-metal" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhòsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="מעטאל - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B9%CC%81t%C3%A0l%C3%AC" title="Mẹ́tàlì - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mẹ́tàlì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="金屬 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="金屬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim-sio%CC%8Dk" title="Kim-sio̍k - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim-sio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="金屬 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="金屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkimbi" title="Inkimbi - zólo" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkimbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zólo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11426#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d&#039;aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Metal"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d&#039;aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d&#039;aquesta pagina. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/30px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/45px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/60px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de troç de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>, un exemple de <a href="/wiki/Metau" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau">metau</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>metau</b> (var. <b>metal</b>, <b>metalh</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) es un <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">element quimic</a> caracterizat per una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduccion_termica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conduccion termica (la pagina existís pas)">conductivitat termica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Electricitat" title="Electricitat">electrica</a> auta, per la capacitat de formar de <a href="/wiki/Liame_quimic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liame quimic">liason metallica</a>, per un esclat particular («&#160;esclat metallic&#160;»), per de proprietats mecanicas que li perèton de se desformar e per una tendància marcada a formar de <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">cations</a>. La màger part dei metaus se presentan sota la forma de còrs simples ò d'<a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a>. An fòrça aplicacions dins la societat <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">umanas</a> e lor produccion conoís una aumentacion importanta dempuei leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1980" title="Ans 1980">ans 1980</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_la_Preïstòria_a_l'Edat_Mejana"><span id="De_la_Pre.C3.AFst.C3.B2ria_a_l.27Edat_Mejana"></span>De la Preïstòria a l'Edat Mejana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : De la Preïstòria a l&#039;Edat Mejana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: De la Preïstòria a l&#039;Edat Mejana"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preïstòria"><span id="Pre.C3.AFst.C3.B2ria"></span>Preïstòria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Preïstòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Preïstòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Segon lei <a href="/wiki/Conoissen%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Conoissença">conoissenças</a> actualas, la premiera utilizacion de metaus per l'<a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">èsser uman</a> aguèt luòc durant la <a href="/wiki/Pre%C3%AFst%C3%B2ria" title="Preïstòria">Preïstòria</a>. En particular, un dei periòdes finaus de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_de_la_P%C3%A8ira" title="Edat de la Pèira">Edat de la Pèira</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Calcolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcolitic">calcolitic</a>, es caracterizat per la fabricacion d'objèctes de <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a>, e pus rarament d'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Argent_(metal)" title="Argent (metal)">argent</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, la descubèrta dei metaus es probablament pus anciana car plusors metaus existisson a l'estat natiu dins la <a href="/wiki/Natura" title="Natura">natura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argent_(metal)" title="Argent (metal)">argent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre_meteoritic" title="Fèrre meteoritic">fèrre meteoritic</a>...). Permetèron de fabricar d'<a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Otís">otís</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joi%C3%A8u&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joièu (la pagina existís pas)">joièus</a>. Se fau nòtar que lo <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre_meteoritic" title="Fèrre meteoritic">fèrre meteoritic</a>, sovent un <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatge</a> de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>-<a href="/wiki/Niqu%C3%A8l" title="Niquèl">niquèl</a>, aguèt de proprietats mecanicas superioras a la màger part deis <a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">aciers</a> produchs avans la <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_Industriala" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolucion Industriala">Revolucion Industriala</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L'aparicion_de_la_metallurgia"><span id="L.27aparicion_de_la_metallurgia"></span>L'aparicion de la metallurgia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : L&#039;aparicion de la metallurgia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L&#039;aparicion de la metallurgia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg/220px-Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg/330px-Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg/440px-Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Estatua de <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica">grèga</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La descubèrta dau <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, un aliatge de <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Estanh_(element)" title="Estanh (element)">estanh</a> e sovent d'<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, marquèt l'aparicion de la <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Entraïnèt la multiplicacion progressiva deis otís e objèctes metallics car lo <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> aviá de proprietats ben superioras a la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8ira" class="mw-redirect" title="Pèira">pèira</a>. Aqueu movement comencèt a la fin dau <a href="/wiki/Milleni_V_avC" class="mw-redirect" title="Milleni V avC">milleni V avC</a> en <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mai la metallurgia emergiguèt probablament d'un biais independent dins d'autrei regions. En parallèl, l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat Auta</a> veguèt la descubèrta dau <a href="/wiki/Mercuri_(element)" title="Mercuri (element)">mercuri</a> en <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/-2000" class="mw-redirect" title="-2000">2000 avC</a>) e en <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/-1500" class="mw-redirect" title="-1500">1500 avC</a>). Dins aquò, la descubèrta pus importanta dei <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgistas</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a> foguèt aquela de la fabricacion d'objèctes de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">acier</a>, apareguts en <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/-1800" class="mw-redirect" title="-1800">1800 avC</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. L'usatge dau fèrre s'impausèt pauc a pauc dins una region anant de l'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa_Occidentala" title="Euròpa Occidentala">Euròpa Occidentala</a> a <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> coma o mòstra l'equipament deis <a href="/wiki/Armada" title="Armada">armadas</a> <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">romanas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cartage" title="Cartage">cartaginesas</a> durant lei <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rras_Punicas" title="Guèrras Punicas">Guèrras Punicas</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a>, la metallurgia se desvolopèt d'un biais pus tardiu e conoguèt donc de progrès pus febles. Lo trabalh dei metaus natius, especialament aqueu de l'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>, èra ben mestrejat. Quauquei pòbles <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">mesoamericans</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">andins</a> utilizèron tanben de metaus desconeguts dins lo rèsta dau mond coma lo <a href="/wiki/Platin" title="Platin">platin</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Palladi" title="Palladi">palladi</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B2di" title="Ròdi">ròdi</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi">iridi</a>. Enfin, en <a href="/wiki/America_Centrala" title="America Centrala">America Centrala</a>, foguèt utilizat un aliatge d'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">tumbaga</a>, per fabricar d'objèctes <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiós</a>. Pasmens, la <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> dau <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> e dau <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> demorèt desconeguda<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_periòde_medievau"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_medievau"></span>Lo periòde medievau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde medievau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde medievau"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durant l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a>, quauquei sabents e <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosòfs</a> s'interessèron ai <a href="/wiki/Metau" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau">metaus</a> e ai <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">mineraus</a>. Pasmens, aqueu trabalh demorèt limitat, generalament en causa de la manca d'<a href="/wiki/Experi%C3%A9ncia" title="Experiéncia">experiéncias</a>. Lei progrès de la <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> foguèron donc fòrça despendents dau saber-faire dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrega&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabrega (la pagina existís pas)">fabres</a>. Pasmens, sei conoissenças son largament perdudas a l'ora d'ara. Aquò cambièt a la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a> amb lo desvolopament de l'<a href="/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia">alquimia</a>, especialament dins lei províncias <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica">grègas</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">Empèri Roman</a>. D'efiech, fòrça <a href="/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia">alquimistas</a> adoptèron de metòdes <a href="/wiki/Empirisme" title="Empirisme">empirics</a> dins sei recèrcas. </p><p>Amb lo declin de la <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">poissança romana</a>, leis Arabis descurbiguèron e traduguèron lei tèxtes grècs. Aquò entraïnèt la formacion de grops d'<a href="/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia">alquimistas</a> arabis e persans que realizèron de descubèrtas importantas en matèria de metallurgia. Per exemple, establiguèron la preséncia de <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a> dins mai d'un <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">minerau</a> metallic. Plusors proprietats deis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalgama (la pagina existís pas)">amalgamas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Mercuri_(element)" title="Mercuri (element)">mercuri</a> foguèron tanben identificadas. Vèrs la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a>, lei conoissenças dei sabents arabis se difusèron en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> e en <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a>. Aquò menèt a de descubèrtas de metaus novèus que renforcèron l'interès per la <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/1250" class="mw-redirect" title="1250">1250</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/1300" class="mw-redirect" title="1300">1300</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antim%C3%B2ni" title="Antimòni">antimòni</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/1540" class="mw-redirect" title="1540">1540</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a> en <a href="/wiki/1546" class="mw-redirect" title="1546">1546</a>. En particular, se fau mencionar lei trabalhs d'<a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/1193" class="mw-redirect" title="1193">1193</a>-<a href="/wiki/1280" class="mw-redirect" title="1280">1280</a>) que sintetizèt lei sabers dins aqueu domeni dins <i>De mineralibus</i>, tractat paregut en <a href="/wiki/1256" class="mw-redirect" title="1256">1256</a> que venguèt una referéncia fins a l'aparicion dei <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">sciéncias</a> modèrnas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_la_fondacion_de_la_metallurgia_a_la_Segonda_Guèrra_Mondiala"><span id="De_la_fondacion_de_la_metallurgia_a_la_Segonda_Gu.C3.A8rra_Mondiala"></span>De la fondacion de la metallurgia a la Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : De la fondacion de la metallurgia a la Segonda Guèrra Mondiala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: De la fondacion de la metallurgia a la Segonda Guèrra Mondiala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_fondacion_e_l'estructuracion_de_la_metallurgia"><span id="La_fondacion_e_l.27estructuracion_de_la_metallurgia"></span>La fondacion e l'estructuracion de la metallurgia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : La fondacion e l&#039;estructuracion de la metallurgia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La fondacion e l&#039;estructuracion de la metallurgia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg/220px-Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg/330px-Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Premiera edicion de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Re_Metallica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De Re Metallica (la pagina existís pas)">De Re Metallica</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a>, obratge fondator de la <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> modèrna.</figcaption></figure> <p>La fondacion de la metallurgia modèrna e son estructuracion se debanèt durant la <a href="/wiki/Renaissen%C3%A7a" title="Renaissença">Renaissença</a> e foguèt parallèla au desvolopament dau <a href="/wiki/Met%C3%B2de_scientific" title="Metòde scientific">metòde scientific</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vannoccio_Biringuccio" title="Vannoccio Biringuccio">Vannoccio Biringuccio</a> (<a href="/wiki/1480" class="mw-redirect" title="1480">1480</a>-<a href="/wiki/1539" class="mw-redirect" title="1539">1539</a>) e <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> (<a href="/wiki/1494" class="mw-redirect" title="1494">1494</a>-<a href="/wiki/1555" class="mw-redirect" title="1555">1555</a>) foguèron lei doas figuras majoras d'aquela evolucion amb dos <a href="/wiki/Libre" title="Libre">libres</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_la_Pirotechnia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De la Pirotechnia (la pagina existís pas)">De la Pirotechnia</a></i> e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Re_Metallica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De Re Metallica (la pagina existís pas)">De Re Metallica</a></i>, que presentèron l'ensemble dei sabers metallurgics dau periòde. Favorizèron tanben l'introduccion d'un encaminament pus rigorós dins l'estudi dei procès de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrega&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabrega (la pagina existís pas)">fabrega</a> e dei <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">mineraus</a>. Durant lo sègle XVIII, aquò menèt a plusors descubèrtas novèlas coma aquela dau <a href="/wiki/Platin" title="Platin">platin</a> – ja conegut per lei pòbles andins – de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxid_d%27urani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxid d&#39;urani (la pagina existís pas)">oxid d'urani</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, dau <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ri" title="Cèri">cèri</a>, dau <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, dau <a href="/wiki/Niqu%C3%A8l" title="Niquèl">niquèl</a>, dau <a href="/wiki/Mangan%C3%A8s" title="Manganès">manganès</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Molibd%C3%A8n" title="Molibdèn">molibdèn</a>, dau <a href="/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8n" title="Tungstèn">tungstèn</a>, dau <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B2me" title="Cròme">cròme</a>, dau <a href="/wiki/Palladi" title="Palladi">palladi</a>, de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92smi" title="Òsmi">òsmi</a>, de l'<a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi">iridi</a> e dau <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B2di" title="Ròdi">ròdi</a>. </p><p>En parallèl, lei proprietats <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimicas</a> dei metaus venguèron pauc a pauc l'objècte d'estudis. Dins leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1790" title="Ans 1790">ans 1790</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Priestley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Priestley (la pagina existís pas)">Joseph Priestley</a> (<a href="/wiki/1733" class="mw-redirect" title="1733">1733</a>-<a href="/wiki/1804" class="mw-redirect" title="1804">1804</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_van_Marum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus van Marum (la pagina existís pas)">Martinus van Marum</a> (<a href="/wiki/1750" class="mw-redirect" title="1750">1750</a>-<a href="/wiki/1833" class="mw-redirect" title="1833">1833</a>) observèron la reaccion de desidrogenacion de l'<a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">etanòl</a> en contacte amb la superficia d'un metau. Aquò menèt a de trabalhs sus la <a href="/wiki/Catalisi" title="Catalisi">catalisi</a> que permetèron de concebre un procès de sintèsi d'<a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfuric" title="Acid sulfuric">acid sulfuric</a> utilizant lo <a href="/wiki/Platin" title="Platin">platin</a> coma catalisaire en <a href="/wiki/1831" class="mw-redirect" title="1831">1831</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_descubèrta_dei_metaus_leugiers"><span id="La_descub.C3.A8rta_dei_metaus_leugiers"></span>La descubèrta dei metaus leugiers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : La descubèrta dei metaus leugiers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La descubèrta dei metaus leugiers"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Au començament dau sègle XIX, totei lei metaus coneguts avián una <a href="/wiki/Densitat" title="Densitat">densitat</a> auta. Aquela caracteristica èra alora considerada coma una proprietat intrinsèca dei metaus. A partir de <a href="/wiki/1809" class="mw-redirect" title="1809">1809</a>, la descubèrta dei tres premiers metaus leugiers, lo <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B2di" title="Sòdi">sòdi</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Potassi" title="Potassi">potassi</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Estronci" title="Estronci">estronci</a>, entraïnèt donc de transformacions importantas dins la concepcion generala dei metaus. En <a href="/wiki/1824" class="mw-redirect" title="1824">1824</a>, aquò foguèt confiermat per la descubèrta de l'<a href="/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini">alumini</a>, metau que venguèt fòrça important dins la societat modèrna a la fin dau sègle XIX. D'efiech, gràcias a sa densitat febla e a sei proprietats conductritz, venguèt un element important per la fabricacion de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduccion_electrica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conduccion electrica (la pagina existís pas)">conductors electrics</a> e, pus tard, d'<a href="/wiki/Avion" title="Avion">avions</a>. </p><p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Titani" title="Titani">titani</a> pur (99,9%) foguèt preparat per lo premier còp en <a href="/wiki/1910" class="mw-redirect" title="1910">1910</a>. Pasmens, lo premier procès industriau capable d'obtenir aqueu taus de puretat foguèt pas concebut avans <a href="/wiki/1932" class="mw-redirect" title="1932">1932</a>. A partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1950" title="Ans 1950">ans 1950</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1960" title="Ans 1960">1960</a>, venguèt un metau centrau per l'<a href="/wiki/Compl%C3%A8x_militaroindustriau" title="Complèx militaroindustriau">industria de l'armament</a>, principalament per la fabricacion d'<a href="/wiki/Aeronau" title="Aeronau">aeronaus</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Sosmarin" title="Sosmarin">sosmarins</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/Escandi" title="Escandi">escandi</a>, autre metau leugier important per renfòrçar lei proprietats mecanicas de l'<a href="/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini">alumini</a>, foguèt produch per lo premier còp en <a href="/wiki/1937" class="mw-redirect" title="1937">1937</a>. Son usatge se desvolopèt a partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1960" title="Ans 1960">ans 1960</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_desvolopament_de_la_siderurgia">Lo desvolopament de la siderurgia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo desvolopament de la siderurgia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo desvolopament de la siderurgia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Barrow_Steelworks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Barrow_Steelworks.jpg/220px-Barrow_Steelworks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Barrow_Steelworks.jpg/330px-Barrow_Steelworks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Barrow_Steelworks.jpg/440px-Barrow_Steelworks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dessenh" title="Dessenh">Dessenh</a> representant una <a href="/wiki/Usina" title="Usina">usina</a> <a href="/wiki/Siderurgia" title="Siderurgia">siderurgica</a> de la segonda mitat dau sègle XIX.</figcaption></figure> <p>A partir deis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1850" title="Ans 1850">ans 1850</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Invencion" class="mw-disambig" title="Invencion">invencion</a> de procès <a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industriaus</a> permetent de produrre de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonda (la pagina existís pas)">fonda</a> e de l'<a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">acier</a> donèt un vam important a la <a href="/wiki/Siderurgia" title="Siderurgia">siderurgia</a>. D'efiech, l'<a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">acier</a> venguèt un materiau centrau dins la societat modèrna e sa <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> conoguèt alora de progrès regulars amb la descubèrta de procès de produccion novèus e divèrsei melhoraments. Per exemple, en <a href="/wiki/1855" class="mw-redirect" title="1855">1855</a>, foguèt concebut lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Bessemer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Bessemer (la pagina existís pas)">procès Bessemer</a> que favorizèt lo remplaçament dau <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>, caracteristic dau premier periòde de la <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_Industriala" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolucion Industriala">Revolucion Industriala</a>, per l'<a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">acier</a>. En <a href="/wiki/1877" class="mw-redirect" title="1877">1877</a>, una transformacion d'aqueu procès, lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Thomas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Thomas (la pagina existís pas)">procès Thomas</a>, permetèt l'esplecha de jaciments de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> contenent de concentracions importantas de <a href="/wiki/Fosf%C3%B2r" title="Fosfòr">fosfòr</a>. Aquò entraïnèt la construccion d'<a href="/wiki/Usina" title="Usina">usinas</a> d'una dimension sensa precedent dins l'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a>. Ansin, gràcias au <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proc%C3%A8s_Thomas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Procès Thomas (la pagina existís pas)">procès Thomas</a>, la produccion <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenca</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">acier</a> passèt de 3,38 milions de <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tonas</a> en <a href="/wiki/1880" class="mw-redirect" title="1880">1880</a> a 33,5 milions en <a href="/wiki/1913" class="mw-redirect" title="1913">1913</a> e l'industria metallurgia venguèt una branca majora de l'<a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_descubèrta_dei_darriers_metaus_estables"><span id="La_descub.C3.A8rta_dei_darriers_metaus_estables"></span>La descubèrta dei darriers metaus estables</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : La descubèrta dei darriers metaus estables" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La descubèrta dei darriers metaus estables"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/1900" class="mw-redirect" title="1900">1900</a>, totei lei metaus pus leugiers que lo <a href="/wiki/Plomb" title="Plomb">plomb</a> èran estats descubèrts franc deis <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">elements</a> <a href="/wiki/Lut%C3%A8ci" title="Lutèci">71</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afni" title="Afni">72</a> e <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8ni" title="Rèni">75</a>. Pasmens, aquelei tres metaus foguèron identificats entre <a href="/wiki/1908" class="mw-redirect" title="1908">1908</a> e <a href="/wiki/1922" class="mw-redirect" title="1922">1922</a>. Aquò marquèt la fin dau procès de recèrca dei metaus estables. Dins aquò, la descubèrta de la <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat">radioactivitat</a> entraïnèt la cèrca de metaus instables pus pesucs que l'<a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani">urani</a>. Aquel esfòrç menèt a la descubèrta de quatre metaus novèus durant la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala">Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</a> dins lo quadre dau <a href="/wiki/Proj%C3%A8cte_Manhattan" title="Projècte Manhattan">projècte Manhattan</a>&#160;: lo <a href="/wiki/Neptuni" title="Neptuni">neptuni</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940" class="mw-redirect" title="1940">1940</a>), lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutoni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plutoni (la pagina existís pas)">plutoni</a> (<a href="/wiki/1941" class="mw-redirect" title="1941">1941</a>), lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Curi (la pagina existís pas)">curi</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944" class="mw-redirect" title="1944">1944</a>) e l'<a href="/wiki/Americi" title="Americi">americi</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944" class="mw-redirect" title="1944">1944</a>). De mai, aquelei recèrcas permetèron de desvolopar lei conoissenças sus l'<a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani">urani</a> e sus lei metaus <a href="/wiki/Fission_nucleara" title="Fission nucleara">fissibles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_metallurgia_dempuei_1945">La metallurgia dempuei 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : La metallurgia dempuei 1945" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La metallurgia dempuei 1945"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_descubèrta_dei_transuranians"><span id="La_descub.C3.A8rta_dei_transuranians"></span>La descubèrta dei transuranians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : La descubèrta dei transuranians" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La descubèrta dei transuranians"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transuranian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transuranian (la pagina existís pas)">Transuranian</a>.</div> <p>Lo succès de la <a href="/wiki/Arma_nucleara" title="Arma nucleara">bomba atomica</a> a la fin de la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala">Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</a> entraïnèt l'organizacion de programas de recèrca importants sus leis <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">elements</a> <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat">radioactius</a>. Aquò permetèt de descubèrtas novèlas sus lei fenomèns radioactius e l'identificacion de plusors elements metallics novèus. Aqueu procès comencèt en <a href="/wiki/1949" class="mw-redirect" title="1949">1949</a> amb la descubèrta dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berk%C3%A8li&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkèli (la pagina existís pas)">berkèli</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">element 97</a>. Lei darrierei descubèrtas son aquelei de l'<a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> (element 118) en <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a> e de la <a href="/wiki/Tennessina" title="Tennessina">tennessina</a> (element 117) en <a href="/wiki/2010" class="mw-redirect" title="2010">2010</a>. Au totau, 22 metaus suplementaris, sovent fòrça instables, son estats sintetizats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_veires_metallics">Lei veires metallics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei veires metallics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei veires metallics"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veire_metallic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Veire metallic (la pagina existís pas)">Veire metallic</a>.</div> <p>Un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veire_metallic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Veire metallic (la pagina existís pas)">veire metallic</a> es un materiau metallic <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, sovent un <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatge</a>, amb una estructura <a href="/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm">atomica</a> desordonada. Au contrari dei <a href="/wiki/Veire" title="Veire">veires</a> classics a basa de <a href="/wiki/Silici" title="Silici">silici</a>, lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veire_metallic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Veire metallic (la pagina existís pas)">veires metallics</a> son de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduccion_electrica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conduccion electrica (la pagina existís pas)">conductors electrics</a> eficaç. An tanben de proprietats magneticas de remarca. Pasmens, lor fabricacion es un pretzfach complèx car necessita un refrejament fòrça rapid per empedir la mesa en plaça dau ret metallic. Lo premier veire metallic, un aliatge d'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Silici" title="Silici">silici</a> Au<sub><small>75</small></sub>Si<sub><small>25</small></sub> foguèt ansin pas fabricat avans <a href="/wiki/1960" class="mw-redirect" title="1960">1960</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_recèrcas_sus_leis_aliatges"><span id="Lei_rec.C3.A8rcas_sus_leis_aliatges"></span>Lei recèrcas sus leis aliatges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei recèrcas sus leis aliatges" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei recèrcas sus leis aliatges"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg/220px-Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg/330px-Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg/440px-Ho-Mg-ZnQuasicrystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasicristau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Quasicristau (la pagina existís pas)">quasicristau</a> metallic.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo domeni deis <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> es probablament la branca de la <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> qu'a conegut lo pus de progrès dempuei <a href="/wiki/1945" class="mw-redirect" title="1945">1945</a>. D'efiech, plusors familhas novèlas d'<a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> son estadas descubèrtas. La premiera es aquela dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superaliatge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Superaliatge (la pagina existís pas)">superaliatges</a> que son de combinasons de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Niqu%C3%A8l" title="Niquèl">niquèl</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B2me" title="Cròme">cròme</a> amb de concentracions feblas de metaus coma lo <a href="/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8n" title="Tungstèn">tungstèn</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Molibd%C3%A8n" title="Molibdèn">molibdèn</a> ò l'<a href="/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini">alumini</a>. Apareguts dins leis <a href="/wiki/Annada" title="Annada">ans</a> que seguiguèron la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala">Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</a>, aqueleis aliatges son utilizats dins de motors capables de mantenir sei performàncias a de <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturas</a> de mai de 650 °C. La segonda familha es aquela dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materiau_de_mem%C3%B2ria_de_forma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Materiau de memòria de forma (la pagina existís pas)">materiaus de memòria de forma</a> que constituisson un ensemble d'<a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> qu'an tendància de gardar sa forma d'origina quand la <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> aumenta. Conegut tre <a href="/wiki/1932" class="mw-redirect" title="1932">1932</a>, aqueu tipe de materiau foguèt utilizat a partir de <a href="/wiki/1962" class="mw-redirect" title="1962">1962</a> per la construccion <a href="/wiki/Automobila" title="Automobila">automobila</a> e <a href="/wiki/Aeronautica" title="Aeronautica">aeronautica</a>, per la fabricacion d'aparelhs <a href="/wiki/Medecina" title="Medecina">medicaus</a> ò per la proteccion dei construccions còntra lei <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rratrem" title="Tèrratrem">tèrratrems</a>. </p><p>Lo tresen grop d'<a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> foguèt descubèrt en <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>. Es compausat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasicristau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Quasicristau (la pagina existís pas)">quasicristaus</a> amb de proprietats relativament similaras a una <a href="/wiki/Ceramica" title="Ceramica">ceramica</a>&#160;: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conductivitat_termica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conductivitat termica (la pagina existís pas)">conductivitat termica</a> febla, duretat auta, resisténcia a la <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, proprietats antiadesivas... etc. Son principalament utilizats per la fabricacion de <a href="/wiki/Motor" title="Motor">motors</a>, per l'isolacion e per la conversion de la <a href="/wiki/Calor" title="Calor">calor</a> en <a href="/wiki/Electricitat" title="Electricitat">electricitat</a>. Leis aliatges metallics complèxs son un autre grop que presenta d'estructuras particularas que pòu semblar a un <a href="/wiki/Cristau" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristau">cristau</a>. Supausada en <a href="/wiki/1922" class="mw-redirect" title="1922">1922</a> per <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (<a href="/wiki/1901" class="mw-redirect" title="1901">1901</a>-<a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>), l'existéncia d'aqueu grop d'aliatges foguèt pas demostrada avans <a href="/wiki/1955" class="mw-redirect" title="1955">1955</a>. Uei, an pas d'aplicacions mai divèrsei projèctes assaian de desvolopar d'aplicacions dins lei sectors de l'<a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> e de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Armament&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Armament (la pagina existís pas)">armament</a>. </p><p>Lei cinquen e seisen grops d'aliatges son tanben d'ensembles de <a href="/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic">compausats</a> qu'an pas d'aplicacions a l'ora d'ara. Leis aliatges d'entropia auta son fachs d'au mens metaus mesclats dins de proporcions similaras. Sembla aver de proprietats mecanicas superioras ais aliatges classics. Enfin, leis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliatge_MAX&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliatge MAX (la pagina existís pas)">aliatges MAX</a> son constituits d'un metau <i>M</i>, d'un metau <i>A</i> eissit dei grops 13 ò 14 de la <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica">taula periodica</a> e d'un atòm de <a href="/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni">carbòni</a> ò d'<a href="/wiki/Az%C3%B2t" title="Azòt">azòt</a> (notat <i>Z</i>). Semblan egalament aver de proprietats mecanicas superioras ai materiaus metallics actuaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietats_dei_metaus">Proprietats dei metaus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Proprietats dei metaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Proprietats dei metaus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_formacion_dei_metaus">La formacion dei metaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : La formacion dei metaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La formacion dei metaus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg/220px-Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg/330px-Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg/440px-Betelgeuse_captured_by_ALMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergiganta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Supergiganta (la pagina existís pas)">supergigantas</a> rojas son d'<a href="/wiki/Estela" title="Estela">estelas</a> contenent de concentracions relativament autas de metaus.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleosint%C3%A8si&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleosintèsi (la pagina existís pas)">Nucleosintèsi</a>.</div> <p>La formacion dei metaus es liada a de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaccion_nucleara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaccion nucleara (la pagina existís pas)">reaccions nuclearas</a>. Per lei metaus anant dau <a href="/wiki/Liti" title="Liti">liti</a> au <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>, la causa principala de formacion es la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleosint%C3%A8si_estellara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleosintèsi estellara (la pagina existís pas)">nucleosintèsi estellara</a>. D'efiech, lei procès de <a href="/wiki/Fusion_nucleara" title="Fusion nucleara">fusion nucleara</a> presents dins leis <a href="/wiki/Estela" title="Estela">estelas</a> son capables d'engendrar d'<a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">elements quimics</a> mai e mai pesucs. Pasmens, la sintèsi dau <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> es lo limit e l'aparicion d'aquel element necessita d'<a href="/wiki/Estela" title="Estela">estelas</a> massisas. Leis elements pus pesucs son engendrats dins lei <a href="/wiki/Supernova" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova">supernovas</a>. La violéncia d'aqueu fenomèn permet de fòrçar la fusion entre d'elements pesucs, çò que mena a la formacion d'<a href="/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm">atòms</a> ben pus pesucs que lo <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>. </p><p>Après lei procès estellars, lei mecanismes de <a href="/wiki/Fission_nucleara" title="Fission nucleara">fission nucleara</a> explican la formacion continua d'autrei metaus. D'efiech, la desintegracion deis <a href="/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm">atòms</a> instables engendra d'<a href="/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm">atòms</a> pus leugiers. Per exemple, l'<a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani">urani</a> se desintègra per formar divèrsei metaus coma lo <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B2ri" title="Tòri">tòri</a>. A son torn, aqueu metau radioactiu pòu formar d'autreis elements coma lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proactini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proactini (la pagina existís pas)">proactini</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_metaus_dins_la_classificacion_periodica">Lei metaus dins la classificacion periodica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei metaus dins la classificacion periodica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei metaus dins la classificacion periodica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Classificacion_periodica_deis_elements_-_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Classificacion_periodica_deis_elements_-_2017.png/220px-Classificacion_periodica_deis_elements_-_2017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Classificacion_periodica_deis_elements_-_2017.png/330px-Classificacion_periodica_deis_elements_-_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Classificacion_periodica_deis_elements_-_2017.png/440px-Classificacion_periodica_deis_elements_-_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica">Taula periodica</a> deis <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">elements quimics</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dins la <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica">taula periodica</a>, lei metaus ocupan la senèstra, lo centre e una partida de la drecha de la classificacion. Aquela preponderància s'explica per lo nombre important de metaus identificats. Ansin, sus lei 110 <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">elements</a> que sei proprietats quimicas son en partida identificadas, 86 èran de <a href="/wiki/Metau" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau">metaus</a> e 7 de <a href="/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFd" title="Metalloïd">metalloïds</a>. Pasmens, lei caracteristicas dei metaus son pas unifòrmas e existís plusors familhas, definidas per de limits mai ò mens informalas. D'un biais generau, lo caractèr metallic d'un <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">element quimic</a> aumenta vèrs la senèstra e lo debàs. Leis <a href="/wiki/Metau_alcalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau alcalin">alcalins</a> son donc leis <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">elements</a> pus metallics. Leis <a href="/wiki/Metau_alcalinoterr%C3%B3s" title="Metau alcalinoterrós">alcalinoterrós</a> presentan de proprietats relativament similaras. </p><p>Lei <a href="/wiki/Metau_de_transicion" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau de transicion">metaus de transicion</a> son lo grop pus important. Son una familha d'<a href="/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm">atòms</a> que tènon un sosjaç electronic d incomplèt ò que pòdon formar de <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">cations</a> amb un sosjaç d incomplèt<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Ocupan lo centre la <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica">taula periodica</a>. Entre aqueleis elements, aquelei capables de resistir a la <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> son dichs <a href="/wiki/Metau_n%C3%B2ble" title="Metau nòble">metaus nòbles</a>. Lei <a href="/wiki/Lantanid" title="Lantanid">lantanids</a>, ò <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra_rara" title="Tèrra rara">tèrras raras</a>, son leis elements dau blòt f. An de proprietats quimicas variablas e una tendància a formar de <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">cations</a> portaires de tres cargas positivas. Leis <a href="/wiki/Actinid" title="Actinid">actinids</a> son leis elements pesucs dua blòt f. Lei pus leugiers an de proprietats similaras ai <a href="/wiki/Lantanid" title="Lantanid">lantanid</a> e lei pus pesucs ai <a href="/wiki/Metau_de_transicion" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau de transicion">metaus de transicion</a>. Totei son <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat">radioactius</a> e lei pus instables son mau coneguts. </p><p>Lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metau_paure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metau paure (la pagina existís pas)">metaus paures</a> son lei metaus amb lo caractèr metallic mens marcat. An de proprietats mecanicas e un ponch de fusion pus febles que lo rèsta dei metaus. Dins certanei cas, son estructura cristallina pòu aver de proprietats covalentas. An egalament tandància a formar d'<a href="/wiki/Anion" title="Anion">anions</a> e aver un comportament amfotèr. Enfin, lei <a href="/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFd" title="Metalloïd">metalloïds</a> son un grop intermediari entre lei metaus e lei non metaus. An un aspècte metallic e pòdon formar d'<a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> amb lei metaus mai son de conductors electrics e termics de bassa qualitat e sei proprietats quimicas son quasi identicas a aquelei deis elements non metallics. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Na_(Sodium).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mòstra de sòdi, lo metau alcalin pus frequent"><img alt="Mòstra de sòdi, lo metau alcalin pus frequent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg/120px-Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg/180px-Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg/240px-Na_%28Sodium%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mòstra de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B2di" title="Sòdi">sòdi</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Metau_alcalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau alcalin">metau alcalin</a> pus frequent</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mòstra de calci, un exemple de metau alcalinoterrós"><img alt="Mòstra de calci, un exemple de metau alcalinoterrós" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/120px-Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/180px-Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/240px-Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mòstra de <a href="/wiki/Calci" title="Calci">calci</a>, un exemple de <a href="/wiki/Metau_alcalinoterr%C3%B3s" title="Metau alcalinoterrós">metau alcalinoterrós</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mòstra de niquèl, un exemple de metau de transicion"><img alt="Mòstra de niquèl, un exemple de metau de transicion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/120px-Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/180px-Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/240px-Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mòstra de <a href="/wiki/Niqu%C3%A8l" title="Niquèl">niquèl</a>, un exemple de <a href="/wiki/Metau_de_transicion" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau de transicion">metau de transicion</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:NatCopper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mòstra de coire, un exemple de metau de transicion e de metau nòble"><img alt="Mòstra de coire, un exemple de metau de transicion e de metau nòble" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/120px-NatCopper.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/180px-NatCopper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/240px-NatCopper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mòstra de <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a>, un exemple de <a href="/wiki/Metau_de_transicion" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau de transicion">metau de transicion</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Metau_n%C3%B2ble" title="Metau nòble">metau nòble</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mòstras de lutèci, un exemple de lantanid"><img alt="Mòstras de lutèci, un exemple de lantanid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/120px-Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/180px-Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/240px-Lutetium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4594" data-file-height="3149" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mòstras de <a href="/wiki/Lut%C3%A8ci" title="Lutèci">lutèci</a>, un exemple de <a href="/wiki/Lantanid" title="Lantanid">lantanid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:UraniumCubesLarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mòstras d&#39;urani, un exemple d&#39;actinid"><img alt="Mòstras d&#39;urani, un exemple d&#39;actinid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UraniumCubesLarge.jpg/120px-UraniumCubesLarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UraniumCubesLarge.jpg/180px-UraniumCubesLarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UraniumCubesLarge.jpg/240px-UraniumCubesLarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mòstras d'<a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani">urani</a>, un exemple d'<a href="/wiki/Actinid" title="Actinid">actinid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mòstras de plomb, un exemple de metau paure"><img alt="Mòstras de plomb, un exemple de metau paure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/120px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/180px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/240px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5260" data-file-height="3341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mòstras de <a href="/wiki/Plomb" title="Plomb">plomb</a>, un exemple de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metau_paure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metau paure (la pagina existís pas)">metau paure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:SiliconCroda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mòstra de silici, un exemple de metalloïd"><img alt="Mòstra de silici, un exemple de metalloïd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/120px-SiliconCroda.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/180px-SiliconCroda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/240px-SiliconCroda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mòstra de <a href="/wiki/Silici" title="Silici">silici</a>, un exemple de <a href="/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFd" title="Metalloïd">metalloïd</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietats_fisicas">Proprietats fisicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Proprietats fisicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Proprietats fisicas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_proprietats_fisicas">Lei proprietats fisicas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei proprietats fisicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei proprietats fisicas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei metaus purs an generalament un aspècte lusent e opac. An tanben una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduccion_electrica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conduccion electrica (la pagina existís pas)">conductivitat electrica</a>, una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduccion_termica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conduccion termica (la pagina existís pas)">conductivitat termica</a> e una <a href="/wiki/Massa_volumica" title="Massa volumica">massa volumica</a> autas. D'efiech, l'<a href="/wiki/Argent_(metal)" title="Argent (metal)">argent</a> es l'<a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">element</a> amb la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduccion_electrica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conduccion electrica (la pagina existís pas)">conductivitat electrica</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica">classificacion</a> (6,30.10<sup><small>7</small></sup> S/m) seguit per lo <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a> (5,96.10<sup><small>7</small></sup> S/m), l'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> (4,10.10<sup><small>7</small></sup> S/m) e l'<a href="/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini">alumini</a> (3,50.10<sup><small>7</small></sup> S/m). Pasmens, se fau nòtar qu'aquela proprietat es influenciada per la puretat. Per exemple, la conductivitat electrica dau <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>, 10<sup><small>7</small></sup> S/m a l'estat pur, demenís a (6,99.10<sup><small>6</small></sup> S/m) dins un <a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">acier</a> tenent 0,10% de <a href="/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni">carbòni</a>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Massa_volumica" title="Massa volumica">massa volumica</a> dei metaus es sovent superiora a aquela deis <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">elements non metallics</a> en causa de la compacitat de son estructura cristallina. Pasmens, i a quauqueis excepcions. Lo <a href="/wiki/Liti" title="Liti">liti</a>, lo metau mens dens amb una massa volumica de 0,534 g/cm<sup><small>3</small></sup>, fa partida deis elements pus leugiers de la <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica">taula periodica</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92smi" title="Òsmi">òsmi</a>, amb una massa volumica de 22,59 g/cm<sup><small>3</small></sup> n'es l'element pus pesuc. D'un biais generau, leis <a href="/wiki/Metau_alcalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau alcalin">alcalins</a> e leis <a href="/wiki/Metau_alcalinoterr%C3%B3s" title="Metau alcalinoterrós">alcalinoterrós</a> son lei metaus pus leugiers. An tanben de ponchs de fusion fòrça febles, generalament inferiors a 100 °C. Lei ponchs de fusion pus auts se tròban dins lo centre dei <a href="/wiki/Metau_de_transicion" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau de transicion">metaus de transicion</a> dins lo grop dei «&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metau_refractari&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metau refractari (la pagina existís pas)">metaus refractaris</a>&#160;». Tenent fòrça <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> deslocalizats, an una temperatura de fusion superiora a 2&#160;200 °C<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_proprietats_mecanicas">Lei proprietats mecanicas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei proprietats mecanicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei proprietats mecanicas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Metal-deformation_and_free-electron_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Metal-deformation_and_free-electron_model.svg/220px-Metal-deformation_and_free-electron_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Metal-deformation_and_free-electron_model.svg/330px-Metal-deformation_and_free-electron_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Metal-deformation_and_free-electron_model.svg/440px-Metal-deformation_and_free-electron_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Esquèma representant lo principi de la deformacion d'un materiau metallic.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lei metaus an generalament una bòna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleabilitat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Malleabilitat (la pagina existís pas)">malleabilitat</a> e una bòna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ductibilitat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ductibilitat (la pagina existís pas)">ductibilitat</a>. Aquò li permet de se deformar sensa rompre, çò que permet de leis utilizar per fabricar d'objèctes coma de fuelhs de metau. Aquò s'explica per lei proprietats de la <a href="/wiki/Liame_quimic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liame quimic">liason metallica</a>. D'efiech, somesas a una <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B2r%C3%A7a" title="Fòrça">fòrça</a> exteriora, aquelei liasons pòdon rompre e se tornar formar rapidament. En revènge, aquelei caracteristicas empachan ben sovent d'utilizar un metau pur per d'aplicacions necessitant una resisténcia mecanica auta. Dins aqueu cas, es necessari d'utilizar d'<a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> que permèton de durcir lo metau. D'exemples coneguts son leis <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni">carbòni</a> utilizats per la fabricacion d'<a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">acier</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Estanh" title="Estanh">estanh</a> utilizats per la fabricacion de <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> ò d'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Argent_(metal)" title="Argent (metal)">argent</a> e <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a> utilizats en <a href="/wiki/Joielari%C3%A1" title="Joielariá">joielariá</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_proprietats_magneticas">Lei proprietats magneticas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei proprietats magneticas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei proprietats magneticas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quauquei metaus presentan de proprietats <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetisme (la pagina existís pas)">magneticas</a> de remarca coma lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferromagnetisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferromagnetisme (la pagina existís pas)">ferromagnetisme</a>. En particular, es lo cas per lo <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Niqu%C3%A8l" title="Niquèl">niquèl</a> a <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> ambienta. A bassa temperatura, quauquei <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra_rara" title="Tèrra rara">tèrras raras</a> son egalament <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferromagnetisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferromagnetisme (la pagina existís pas)">ferromagneticas</a>. Aqueu fenomèn permet de leis utilizar per fabricar d'<a href="/wiki/Aimant" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimant">aimants</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietats_quimicas">Proprietats quimicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Proprietats quimicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Proprietats quimicas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L'oxidacion_e_la_reduccion"><span id="L.27oxidacion_e_la_reduccion"></span>L'oxidacion e la reduccion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : L&#039;oxidacion e la reduccion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L&#039;oxidacion e la reduccion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Chain_anchor_shackle_on_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chain_anchor_shackle_on_beach.jpg/220px-Chain_anchor_shackle_on_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chain_anchor_shackle_on_beach.jpg/330px-Chain_anchor_shackle_on_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chain_anchor_shackle_on_beach.jpg/440px-Chain_anchor_shackle_on_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'una <a href="/wiki/Cadena" title="Cadena">cadena</a> de <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviri</a> en partida destrucha per la formacion de rolh.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidoreduccion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxidoreduccion (la pagina existís pas)">Oxidoreduccion</a>.</div> <p>Lei metaus an tendància d'engendrar de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidoreduccion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxidoreduccion (la pagina existís pas)">reaccions d'oxidoreduccion</a> caracterizadas per la formacion de <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">cations</a> metallicas e la pèrda d'<a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>. Per exemple, lo <a href="/wiki/Calci" title="Calci">calci</a> abandona aisament dos <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> per formar lo <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">cation</a> Ca<small><sup>2+</sup></small>. Aquelei reaccions son fòrça importantas en <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> car la chausida de <a href="/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic">compausats</a> ben adaptats permet de favorizar la reduccion de certanei metaus. Aquò es un principi fondamentau dins la purificacion de fòrça metaus. Lei fenomèns d'oxidacion son tanben importants car la màger part dei metaus pòdon reagir amb l'<a href="/wiki/Oxig%C3%A8n" title="Oxigèn">oxigèn</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Aire" title="Aire">aire</a> per formar d'<a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">oxids</a>. Lo cas pus conegut es probablament aqueu dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolh (la pagina existís pas)">rolh</a> que pòu totalament destrurre de pèças de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> ò d'<a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">acier</a>. Per aquela rason, la proteccion dei metaus sensibles a l'oxidacion es un aspècte centrau dins l'entretenença de mai d'una infrastructura ò d'un veïcul (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2nt" title="Pònt">pònt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviri</a>...). Es generalament realizada per l'aplicacion d'un jaç de <a href="/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura">pintura</a> ò per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anodizacion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anodizacion (la pagina existís pas)">anodizacion</a>. </p><p>Lei <a href="/wiki/Metau_noble" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau noble">metaus nòbles</a> son un grop reduch de metaus que resistisson a l'oxidacion per l'<a href="/wiki/Oxig%C3%A8n" title="Oxigèn">oxigèn</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Aire" title="Aire">aire</a>. Lo pus famós es l'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>. Pasmens, d'autrei metaus pòdon i resistir gràcias a la formacion d'un jaç impermeable d'oxids a sa superficia. Per exemple, es lo cas de l'<a href="/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini">alumini</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leis_aliatges">Leis aliatges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Leis aliatges" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Leis aliatges"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">Aliatge</a>.</div> <p>Un <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatge</a> es una mescla, principalament constituida de <a href="/wiki/Metau" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau">metaus</a>, de plusors <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">elements quimics</a>. D'efiech, la màger part dei metaus purs son pas pron resistents per èsser dirèctament utilizats. Leis <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> permèton d'aumentar la resisténcia mecanica, la duretat, la resisténcia a la <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> ò l'esclat. Pòdon tanben modificar la <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, especialament en <a href="/wiki/Joielari%C3%A1" title="Joielariá">joielariá</a>. De mai, leis aliatges facilitan lo trabalh dei metallurgistas car baissan la <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> de <a href="/wiki/Fusion" title="Fusion">fusion</a> dei metaus. Uei, existís donc una gròssa diversitat d'aliatges desvolopats per respòndre a de besonhs especifics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_diferents_compausats_metallics">Lei diferents compausats metallics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei diferents compausats metallics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei diferents compausats metallics"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En defòra deis <a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">oxids</a> e deis <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a>, lei metaus pòdon formar d'autrei categorias de <a href="/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic">substàncias</a>. Premier, pòdon s'assemblar amb d' <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">elements</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronegativitat" title="Electronegativitat">electronegatius</a> per formar de compausats <a href="/wiki/Quimia_inorganica" title="Quimia inorganica">inorganics</a>. Per exemple, es lo cas dei saus constituits d'un <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">cation</a> metallic e d'un <a href="/wiki/Anion" title="Anion">anion</a> <a href="/wiki/Clorur" title="Clorur">clorur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfat</a> ò <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfur (la pagina existís pas)">sulfur</a>. La formacion de <a href="/wiki/Liame_quimic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liame quimic">liasons</a> amb d'elements <a href="/wiki/Quimia_organica" title="Quimia organica">organics</a> es egalament possibla e frequenta. Aquò entraïna la formacion de complèxs metallics ò de compausats <a href="/wiki/Organometallic" title="Organometallic">organometallics</a> que son fòrça importants dins la <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimia</a> modèrna. Enfin, se fau nòtar la preséncia de metaus dins fòrça <a href="/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula">moleculas</a> dau vivent coma l'<a href="/wiki/Emoglobina" title="Emoglobina">emoglobina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produccion_e_utilizacion">Produccion e utilizacion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Produccion e utilizacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Produccion e utilizacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_metallurgia">La metallurgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Modificar la seccion : La metallurgia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La metallurgia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:VysokePece1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/VysokePece1.jpg/220px-VysokePece1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/VysokePece1.jpg/330px-VysokePece1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/VysokePece1.jpg/440px-VysokePece1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un obrier metallurgista trabalhant sus un aut-fornèu.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">Metallurgia</a>.</div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> es la branca de la <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimia</a> qu'estúdia lei metaus, especialament son elaboracion, sei proprietats e sei tractaments. Per extension, lo tèrme designa la branca de l'<a href="/wiki/Engenhari%C3%A1" title="Engenhariá">engenhariá</a> que s'ocupa de la fabricacion deis <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> e deis objèctes metallics dins l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a>. Aparegudaa la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_de_la_P%C3%A8ira" title="Edat de la Pèira">Edat de la Pèira</a> e au començament de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_dau_Bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Edat dau Bronze">Edat dau Bronze</a>, es venguda una activitat fondamentala per l'<a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economia</a> modèrna en causa de l'emplec important dei metaus dins la societat actuala. Son premier ponch d'interès regarda lei metòdes e lei tecnicas d'extraccion e de purificacion dei metaus. Varian segon leis <a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">elements</a> mai existís de ponchs comuns car la màger part dei <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">mineraus</a> utilizats son de sulfurs ò d'oxids. Ansin, lei premiereis etapas d'eleboracion d'un <a href="/wiki/Metau" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau">metau</a> consistisson a concentrar lo <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">minerau</a> «&#160;util&#160;» per lo mejan d'operacions fisicas (trissatge, proprietats <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetisme (la pagina existís pas)">magneticas</a>...), fisicoquimicas (flotacion, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lixiviacion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lixiviacion (la pagina existís pas)">lixiviacion</a>...), bioquimicas (accion de <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèris</a>...) ò quimicas (grilhatge, dissolucion...). Puei, s'es necessari, a luòc una operacion de grilhatge destinada a oxidar lo <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">minerau</a>. </p><p>Après l'acabament dei fasas de preparacion, lo <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">minerau</a> es normalament <a href="/wiki/Reaccion_d%27oxidoreduccion" title="Reaccion d&#39;oxidoreduccion">reduch</a> per passar d'un estat oxidat a un estat metallic. La natura dau reductor es variable mai s'utiliza sovent lo <a href="/wiki/Dioxig%C3%A8n" title="Dioxigèn">dioxigèn</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Diidrog%C3%A8n" title="Diidrogèn">diidrogèn</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Monoxid_de_carb%C3%B2ni" title="Monoxid de carbòni">monoxid de carbòni</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carb%C3%B2ni" title="Dioxid de carbòni">dioxid de carbòni</a> ò d'autrei metaus. Aquelei procès son sovent resumits per una eqüacion quimica simpla mai son en realitat de mecanismes reaccionaus complèxs amb plusors <a href="/wiki/Reaccion_quimica" title="Reaccion quimica">reaccions</a> intermediàrias e segondàrias. Permèton d'obtenir un metau contenent una quantitat mai ò mens importantas d'impuretats. </p><p>La darriera etapa majora de l'obtencion d'un metau es l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afinatge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Afinatge (la pagina existís pas)">afinatge</a> que permet d'obtenir de metaus d'una puretat sufisenta per li trobar una aplicacion. Generalament, s'utilizan siá de procès de fusion que permèton d'eliminar pauc a pauc leis impuretats siá de procès electrolitics que permèton d'obtenir de metaus fòrça purs. Pasmens, lei procès electrolitics consuman una gròssa quantitat d'<a href="/wiki/Electricitat" title="Electricitat">electricitat</a>. Enfin, lo metau pur pòu èsser trabalhat sota forma de <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%B2t" title="Lingòt">lingòts</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Barra" class="mw-redirect" title="Barra">barras</a>, de bobinas ò de <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B2la&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tòla (la pagina existís pas)">tòlas</a> per permetre son transpòrt e son utilizacion ulteriora (fabricacion d'un <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatge</a>, d'una pèça...). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leis_aplicacions_dei_metaus">Leis aplicacions dei metaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Modificar la seccion : Leis aplicacions dei metaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Leis aplicacions dei metaus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leis aplicacions dei metaus son fòrça nombrosas. Leis <a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">aliatges</a> amb de proprietats mecanicas autas son utilizats per la construccion de bastiments ò per la fabricacion de pèças capablas de resistir a de constrenchas importantas (<a href="/wiki/Motor" title="Motor">motors</a>, veïculs, <a href="/wiki/Camin_de_f%C3%A8rre" title="Camin de fèrre">camin de fèrre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Otís">otís</a>...). Lei metaus aguent de proprietats conductritz son utilizats per la fabricacion de <a href="/wiki/Circuit_electric" title="Circuit electric">circuits electrics</a> ò de sistèmas de transpòrt de la <a href="/wiki/Calor" title="Calor">calor</a>. Existís fòrça aplicacions mens frequentas coma la produccion d'<a href="/wiki/Aimant" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimant">aimants</a>, de polimèrs, de compausats antiseptics ò de catalisaires quimics. Lei metaus son un element centrau de la societat modèrna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'economia_dei_metaus"><span id="L.27economia_dei_metaus"></span>L'economia dei metaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Modificar la seccion : L&#039;economia dei metaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L&#039;economia dei metaus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Industria_metallurgica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Industria metallurgica (la pagina existís pas)">industria metallurgica</a> es una branca importanta de l'<a href="/wiki/Industria" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industria</a> modèrna. Es <a href="/wiki/Tradicion" title="Tradicion">tradicionalament</a> devesida entre plusors sosbrancas especializadas dins l'elaboracion d'un metau donat. Per exemple, la <a href="/wiki/Siderurgia" title="Siderurgia">siderurgia</a> s'ocupa dau tractament dei <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">mineraus</a> de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>. Aquela industria cuerb plusors domenis distints. Lo premier regarda l'extraccion dei <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">mineraus</a> metallics. Lo segond pertoca la preparacion dau metau eu meteis. Enfin, lo darrier element major es aqueu de la fabricacion dei pèças finalas que seràn transportats vèrs lei mercats de venda. L'industria metallurgica fa partida deis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industria_pesuca&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Industria pesuca (la pagina existís pas)">industrias pesucas</a> car leis investiments necessaris son sovent fòrça importants. De mai, la talha deis installacions e lo nombre de personaus requists per son bòn foncionament ne'n fan un sector dominat per de companhiás multinacionalas. </p><p>En causa de l'importància de mai d'un metau dins l'<a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> es sovent considerada coma un sector <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estrategia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Estrategia (la pagina existís pas)">estrategic</a>. De mai, après 200 ans d'industrializacion, lei jaciments aisats d'esplechar e la multiplicacion deis aplicacions entraïnan una rarefaccion creissenta dei <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">mineraus</a> e dei metaus. Una autra causa d'aqueu fenomèn es l'interès portat a de metaus negligits i a quauquei decennis. Per exemple, dins leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_1970" title="Ans 1970">ans 1970</a>, mens de 20 metaus de la <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodica" title="Taula periodica">taula periodica</a> èran industrialament produchs. Dins leis <a href="/wiki/Ans_2000" title="Ans 2000">ans 2000</a>, aqueu nombre es passat a 60... </p><p>Per faciar aquela situacion, la màger part deis <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">Estats</a> encoratjan desenant lo <a href="/wiki/Reciclatge" title="Reciclatge">reciclatge</a>. Aquelei que dispausan de jaciments assaian tanben d'organizar son esplecha e leis industrias miniera e metallurgica sostènon d'esfòrç de recèrca e desvolopament per melhorar lei procès d'elaboracion e permetre l'utilizacion de <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">mineraus</a> pauc concentrats. Enfin, lei <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs" title="País">país</a> pus poderós assaian de prendre lo contraròtle de jaciments situats dins d'autreis <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">Estats</a>, çò que pòu entraïnar de conflictes. Lo cas pus grèu au començament dau sègle XXI es probablament de la <a href="/wiki/Republica_Democratica_de_C%C3%B2ngo" title="Republica Democratica de Còngo">Republica Democratica de Còngo</a> qu'es l'objècte de <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra" title="Guèrra">conflictes</a> recurrents, en partida atisats per lei ressorsas minieras considerablas de la region de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katanga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Katanga (la pagina existís pas)">Katanga</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leis_aspèctes_environamentaus"><span id="Leis_asp.C3.A8ctes_environamentaus"></span>Leis aspèctes environamentaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Modificar la seccion : Leis aspèctes environamentaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Leis aspèctes environamentaus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg/220px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg/330px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg/440px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3443" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'un bacin d'estocatge de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanga_roja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanga roja (la pagina existís pas)">fangas rojas</a> toxicas eissidas de la produccion d'<a href="/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini">alumini</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Au contrari dei <a href="/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic">substàncias</a> <a href="/wiki/Quimia_organica" title="Quimia organica">organicas</a>, lei metaus son pas biodegradables per leis <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-disambig" title="Organisme">organismes</a> <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vivents</a>. Aquela caracteristica es donc a l'origina de problemas importants de <a href="/wiki/Pollucion" title="Pollucion">pollucion</a> dins lo sòu e dins l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>. D'efiech, coma lei metaus pòdon participar a de reaccions organicas, pòdon aver una activitat toxica dins un <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-disambig" title="Organisme">organisme</a>. Dins certanei cas, aqueu fenomèn aparéis rapidament. Per exemple, es lo cas amb l'<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> qu'es un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poison&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Poison (la pagina existís pas)">poison</a> capable de trebolar la produccion d'<a href="/wiki/ATP" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP">ATP</a> e d'entraïnar la coagulacion de certanei <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna">proteïnas</a> en leis <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animaus</a>. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%B2si_letala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dòsi letala (la pagina existís pas)">dòsi letala</a> en l'<a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">òme</a> es relativament febla, de l'òrdre 70 a 200 <a href="/wiki/Quilograma" title="Quilograma">milligramas</a>. Pasmens, plusors metaus pòdon aver d'efiechs cronics grèus. Per exemple, lo <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B2me" title="Cròme">cròme</a> a l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Estat_d%27oxidacion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Estat d&#39;oxidacion (la pagina existís pas)">estat d'oxidacion</a> +VI es un agent <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancèr">cancerigèn</a>. </p><p>Dempuei la <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_Industriala" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolucion Industriala">Revolucion Industriala</a>, lei pollucions metallicas son presentas dins la màger part dei regions poblats per l'èsser uman, especialament dins lei zònas minieras e industrialas. Lei <a href="/wiki/Ribiera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribiera">ribieras</a> urbanizadas son tanben tocadas car l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> transpòrta aisament lei <a href="/wiki/Metau" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau">metaus</a>. La gestion d'aquelei <a href="/wiki/Pollucion" title="Pollucion">pollucions</a> es un problema complèx. Uei, la màger part dei país impausan de nòrmas destinadas a concentrar lei pollucions sus la zòna de produccion. L'objectiu es de facilitar son eliminacion a la fin dau periòde d'activitat de la <a href="/wiki/Mina" class="mw-disambig" title="Mina">mina</a> ò de l'<a href="/wiki/Usina" title="Usina">usina</a>. Pasmens, aquelei règlas son pas totjorn aplicadas. De mai, aquò permet pas de resòuvre lei pollucions pus diffusas congreadas per l'usatge d'objèctes metallics dins la vida vidanta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Annèxas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">Acier</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinid" title="Actinid">Actinid</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliatge" title="Aliatge">Aliatge</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduccion_electrica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conduccion electrica (la pagina existís pas)">Conduccion electrica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduccion_termica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conduccion termica (la pagina existís pas)">Conduccion termica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic">Element quimic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica">Fisica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantanid" title="Lantanid">Lantanid</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFd" title="Metalloïd">Metalloïd</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metau_alcalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau alcalin">Metau alcalin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metau_alcalinoterr%C3%B3s" title="Metau alcalinoterrós">Metau alcalinoterrós</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metau_de_transicion" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau de transicion">Metau de transicion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metau_n%C3%B2ble" title="Metau nòble">Metau nòble</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metau_paure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metau paure (la pagina existís pas)">Metau paure</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metau_refractari&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metau refractari (la pagina existís pas)">Metau refractari</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non_metau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Non metau (la pagina existís pas)">Non metau</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidacion" title="Oxidacion">Oxidacion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">Quimia</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> G. Bresch, «&#160;La formation de la rouille&#160;», <i>Revue de Métallurgie</i>, vol. 7, n° 6, 1910, pp. 433-446.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Geoffrey Burbidge, Margaret Burbidge, William Fowler e Fred Hoyle, «&#160;Synthesis of elements in stars&#160;», <i>Review of Modern Physics</i>, vol. 29, 1957, pp. 547-650.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Alastair Cameron, «&#160;On the origin of the heavy elements&#160;», <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, vol. 62, 1957, pp. 9-10.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Earl Hayes, «&#160;Chromium and Vanadium&#160;», <i>Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry</i>, vol. 53, n° 2, 1961, pp. 105–107.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Valim Levitin, <i>High Temperature Strain of Metals and Alloys&#160;: Physical Fundamentals</i>, WILEY-VCH, 2006.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Donald Spink, «&#160;Reactive Metals. Zirconium, Hafnium, and Titanium&#160;», <i>Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry</i>, vol. 53, n° 2, 1961, pp. 97–104.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lo Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana, <i>Dicod'Òc</i>, cèrca «&#160;métal&#160;», consultat lo 16 d'abriu de <a href="/wiki/2022" class="mw-redirect" title="2022">2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185839/https://www.locongres.org/fr/applications/dicodoc-fr/dicodoc-recherche?option=com_dicodoc&amp;view=search&amp;Itemid=683&amp;type=fr-oc&amp;q=m%C3%A9tal">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Marcel Otte, Mireille David-Elbiali et al., <i>La protohistoire, Bruxelles</i>, De Boeck université, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Arthur C. Reardon, <i>Metallurgy for the non-metallurgist</i>, Materials Park, ASM International, 2011, pp. 73–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> R. F. Tylecote, <i>A History of Metallurgy</i>, Maney Publishing, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> C. Thornton, C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, M. Liezers, e S. M. M. Young, «&#160;On pins and needles: tracing the evolution of copper-based alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS analysis of Common-place items&#160;», <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>, vol. 29, n° 12, pp. 1451–1460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> H. Akanuma, «&#160;The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey&#160;», <i>Anatolian Archaeological Studies</i>,vol. 14, pp. 147–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasmens, se fau nòtar l'usatge dau <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre_meteoritic" title="Fèrre meteoritic">fèrre meteoritic</a> per leis <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuits</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxid_d%27urani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxid d&#39;urani (la pagina existís pas)">oxid d'urani</a> foguèt inicialament confondut amb lo metau. La premiera mòstra pura d'urani foguèt isolada en <a href="/wiki/1841" class="mw-redirect" title="1841">1841</a> per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne-Melchior_P%C3%A9ligot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène-Melchior Péligot (la pagina existís pas)">Eugène-Melchior Péligot</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> IUPAC, <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>, cèrca «&#160;transition element&#160;», Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Michael Bauccio, <i>ASM metals reference book</i>, ASM International, American Society for Metals, 1993, pp. 120-122.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7649cfcddd‐pdmmx Cached time: 20241127122111 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.157 seconds Real time usage: 0.489 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1185/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1953/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 581/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12656/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.005/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 718755/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 72.250 1 -total 36.75% 26.553 6 Modèl:Veire 27.73% 20.033 6 Modèl:Multiparamètres-Ligam 19.40% 14.017 2 Modèl:Icòna_de_títol 17.73% 12.810 1 Modèl:1000_fondamentals 9.65% 6.972 1 Modèl:Dialècte_Provençau --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key ocwiki:pcache:113006:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241127122111 and revision id 2423069. 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