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id="toc-Related_aesthetic_and_philosophical_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Notable literary works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haydn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haydn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Haydn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haydn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mozart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mozart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mozart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mozart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_composers_and_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_composers_and_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Notable composers and works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_composers_and_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In visual art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In theatre</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_theatre-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In theatre subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Johann_Anton_Leisewitz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johann_Anton_Leisewitz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Johann Anton Leisewitz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johann_Anton_Leisewitz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wagner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wagner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Wagner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wagner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goethe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goethe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Goethe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goethe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lenz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Lenz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klinger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klinger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Klinger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klinger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schiller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schiller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Schiller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schiller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Sturm und Drang</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="العاصفة والاندفاع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العاصفة والاندفاع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Бура і націск – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бура і націск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Буря и натиск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Буря и натиск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torm_ja_tung" title="Torm ja tung – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Torm ja tung" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%8D%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AE" title="Θύελλα και Ορμή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θύελλα και Ορμή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88%ED%92%8D%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%84" title="질풍노도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="질풍노도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="סער ופרץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סער ופרץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ქარიშხალი და შეტევა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქარიშხალი და შეტევა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бура и натисок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бура и натисок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="シュトゥルム・ウント・ドラング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュトゥルム・ウント・ドラング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Буря и натиск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буря и натиск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Штурм унд дранг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Штурм унд дранг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sturm und Drang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ชตวร์มอุนท์ดรัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชตวร์มอุนท์ดรัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1rt%C4%B1na_ve_Co%C5%9Fku" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proto-Romantic movement in German literature and music</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the play for which the era was named, see <a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang_(play)" title="Sturm und Drang (play)">Sturm und Drang (play)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Lamb of God album, see <a href="/wiki/VII:_Sturm_und_Drang" title="VII: Sturm und Drang">VII: Sturm und Drang</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Storm and Stress" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Storm_and_Stress_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Storm and Stress (disambiguation)">Storm and Stress (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Special:EditPage/Sturm und Drang">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sturm+und+Drang%22">"Sturm und Drang"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sturm+und+Drang%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sturm+und+Drang%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sturm+und+Drang%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sturm+und+Drang%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sturm+und+Drang%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <i><b>Sturm und Drang</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃtʊʁm<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔʊnt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdʁaŋ]</a></span>; usually translated as "storm and stress"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a proto-<a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">music</a> that occurred between the late 1760s and early 1780s. Within the movement, individual <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a> and, in particular, extremes of emotion were given free expression in reaction to the perceived constraints of rationalism imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> movements. The period is named after <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Klinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Maximilian Klinger">Friedrich Maximilian Klinger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang_(play)" title="Sturm und Drang (play)">play of the same name</a>, which was first performed by <a href="/wiki/Abel_Seyler" title="Abel Seyler">Abel Seyler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Seyler_theatrical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyler theatrical company">famed theatrical company</a> in 1777. </p><p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a> is associated with <i>Sturm und Drang</i>; other significant figures were <a href="/wiki/Johann_Anton_Leisewitz" title="Johann Anton Leisewitz">Johann Anton Leisewitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._L._Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="H. L. Wagner">H. L. Wagner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Klinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Maximilian Klinger">Friedrich Maximilian Klinger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> were notable proponents of the movement early in their lives, although they ended their period of association with it by initiating what would become <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Counter-Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/French_neoclassicism" class="mw-redirect" title="French neoclassicism">French neoclassicism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/French_neoclassical_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="French neoclassical theatre">French neoclassical theatre</a>), a movement beginning in the early <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, with its emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a>, was the principal target of rebellion for adherents of the <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement. For them, sentimentality and an <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a> view of life gave way to emotional turbulence and individuality, and Age of Enlightenment ideals such as <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a> no longer captured the human condition; emotional extremes and subjectivity became the vogue during the late 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg/170px-Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg/255px-Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg/340px-Abel_Seyler_silhouette_-_Basel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>A silhouette of the theatre director <a href="/wiki/Abel_Seyler" title="Abel Seyler">Abel Seyler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Sturm und Drang</i> first appeared as the title of <a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang_(play)" title="Sturm und Drang (play)">a play</a> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Klinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Maximilian Klinger">Friedrich Maximilian Klinger</a>, written for <a href="/wiki/Abel_Seyler" title="Abel Seyler">Abel Seyler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Seylersche_Schauspiel-Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft">Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft</a></i> and published in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The setting of the play is the unfolding <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, in which the author gives violent expression to difficult emotions and extols individuality and subjectivity over the prevailing order of rationalism. Though it is argued that literature and music associated with <i>Sturm und Drang</i> predate this seminal work, it was from this point that German artists became distinctly self-conscious of a new aesthetic. This seemingly spontaneous movement became associated with a wide array of German authors and composers of the mid-to-late <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Classical period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sturm und Drang</i> came to be associated with literature or music aimed at shocking the audience or imbuing them with extremes of emotion. The movement soon gave way to <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, whereupon a <a href="/wiki/Socio-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-political">socio-political</a> concern for greater human freedom from despotism was incorporated along with a religious treatment of all things natural.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is much debate regarding whose work should or should not be included in the canon of <i>Sturm und Drang</i>. One point of view would limit the movement to <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a>, and their direct German associates writing works of fiction and/or philosophy between 1770 and the early 1780s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alternative perspective is that of a literary movement inextricably linked to simultaneous developments in prose, poetry, and drama, extending its direct influence throughout the German-speaking lands until the end of the 18th century. Nevertheless, the originators of the movement came to view it as a time of premature exuberance that was then abandoned in favor of often conflicting artistic pursuits.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_aesthetic_and_philosophical_movements">Related aesthetic and philosophical movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Related aesthetic and philosophical movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sentimentalism_(literature)" title="Sentimentalism (literature)">Sentimentalism (literature)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Georg_Hamann_(1730%E2%80%931788).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Johann_Georg_Hamann_%281730%E2%80%931788%29.jpg/170px-Johann_Georg_Hamann_%281730%E2%80%931788%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Johann_Georg_Hamann_%281730%E2%80%931788%29.jpg/255px-Johann_Georg_Hamann_%281730%E2%80%931788%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Johann_Georg_Hamann_%281730%E2%80%931788%29.jpg/340px-Johann_Georg_Hamann_%281730%E2%80%931788%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Johann Georg Hamann</figcaption></figure> <p>As a precursor to <i>Sturm und Drang</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Literary_topos" title="Literary topos">literary topos</a> of the <i>Kraftmensch</i> existed among dramatists beginning with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Klinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Maximilian Klinger">F.M. Klinger</a>. Its expression is seen in the radical degree to which <a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">individuality</a> need appeal to no outside authority save the self nor be tempered by <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">ideals</a> are identical to those of <i>Sturm und Drang</i>, and it can be argued that the later name exists to catalog a number of parallel, co-influential movements in <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a> rather than express anything substantially different from what German dramatists were achieving in the violent plays attributed to the Kraftmensch movement. </p><p>Major philosophical/theoretical influences on the literary <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement were <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a> (especially the 1762 text <i>Aesthetica in nuce. Eine Rhapsodie in kabbalistischer Prose</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, both from Königsberg, and both formerly in contact with <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>. Significant theoretical statements of <i>Sturm und Drang</i> aesthetics by the movement's central dramatists themselves include Lenz' <i>Anmerkungen übers Theater</i> and Goethe's <i>Von deutscher Baukunst</i> and <i>Zum Schäkespears Tag</i> (<i>sic</i>). The most important contemporary document was the 1773 volume <i>Von deutscher Art und Kunst. Einige fliegende Blätter</i>, a collection of essays that included commentaries by Herder on Ossian and Shakespeare, along with contributions by Goethe, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Frisi" title="Paolo Frisi">Paolo Frisi</a> (in translation from the Italian), and <a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Justus Möser</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> in a typical <i>Sturm und Drang</i> stage work, <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poem</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> is driven to action—often violent action—not by pursuit of noble means nor by true motives, but by <a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">revenge</a> and greed. <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s unfinished <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(Goethe)" title="Prometheus (Goethe)">Prometheus</a></i> exemplifies this along with the common ambiguity provided by juxtaposing <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> platitudes with outbursts of irrationality.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literature of <i>Sturm und Drang</i> features an anti-<a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> slant while seeking to elevate all things humble, natural, or intensely real (especially whatever is painful, tormenting, or frightening). </p><p>The story of hopeless love and eventual suicide presented in <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sentimental_novel" title="Sentimental novel">sentimental novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Leiden_des_jungen_Werthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Leiden des jungen Werthers">Die Leiden des jungen Werthers</a></i> (1774) is an example of the author's tempered introspection regarding his love and torment. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>'s drama, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_R%C3%A4uber" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Räuber">Die Räuber</a></i> (1781), provided the groundwork for <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a> to become a recognized dramatic form. The plot portrays a conflict between two aristocratic brothers, Franz and Karl Moor. Franz is cast as a villain attempting to cheat Karl out of his inheritance, though the motives for his action are complex and initiate a thorough investigation of good and evil. Both of these works are seminal examples of <i>Sturm und Drang</i> in <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>. </p><p>The absence or exclusion of women writers from accounts of <i>Sturm und Drang</i> can be taken as a consequence of the movement's and the period's masculinist ethos or as a failure of more recent literary criticism to engage with literary works by women—such as <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Ehrmann" title="Marianne Ehrmann">Marianne Ehrmann</a>—that might merit inclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_literary_works">Notable literary works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable literary works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> (1749–1832): <ul><li><i>Zum Shakespears Tag</i> (1771)</li> <li><i>Sesenheimer Lieder</i> (1770–1771)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(Goethe)" title="Prometheus (Goethe)">Prometheus</a></i> (1772–1774)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen_(Goethe)" title="Götz von Berlichingen (Goethe)">Götz von Berlichingen</a></i> (1773)</li> <li><i>Clavigo</i> (1774)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther" title="The Sorrows of Young Werther">Die Leiden des jungen Werthers</a></i> (1774)</li> <li><i>Mahomets Gesang</i> (1774)</li> <li><i>Adler und Taube</i> (1774)</li> <li><i>An Schwager Kronos</i> (1774)</li> <li><i>Gedichte der Straßburger und Frankfurter Zeit</i> (1775)</li> <li><i>Stella. Ein Schauspiel für Liebende</i> (1776)</li> <li><i>Die Geschwister</i> (1776)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> (1759–1805): <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_R%C3%A4uber" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Räuber">Die Räuber</a></i> (1781)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Verschw%C3%B6rung_des_Fiesko_zu_Genua" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua">Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabale_und_Liebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabale und Liebe">Kabale und Liebe</a></i> (1784)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_die_Freude" class="mw-redirect" title="An die Freude">An die Freude</a></i> (1785)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a> (1751–1792) <ul><li><i>Anmerkung über das Theater nebst angehängtem übersetzten Stück Shakespeares</i> (1774)</li> <li><i>Der Hofmeister oder Vorteile der Privaterziehung</i> (1774)</li> <li><i>Lustspiele nach dem Plautus fürs deutsche Theater</i> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soldiers_(play)" title="The Soldiers (play)"><i>Die Soldaten</i></a> (1776)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Klinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Maximilian Klinger">Friedrich Maximilian Klinger</a> (1752–1831): <ul><li><i>Das leidende Weib</i> (1775)</li> <li><i>Sturm und Drang</i> (1776)</li> <li><i>Die Zwillinge</i> (1776)</li> <li><i>Simsone Grisaldo</i> (1776)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_August_B%C3%BCrger" title="Gottfried August Bürger">Gottfried August Bürger</a> (1747–1794): <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenore_(ballad)" title="Lenore (ballad)">Lenore</a></i> (1773)</li> <li><i>Gedichte</i> (1778)</li> <li><i>Wunderbare Reisen zu Wasser und zu Lande, Feldzüge und lustige Abenteuer des Freiherren von Münchhausen</i> (1786)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_von_Gerstenberg" title="Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg">Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg</a> (1737–1823): <ul><li><i>Gedichte eines Skalden</i> (1766)</li> <li><i>Briefe über Merkwürdigkeiten der Literatur</i> (1766–67)</li> <li><i>Ugolino</i> (1768)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a> (1730–1788): <ul><li><i>Sokratische Denkwürdigkeiten für die lange Weile des Publikums zusammengetragen von einem Liebhaber der langen Weile</i> (1759)</li> <li><i>Kreuzzüge des Philologen</i> (1762)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Wilhelm_Heinse" title="Johann Jakob Wilhelm Heinse">Johann Jakob Wilhelm Heinse</a> (1746–1803): <ul><li><i>Ardinghello und die glückseligen Inseln</i> (1787)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> (1744–1803): <ul><li><i>Fragmente über die neuere deutsche Literatur</i> (1767–1768)</li> <li><i>Kritische Wälder oder Betrachtungen, die Wissenschaft und Kunst des Schönen betreffend, nach Maßgabe neuerer Schriften</i> (1769)</li> <li><i>Journal meiner Reise im Jahre</i> (1769)</li> <li><i>Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache</i> (1770)</li> <li><i>Von deutscher Art und Kunst, einige fliegende Blätter</i> (1773)</li> <li><i>Volkslieder</i> (1778–79)</li> <li><i>Vom Geist der Hebräischen Poesie</i> (1782–1783)</li> <li><i>Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit</i> (1784–1791)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music">In music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#d6d6ff;font-size:120%;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;">Major eras of<br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500–1400</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance" title="Medieval music">Transition to Renaissance</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400–1600</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600–1750</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Transition to Classical</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730–1820</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800–1910</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Transition to Modernism</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1945</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  •  <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a><br />  •  <a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template talk:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period music</a> (1750–1800) associated with <i>Sturm und Drang</i> is predominantly written in a <a href="/wiki/Minor_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor key">minor key</a> to convey difficult or depressing sentiments. The principal <a href="/wiki/Musical_theme" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theme">themes</a> tend to be angular, with large leaps and unpredictable <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodic</a> contours. <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Tempos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamics</a> change rapidly and unpredictably in order to reflect strong changes of emotion. Pulsing <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a> are common, as are racing lines in the <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a> registers. Writing for string instruments features <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> and sudden, dramatic dynamic changes and accents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Musical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theater">Musical theater</a> became the meeting place of the literary and musical strands of <i>Sturm und Drang</i>, with the aim of increasing emotional expression in <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>. The obligato recitative is a prime example. Here, orchestral accompaniment provides an intense underlay of vivid tone-painting to the solo <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a>'s 1761 ballet, <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(ballet)" title="Don Juan (ballet)">Don Juan</a></i>, heralded the emergence of <i>Sturm und Drang</i> in music; the program notes explicitly indicated that the D minor finale was to evoke fear in the listener. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Rousseau">Jean Jacques Rousseau</a>'s 1762 play, <i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(1762_play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmalion (1762 play)">Pygmalion</a></i> (first performed in 1770) is a similarly important bridge in its use of underlying <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental music">instrumental music</a> to convey the mood of the spoken <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>. The first example of <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>, <i>Pygmalion</i> influenced <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and other important German literary figures.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, relative to the influence of <i>Sturm und Drang</i> on literature, the influence on <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical composition</a> was limited, and many efforts to label music as conforming to this trend are tenuous at best. <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, the center of German/Austrian music, was a cosmopolitan city with an international culture; therefore, melodically innovative and expressive works in minor keys by <a href="/wiki/Haydn" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydn">Haydn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> from this period should generally be considered first in the broader context of musical developments taking place throughout Europe. The clearest musical connections to the self-styled <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement can be found in <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> and the early predecessors of <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">program music</a>, such as Haydn's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._45_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 45 (Haydn)"><i>Farewell</i> Symphony</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_Weber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Maria Weber">Weber</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Schubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Schubert">Schubert</a> have elements of <i>Sturm und Drang.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haydn">Haydn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Haydn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>Sturm und Drang</i> period is often attributed to the works of the Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> from the late 1760s to early 1770s. Works during this period often feature a newly impassioned or agitated element; however, Haydn never mentions <i>Sturm und Drang</i> as a motivation for his new compositional style,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there remains an overarching adherence to classical form and motivic unity. Though Haydn may not have been consciously affirming the anti-rational ideals of <i>Sturm und Drang</i>, one can certainly perceive the influence of contemporary trends in <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> on his instrumental works during this period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mozart">Mozart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mozart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._25_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 25 (Mozart)">Symphony No. 25</a> (the "Little" G-minor symphony, 1773) is one of only two minor-key symphonies by the composer. Beyond the atypical key, the symphony features rhythmic syncopation along with the jagged themes associated with <i>Sturm und Drang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More interesting is the emancipation of the <a href="/wiki/Wind_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind instruments">wind instruments</a> in this piece, with the violins yielding to colorful bursts from the oboe and flute. However, it is likely the influence of numerous minor-key works by the Czech composer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Wanhal" title="Johann Baptist Wanhal">Johann Baptist Wanhal</a> (a Viennese contemporary and acquaintance of Mozart), rather than a self-conscious adherence to a German literary movement, which is responsible for the harmonic and melodic experiments in the Symphony no. 25.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_composers_and_works">Notable composers and works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable composers and works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach</a> <ul><li>Symphonies, keyboard concertos and sonatas including Symphony in E minor Wq. 178 (1757–62)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">Johann Christian Bach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a> in G minor Op. 6 No. 6</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_Bach" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach">Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">Oratorio</a> <i>Die Auferweckung des Lazarus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">Cantata</a> <i>Cassandra</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">Wilhelm Friedemann Bach</a> <ul><li>Adagio und Fuge in D minor Falk 65</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._39_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 39 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 39</a> in G minor (1767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._49_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 49 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 49</a> in F minor <i>La Passione</i> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._26_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 26 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 26</a> in D minor <i>Lamentatione</i> (1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._52_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 52 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 52</a> in C minor (1771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._44_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 44 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 44</a> in E minor <i>Trauer</i> (<i>Mourning</i>) (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._45_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 45 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 45</a> in F sharp minor <i>Farewell</i> (1772)</li> <li>String Quartet No. 11 in D minor, Op. 9 No. 4 (1769)</li> <li>String Quartet No. 19 in C minor, Op. 17 No. 4 (1771)</li> <li>String Quartet No. 23 in F minor, Op. 20 No. 5 (1772)</li> <li>String Quartet No. 26 in G minor, Op. 20 No. 3 (1772)</li> <li>Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/47 in E minor (1765-67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_Hob._XVI/20" title="Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/20">Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/20 in C minor</a> (1771)</li> <li>Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/44 in G minor (1771-73)</li> <li>Piano Sonata Hob. XVI/32 in B minor (1774-76)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Martin_Kraus" title="Joseph Martin Kraus">Joseph Martin Kraus</a> <ul><li>Symphony in C minor <i>Symphonie funebre</i></li> <li>Symphony in C-sharp minor</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._25_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 25 (Mozart)">Symphony No. 25 in G minor</a>, K. 183 (1773)</li> <li>String Quartet No. 13 in D minor, K. 173 (1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._21_(Mozart)" title="Violin Sonata No. 21 (Mozart)">Violin Sonata No. 21 in E minor</a>, K. 304 (1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._8_(Mozart)" title="Piano Sonata No. 8 (Mozart)">Piano Sonata No. 8 in A minor</a>, K. 310 (1778)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_M%C3%BCthel" title="Johann Gottfried Müthel">Johann Gottfried Müthel</a> <ul><li>Works for keyboard</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Wanhal" title="Johann Baptist Wanhal">Johann Baptist Wanhal</a> <ul><li>Symphony in D minor (Bryan d1)</li> <li>Symphony in G minor (Bryan g1)</li> <li>Symphony in A minor (Bryan a2)</li> <li>Symphony in E minor (Bryan e1)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Wolf" title="Ernst Wilhelm Wolf">Ernst Wilhelm Wolf</a> <ul><li>Works for keyboard</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_visual_art">In visual art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In visual art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parallel movement in the visual arts can be witnessed in paintings of storms and shipwrecks showing the terror and irrational destruction wrought by nature. These pre-<a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> works were fashionable in Germany from the 1760s on through the 1780s, illustrating a public audience for emotionally provocative artwork. Additionally, disturbing visions and portrayals of <a href="/wiki/Nightmares" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightmares">nightmares</a> were gaining an audience in Germany as evidenced by <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s possession and admiration of paintings by <a href="/wiki/Fuseli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuseli">Fuseli</a> capable of "giving the viewer a good fright."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable artists included <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vernet" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Vernet">Joseph Vernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Wolf" title="Caspar Wolf">Caspar Wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg" title="Philip James de Loutherbourg">Philip James de Loutherbourg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_theatre">In theatre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement did not last long; according to Betty Waterhouse it began in 1771 and ended in 1778 (Waterhouse v). The rise of the middle class in the 18th century led to a change in the way society and social standings were looked at. Dramatists and writers saw the stage as a venue for critique and discussion of societal issues. French writer <a href="/wiki/Louis-S%C3%A9bastien_Mercier" title="Louis-Sébastien Mercier">Louis-Sébastien Mercier</a> suggested that drama be used to promote political ideas, a concept that would develop many years later. After the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, which ended in 1763, German spirit was extremely high and Germans felt a sense of importance on a grander stage. The aristocracy gained power as the ruling class, furthering the divide and increasing tensions between the classes (Liedner viii). With these new ideals came the sense that a new form of art capable of dethroning the extremely popular French neoclassicism was needed. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a>, a noted German philosopher and a major promoter of the <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement, “defended the native culture of the <a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a> and maintained that language, the root of all our experience, was richer in images and more powerful prior to the ‘<a href="/wiki/Abstract_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract object">abstract</a>’ eighteenth century” (Liedner viii). Germany did not have a common state entity; instead, the nation was broken into hundreds of small states. The <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement was a reaction to this lack of political unity for the German people and often dealt with the idea of living life on a smaller scale and the desire to become a part of something bigger. </p><p>The <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement also paid a lot of attention to the language of a piece of literature. It is no wonder that <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, with his brilliant use of language, originality with complex plot lines and subplots, and multifaceted characters from all social classes, was seen as a model for German writers (Wilson and Goldfarb 287). Many writers of the <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement considered themselves to be challengers of the Enlightenment. However, the movement is actually a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. Many <i>Sturm und Drang</i> plays showed interest in how society affects the individual, a common theme in many Enlightenment plays as well. However, <i>Sturm und Drang</i> “makes its own distinctive contribution to 18th-century culture, bringing attention to the power of the environment as well as to the contradictory and self-defeating attitudes present in every segment of society” (Liedner ix). Far before its time, the divergent style of <i>Sturm und Drang</i> shrewdly explored depression and violence with an open plot structure (Liedner ix). The <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement rebelled against all the rules of neoclassicism and the enlightenment, first recognized <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> as a “genius” of <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">dramaturgy</a>, and provided the foundation for 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>. Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Leopold_Wagner" title="Heinrich Leopold Wagner">Heinrich Leopold Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Lenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Klinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Maximilian Klinger">Klinger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiller">Schiller</a> used episodic structure, violence, and mixed genres to comment on societal rules and morals, while doubting that anything would change. The <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement was brief, but it set a fire that still burns intensely today. </p><p>Six main playwrights initiated and popularized the <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement: Leisewitz, Wagner, Goethe, Lenz, Klinger, and Schiller. The theatre director <a href="/wiki/Abel_Seyler" title="Abel Seyler">Abel Seyler</a>, the owner of the <a href="/wiki/Seylersche_Schauspiel-Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft">Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft</a>, had an important role in promoting the <i>Sturm und Drang</i> poets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johann_Anton_Leisewitz">Johann Anton Leisewitz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Johann Anton Leisewitz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Anton_Leisewitz" title="Johann Anton Leisewitz">Johann Anton Leisewitz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JALeisewitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/JALeisewitz.jpg/220px-JALeisewitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/JALeisewitz.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Anton_Leisewitz" title="Johann Anton Leisewitz">Johann Anton Leisewitz</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Anton_Leisewitz" title="Johann Anton Leisewitz">Johann Anton Leisewitz</a> was born in Hanover in 1752 and studied law. He is remembered for his single complete play, <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_of_Taranto" title="Julius of Taranto">Julius of Taranto</a></i> (1776), which is considered the forerunner of Schiller's work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers" title="The Robbers">The Robbers</a></i> (1781).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was married to Sophie Seyler, the daughter of theatre director <a href="/wiki/Abel_Seyler" title="Abel Seyler">Abel Seyler</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wagner">Wagner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wagner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Leopold_Wagner" title="Heinrich Leopold Wagner">Heinrich Leopold Wagner</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Leopold_Wagner" title="Heinrich Leopold Wagner">Heinrich Leopold Wagner</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> on February 19, 1747. He studied law and was a member of the literary group surrounding <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Daniel_Salzmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Daniel Salzmann (page does not exist)">Johann Daniel Salzmann</a>. He was a dramatist, producer, translator, and lawyer for the traveling Abel Seyler theatre company. Wagner was best known for his two plays, <i>Die Reue nach der Tat</i> (“The Remorse After the Deed”) in 1775 and <i>Die Kindermorderin</i> (“The Childmurderess”) in 1776. <a href="/wiki/Child_murder" title="Child murder">Child murder</a> was a very popular topic in the 18th century and all of the major <i>Sturm und Drang</i> writers used it as a subject in their writings (Waterhouse 97). <i>Die Kindermorderin</i> was one of the most traditional plays of the <i>Sturm und Drang</i>. Although sharing aspects of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassical</a> plays, such as a fairly simple plot and very few changes in the setting, it breaks away from the neoclassical idea that the protagonist must be of noble descent. Instead, this play shows how the aristocracy disrupts the lives of middle class characters (Liedner xii). This play also uses a vast array of colorful language to demonstrate the variety of characters and their social statuses. Another common theme seen in <i>Die Kindermorderin</i> is the idea of society hindering change. Groningseck, a lieutenant, seems to be willing to look past social norms and break down walls between the classes, but a fellow officer, Hasenpoth, betrays him (Liedner xii). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goethe">Goethe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Goethe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> was born in August 1749, in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. He wrote his first important play, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen_(Goethe)" title="Götz von Berlichingen (Goethe)">Götz von Berlichingen</a> in 1773, in Shakespearean style, a defining characteristic of the <i>Sturm und Drang</i> movement (Wilson and Goldfarb 287). <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> was considered a genius among German playwrights, and was idolized for his “shattering of the dramatic unities of time, place and action; and his sharply individualized, emotionally complex characters” (Waterhouse v). Goethe was well known for his staging as well as his long dramatic poem Faust (<a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Goethe's Faust</a>) (Wilson and Goldfarb 287). Goethe was the director of theatre at the <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> Theatre where he eventually ran the entire company. He went to Italy for two years to collect himself and while there discovered the beauty of the Greek and Roman ruins. After this trip he returned with interest in classical ideas and writing, and a new form of writing emerged called <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lenz">Lenz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lenz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Sesswegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesswegen">Sesswegen</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, on the January 23, 1751. He studied theology and philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Konigsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Konigsberg">University of Konigsberg</a>. His first poem, Die Landplagen (“Torments of the Land”), emerged in 1769. He went on to write “Notes on the Theatre”, The New Menoza and Der Hofmeister (“The Tutor”) in 1774, Pandemonium Germanicum in 1775, and Die Soldaten (“The Soldiers”) in 1776 (Liedner xi). Lenz took <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>’s popular idea of plot being more important than character and reversed it, as well as reclassified the distinctions between <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>. In Lenz’s works, tragedies feature characters that make decisions that cause events, and in comedies a resolute milieu pushes and pulls the character through events (Liedner xi). The Soldiers is most likely Lenz’s most distinct example of <i>Sturm und Drang</i> literature. It centers on an idea of degradation of civilians by soldiers, but more specifically the seduction and abuse of young women by soldiers. Illustrating an undesirable, conflicted character with no power over her situation who does whatever she can to get through her current state, The Soldiers displays a “well-observed world where one’s identity is fluid – and hopelessly entangled in the social and linguistic environment” (Liedner xi). This idea of feeling unable to change one's situation is typical of many <i>Sturm und Drang</i> plays. Lenz's use of reserved dialogue, open form, violence, and a combination of comedy and tragedy precursors the works of contemporary authors such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> (Waterhouse v). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klinger">Klinger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Klinger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Klinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Maximilian Klinger">Friedrich Maximilian Klinger</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maximilian_Klinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Maximilian Klinger">Friedrich Maximilian Klinger</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> on February 17, 1752. He was born into a humble family and struggled financially after the death of his father. He studied law at <a href="/wiki/Giessen" title="Giessen">Giessen</a> with the financial help of <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>’s family. He also worked with the Abel Seyler troupe for a year and a half (Pascal 132). Although famous for his <i>Sturm und Drang</i> style plays, many of his earlier plays were very classical in style. Some of Klinger’s works include Die Zwillinge (1776), Die neue Arria (1776), Simsone Grisaldo (1776), and Stilpo und seine Kinder (1780). Klinger’s most famous play, <i>Sturm und Drang</i> (1776), is the seminal piece of literature associated with the <i>Sturm und Drang</i> epoch. Strangely, the play is set in revolutionary America, not Germany. We see allusions to <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a> through the feuds of the households, as well as <a href="/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well" title="All's Well That Ends Well">All's Well That Ends Well</a> in some of the character’s names (Liedner xiii). Klinger utilized a defining characteristic of <i>Sturm und Drang</i> when he mixed aspects of <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> throughout the play, stating “ the deepest tragic emotion continually alternates with laughter and joviality" (Liedner xiii). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schiller">Schiller</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Schiller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Marbach_am_Neckar" title="Marbach am Neckar">Marbach</a> on November 10, 1759. He studied medicine at <a href="/wiki/Karlsschule_Stuttgart" title="Karlsschule Stuttgart">Karlsschule Stuttgart</a>, a prestigious military academy founded by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Württemberg">Duke of Württemberg</a>. He developed a strong relationship with <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>, one of the most influential writers of the time (Wilson and Goldfarb 287). They were particularly interested in questions concerning <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. This relationship led to an epoch known as <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a>, a style that integrates classical, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> and Enlightenment ideals (Leidner xiv). Following Schiller's plays <i><a href="/wiki/Die_R%C3%A4uber" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Räuber">Die Räuber</a></i> ("The Robbers") and <i><a href="/wiki/Kabale_und_Liebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabale und Liebe">Kabale und Liebe</a></i> ("Intrigue and Love"), he went on to become a major poet as well as to write famous essays and Weimar Classical drama (Leidner xiv). <i>Die Räuber</i> tells the story of two brothers, the younger of which is infuriated by how society favors the first-born child and he acts on his feelings without any regard to societal rules or social standing. In act five, his views on God “represent the most blasphemous attack on religion in German literature up to that time… [and] is a masterful work of social dynamics that takes deep German patterns of sensibility into account” (Leidner xiv). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>—his opinions influenced the theatre practitioners who began the movement of <i>Sturm und Drang</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John</a> (3 April 2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASturm+und+Drang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. HB Garland, Storm and Stress (London, 1952); German <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Drang" class="extiw" title="wikt:Drang">Drang</a></i> literally translates to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/throng" class="extiw" title="wikt:throng">throng</a>, and has the sense of "impulse, urge, pressure, stress; longing, desire".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karthaus, Ulrich: Sturm und Drang. Epoche-Werke-Wirkung. München: C.H.Beck Verlag, 2. aktualisierte Auflage. 2007, S. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preminger, Alex; Brogan, T. V. F. (eds.). (1993). <i>The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</i>. Princeton: Princeton University. p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pascal, Roy. (April, 1952). <i>The Modern Language Review</i>, Vol. 47, No. 2. pp. 129–151: p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pascal, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heckscher, William S. (1966–1967) Simiolus: <i>Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art</i>, Vol. 1, No. 2. pp. 94–105: p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leidner, Alan. (March 1989). C. PMLA, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 178-189: p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Liedner, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth P. Dawson, <i>The Contested Quill</i>, pp. 230-237 and passim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heartz, Daniel and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alan_Brown" title="Bruce Alan Brown">Bruce Alan Brown</a>. (Accessed 21 March 2007). 'Sturm und Drang', <i>Grove Music Online</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.grovemusic.com/shared/views/article.html?section=music.27035">http://www.grovemusic.com/shared/views/article.html?section=music.27035</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, A. Peter. (Spring, 1992). <i>The Journal of Musicology</i>, Vol. 10, No. 2. pp. 192-230: p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Craig and Bryan Simms. (2006). Music in Western Civilization. Belmont: Thomson Schirmer. p. 423</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Peter Brown, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heartz/Bruce, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335498/Johann-Anton-Leisewitz?anchor=ref141414">Johann Anton Leisewitz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121064144/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335498/Johann-Anton-Leisewitz?anchor=ref141414">Archived</a> 21 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baldick, Chris. (1990) <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms</i>. Oxford: Oxford University.</li> <li>Brown, A. Peter. (Spring, 1992). <i>The Journal of Musicology</i>, Vol. 10, No. 2. pp. 192–230.</li> <li>Buschmeier, Matthias; Kauffmann, Kai (2010) <i>Einführung in die Literatur des Sturm und Drang und der Weimarer Klassik</i>. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.</li> <li>Heartz, Daniel and Bruce Alan Brown. (Accessed 21 March 2007). <i>Sturm und Drang</i>, Grove Music Online, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.grovemusic.com/shared/views/article.html?section=music.27035">http://www.grovemusic.com/shared/views/article.html?section=music.27035</a>"</li> <li>Heckscher, William S. (1966–1967) Simiolus: <i>Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art</i>, Vol. 1, No. 2. pp. 94–105.</li> <li>Leidner, Alan. (March 1989). C. PMLA, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 178–189.</li> <li>Leidner, Alan C. Sturm Und Drang: The German Library. 14. New York: The Continuum Publishing Company, 1992. Print.</li> <li>Pascal, Roy. (April 1952). <i>The Modern Language Review</i>, Vol. 47, No. 2. pp. 129–151.</li> <li>Preminger, Alex; Brogan, T. V. F. (eds.). (1993) <i>The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</i>. Princeton: Princeton University.</li> <li>Waterhouse, Betty. Five Plays of the Sturm und Drang. London: University Press of America, Inc, 1986. v. Print.</li> <li>Wilson, Edwin, and Alvin Goldfarb, comp. Living Theatre: History of Theatre. 6th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2012. Print.</li> <li>Wright, Craig and Bryan Simms. (2006). <i>Music in Western Civilization</i>. Belmont: Thomson Schirmer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturm_und_Drang&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00v72x6">BBC audio file</a>. Radio 4 discussion programme <i>In our time</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/Sturmund.html">Sturm und Drang. The Columbia Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1266">Sturm und Drang. Literary Encyclopedia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_literature" title="Template talk:German literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German-language_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German-language literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">History of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_literature" title="Middle High German literature">Middle High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German_literature" title="Early New High German literature">Early New High German literature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sturm und Drang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Literary realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilliteratur" title="Exilliteratur">Exilliteratur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">German studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_writers" title="Category:Austrian writers">Austrian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_writers" title="Category:German writers">German writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein_writers" title="Category:Liechtenstein writers">Liechtenstein writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_writers_in_German" title="Category:Swiss writers in German">Swiss writers in German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Category:Translators of William Shakespeare">Category:Translators of William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Reformation era literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_courtly_romance" title="German courtly romance">Courtly romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_von_K%C3%BCrenberg" title="Der von Kürenberg">Der von Kürenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_von_Aist" title="Dietmar von Aist">Dietmar von Aist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Hagenau" title="Reinmar von Hagenau">Reinmar von Hagenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Johansdorf" title="Albrecht von Johansdorf">Albrecht von Johansdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Folz" title="Hans Folz">Hans Folz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hoffmann_von_Hoffmannswaldau" title="Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau">Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Moscherosch" title="Johann Michael Moscherosch">Johann Michael Moscherosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Opitz" title="Martin Opitz">Martin Opitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick">Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wickram" title="Georg Wickram">Georg Wickram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Gellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gottsched" title="Johann Christoph Gottsched">Johann Christoph Gottsched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_G%C3%BCnther" title="Johann Christian Günther">Johann Christian Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (Friedrich von Hardenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schnabel" title="Johann Gottfried Schnabel">Johann Gottfried Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_von_Droste-H%C3%BClshoff" title="Annette von Droste-Hülshoff">Annette von Droste-Hülshoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Ebner-Eschenbach" title="Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach">Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel" title="Christian Friedrich Hebbel">Christian Friedrich Hebbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Hebel" title="Johann Peter Hebel">Johann Peter Hebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Nikolaus Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Eduard Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nestroy" title="Johann Nestroy">Johann Nestroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Ayim" title="May Ayim">May Ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Baum" title="Vicki Baum">Vicki Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_R._Becher" title="Johannes R. Becher">Johannes R. Becher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brasch" title="Thomas Brasch">Thomas Brasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dieter_Brinkmann" title="Rolf Dieter Brinkmann">Rolf Dieter Brinkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burger" title="Hermann Burger">Hermann Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimito_von_Doderer" title="Heimito von Doderer">Heimito von Doderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marieluise_Flei%C3%9Fer" title="Marieluise Fleißer">Marieluise Fleißer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlen_Haushofer" title="Marlen Haushofer">Marlen Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Heym" title="Georg Heym">Georg Heym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th" title="Ödön von Horváth">Ödön von Horváth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Keun" title="Irmgard Keun">Irmgard Keun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Kisch" title="Egon Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Ledig" title="Gert Ledig">Gert Ledig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Morgenstern" title="Christian Morgenstern">Christian Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Roth" title="Joseph Roth">Joseph Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Ernst von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scheerbart" title="Paul Scheerbart">Paul Scheerbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Schubert" title="Helga Schubert">Helga Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W. G. Sebald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_von_Suttner" class="mw-redirect" title="Berta von Suttner">Berta von Suttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tucholsky" title="Kurt Tucholsky">Kurt Tucholsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walser" title="Robert Walser">Robert Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Weinheber" title="Josef Weinheber">Josef Weinheber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Angst" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Angst">Fritz Zorn (Fritz Angst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsa_B%C3%A1nk" title="Zsuzsa Bánk">Zsuzsa Bánk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brussig" title="Thomas Brussig">Thomas Brussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Erpenbeck" title="Jenny Erpenbeck">Jenny Erpenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hermann" title="Judith Hermann">Judith Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Kaminer" title="Wladimir Kaminer">Wladimir Kaminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kehlmann" title="Daniel Kehlmann">Daniel Kehlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Kinsky" title="Esther Kinsky">Esther Kinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_K%C3%B6hler" title="Barbara Köhler">Barbara Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kracht" title="Christian Kracht">Christian Kracht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Maron" title="Monika Maron">Monika Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Meyer" title="Clemens Meyer">Clemens Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Dodua_Otoo" title="Sharon Dodua Otoo">Sharon Dodua Otoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Pr%C3%A4auer" title="Teresa Präauer">Teresa Präauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julya_Rabinowich" title="Julya Rabinowich">Julya Rabinowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafik_Schami" title="Rafik Schami">Rafik Schami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Schulze" title="Ingo Schulze">Ingo Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Botho Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Tawada" title="Yoko Tawada">Yoko Tawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Timm" title="Uwe Timm">Uwe Timm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilija_Trojanow" title="Ilija Trojanow">Ilija Trojanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wawerzinek" title="Peter Wawerzinek">Peter Wawerzinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wondratschek" title="Wolf Wondratschek">Wolf Wondratschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feridun_Zaimo%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Zaimoğlu">Feridun Zaimoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli_Zeh" title="Juli Zeh">Juli Zeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />Nobel laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />literary awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_German-Language_Literature" title="Festival of German-Language Literature">Ingeborg Bachmann Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Prize" title="Sigmund Freud Prize">Sigmund Freud Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso_Prize" title="Adelbert von Chamisso Prize">Adelbert von Chamisso Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fallada_Prize" title="Hans Fallada Prize">Hans Fallada Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize" title="Heinrich Heine Prize">Heinrich Heine Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleist_Prize" title="Kleist Prize">Kleist Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair_Prize" title="Leipzig Book Fair Prize">Leipzig Book Fair Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs_Prize" title="Nelly Sachs Prize">Nelly Sachs Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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