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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years_(1917–1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_(1917–1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early years (1917–1920)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_(1917–1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>1960s–1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Early 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autonomous_republics_within_the_Russian_SFSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_republics_within_the_Russian_SFSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Autonomous republics within the Russian SFSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_republics_within_the_Russian_SFSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_holidays_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_holidays_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>National holidays and symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_holidays_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Flag history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiese_Sosialistiese_Federale_Sowjetrepubliek" title="Russiese Sosialistiese Federale Sowjetrepubliek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Russiese Sosialistiese Federale Sowjetrepubliek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Sozialistische_F%C3%B6derative_Sowjetrepublik" title="Russische Sozialistische Föderative Sowjetrepublik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Russische Sozialistische Föderative Sowjetrepublik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية روسيا الاتحادية الاشتراكية السوفيتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية روسيا الاتحادية الاشتراكية السوفيتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Federativa_Sovi%C3%A9tica_de_Rusia" title="República Socialista Federativa Soviética de Rusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Socialista Federativa Soviética de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="РСФСР – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="РСФСР" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya_Sovet_Federativ_Sosialist_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Rusiya Sovet Federativ Sosialist Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya Sovet Federativ Sosialist Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="روسیه شوروی فدراتیو سوسیالیست جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه شوروی فدراتیو سوسیالیست جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="রুশ সোভিয়েত যুক্তরাষ্ট্রীয় সমাজতান্ত্রিক প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুশ সোভিয়েত যুক্তরাষ্ট্রীয় সমাজতান্ত্রিক প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a_Soviet_Li%C3%A2n-pang_Si%C4%81-h%C5%8De-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Lō͘-se-a Soviet Liân-pang Siā-hōe-chú-gī Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a Soviet Liân-pang Siā-hōe-chú-gī Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рәсәй Совет Федератив Социалистик Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсәй Совет Федератив Социалистик Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Расійская Савецкая Федэратыўная Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Расійская Савецкая Федэратыўная Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Расейская Савецкая Фэдэратыўная Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расейская Савецкая Фэдэратыўная Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Руска съветска федеративна социалистическа република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руска съветска федеративна социалистическа република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sokialour_Kevreadel_Soviedel_Rusia" title="Republik Sokialour Kevreadel Soviedel Rusia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Sokialour Kevreadel Soviedel Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Зүблэлтэ Социалис Бүгэдэ Найрамдаха Холбоото Орос Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зүблэлтэ Социалис Бүгэдэ Найрамдаха Холбоото Орос Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Federativa_Sovi%C3%A8tica_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="República Socialista Federativa Soviètica de Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Socialista Federativa Soviètica de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%C3%A7%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Раççей Федерациллĕ Социализмлă Совет Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раççей Федерациллĕ Социализмлă Совет Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_sov%C4%9Btsk%C3%A1_federativn%C3%AD_socialistick%C3%A1_republika" title="Ruská sovětská federativní socialistická republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská sovětská federativní socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiske_SFSR" title="Russiske SFSR – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Russiske SFSR" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Sozialistische_F%C3%B6derative_Sowjetrepublik" title="Russische Sozialistische Föderative Sowjetrepublik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Sozialistische Föderative Sowjetrepublik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene_NFSV" title="Vene NFSV – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vene NFSV" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωσική Σοβιετική Ομοσπονδιακή Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσική Σοβιετική Ομοσπονδιακή Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Federativa_Sovi%C3%A9tica_de_Rusia" title="República Socialista Federativa Soviética de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Socialista Federativa Soviética de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia_Soveta_Federacia_Socialisma_Respubliko" title="Rusia Soveta Federacia Socialisma Respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusia Soveta Federacia Socialisma Respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiako_Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialista_Federatiboa" title="Errusiako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista Federatiboa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista Federatiboa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="جمهوری فدراتیو سوسیالیستی روسیه شوروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری فدراتیو سوسیالیستی روسیه شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rative_sovi%C3%A9tique_de_Russie" title="République socialiste fédérative soviétique de Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République socialiste fédérative soviétique de Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght_Hoveidjagh_Chonastagh_Hoshiallagh_y_Roosh" title="Pobblaght Hoveidjagh Chonastagh Hoshiallagh y Roosh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pobblaght Hoveidjagh Chonastagh Hoshiallagh y Roosh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Sovi%C3%A9tica_Federativa_Socialista_de_Rusia" title="República Soviética Federativa Socialista de Rusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Soviética Federativa Socialista de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Россе Советий Федеративни Социалистически Республика – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Россе Советий Федеративни Социалистически Республика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%86%8C%EB%B9%84%EC%97%90%ED%8A%B8_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="러시아 소비에트 연방 사회주의 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아 소비에트 연방 사회주의 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռուսաստանի Խորհրդային Ֆեդերատիվ Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսաստանի Խորհրդային Ֆեդերատիվ Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रूसी सोवियत संघात्मक समाजवादी गणराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूसी सोवियत संघात्मक समाजवादी गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_Sovjetska_Federativna_Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Ruska Sovjetska Federativna Socijalistička Republika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruska Sovjetska Federativna Socijalistička Republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko_Socialista_Sovietiana_Rusia" title="Republiko Socialista Sovietiana Rusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Republiko Socialista Sovietiana Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Federasi_Soviet_Rusia" title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Уæрæсейы Советон Федеративон Социалистон Республикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уæрæсейы Советон Федеративон Социалистон Республикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C3%A9tl%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_R%C3%BAssland" title="Sovétlýðveldið Rússland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sovétlýðveldið Rússland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Socialista_Federativa_Sovietica_Russa" title="Repubblica Socialista Federativa Sovietica Russa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Socialista Federativa Sovietica Russa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרפובליקה הסובייטית הפדרטיבית הסוציאליסטית הרוסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הסובייטית הפדרטיבית הסוציאליסטית הרוסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Россия Совет Федератив Социалист Республика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Россия Совет Федератив Социалист Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="რუსეთის საბჭოთა ფედერაციული სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის საბჭოთა ფედერაციული სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ресей Кеңестік Федерациялық Социалистік Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресей Кеңестік Федерациялық Социалистік Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirikisho_la_Jamhuri_ya_Kisovyiet_ya_Kijamii_ya_Kirusi" title="Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Kisovyiet ya Kijamii ya Kirusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Kisovyiet ya Kijamii ya Kirusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Орусия Советтик Федеративдик Социалисттик Республикасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орусия Советтик Федеративдик Социалисттик Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Sozialista_Federativa_Sovietica_Russa" title="Republica Sozialista Federativa Sovietica Russa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Republica Sozialista Federativa Sovietica Russa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%8D" title="ສະຫະພັນສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມໂຊວຽດລັດເຊຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຫະພັນສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມໂຊວຽດລັດເຊຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russica_Sovietica_Foederativa_Socialistica_Res_Publica" title="Russica Sovietica Foederativa Socialistica Res Publica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Russica Sovietica Foederativa Socialistica Res Publica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievijas_PFSR" title="Krievijas PFSR – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievijas PFSR" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijos_TFSR" title="Rusijos TFSR – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusijos TFSR" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega_Socialista_Federativa_Sovietega_Russa" title="Republega Socialista Federativa Sovietega Russa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Republega Socialista Federativa Sovietega Russa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroszorsz%C3%A1gi_Szovjet_Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9gi_Szocialista_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Oroszországi Szovjet Szövetségi Szocialista Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oroszországi Szovjet Szövetségi Szocialista Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Руска Советска Федеративна Социјалистичка Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руска Советска Федеративна Социјалистичка Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblika_S%C3%B4sialista_Federativa_S%C3%B4vietikan%27_i_Rosia" title="Repoblika Sôsialista Federativa Sôvietikan' i Rosia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Repoblika Sôsialista Federativa Sôvietikan' i Rosia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="റഷ്യൻ സോവിയറ്റ് ഫെഡറേറ്റീവ് സോഷ്യലിസ്റ്റ് റിപ്പബ്ലിക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഷ്യൻ സോവിയറ്റ് ഫെഡറേറ്റീവ് സോഷ്യലിസ്റ്റ് റിപ്പബ്ലിക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howete_Aka_Haumi_P%C4%81pori_T%C5%ABwehe_o_R%C5%ABhia" title="Howete Aka Haumi Pāpori Tūwehe o Rūhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Howete Aka Haumi Pāpori Tūwehe o Rūhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रशियन सोव्हिएत संघीय साम्यवादी गणराज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियन सोव्हिएत संघीय साम्यवादी गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="რუსეთიშ სხუნუეფიშ ფედერაციული სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსეთიშ სხუნუეფიშ ფედერაციული სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جمهوريه روسيا الاتحاديه الاشتراكيه السوفيتيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمهوريه روسيا الاتحاديه الاشتراكيه السوفيتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Persekutuan_Soviet_Rusia" title="Republik Sosialis Persekutuan Soviet Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Sosialis Persekutuan Soviet Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Россиянь Советонь Федеративонь Социализмань Республикась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Россиянь Советонь Федеративонь Социализмань Республикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Зөвлөлт Социалист Бүгд Найрамдах Холбоот Орос Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зөвлөлт Социалист Бүгд Найрамдах Холбоот Орос Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Socialistische_Federatieve_Sovjetrepubliek" title="Russische Socialistische Federatieve Sovjetrepubliek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russische Socialistische Federatieve Sovjetrepubliek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ロシア・ソビエト連邦社会主義共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア・ソビエト連邦社会主義共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="РСФСР – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="РСФСР" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCs_Sowjetisk_F%C3%B6deratiif_Sosialistisk_Republiik" title="Rüs Sowjetisk Föderatiif Sosialistisk Republiik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rüs Sowjetisk Föderatiif Sosialistisk Republiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russiske_sovjetiske_f%C3%B8derative_sosialistrepublikk" title="Den russiske sovjetiske føderative sosialistrepublikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den russiske sovjetiske føderative sosialistrepublikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russiske_sosialistiske_f%C3%B8derative_sovjetrepublikken" title="Den russiske sosialistiske føderative sovjetrepublikken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den russiske sosialistiske føderative sovjetrepublikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_socialista_federativa_sovietica_de_Russia" title="Republica socialista federativa sovietica de Russia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica socialista federativa sovietica de Russia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya_Sovet_Federativ_Sotsialistik_Respublikasi" title="Rossiya Sovet Federativ Sotsialistik Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rossiya Sovet Federativ Sotsialistik Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="روسی سوویت وفاقی اشتراکی جمہوریہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روسی سوویت وفاقی اشتراکی جمہوریہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="د شوروي اتحاد فدراتیف سوسیالیست جمهوریت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د شوروي اتحاد فدراتیف سوسیالیست جمهوریت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមសហព័ន្ធសូវៀតរុស្ស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមសហព័ន្ធសូវៀតរុស្ស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyjska_Federacyjna_Socjalistyczna_Republika_Radziecka" title="Rosyjska Federacyjna Socjalistyczna Republika Radziecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosyjska Federacyjna Socjalistyczna Republika Radziecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Federativa_Sovi%C3%A9tica_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="República Socialista Federativa Soviética da Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Socialista Federativa Soviética da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiye_%C5%9Euralar_Federativ_Sotsialistik_Cumhuriyeti" title="Rusiye Şuralar Federativ Sotsialistik Cumhuriyeti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rusiye Şuralar Federativ Sotsialistik Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Sovietic%C4%83_Federativ%C4%83_Socialist%C4%83_Rus%C4%83" title="Republica Sovietică Federativă Socialistă Rusă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Sovietică Federativă Socialistă Rusă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="РСФСР – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="РСФСР" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="РСФСР – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="РСФСР" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roushie_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Socialiste_Federale_Sovjetike_e_Rusis%C3%AB" title="Republika Socialiste Federale Sovjetike e Rusisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Socialiste Federale Sovjetike e Rusisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="රුසියානු සෝවියට් සන්ධීය සමාජවාදී සමූහාණ්ඩුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රුසියානු සෝවියට් සන්ධීය සමාජවාදී සමූහාණ්ඩුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%BD_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="روسي سوويت وفاقي سوشلسٽ جمهوريه – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روسي سوويت وفاقي سوشلسٽ جمهوريه" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_sovietska_federat%C3%ADvna_socialistick%C3%A1_republika" title="Ruská sovietska federatívna socialistická republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruská sovietska federatívna socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_sovjetska_federativna_socialisti%C4%8Dna_republika" title="Ruska sovjetska federativna socialistična republika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruska sovjetska federativna socialistična republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Руска Совјетска Федеративна Социјалистичка Република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руска Совјетска Федеративна Социјалистичка Република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_Sovjetska_Federativna_Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Ruska Sovjetska Federativna Socijalistička Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruska Sovjetska Federativna Socijalistička Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_sosialistinen_federatiivinen_neuvostotasavalta" title="Venäjän sosialistinen federatiivinen neuvostotasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän sosialistinen federatiivinen neuvostotasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryska_SFSR" title="Ryska SFSR – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryska SFSR" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobyetikong_Pederatibong_Sosyalistang_Republika_ng_Rusya" title="Sobyetikong Pederatibong Sosyalistang Republika ng Rusya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sobyetikong Pederatibong Sosyalistang Republika ng Rusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Россия Совет Федератив Социалистик Республикасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россия Совет Федератив Социалистик Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สหพันธ์สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมโซเวียตรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหพันธ์สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมโซเวียตรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya_Sovyet_Federatif_Sosyalist_Cumhuriyeti" title="Rusya Sovyet Federatif Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusya Sovyet Federatif Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi%C3%BDa_Sowet_Federatiw_Sotsialistik_Respublikasy" title="Russiýa Sowet Federatiw Sotsialistik Respublikasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Russiýa Sowet Federatiw Sotsialistik Respublikasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="РСФСР – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="РСФСР" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Російська Радянська Федеративна Соціалістична Республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російська Радянська Федеративна Соціалістична Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="روسی سوویت وفاقی اشتراکی جمہوریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روسی سوویت وفاقی اشتراکی جمہوریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_Sosia%C5%82ista_Federativa_Sovi%C3%A8tega_Rusa" title="Repùblega Sosiałista Federativa Soviètega Rusa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega Sosiałista Federativa Soviètega Rusa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=RSFSR&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">RSFSR</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet republic from 1917 to 1991</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Soviet Russia" redirects here. For the federation of national republics as a whole, see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Soviet Russia (disambiguation)">Soviet Russia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive 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#a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name"><span class="nowrap">Russian Soviet Federative</span> <span class="nowrap">Socialist Republic</span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Rossijskaja Sovetskaja Federativnaja Socialističeskaja Respublika</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1917–1991</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1918%E2%80%931925).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Russian SFSR"><img alt="Flag of Russian SFSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1954%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Flag</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Top: 1918–1937</li><li>Bottom: 1954–1991</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_(1978%E2%80%931991),_Emblem_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/70px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/105px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/140px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Emblem</a> <span class="nowrap">(1978–1991)</span></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Russian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union (red and white) between 1956 and 1991"><img alt="The Russian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union (red and white) between 1956 and 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg/250px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg/375px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg/500px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="376" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Russian SFSR (red) within the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (red and white) between 1956 and 1991</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a> <span class="nowrap">(1917–1922)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Union Republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <span class="nowrap">(1922–1991)</span></li><li>Union Republic of the Soviet Union with priority of <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">republican legislation</a> <span class="nowrap">(1990–1991)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> <span class="nowrap">(1917–1918)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> <span class="nowrap">(1918–1991)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>See <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> (<i>de jure</i>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a> (majority)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> socialist <a href="/wiki/Directorial_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorial republic">directorial republic</a> <span class="nowrap">(1917–1990)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> multi-party republic <span class="nowrap">(1990–1991)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic#Heads_of_state" title="List of leaders of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Head of state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">1990–1991</span> (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Russian_SFSR#Heads_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of the Russian SFSR">Head of government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917–1924 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1990–1991 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Ivan Silayev</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">Congress of Soviets</a> <span class="nowrap">(1917–1938)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a> <span class="nowrap">(1938–1990)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a> <span class="nowrap">(1990–1991)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 November 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1917–1923</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Soviet republic proclaimed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 January 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet Union created</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 December 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1954_transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 transfer of Crimea">Crimea transferred</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 February 1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">State sovereignty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 June 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Accords</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Russian constitutional referendum">End of the Soviet political system</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1993</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1956<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></th><td class="infobox-data">17,125,200 km<sup>2</sup> (6,612,100 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">147,386,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Soviet ruble</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SUR</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> +2 to +12)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">+7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:RU" title="ISO 3166-2:RU">RU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">.su</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>Russian SFSR</b> or <b>RSFSR</b>), previously known as the <b>Russian Soviet Republic</b><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <b>Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Besier2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besier2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and unofficially as <b>Soviet Russia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-DEKL_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEKL-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">constituent republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR">sovereign part</a> of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-TFD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian SFSR was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">autonomous republics</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">autonomous oblasts</a>, ten <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrug" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous okrug">autonomous okrugs</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Krai" title="Krai">krais</a> and forty <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TFD_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> formed the largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>. The capital of the Russian SFSR and the Soviet Union as a whole was <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and the other major <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">urban centers</a> included <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> (Petrograd until 1924), <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a> (Volgograd after 1961), <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Gorky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Kuybyshev</a>. It was the first socialist state in history. </p><p>The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the Soviet Union. By 1961, it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the <a href="/wiki/Volga-Ural_Petroleum_and_Gas_Province" title="Volga-Ural Petroleum and Gas Province">Volga-Urals region</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Siberia, trailing in production to only the United States and Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care.<sup id="cite_ref-TFD_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy, which had become <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">stagnant</a> since the late 1970s under General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, began to be liberalized starting in 1985 under Gorbachev's "<a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>" restructuring policies, including the introduction of non-state owned enterprises (e.g. cooperatives). </p><p>On 7 November 1917 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 October), as a result of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> and the world's first constitutionally socialist state guided by <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist ideology</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia_Constitution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918">constitution</a> was adopted in 1918. In 1922, the Russian SFSR signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">treaty</a> officially creating the Soviet Union. The Russian SFSR's <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">1978 constitution</a> stated that "[a] Union Republic is a sovereign [...] state that has united [...] in the Union"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "each Union Republic shall retain the right freely to secede from the USSR".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 June 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR">Declaration of State Sovereignty</a>, established <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> (unlike in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republic (system of government)">Soviet form of government</a>), established <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">citizenship of Russia</a> and stated that the RSFSR shall retain the right of free secession from the Soviet Union. On 12 June 1991, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> (1931–2007), supported by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a> pro-reform movement, was <a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">elected</a> the first and only President of the RSFSR, a post that would later become the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Presidency of the Russian Federation</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a> in Moscow with the temporary brief internment of President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> destabilised the Soviet Union. Following these events, Gorbachev lost all his remaining power, with Yeltsin superseding him as the pre-eminent figure in the country. On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a>. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its original founding states (i.e., renunciation of the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union) and established the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) as a loose replacement confederation. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet (the parliament of the Russian SFSR); therefore the Russian SFSR had renounced the Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union and <i>de facto</i> declared Russia's independence from the Soviet Union itself and the ties with the other Soviet republics. </p><p>On 25 December 1991, following the resignation of Gorbachev as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President of the Soviet Union</a> (and former <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>), the Russian SFSR was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, after the lowering of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Soviet flag</a> from the top of the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Senate" title="Kremlin Senate">Senate</a> building of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a> and its replacement by the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Russian flag</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union was self-dissolved</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of the Republics</a> on 26 December, which by that time was the only functioning parliamentary chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">All-Union Supreme Soviet</a> (the other house, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Soviet of the Union">Soviet of the Union</a>, had already lost the <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> after recall of its members by the several union republics). After the dissolution, Russia took full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the Soviet Union under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. As such, Russia assumed the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council</a>, nuclear stockpile and the control over the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1978 constitution of the Russian SFSR was amended several times to reflect the transition to democracy, private property and market economy. The new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russian constitution</a>, coming into effect on 25 December 1993 after a <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a>, completely abolished the Soviet form of government and replaced it with a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Russia">Name of Russia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Russian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic%22">"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Russian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Russian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Russian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Russian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Russian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> (1870–1924) and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> (1879–1940), the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet</a> state on 7 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 October] 1917. This happened immediately after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> toppled the interim <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> (most recently led by opposing democratic socialist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> (1881–1970)) which had governed the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> after the abdication of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> government of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov</a> imperial dynasty of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> the previous <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">March</a> (Old Style: February). The October Revolution was thus the second of the two <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolutions</a> of the turbulent year of 1917. Initially, the new Soviet state did not have an official name and was not recognized by neighboring countries for five months. </p><p>Anti-Bolsheviks soon suggested new names, however. By 1919 they had coined the mocking label <a href="/wiki/Sovdepiya_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sovdepiya (disambiguation)"><b>Sovdepia</b></a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Совдепия</span>) for the nascent state of the Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers of colloquial English coined the term "Bololand"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to refer to the land of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik#Derogatory_usage_of_"Bolshevik"" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolos</a> (a term identified from 1919 onwards with the Bolsheviks).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 January 1918 the third meeting of the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">All-Russian Congress of Soviets</a> proclaimed the establishment of the <b>Russian Soviet Republic</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Service2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Besier2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besier2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1918, the fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted both the new name, <b>Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic</b> (RSFSR), and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia_Constitution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918">Constitution of the Russian SFSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-russians1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russians1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Internationally, the Russian SFSR was recognized as an independent state in 1920 only by its bordering neighbors (<a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian%E2%80%93Estonian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)">Treaty of Tartu</a> and by the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> of 1919–1922 in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 December 1922, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">with the treaty on the creation of the Soviet Union</a>, Russia (the RSFSR), alongside the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, formed the <b>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</b>. The final Soviet name for the constituent republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the later <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Constitution_of_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Constitution of 1936">Soviet Constitution of 1936</a>. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> of 1700 to 1721. </p><p>The RSFSR dominated the Soviet Union to a significant extent. For most of its existence, the Soviet Union was commonly (but incorrectly) referred to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as "Russia". While the RSFSR itself was only one republic within the larger union, it was the largest, most powerful and most highly developed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (May 2023)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> of the 15 republics. According to Matthew White <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">it was an open secret that the country's federal structure was "window dressing" for Russian dominance.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#CRYSTAL" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not"><span title="Material appears to be speculative in nature. (May 2023)">speculation?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 December 1991, during the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, which concluded on the next day, the RSFSR's <a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">official name</a> was changed to the <b>Russian Federation</b>, which it remains to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name and "Russia" were specified as the official state names on 21 April 1992, in an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">then existing Constitution of 1978</a>, and were retained as such in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">1993 Constitution of Russia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a total of about 17,125,200 km (6,612,100 sq mi), the Russian SFSR was the largest of the fifteen Soviet republics, with its southerly neighbor, the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a>, being second. </p><p>The international borders of the RSFSR touched <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> on the west; <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> on the northwest; and to its southeast in eastern Asia were the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>) and the People's Republic of China (China, formerly the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>; 1911–1949). Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the <a href="/wiki/Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav">Slavic</a> states: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian SSR">Belarusian SSR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> states: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian SSR">Estonian SSR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Latvian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian SSR">Latvian SSR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian SSR">Lithuanian SSR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>) (Included in USSR in 1940) to its west and the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan SSR">Azerbaijan SSR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Georgian SSR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>) to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-TFD_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a>, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> with Central Asia and East Asia. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:0; font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc"><span style="color:white;">Eastern Bloc</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/120px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/240px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union"><span style="color:white;">Republics</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR"><span style="color:white;">USSR</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Allied and satellite states</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> (until 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (until 1948)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Related organizations</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe"><span style="color:white;">Opposition</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Protests and uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Poland 1944–1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">Poznań 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">1980–89</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">Plzeň 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">Georgia 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">Novocherkassk 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Czechoslovakia 1976–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Romania 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Kazakhstan 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine 1989–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Baku 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Riga 1991</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Dissent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Cold War events</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Fall</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Barricades in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">End of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Russia" title="Category:History of Russia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History of <span class="fn org label">Russia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Periods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia#Prehistory" title="History of Russia">Prehistory</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia#Antiquity" title="History of Russia">Antiquity</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></span> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> pre-9th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Arthania" title="Arthania">Arthania</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>879–1240: <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ancient Rus'</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Rus'">Baptism of Rus'</a> • <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Land" title="Novgorod Land">Novgorod Land</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 882–1136</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1397</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Principality of Chernigov</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 988–1402</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rostov-Suzdal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostov-Suzdal">Rostov-Suzdal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1093–1157</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Early_Middle_Ages_(c._500_–_1097)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1240–1480: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Council_of_Liubech_and_after_(1097–1237)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">Feudal Rus'</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Liubech" title="Council of Liubech">Council of Liubech</a> • <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Uvetichi" title="Council of Uvetichi">Council of Uvetichi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol conquest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–1478</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1157–1331</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Principality of Moscow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1263–1547</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Council_of_Liubech_and_after_(1097–1237)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1480–1917: <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist Russia</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Stand_on_the_Ugra_River" title="Great Stand on the Ugra River">Great Stand on the Ugra River</a> • <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of<br />Troubles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Government_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Government reform of Peter the Great">Petrovian reforms</a> • <a href="/wiki/1812_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 Patriotic War">1812 Patriotic War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrist Revolt">Decembrist Revolt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation reform</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">1905 Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Second Patriotic War</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1547–1721</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1721–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1799–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1809–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1915</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_Manchuria_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Manchuria (China)">Russian Manchuria</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1900–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Uryankhay_Krai" title="Uryankhay Krai">Uryankhay Krai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914–1921</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1917–1923: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power"><i>Dvoyevlastiye</i></a> • <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Directorate_(Russia)" title="Directorate (Russia)">Directorate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">election</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Coup">Bolshevik Coup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Guard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Polish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Polish War">Soviet-Polish War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Priamurye_Government" title="Provisional Priamurye Government">Priamurye<br />Govt.</a> • <a href="/wiki/War_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="War Communism">War Communism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">USSR</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">Emigrants</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat of Ukraine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR#Early_years_(1917–1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1920–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Russian State (1918–1920)">Russian State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Priamurye_Government" title="Provisional Priamurye Government">Provisional Priamurye Govt.</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1921–1923</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Leaders of the Russian Civil War">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1923–1991: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Era</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">NEP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union">Cultural revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korenization" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenization">Korenization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">Collectivization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization</a> • <a href="/wiki/GULAG" class="mw-redirect" title="GULAG">GULAG</a> • <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Front (WWII)">Great Patriotic War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> • <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> • <a href="/wiki/1954_transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 transfer of Crimea">Crimea<br />transfer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghan War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">Karabakh<br />War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parade_of_sovereignties" title="Parade of sovereignties">Parade of sovereignties</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_of_Laws" title="War of Laws">War of Laws</a>)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelo-Finnish SSR">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1940–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <b><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tannu Tuva</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1921–1944</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>since 1991: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Modern Russia</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/1991_August_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 August Coup">August Coup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata<br />Protocol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">USSR dissolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> • "<a href="/wiki/Near_abroad" title="Near abroad">Near<br />abroad</a>" • <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict#Post-Soviet_era" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">1st</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2nd</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Oligarchy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Five-Days War</a> • <a href="/wiki/2008_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Russia" title="2008 amendments to the Constitution of Russia">Presidential terms<br />amendments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> • <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a> • <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a> • <a href="/wiki/2020_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Russia" title="2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia">2020 amendments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Invasion of Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_following_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian emigration following the invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)">Mass emigration</a> • <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_debt_default" title="2022 Russian debt default">Debt default</a> • <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sanctions</a> • <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">Mobilization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022 annexation</a>)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan#Present-day" title="Tatarstan">1994</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2000</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_federal_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian federal subjects">full list...</a></b> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <span class="nowrap"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_alpha"><b><a href="#ref_alpha">^A</a></b> <i>Not internationally recognized.</i></span> </span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_beta"><b><a href="#ref_beta">^B</a></b> <i>Not fully controlled.</i></span> </span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">860–1721</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1721%E2%80%931796)" title="History of Russia (1721–1796)">1721–1796</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1796%E2%80%931855)" title="History of Russia (1796–1855)">1796–1855</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1855%E2%80%931894)" title="History of Russia (1855–1894)">1855–1894</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">1894–1917</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">1991–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Russia" title="Template:History of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Russia" title="Template talk:History of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_(1917–1920)"><span id="Early_years_.281917.E2.80.931920.29"></span>Early years (1917–1920)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early years (1917–1920)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_in_1920_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="2447" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik party">Bolshevik party</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068,_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/134px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/201px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/268px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="939" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Soviet government first came to power on 7 November 1917, immediately after the interim <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>, which governed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>, was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the second of the two <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolutions</a>. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> occurred largely without any human <a href="/wiki/Casualty_(person)" title="Casualty (person)">casualties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 January 1918, the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> issued a decree, proclaiming Russia a democratic federal republic under the name "Russian Democratic Federal Republic". However, the Bolsheviks dissolved the Assembly on the following day and declared its decrees null and void.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the Bolsheviks also reserved a number of vacant seats in the Soviets and <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">Central Executive</a> for the opposition parties in proportion to their vote share at the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, a number of prominent members of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Socialist Revolutionaries">Left Socialist Revolutionaries</a> had assumed positions in Lenin's government and lead commissariats in several areas. This included agriculture (<a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kolegayev" title="Andrei Kolegayev">Kolegaev</a>), property (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Karelin" title="Vladimir Karelin">Karelin</a>), justice (<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Steinberg" title="Isaac Steinberg">Steinberg</a>), post offices and telegraphs (<a href="/wiki/Prosh_Proshian" title="Prosh Proshian">Proshian</a>) and local government (Trutovsky).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin's government also instituted a number of progressive measures such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">universal education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">equal rights for women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 January 1918, at the third meeting of the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">All-Russian Congress of Soviets</a>, the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was proclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-Service2005_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Besier2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besier2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 March 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> was signed, giving away much of the westernmost lands of the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, in exchange for peace on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Front of World War I">Eastern Front</a> of World War I. In July 1918, the fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia_Constitution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918">Constitution of the Russian SFSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-russians1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russians1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By 1918, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">several states</a> within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more, although some were conquered by the Bolsheviks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281922%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281922%29.svg/330px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281922%29.svg/440px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>The Russian SFSR in 1922</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1924).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281924%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281924%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281924%29.svg/330px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281924%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281924%29.svg/440px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281924%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>The Russian SFSR in 1924</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1929).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281929%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281929%29.svg/330px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281929%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281929%29.svg/440px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>The Russian SFSR in 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%9322" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1921–22">Russian famine of 1921–22</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Volga_region" title="Volga region">Povolzhye</a> famine, killed an estimated 5 million, primarily affecting the Volga and Ural River regions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic impact of the Civil War was devastating. A <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> emerged in Russia, despite the threat of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> against profiteering. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">ruble</a> collapsed, with <a href="/wiki/Bartering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartering">barter</a> increasingly replacing money as a medium of exchange<sup id="cite_ref-DaviesHarrison1993_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaviesHarrison1993-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, by 1921, heavy industry output had fallen to 20% of 1913 levels. 90% of wages were paid with goods rather than money.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 70% of locomotives were in need of repair<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and food requisitioning, combined with the effects of seven years of war and a severe drought, contributed to a famine that caused between 3 and 10 million deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coal production decreased from 27.5 million tons (1913) to 7 million tons (1920), while overall factory production also declined from 10,000 million roubles to 1,000 million roubles. According to the noted historian David Christian, the grain harvest was also slashed from 80.1 million tons (1913) to 46.5 million tons (1920).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 December 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets" title="Congress of Soviets">First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR</a> approved the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Treaty on the Creation of the USSR</a>, by which Russia was united with the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Soviet_Federal_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic">Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic</a> into a single federal state, the Soviet Union. The treaty was included in the <a href="/wiki/1924_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Soviet Constitution">1924 Soviet Constitution</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> adopted on 31 January 1924 by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets" title="Congress of Soviets">Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR</a>. </p><p>One of the early ambitious economic plans of the Soviet government was <a href="/wiki/GOELRO" title="GOELRO">GOELRO</a>, Russian abbreviation for "State Commission for Electrification of Russia" (<b>Го</b>сударственная комиссия по <b>эл</b>ектрификации <b>Ро</b>ссии), which sought to achieve total <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> of the entire country. Soviet propaganda declared the plan was basically fulfilled by 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national power output per year stood at 1.9 billion <a href="/wiki/KWh" class="mw-redirect" title="KWh">kWh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> in 1913, and Lenin's goal of 8.8 billion kWh was reached in 1931. National power output continued to increase significantly. It reached 13.5 billion kWh by the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">first five-year plan</a> in 1932, 36 billion kWh by 1937, and 48 billion kWh by 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paragraph 3 of Chapter 1 of the 1925 Constitution of the RSFSR stated the following:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the will of the peoples of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, who decided on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets</a>, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, being a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, devolves to the Union the powers which according to Article 1 of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are included within the scope of responsibilities of the government bodies of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s">1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg/330px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg/440px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>The Russian SFSR in 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>Many regions in Russia were affected by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%931933" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–1933">Soviet famine of 1932–1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_Region" title="Central Black Earth Region">Central Black Soil Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">North Caucasus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">the Crimea</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">Western Siberia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh ASSR">Kazakh ASSR</a>. With the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a> on 5 December 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1926%E2%80%931936)" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)">Kirghiz ASSR</a> were transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>). The former <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic</a> was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>). </p><p>The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s">1940s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War (term)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1940).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281940%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281940%29.svg/330px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281940%29.svg/440px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>The Russian SFSR in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Just four months after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> was quickly advancing through the Russian SFSR, and was approximately 10 miles (16 km) away from Moscow. However, after the defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Winter_campaign_of_1941%E2%80%931942" title="Winter campaign of 1941–1942">Soviet winter offensive</a>, the Germans were pushed back. In 1942, the Wehrmacht entered <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>. Despite a deadly <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">five-month battle</a> in which the Soviets suffered over 1,100,000 casualties, they achieved victory following the surrender of the last German troops near the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, ultimately pushing German forces out of Russia by 1944. </p><p>In 1943, <a href="/wiki/Karachay_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Karachay Autonomous Oblast">Karachay Autonomous Oblast</a> was dissolved by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1878–1953), General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>, later Premier, when the <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a> were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the invading <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, 1941–1945), and territory was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Georgian SSR</a>. </p><p>On 3 March 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the <a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Chechen-Ingush ASSR</a> was disbanded and its <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">population forcibly deported</a> upon the accusations of <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a> with the invaders and <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a>. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative units of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR. </p><p>On 11 October 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuvan People's Republic</a> was joined with the Russian SFSR as the <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Tuvan Autonomous Oblast">Tuvan Autonomous Oblast</a>, becoming an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in 1961. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">reconquering Estonia and Latvia</a> in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around <a href="/wiki/Ivangorod" title="Ivangorod">Ivangorod</a> and within the modern <a href="/wiki/Pechorsky_District" title="Pechorsky District">Pechorsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pytalovsky_District" title="Pytalovsky District">Pytalovsky Districts</a> in 1944–1945. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/240px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/360px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/480px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of World War II Soviet troops of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> occupied southern <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> Island and the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> off the coast of East Asia, north of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japan</a>, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils, north of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> of the Japanese home islands remains in dispute with Japan and the United States following the peace treaty of 1951 ending the state of war. </p><p>On 17 April 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> – the north-eastern portion of the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, the founding state of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918) and later the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German</a> province of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> including the capital and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> seaport city of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> – was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg/250px-Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg/375px-Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg/500px-Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption>The Russian SFSR in 1956–1991</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Joseph Stalin on 5 March 1953, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a> became the new leader of the USSR. In January 1954, Malenkov <a href="/wiki/Transferred_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Transferred Crimea">transferred Crimea</a> from the Russian SFSR to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>. On 8 February 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov's demotion. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelo-Finnish SSR">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a> was transferred back to the RSFSR as the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelian ASSR">Karelian ASSR</a> in 1956. </p><p>On 9 January 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and <a href="/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s–1980s"><span id="1960s.E2.80.931980s"></span>1960s–1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1960s–1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_ethnic_groups_of_the_Soviet_Union.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_ethnic_groups_of_the_Soviet_Union.png/250px-Map_of_the_ethnic_groups_of_the_Soviet_Union.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_ethnic_groups_of_the_Soviet_Union.png/375px-Map_of_the_ethnic_groups_of_the_Soviet_Union.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_ethnic_groups_of_the_Soviet_Union.png/500px-Map_of_the_ethnic_groups_of_the_Soviet_Union.png 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through a mass <a href="/wiki/Era_of_stagnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of stagnation">era of stagnation</a>. Even after Brezhnev's death in 1982, the era did not end until <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> took power in March 1985 and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society. </p><p>On 12 April 1978, a new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">Constitution of Russia</a> was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_1990s">Early 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27etat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'etat attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'etat attempt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Accords</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></div> <p>On 29 May 1990, at his third attempt, Boris Yeltsin was <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia#Sessions" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">elected</a> the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR">Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR</a> on 12 June 1990, which was the beginning of the "<a href="/wiki/War_of_Laws" title="War of Laws">War of Laws</a>", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931993).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag adopted by the Russian SFSR national parliament in 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 March 1991, an <a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_referendum" title="1991 Russian presidential referendum">all-Russian referendum</a> created the post of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of the RSFSR</a> and on 12 June, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> was elected president by <a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">popular vote</a>. </p><p>During the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a> of 19–21 August 1991 in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August, Yeltsin, in the presence of Gorbachev, signed a decree suspending all activity by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Communist Party of the Russian SFSR</a> in the territory of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 November, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR in the RSFSR.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 December 1991, at <a href="/wiki/Viskuli" title="Viskuli">Viskuli</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brest_(Belarus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest (Belarus)">Brest (Belarus)</a>, Yeltsin, Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a> and Belarusian leader <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Shushkevich" title="Stanislav Shushkevich">Stanislav Shushkevich</a> signed the "Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States", known in media as the <a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Accords</a>. The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union no longer existed "as a subject of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> and geopolitical reality". However, based on the historical community of peoples and relations between the three states, as well as bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR">Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a> by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against and 7 abstentions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legality of this ratification raised doubts among some members of the Russian parliament, since according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 consideration of this document was in the exclusive jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR">Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">Treaty on the Creation of the USSR</a> and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. A number of lawyers believe that the denunciation of the union treaty was meaningless since it became invalid in 1924 with the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/1924_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union">first constitution of the USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the 12 December vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it did not need to follow the secession process delineated in the Soviet Constitution because it was not possible to secede from a country that no longer existed. </p><p>On 24 December, Yeltsin informed the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> that by agreement of the member states of the CIS the Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including the Soviet Union's permanent seat on the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>). Russia took full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations, and assumed control over its nuclear stockpile and the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 December – just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union – the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Presidency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RF_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RF-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same night, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Soviet flag</a> was lowered and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">tricolor</a>. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist the next day. The change was originally published on 6 January 1992 (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Rossiyskaya Gazeta</a></i></span>). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals, and stamps). </p><p>On 21 April 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the renaming of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation, by making appropriate amendments to the Constitution, which entered into force since publication on 16 May 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of the Russian SFSR">List of leaders of the Russian SFSR</a></div> <p>The Government was known officially as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> (1917–1946) and Council of Ministers (1946–1991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title of president. The Russian SFSR was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> until the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 August coup</a>, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_republics_within_the_Russian_SFSR">Autonomous republics within the Russian SFSR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Autonomous republics within the Russian SFSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkestan ASSR">Turkestan ASSR</a> was formed on 30 April 1918 on the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Turkestan General-Governorate</a>. As part of the <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union#National_delimitation_in_Central_Asia" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">delimitation programme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a>, the Turkestan ASSR along with the <a href="/wiki/Khorezm_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Khorezm People's Soviet Republic">Khorezm SSR</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan PSR</a> were disbanded on 27 October 1924 and replaced by the Soviet Union republics of <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen SSR">Turkmen SSR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek SSR">Uzbek SSR</a>. The latter contained the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik ASSR">Tajik ASSR</a> until December 1929, when it too became a full Union republic, the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik SSR">Tajik SSR</a>. The RSFSR retained the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kara-Kirghiz_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast">Kara-Kirghiz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Kalpak_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast">Kara-Kalpak</a> autonomous oblasts. The latter was part of the Kirgiz, then the Kazak ASSR until 1930 when it was directly subordinated to Moscow.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Bashkir ASSR</a> was formed on 23 March 1919 from several northern districts of the <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Governorate" title="Orenburg Governorate">Orenburg Governorate</a> populated by <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>. On 11 October 1990, it declared its sovereignty, as the Bashkir SSR, which in 1992 was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bashkortostan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Bashkortostan">Republic of Bashkortostan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatar ASSR</a> was formed on 27 May 1920 on the territory of the western two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Governorate" title="Kazan Governorate">Kazan Governorate</a> populated by <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>. On 30 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a> and on 18 October 1991 declared its independence. The Russian constitutional court overturned the declaration on 13 March 1992. In February 1994, a separate agreement was reached with Moscow on the status of Tatarstan as an associate state in Russia with confederate status.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%9325)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)">Kirgiz ASSR</a> was formed on 26 August 1920 from the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Oblast_(1868%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural Oblast (1868–1920)">Ural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turgay_Oblast_(Russian_Empire)" title="Turgay Oblast (Russian Empire)">Turgay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semipalatinsk_Oblast,_Russia" title="Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia">Semipalatinsk</a> oblasts and parts of <a href="/wiki/Transcaspian_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaspian Region">Transcaspia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukey_Horde" title="Bukey Horde">Bukey Horde</a> and Orenburg Governorate populated by Kirgiz-Kaysaks (former name of <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh people">Kazakh people</a>). Further enlarged in 1921 upon gaining land from <a href="/wiki/Omsk_Governorate" title="Omsk Governorate">Omsk Governorate</a> and again in 1924 from parts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jetysui_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jetysui Governorate (page does not exist)">Jetysui Governorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Syr Darya Oblast">Syr Darya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Oblast" title="Samarkand Oblast">Samarkand</a> oblasts. On 19 April 1925, it was renamed Kazak ASSR. (see below)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain ASSR">Mountain ASSR</a> was formed on 20 January 1921 after the Bolshevik Red Army evicted the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus" title="Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus">Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus</a>. Initially composed of several national districts, one-by-one these left the republic until 7 November 1924 when the remains of the republic was partitioned into the <a href="/wiki/Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Ingush Autonomous Oblast">Ingush Autonomous Oblast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Oblast" title="North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast">North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunzha_Cossack_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunzha Cossack District (page does not exist)">Sunzha Cossack District</a> (all subordinates to the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Krai" title="North Caucasus Krai">North Caucasus Krai</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Dagestan ASSR</a> was formed on 20 January 1921 from the former <a href="/wiki/Dagestan_Oblast" title="Dagestan Oblast">Dagestan Oblast</a>. On 17 September 1991, it declared sovereignty as the Dagestan SSR.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crimea in the Soviet Union">Crimean ASSR</a> was formed on 18 October 1921 on the territory of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean peninsula">Crimean peninsula</a> within the Russian SFSR, following the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s defeat of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Baron Wrangel</a>'s Army, ending the Russian Civil War in Europe. On 18 May 1944, it was reduced to the status of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean oblast">oblast</a> alongside the criminal <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">deportation of the Crimean Tatars</a>, now recognized as genocide, as collective punishment for alleged collaboration with the German occupation regime in <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Subdistrict" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurida Subdistrict">Taurida Subdistrict</a>. On 19 February 1954, the oblast was <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union">transferred to the Ukrainian SSR</a>. Re-established on 12 February 1991, it declared sovereignty on 4 September of that year. On 5 May 1992, it declared independence as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a>. On 13 May, the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> of Ukraine overturned the declaration, but compromised on an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> within Ukraine. After the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">2014 Ukrainian revolution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine">Russian military intervention</a> and a <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">disputed referendum</a>, Crimea was <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed by Russia</a> in March 2014, a move largely considered illegal by the international community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Yakut ASSR</a> was formed on 16 February 1922 upon the elevation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakut_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakut Autonomous Oblast (page does not exist)">Yakut Autonomous Oblast</a> into an ASSR. On 27 September 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Yakut-Sakha Soviet Socialist Republic. From 21 December 1991, it has been known as the <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Buryat ASSR</a> was formed on 30 March 1923 as due to the merger of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol-Buryat_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast (page does not exist)">Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast</a> of the RSFSR and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buryat-Mongol_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast (page does not exist)">Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far Eastern Republic</a>. Until 7 July 1958 – Mongol-Buryat ASSR. On 27 March 1991, it became the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Buryatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Buryatia">Republic of Buryatia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelian ASSR</a> was formed on 23 July 1923 when the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Labor_Commune" title="Karelian Labor Commune">Karelian Labor Commune</a> was integrated into the RSFSR's administrative structure. On 31 March 1940, it was elevated into a full Union republic as the <a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelo-Finnish SSR">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a>. On 16 July 1956, it was downgraded in status to that of an ASSR and re-subordinated to RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 October 1991 as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_German_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga German ASSR">Volga German ASSR</a> was formed on 19 December 1924 upon elevation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga_German_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volga German Autonomous Oblast (page does not exist)">Volga German Autonomous Oblast</a> into an ASSR. On 28 August 1941, upon the deportation of <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a> to Central Asia, the ASSR was disbanded. The territory was partitioned between the <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Stalingrad Oblasts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazak_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazak ASSR</a> was formed on 19 April 1925 when the first <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%9325)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)">Kirghiz ASSR</a> was renamed and partitioned. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 25 October 1990, it declared sovereignty and on 16 December 1991 its independence as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kazakhstan">Republic of Kazakhstan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Chuvash ASSR</a> was formed on 21 April 1925 upon the elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Chuvash Autonomous Oblast">Chuvash Autonomous Oblast</a> into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 26 October 1990 as the Chuvash SSR.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1926%E2%80%931936)" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)">Kirghiz ASSR</a> was formed on 1 February 1926 upon elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast">Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast</a>. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Republic of Kyrgyzstan</a> and on 31 August 1991 its independence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakalpak ASSR">Kara-Kalpak ASSR</a> was formed on 20 March 1932 upon elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Kalpak_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast">Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast</a> into the Kara-Kalpak ASSR; from 5 December 1936 a part of the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek SSR">Uzbek SSR</a>. In 1964, it was renamed the Karakalpak ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 14 December 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordovian ASSR">Mordovian ASSR</a> was formed on 20 December 1934 upon the elevation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mordovian_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mordovian Autonomous Oblast (page does not exist)">Mordovian Autonomous Oblast</a> into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 December 1990 as the Mordovian SSR. Since 25 January 1991, it has been known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mordovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mordovia">Republic of Mordovia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurt ASSR">Udmurt ASSR</a> was formed on 28 December 1934 upon the elevation of <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Udmurt Autonomous Oblast">Udmurt Autonomous Oblast</a> into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 20 September 1990. Since 11 October 1991, it has been known as the <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurt Republic">Udmurt Republic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk ASSR">Kalmyk ASSR</a> was formed on 20 October 1935 upon the elevation of <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast">Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast</a> into an ASSR. On 27 December 1943, upon the deportation of the Kalmyks, the ASSR was disbanded and split between the newly established <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a> and parts adjoined to <a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a>. On 9 January 1957, Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was re-established in its present borders, first as a part of Stavropol Krai and from 19 July 1958 as a part of the Kalmyk ASSR. On 18 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Kalmyk SSR.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kabardino-Balkar ASSR</a> was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the departure of the <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkar_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast">Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast</a> from the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Kray" class="mw-redirect" title="North Caucasus Kray">North Caucasus Kray</a>. After the deportation of the <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a> on 8 April 1944, the republic is renamed as Kabardin ASSR and parts of its territory transferred to <a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Georgian SSR</a>. Upon the return of the Balkars, the KBASSR is re-instated on 9 January 1957. On 31 January 1991, the republic declared sovereignty as the Kabardino-Balkar SSR and from 10 March 1992 as the <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkarian</a> Republic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ossetian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ossetian ASSR">Northern Ossetian ASSR</a> was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the disbandment of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Kray" class="mw-redirect" title="North Caucasus Kray">North Caucasus Kray</a> and its constituent <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Oblast" title="North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast">North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast</a> was raised into an ASSR. Declared sovereignty on 26 December 1990 as the North Ossetian SSR.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Chechen-Ingush ASSR</a> was formed on 5 December 1936 when the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Krai" title="North Caucasus Krai">North Caucasus Krai</a> was disestablished and its constituent <a href="/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast">Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast</a> was elevated into an ASSR and subordinated to Moscow. Following the en masse deportation of the <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a>, on 7 March 1944 the ChIASSR was disbanded and the Grozny Okrug was temporarily administered by <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Kray" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavropol Kray">Stavropol Kray</a> until 22 March when the territory was portioned between North Ossetian and Dagestan ASSRs and the Georgian SSR. The remaining land was merged with <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Kray" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavropol Kray">Stavropol Krays</a> Kizlyar district and organised as <a href="/wiki/Grozny_Oblast" title="Grozny Oblast">Grozny Oblast</a>, which existed until 9 January 1957 when the ChIASSR was re-established though only the southern border's original shape was retained. It declared sovereignty on 27 November 1990 as the Chechen-Ingush Republic. On 8 June 1991, the 2nd Chechen National Congress proclaimed a separate Chechen-Republic (Noxchi-Cho) and on 6 September began a coup which overthrew the Soviet local government. <i>De facto</i>, all authority passed to the self-proclaimed government which was renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> in early 1993. In response, the western Ingush districts after a referendum on 28 November 1991 were organised into an Ingush Republic which was officially established on 4 June 1992 by decree of Russian President as the <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Republic of Ingushetia</a>. The same decree de jure created a Chechen republic, although it would be established only on 3 June 1994 and carry out partial governance during the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Khasavyurt_Accord" title="Khasavyurt Accord">Khasavyurt Accord</a> would again suspend the government on 15 November 1996. The present <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen Republic">Chechen Republic</a> government was re-established on 15 October 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi ASSR">Komi ASSR</a> was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Komi_(Zyryan)_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Komi (Zyryan) Autonomous Oblast">Komi (Zyryan) Autonomous Oblast</a> into an ASSR. Declared sovereignty on 23 November 1990 as the Komi SSR and from 26 May 1992 as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Komi" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Komi">Republic of Komi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Mari ASSR</a> was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Mari_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Mari Autonomous Oblast">Mari Autonomous Oblast</a> into an ASSR. Declared Sovereignty on 22 December 1990 as the Mari Soviet Socialist Republic (Mari El).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tuva ASSR</a> was formed on 10 October 1961 when the <a href="/wiki/Tuva_Autonomous_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuva Autonomous Oblast">Tuva Autonomous Oblast</a> was elevated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2014)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> into an ASSR. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Soviet Republic of Tyva.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altai_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Gorno-Altai ASSR</a> was formed on 25 October 1990 when <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altai_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast">Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast</a> declared sovereignty. Since 3 July 1991, it has been known as the Gorno-Altai SSR.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialistic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Soviet Socialistic Republic (page does not exist)">Karachayevo-Cherkessian ASSR</a> was formed on 17 November 1990 when <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast">Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast</a> was elevated into an ASSR and instead of <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> subordinated directly to the RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 3 July 1991 as the Karachay-Cherkess SSR.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first years of the existence of the RSFSR, the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">war communism</a> became the starting point of the state's economic activity. In March 1921, at the X Congress of the RCP (B), the tasks of the policy of "war communism" were recognized by the country's leadership as fulfilled, and a new economic policy was introduced at Lenin's suggestion. </p><p>After the formation of the Soviet Union, the economy of the RSFSR became an integral part of the economy of the USSR. The economic program of the RSFSR (NEP) was continued in all union republics. The <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Gosplan</a> (State General Planning Commission) of the RSFSR, which replaced GOELRO, was reorganized into the Gosplan of the USSR. His early task was to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and to oversee the overall implementation of this plan. </p><p>Unlike the previous Russian constitutions, the 1978 Constitution devoted an entire chapter (Chapter II) to the description of the economic system of the RSFSR, which defined the types of property and indicated the goals of the economic tasks of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted by Corresponding Member RAS RAS V. I. Suslov, who took part in large-scale studies of the relationship between the economies of the republics of the USSR and the RSFSR in the late Soviet era: "The degree of inequality of economic exchange was very high, and Russia was always the losing side. The product created by Russia largely supported the consumption of other union republics".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture of Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_holidays_and_symbols">National holidays and symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National holidays and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Public holidays in the Soviet Union">Public holidays in the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>The public holidays for the Russian SFSR included <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Fatherland_Day" title="Defender of the Fatherland Day">Defender of the Fatherland Day</a> (23 February), which honors Russian men, especially those serving in the army; <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> (8 March), which combines the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Labor_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring and Labor Day">Spring and Labor Day</a> (1 May); <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a>; and like all other Soviet republics, the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Great October Socialist Revolution</a> (7 November). </p><p>Victory Day is the second most popular holiday in Russia as it commemorates the victory over <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a>. A huge <a href="/wiki/Military_parade" title="Military parade">military parade</a>, hosted by the President of Russia, is annually organised in Moscow on <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>. Similar parades take place in all major Russian cities and cities with the status <a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero City</a> or City of Military Glory. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian-Matroshka2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Russian-Matroshka2.jpg/220px-Russian-Matroshka2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Russian-Matroshka2.jpg/330px-Russian-Matroshka2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Russian-Matroshka2.jpg/440px-Russian-Matroshka2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matryoshka_doll" title="Matryoshka doll">Matryoshka doll</a> taken apart</figcaption></figure> <p>During its 76-year existence, the Russian SFSR anthem was the same as the Soviet anthem (unlike other republics): <a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a> until 1944 and then the <a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">State Anthem of the USSR</a>. In 1990, the RSFSR adopted its own separate anthem called <a href="/wiki/Patrioticheskaya_Pesnya" title="Patrioticheskaya Pesnya">Patrioticheskaya Pesnya</a>, which went on to become the anthem of independent Russia since 1991. In 2000, Vladimir Putin <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">re-introduced the Soviet anthem</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> "Workers of the world, unite!" was commonly used and shared with other Soviet republics. The <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">hammer and sickle</a> and the full <a href="/wiki/Soviet_coat_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet coat of arms">Soviet coat of arms</a> are still widely seen in Russian cities as part of architectural decorations. The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">red stars</a> are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Banner">Red Banner</a> continues to be honored, especially the <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Banner of Victory">Banner of Victory</a> of 1945. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Matryoshka_doll" title="Matryoshka doll">Matryoshka doll</a> is a recognizable symbol of the Russian SFSR (and the Soviet Union as a whole) and the towers of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a> in Moscow are Russian SFSR's main architectural icons. <a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">Chamomile</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="National flower">national flower</a> while <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="National tree">national tree</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian bear">Russian bear</a> is an animal symbol and a <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personification</a> of Russia. Though this image has a Western origin, Russians themselves have accepted it. The native Soviet Russian national personification is <a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Mother Russia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag_history">Flag history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flag history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a></div> <p>The flag of the Russian SFSR changed numerous times, with the original being a field of red with the Russian name of the republic written on the flag's centre in white. This flag had always been intended to be temporary, as it was changed less than a year after its adoption. The second flag had the letters РСФСР (RSFSR) written in yellow within the <a href="/wiki/Canton_(flag)" title="Canton (flag)">canton</a> and encased within two yellow lines forming a <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angle</a>. The next flag was used from 1937, notably during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Interesting because it was used until Stalin's death when a major <a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">vexillological</a> reform was undertaken within the Soviet Union. This change incorporated an update for all the <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">flags of the Soviet Republics</a> as well as for the flag of the Soviet Union itself. The flag of the Russian SFSR was now a <a href="/wiki/Defacement_(flag)" title="Defacement (flag)">defaced</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">flag of the Soviet Union</a>, with the main difference being a minor repositioning of the hammer and sickle and most notably adding a blue vertical stripe to the <a href="/wiki/Hoist_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoist (flag)">hoist.</a> This version of the flag was used from 1954 all the way to 1991, where it was changed due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>. The flag was changed to a design that resembled the original ensign of the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, with a notable difference of the flag ratio being 1:2 instead of the original 2:3 ratio. After 1993, when the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republic (system of government)">Soviet form of government</a> was officially dissolved in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>, the flag of the Russian Federation was changed to the original civil ensign with its original 2:3 proportions. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1917–1918"><img alt="1917–1918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1917–1918</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1918%E2%80%931925).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1918–1937"><img alt="1918–1937" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1918–1937</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1937%E2%80%931954).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1937–1954"><img alt="1937–1954" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281937%E2%80%931954%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281937%E2%80%931954%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281937%E2%80%931954%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281937%E2%80%931954%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281937%E2%80%931954%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281937%E2%80%931954%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1937–1954</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1954%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1954–1991"><img alt="1954–1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1954–1991</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931993).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1991[53][54][b]"><img alt="1991[53][54][b]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1991<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographies">Bibliographies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_post-Stalinist_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[rɐˈsʲijskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐˈvʲetskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>fʲɪdʲɪrɐˈtʲivnəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" 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class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later used as a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">national flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> until 1993.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks, the <a href="/wiki/Left_SRs" class="mw-redirect" title="Left SRs">Left SRs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Menshevik-Internationalists" title="Menshevik-Internationalists">Menshevik-Internationalists</a> formed a Socialist coalition government that lasted until March 1918 (<i>Historical Dictionary of the Russian Revolution</i>. J. Davis. p. 58); the Mensheviks were allowed to legally hold a congress in 1920 and continued to be elected to the Congress of Soviets until being outlawed in 1921 (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UUwDwAAQBAJ">Lenin's Legacy</a></i>. R. Wesson, 1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/cnst1918.htm">Конституции РСФСР 1918 г.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150648/http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/cnst1918.htm">Archived</a> 2 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Russian). Hist.msu.ru. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Besier2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Besier2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besier2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besier2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBesierStokłosa2014" class="citation book cs1">Besier, Gerhard; Stokłosa, Katarzyna (2014). <i>European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443855211" title="Special:BookSources/9781443855211"><bdi>9781443855211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Dictatorships%3A+A+Comparative+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781443855211&rft.aulast=Besier&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Stok%C5%82osa%2C+Katarzyna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEKL-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEKL_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/DRWP18.html">original VTsIK variant</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807042052/http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/DRWP18.html">Archived</a> 7 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020904232218/http://russiannewsnetwork.com/article1.html">III Congress revision</a>), article I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TFD-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TFD_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TFD_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TFD_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TFD_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Russian+Soviet+Federated+Socialist+Republic+RSFSR">The Free Dictionary Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813024949/http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Russian+Soviet+Federated+Socialist+Republic+RSFSR">Archived</a> 13 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonClarke" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, James A.; Clarke, James W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1983/0885/report.pdf">"Petroleum Geology and Resources of the Volga-Ural Province, U.S.S.R."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pubs.USGS.gov</i>. 1983, U.S. Department of the Interior – U.S. Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174712/http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1983/0885/report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pubs.USGS.gov&rft.atitle=Petroleum+Geology+and+Resources+of+the+Volga-Ural+Province%2C+U.S.S.R.&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+James+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fcirc%2F1983%2F0885%2Freport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokolov2002" class="citation book cs1">Sokolov, Vasily Andreevich (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WHcv8OGV_WgC&pg=PA183"><i>Petroleum</i></a>. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898757258" title="Special:BookSources/0898757258"><bdi>0898757258</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130556/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=WHcv8OGV_WgC&pg=PA183">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0898757258&rft.aulast=Sokolov&rft.aufirst=Vasily+Andreevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWHcv8OGV_WgC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1977,_Unamended)#Chapter_9._The_Union_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Soviet Union (1977, Unamended)">Article 76</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1977,_Unamended)#Chapter_8._The_USSR_-_Federal_State" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Soviet Union (1977, Unamended)">Article 72</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The names Russian Federation and Russia have been equal since 25 December 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml">Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawdsley2007" class="citation book cs1">Mawdsley, Evan (2007). "Sovdepia: The Soviet Zone, October 1917 – November 1918". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan"><i>The Russian Civil War</i></a></span>. Pegasus Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933648156" title="Special:BookSources/9781933648156"><bdi>9781933648156</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Bolsheviks' enemies gave the name 'Sovdepia' to the area under the authority of the Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies. The comic-opera term was intended to mock [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sovdepia%3A+The+Soviet+Zone%2C+October+1917+%E2%80%93+November+1918&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Civil+War&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781933648156&rft.aulast=Mawdsley&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiancivilwar00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Note especially: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2002" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJ-OtFR3SLgC"><i>The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 687. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804744939" title="Special:BookSources/0804744939"><bdi>0804744939</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>[Turrou] had succeeded in gaining the confidence of the Soviet leaders and had thus been able to learn the inside story about Bolo affairs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Show+in+Bololand%3A+The+American+Relief+Expedition+to+Soviet+Russia+in+the+Famine+of+1921&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=687&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0804744939&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Bertrand+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJ-OtFR3SLgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_Bolo" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Bolo">"Bolo"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bolo&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DBolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> - "Misused for: a Bolshevik. Also collective singular = the Bolshevists. Also attributive."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Service2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Service2005_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Service2005_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2005" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (2005). <i>A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674018013" title="Special:BookSources/9780674018013"><bdi>9780674018013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Russia+from+Nicholas+II+to+Vladimir+Putin&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780674018013&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russians1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russians1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russians1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russians.net/">Soviet Russia information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826032442/http://www.russians.net/">Archived</a> 26 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Russians.net (23 August 1943). Retrieved on 22 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, EH <i>The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–23, vol. 3</i> Penguin Books, London, 4th reprint (1983), pp. 257–258. The draft treaty was published for propaganda purposes in the 1921 British document <i>Intercourse between Bolshevism and Sinn Féin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Command_paper" title="Command paper">Cmd</a> 1326).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_White_(atrocitologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew White (atrocitologist) (page does not exist)">White, Matthew</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Big_Book_of_Horrible_Things" title="The Great Big Book of Horrible Things"><i>The Great Big Book of Horrible Things</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3"><bdi>978-0-393-08192-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Big+Book+of+Horrible+Things&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08192-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marxistsfr.org/history/ussr/government/1928/sufds/ch28.htm">Chronicle of Events</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727070057/http://marxistsfr.org/history/ussr/government/1928/sufds/ch28.htm">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Marxistsfr.org. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/4319.html">"Russia the Great: Mineral resources"</a>. Russian Information Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110119081833/http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/4319.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+the+Great%3A+Mineral+resources&rft.pub=Russian+Information+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussia.rin.ru%2Fguides_e%2F4319.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukman1994" class="citation book cs1">Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScabEAAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PA343"><i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19525-2"><bdi>978-0-631-19525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1994-12-05&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19525-2&rft.aulast=Shukman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DScabEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2Bbloodless%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2019" class="citation book cs1">Bergman, Jay (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5UKjDwAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PA224"><i>The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884270-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884270-5"><bdi>978-0-19-884270-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolutionary+Tradition+in+Russian+and+Soviet+Politics%2C+Political+Thought%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-884270-5&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5UKjDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2Bbloodless%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2017" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (30 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXmZDgAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PT155"><i>The Russian Revolution: A New History</i></a>. Basic Books. pp. 1–496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09497-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09497-4"><bdi>978-0-465-09497-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=1-496&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09497-4&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaXmZDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2Bbloodless%26pg%3DPT155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkov" class="citation web cs1">Ikov, Marat Sal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prof.msu.ru/publ/book/round1.htm">"Round Table the Influence Of National Relations on the Development of the Federative State Structure and on the Social and Political Realities of the Russian Federation"</a>. <i>Prof.Msu.RU</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>However, historically, the first proclamation of the federation was made somewhat earlier – by the Constituent Assembly of Russia. In his short resolution of 6 (18) January 1918, the following was enshrined: 'In the name of the peoples, the state of the Russian constituent, the All-Russian Constituent Assembly decides: the Russian state is proclaimed by the Russian Democratic Federal Republic, uniting peoples and regions in an indissoluble union, within the limits established by the federal constitution. Of course, the above resolution, which did not thoroughly regulate the entire system of federal relations, was not considered by the authorities as having legal force, especially after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prof.Msu.RU&rft.atitle=Round+Table+the+Influence+Of+National+Relations+on+the+Development+of+the+Federative+State+Structure+and+on+the+Social+and+Political+Realities+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.aulast=Ikov&rft.aufirst=Marat+Sal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prof.msu.ru%2Fpubl%2Fbook%2Fround1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1954" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.507702/page/335/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 330–336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+Armed+Trotsky+1879-1921+%281954%29&rft.pages=330-336&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.507702%2Fpage%2F335%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramovitch1985" class="citation book cs1">Abramovitch, Raphael R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_q1WAmv7XkC&q=Steinberg+became+the+People%27s+Commissar+of+Justice,+Proshyan+became+the+People%27s+Commissar+for+Posts+and+Telegraphs"><i>The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1939</i></a>. International Universities Press. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Revolution%2C+1917-1939&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=International+Universities+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Abramovitch&rft.aufirst=Raphael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_q1WAmv7XkC%26q%3DSteinberg%2Bbecame%2Bthe%2BPeople%2527s%2BCommissar%2Bof%2BJustice%2C%2BProshyan%2Bbecame%2Bthe%2BPeople%2527s%2BCommissar%2Bfor%2BPosts%2Band%2BTelegraphs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsKeene2014" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyaxYvSG6gAC&dq=lenin+universal+literacy+after+the+vote+was+won&pg=PA109"><i>After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists</i></a>. McFarland. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5647-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-5647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Vote+Was+Won%3A+The+Later+Achievements+of+Fifteen+Suffragists&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5647-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Katherine+H.&rft.au=Keene%2C+Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyaxYvSG6gAC%26dq%3Dlenin%2Buniversal%2Bliteracy%2Bafter%2Bthe%2Bvote%2Bwas%2Bwon%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgri͡umov1976" class="citation book cs1">Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXknAQAAMAAJ&q=lenin+universal+literacy"><i>Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925</i></a>. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Plan+for+Building+Socialism+in+the+USSR%2C+1917%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Novosti+Press+Agency+Publishing+House&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ugri%CD%A1umov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Leont%CA%B9evich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXknAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlenin%2Buniversal%2Bliteracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService1985" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (24 June 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntiuCwAAQBAJ&q=universal+education&pg=PA98"><i>Lenin: A Political Life: Volume 1: The Strengths of Contradiction</i></a>. Springer. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3"><bdi>978-1-349-05591-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Political+Life%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Strengths+of+Contradiction&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1985-06-24&rft.isbn=978-1-349-05591-3&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntiuCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Duniversal%2Beducation%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtoisWerthPannéPaczkowski1999" class="citation book cs1">Courtois, Stéphane; Werth, Nicolas; Panné, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartošek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheBlackBookofCommunism10/the-black-book-of-communism-jean-louis-margolin-1999-communism#page/n71/"><i>The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674076082" title="Special:BookSources/9780674076082"><bdi>9780674076082</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627125452/http://archive.org/stream/TheBlackBookofCommunism10/the-black-book-of-communism-jean-louis-margolin-1999-communism#page/n71/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Book+of+Communism%3A+Crimes%2C+Terror%2C+Repression&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780674076082&rft.aulast=Courtois&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Werth%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Pann%C3%A9%2C+Jean-Louis&rft.au=Paczkowski%2C+Andrzej&rft.au=Barto%C5%A1ek%2C+Karel&rft.au=Margolin%2C+Jean-Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheBlackBookofCommunism10%2Fthe-black-book-of-communism-jean-louis-margolin-1999-communism%23page%2Fn71%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaviesHarrison1993-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DaviesHarrison1993_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._W._DaviesMark_HarrisonS._G._Wheatcroft1993" class="citation book cs1">R. W. Davies; Mark Harrison; S. G. Wheatcroft (9 December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ULWRnskfr4C&pg=PA6"><i>The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45770-5"><bdi>978-0-521-45770-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Transformation+of+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1913%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993-12-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45770-5&rft.au=R.+W.+Davies&rft.au=Mark+Harrison&rft.au=S.+G.+Wheatcroft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ULWRnskfr4C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLih1990" class="citation book cs1">Lih, Lars T. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft796nb4mj&chunk.id=d0e9364&toc.id=&brand=ucpress">"8 Leaving Troubled Times"</a>. <i>Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921</i>. UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027173510/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft796nb4mj&chunk.id=d0e9364&toc.id=&brand=ucpress">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8+Leaving+Troubled+Times&rft.btitle=Bread+and+Authority+in+Russia%2C+1914-1921&rft.pub=UC+Press+E-Books+Collection%2C+1982-2004&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Lih&rft.aufirst=Lars+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft796nb4mj%26chunk.id%3Dd0e9364%26toc.id%3D%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#RCW">"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Primary Megadeaths of the Twentieth Century"</a>. <i>Necrometrics</i>. February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Necrometrics&rft.atitle=Source+List+and+Detailed+Death+Tolls+for+the+Primary+Megadeaths+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2F20c5m.htm%23RCW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian1997" class="citation book cs1">Christian, David (1997). <i>Imperial and Soviet Russia</i>. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-66294-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-66294-6"><bdi>0-333-66294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+and+Soviet+Russia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-333-66294-6&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022081121/http://www.situation.ru/app/j_artp_324.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Развитие электроэнергетики в СССР (к 80летию плана ГОЭЛРО)</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.situation.ru/app/j_artp_324.htm">the original</a> on 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%28%D0%BA+80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%AD%D0%9B%D0%A0%D0%9E%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.situation.ru%2Fapp%2Fj_artp_324.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFНикитин2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Никитин, Олег (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.ru/forbes/issue/2010-02/44842-plyus-elektrifikatsiya"><bdi lang="ru">Плюс электрификация</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2010-02&rft.aulast=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.ru%2Fforbes%2Fissue%2F2010-02%2F44842-plyus-elektrifikatsiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (approved by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twelfth All-Russian Congress of Soviets (page does not exist)">Twelfth All-Russian Congress of Soviets</a> on 11 May 1925).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/420902"><i>The Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+%28Basic+Law%29+of+the+Russian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlib.ru%2Fen%2Fnode%2F420902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree of the President of the Russian SFSR of 23 August 1991 No. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree of the President of the Russian SFSR 06.11. 1991 N169 "On activity of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis X. Clines, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html">"Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 13 December 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>V.Pribylovsky, Gr.Tochkin</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sssr.net.ru/denons.html">. Kto i kak uprazdnil SSSR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001152/http://n-discovery.spb.ru/news_full.php?id=379">Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Бабурин С. Н.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165055/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2006/n_506/38b39a96/39cf8ddd/">На гибель Советского Союза</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Воронин Ю. М.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/">Беловежское предательство</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/">Archived</a> 12 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Исаков В. Б.</i> Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. — М., Закон и право. 1998. — C. 58. — 209 с.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Станкевич З. А.</i> История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. — М., 2001. — C. 299—300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Лукашевич Д. А.</i> Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. — М, 2016. — С. 254—255. — 448 с.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RF-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RF_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a> approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of 25 December 1991 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/12047">"On renaming of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520175808/http://www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/12047">Archived</a> 20 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR Daily. – 1992. – No. 2. – Article 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/zakony/183094/">Закон Российской Федерации от 21 апреля 1992 года № 2708-I «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики»</a> // «Российская газета», 16 мая 1992 года, № 111 (447), с. 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/red_1978/5478721/">"Конституция РСФСР в редакции от 12 апреля 1978 г."</a> <i>constitution.garant.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constitution.garant.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+12+%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+1978+%D0%B3.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.garant.ru%2Fhistory%2Fussr-rsfsr%2F1978%2Fred_1978%2F5478721%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309144636/http://www.nsc.ru/HBC/article.phtml?nid=158&id=6">"Наука в Сибири"</a>. <i>www.nsc.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsc.ru/HBC/article.phtml?nid=158&id=6">the original</a> on 9 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nsc.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsc.ru%2FHBC%2Farticle.phtml%3Fnid%3D158%26id%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Soviet+Federative+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a> from 22 August 1991 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusflag.ru/arch/pvsnflag.htm">"On the national flag of the Russian SFSR"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170610183623/http://www.rusflag.ru/arch/pvsnflag.htm">Archived</a> 10 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/zakony/183125/">Law "On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian SFSR"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071151/http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/zakony/183125/">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from 1 November 1991</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.garant.ru/DOC_0000810003000.htm">Full Texts and All Laws Amending Constitutions of the Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RussianSocialistFederalSovietRepublicTheWholeRepublicAConstruction"><i>Russian Federation; The Whole Republic a Construction Site</i></a> by D. S. Polyanski.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/constitution/1918/index.htm">Full 1918 RSFSR Constitution</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Founders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former parts of <br /> the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian SFSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Annexed in <a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a> (1940–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian SFSR</a> (1922–1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-union republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia">SSR Abkhazia</a> (1921–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan SSR</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezm_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Khorezm People's Soviet Republic">Khorezm SSR</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz ASSR</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridnestrovian_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1961)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1948)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFTU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFDY)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4395034-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80160431">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12209155h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12209155h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36562049">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ruská SFSR"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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