CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Rectal stricture - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"373998ee-b01f-4489-aee8-bd91743ae570","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rectal_stricture","wgTitle":"Rectal stricture","wgCurRevisionId":1251965959,"wgRevisionId":1251965959,"wgArticleId":78073803,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description with empty Wikidata description","Colorectal surgery","Rectal diseases"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Rectal_stricture","wgRelevantArticleId":78073803,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false, "wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q131191565","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rectal stricture - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_stricture"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_stricture"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Rectal_stricture rootpage-Rectal_stricture skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rectal+stricture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rectal+stricture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rectal+stricture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rectal+stricture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anal_stricture_versus_rectal_stricture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anal_stricture_versus_rectal_stricture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Anal stricture versus rectal stricture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anal_stricture_versus_rectal_stricture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Benign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malignant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malignant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Malignant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malignant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anastomosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anastomosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Anastomosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anastomosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflammatory_bowel_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflammatory_bowel_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Inflammatory bowel disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflammatory_bowel_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trauma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trauma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Trauma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trauma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non_surgical_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non_surgical_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Non surgical treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non_surgical_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Stents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rectal stricture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131191565#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_stricture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rectal_stricture" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_stricture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_stricture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rectal_stricture" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rectal_stricture" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&oldid=1251965959" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Rectal_stricture&id=1251965959&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRectal_stricture"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRectal_stricture"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rectal_stricture&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131191565" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Narrowing of rectum</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Rectal stricture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Rectal stenosis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>rectal stricture</b> (<b>rectal stenosis</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a chronic and abnormal narrowing or constriction of the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> which presents a partial or complete obstruction to the movement of bowel contents. A rectal stricture is located deeper inside the body compared to an <a href="/wiki/Anal_stricture" title="Anal stricture">anal stricture</a>. Sometimes other terms with wider meaning are used, such as <i>anorectal stricture</i>, <i>colorectal stricture</i> or <i>rectosigmoid stricture</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rectal stricture has been defined as the inability to pass a rigid <a href="/wiki/Proctoscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Proctoscope">proctoscope</a> (12 mm diameter) or a rigid <a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigmoidoscope">sigmoidoscope</a> (19 mm diameter) through the affected cross-section of rectum.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the rectal stricture is accessible during digital rectal examination, a rectal stricture may be defined as narrowing to less than one-finger breadth.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anal_stricture_versus_rectal_stricture">Anal stricture versus rectal stricture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anal stricture versus rectal stricture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anal strictures are usually located at the anal verge in a narrow band, but sometimes they involve the entire length of the anal canal.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surgeons and anatomists have different definitions of the anal canal.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surgically and clinically, the anal canal is usually defined as the zone from the anal verge to the anorectal ring (at the level of the external anal sphincter and the <a href="/wiki/Puborectalis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Puborectalis muscle">puborectalis muscle</a>). The anorectal ring is easy to identify when patients are asked to squeeze during <a href="/wiki/Digital_rectal_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital rectal examination">digital rectal examination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2018_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anatomically, the anal canal is defined as the zone from the anal verge to the dentate line (<a href="/wiki/Pectinate_line" title="Pectinate line">pectinate line</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2018_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a line formed by the lower ends of the anal columns and represents the embryological junction between the <a href="/wiki/Hindgut" title="Hindgut">hindgut</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proctodeum" title="Proctodeum">proctodeum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2018_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both rectal stricture and <a href="/wiki/Anal_stricture" title="Anal stricture">anal stricture</a> (anal stenosis) are types of colonic stricture. They both can also be more widely categorized as gastrointestinal strictures. However, rectal strictures behave differently to colonic strictures because of the proximity of the rectum to the anal canal and pelvic organs, and because of different blood supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There may be no symptoms (clinically silent stricture),<sup id="cite_ref-Regueiro_2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regueiro_2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or only minor symptoms, but may get worse over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, acute <a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">bowel obstruction</a> may develop as the first major sign of a stricture. This may be the case with malignant strictures, and the condition may be a medical emergency which requires urgent treatment in order to avoid serious complications such as <a href="/wiki/Bowel_perforation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel perforation">bowel perforation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mauro2024_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauro2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When symptoms are caused, the term "clinically relevant rectal stricture" is used.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible symptoms include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_defecation" title="Obstructed defecation">Obstructed defecation</a> (chronic difficulty during defecation)<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may sometimes turn into <a href="/wiki/Obstipation" title="Obstipation">obstipation</a> (severe constipation with inability to pass stool or gas),<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or acute <a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">bowel obstruction</a>.</li> <li>Incomplete evacuation of stool.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increased frequency of bowel movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Defecation urgency.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduction in caliber (diameter) of stool ("pencil-thin stools").<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Change in stool consistency.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_bleeding" title="Rectal bleeding">Anorectal bleeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_tenesmus" title="Rectal tenesmus">Tenesmus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abdominal distention and abdominal discomfort (left lower quadrant) that is usually worse after eating.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anal pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematochezia" title="Hematochezia">Hematochezia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2022_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">Fecal incontinence</a> (due to overflow diarrhea).<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2022_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_tenesmus" title="Rectal tenesmus">Tenesmus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2022_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_impaction" title="Fecal impaction">Fecal impaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first step is exclusion of malignant causes. This may involve tissue <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endorectal_ultrasound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endorectal ultrasound (page does not exist)">endorectal ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next step is assessment of the stricture. The distance from the anal verge, the diameter of the narrowest point of the stricture, and the longitudinal length are ascertained. The degree of narrowing can be assessed with a water-soluble <a href="/w/index.php?title=Contrast_enema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contrast enema (page does not exist)">contrast enema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rectal strictures are usually classified as benign or malignant (associated with cancer). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benign">Benign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Benign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benign rectal strictures can be further subcategorized as primary (caused by diseases) and secondary (caused by complication of surgery). Secondary strictures very often occur at the site of a previous surgical anastomosis. Primary strictures have various causes, including different inflammatory disease processes. Causes of benign strictures include: </p> <ul><li>Stricture at the site of <a href="/wiki/Surgical_anastomosis" title="Surgical anastomosis">surgical anastomosis</a> (The most common type of benign rectal stricture.)<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">Inflammatory bowel disease</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Crohn_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Crohn disease">Crohn disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After submucosal endoscopic dissection.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">Radiotherapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Penetrating injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_body" title="Foreign body">Foreign body</a> trauma, e.g. chronic use of <a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">suppositories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Caustic injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">Endometriosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_abscess" title="Pelvic abscess">Pelvic abscess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perianal_fistula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perianal fistula (page does not exist)">perianal fistula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karanikas2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infections</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereum" title="Lymphogranuloma venereum">lymphogranuloma venereum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycosis" title="Actinomycosis">Actinomycosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_rectal_ulcer_syndrome" title="Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome">Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malignant">Malignant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Malignant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acute bowel obstruction is a common presenting manifestation of colorectal cancer which is locally advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-Mauro2024_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauro2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malignant strictures may also develop in the context of inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment for malignant strictures is ideally resection (surgical removal) with or without radiotherapy. If resection is not possible or not sensible, symptoms of the stricture may be palliated with radiotherapy, stents, or debulking.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible malignant processes which may cause rectal stricture include: </p> <ul><li>Primary <a href="/wiki/Rectal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal cancer">rectal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Recurrent rectal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">Lymphoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">Sarcoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The narrowing may be because of an intrinsic process occurring within the lumen of the rectum (luminal), within the wall of the rectum (mural), or it can be due to an extrinsic process that is compressing the rectum from the outside (extramural).<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steele2020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of external compression of the bowel, the term pseudostricture may be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Wan2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wan2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one review of a total of 730 cases, those which formed after anastomosis represented 74% of all reported benign rectal strictures.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next most common cause of benign rectal stricture was inflammatory bowel disease, accounting for 20% of all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means all other causes of rectal stricture are, by comparison, rare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anastomosis">Anastomosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anastomosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rectal stricture is reported to develop after colorectal resection at a rate of 3-30%. Such strictures mostly form after resection due to rectal cancer with colorectal or coloanal anastomosis. Stricture is also possible as a complication following resection because of diverticular disease. According to some reports, rectal strictures are more likely following stapled anastomosis compared to hand sutured anastomosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a Cochrane review found no significant difference in the rate of rectal stricture between hand sewn and stapled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ileocolic_anastomosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ileocolic anastomosis (page does not exist)">ileocolic anastomosis</a> (usually performed after right‐sided <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Choy2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choy2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammatory_bowel_disease">Inflammatory bowel disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inflammatory bowel disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) include Crohn’s disease, which affects only the colon, and ulcerative colitis, which may affect any section of the gastrointestinal tract. The relapsing-remitting, chronic inflammation in the bowel wall non uncommonly leads to the development of colonic strictures, including rectal strictures.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2022_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rectal strictures are more common in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a risk of malignancy developing at the site of stricture. Therefore, tissue biopsy of strictures is carried out in order to check for dysplasia or malignancy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trauma">Trauma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trauma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stricture may occur following trauma such as caustic burns caused by chemical agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cappell1993_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cappell1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If they cause inflammation, chronic use of <a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">suppositories</a> may cause rectal stricture,<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but overall this is a safe method of drug delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thermal burns are possible if hot water enemas are attempted by patients or practitioners of alternative medicine in the belief that they will provide a stronger stimulus for evacuation of stool.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rectal mucosa is vulnerable to thermal burns in such cases because it is sensitive only to distension (stretching) and not to thermal stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually a burn of the rectal wall heals after 2–3 weeks without permanent stricture. Such burns may be treated with bowel resting, antibiotics, stool softeners, liquid diet and steroid suppository to reduce inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes thermal burns progress to chronic stricture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation">Radiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rectum is very close to the prostate in males and the uterus and cervix in females, and therefore it frequently receives radiation during radiotherapy for cancers in the pelvic region. <a href="/wiki/Radiation_proctitis" title="Radiation proctitis">Radiation proctitis</a> (chronic radiation enterocolitis) usually appears after several months of treatment, and is characterized by rectal bleeding or obstructed defecation secondary to the formation of strictures.<sup id="cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karanikas2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such rectal strictures are usually located in the proximal rectum, and are one of the most common features of late radiation damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Zbar2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zbar2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanism of stricture formation is <a href="/wiki/Obliterative_endarteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Obliterative endarteritis">obliterative endarteritis</a>, lymphatic dilation, and tissue ischemia and necrosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karanikas2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then there is collagen deposition and fibrosis in the submucosal layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karanikas2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often associated with a fistula.<sup id="cite_ref-Zbar2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zbar2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-irradiation strictures may cause symptoms such as diarrhea, tenesmus, narrow feces, abdominal pain, and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karanikas2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of intestinal obstruction due to strictures in patients receiving radiotherapy in the pelvis is reported as 1–15%.<sup id="cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karanikas2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infection">Infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infections</a> may sometimes cause rectal strictures in persons who engage in anoreceptive sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lymphogranuloma_venereum" title="Lymphogranuloma venereum">Lymphogranuloma venereum</a> usually affects the genital mucosa. However, it may rarely present as the anorectal variant, termed "lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis". Lymph nodes are enlarged and suppurative (produce pus). The condition is similar to Crohn's disease with rectal stricture formation (eventually), bowel perforation and fistulae.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one report, <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes simplex virus 2">herpes simplex virus 2</a> was implicated as the cause of a rectal stricture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, rectal stricture may develop in <a href="/wiki/Actinomycosis" title="Actinomycosis">actinomycosis</a> infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a foreign body becomes stuck there is reactive inflammation and fibrosis, which eventually may lead to the formation of a stricture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>, if ectopic endometrial tissue is present in the rectal wall it may cause rectal stricture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solitary_rectal_ulcer_syndrome" title="Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome">Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome</a> may also sometimes be associated with rectal stricture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rectal stricture may sometimes be a complication of surgical procedures other than anastomosis. For example, endoscopic submucosal dissection, which is a minimally invasive treatment for colorectal cancer, may rarely cause development of a rectal stricture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other surgical procedures which may cause the development of a stricture include <a href="/wiki/Ventral_rectopexy" title="Ventral rectopexy">ventral rectopexy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Steele2020_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delorme%E2%80%99s_procedure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delorme’s procedure (page does not exist)">Delorme’s procedure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guy2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoidectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhoidectomy">hemorrhoidectomy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>How a rectal stricture is treated depends on the exact cause, the distance from the anal verge, the degree of narrowing, the severity of symptoms, and the health of the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short strictures are more responsive to dilation. Longer strictures may require more significant surgical procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, benign rectal strictures may not require treatment if they do not cause symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a non symptomatic stricture may be detected as an incidental finding during colonoscopy for an unrelated reason.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment options fall into 3 main categories: dilatation, stenting, or surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non_surgical_treatment">Non surgical treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non surgical treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treatment depends on the cause. For example, strictures caused by infections may respond well to <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of <a href="/wiki/Stool_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Stool softener">stool softeners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxatives</a> and high fiber diet is a general measure for most strictures, and is also sometimes advised for prevention of recurrence of stricture even after treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non surgical treatment may be combined with other procedures such as dilation. <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a> may be injected into the stricture. It is unknown exactly how the steroid helps to prevent recurrence of the stricture, but it may involve inhibition of collagen formation and cross-linking, and increase of collagen breakdown. In combination, this reduces contraction of scar tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karanikas2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TNF_inhibitor" title="TNF inhibitor">TNF inhibitors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a> have also been injected into strictures endoscopically. However, this is not a common treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2022_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healing of rectal strictures in inflammatory bowel disease with TNF inhibitor occurs in 59% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mitomycin_C" title="Mitomycin C">Mitomycin C</a> has been used as a topical application, in combination with manual dilation.<sup id="cite_ref-Chon2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chon2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dilation">Dilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For rectal strictures which are mild and close to the anal verge (<6 cm), digital dilation (with fingers) or dilation with instruments is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such instruments include Hagar's dilators, esophageal dilators, St Marks anal dilators, and bougie dilators.<sup id="cite_ref-Guy2016_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the patient can be shown how to perform this dilation at home, but this is may be difficult for them, and rarely gives good long term results.<sup id="cite_ref-Guy2016_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dilation with instruments by the surgeon may be performed under sedation or under general aesthesia for moderate strictures.<sup id="cite_ref-Guy2016_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This treatment is often the first to be attempted, and is successful about 50% of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hegar dilators come in multiple sizes with different diameters. This enables progressive dilation over time which reduces the risk of bowel perforation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balloon dilation is the most common method of mechanical dilation,<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also often considered the first line treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This treatment is simple, but repeat procedures may be needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balloon dilation may be combined with intralesional steroid injection.<sup id="cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karanikas2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Injection of steroid seems to increase the effectiveness of balloon dilation, and increases the length of time before relapse.<sup id="cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karanikas2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success rate of balloon dilation for benign rectal strictures overall is about 78%.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rectal strictures in the context of Crohn's disease, the long-term success rate of balloon dilation is about 80%. However, it may be ineffective for very tight, fibrotic strictures.<sup id="cite_ref-Chon2016_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chon2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluoroscopic guidance can be used during the procedure to improve visualization.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of bowel perforation is about 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surgical procedures are indicated if multiple other treatments have failed, or if the stricture involves a long section of bowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surgical procedures may be carried out by the transanal approach or via the transabdominal approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debulking of malignant strictures may be carried out with laser ablation or with argon beam plasma coagulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangster_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various procedures and methods have been used to surgically treat strictures, including: </p> <ul><li>Electrocautery</li> <li>Endoscopic needle-knife treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Chon2016_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chon2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Endoscopic insulated-tip knife treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Chon2016_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chon2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strictureplasty" title="Strictureplasty">Strictureplasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guy2016_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Simple division (stricturotomy)</li> <li>Diversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2022_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proctectomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proctectomy (page does not exist)">Proctectomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2022_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stents">Stents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Stents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Self-expandable_metallic_stent" title="Self-expandable metallic stent">Self-expandable metallic stents</a> (SEMS) are sometimes used, but they are usually considered not suitable for very low rectal strictures.<sup id="cite_ref-Zbar2012_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zbar2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this view is now challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stents may be used as the definitive treatment of a stricture, or as a temporary measure to stabilize a patient with acute obstruction before another procedure is carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stents are not commonly used for benign rectal strictures.<sup id="cite_ref-Kye2011_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes they are used when strictures are associated with malignancy. In such cases, use of a stent may avoid or delay the need for <a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">colostomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Itabashi1993_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itabashi1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sangster-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangster_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSangsterStewart2017" class="citation book cs1">Sangster, W; Stewart, DB (2017). "Rectal Stricture: Etiology and Management". In Kiran, RP; Delaney, CP; Church, JM; Fazio, VW (eds.). <i>Current therapy in colon and rectal surgery</i> (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 48, 98–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323280921" title="Special:BookSources/9780323280921"><bdi>9780323280921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rectal+Stricture%3A+Etiology+and+Management&rft.btitle=Current+therapy+in+colon+and+rectal+surgery&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=48%2C+98-101&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780323280921&rft.aulast=Sangster&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Stewart%2C+DB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad_2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_2021_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad, A; Krishnamurthy, P (June 2021). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://practicalgastro.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/A-Special-Article-June-2021.pdf">Benign Rectal Strictures: A Review Article</a>". <i>Practical Gastroenterology.</i> <b>45</b> (6): 16-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee2018_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee2018_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee2018_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee2018_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKim2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, JM; Kim, NK (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5951097">"Essential Anatomy of the Anorectum for Colorectal Surgeons Focused on the Gross Anatomy and Histologic Findings"</a>. <i>Annals of Coloproctology</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 59–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3393%2Fac.2017.12.15">10.3393/ac.2017.12.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5951097">5951097</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29742860">29742860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Coloproctology&rft.atitle=Essential+Anatomy+of+the+Anorectum+for+Colorectal+Surgeons+Focused+on+the+Gross+Anatomy+and+Histologic+Findings.&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-71&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5951097%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29742860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3393%2Fac.2017.12.15&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Kim%2C+NK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5951097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regueiro_2023-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Regueiro_2023_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regueiro, M; Rieder, F; Sleiman, J; El Ouali, S (June 2023). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://practicalgastro.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/GUILD-June-2023.pdf">Practical Approach to Stricture Management in Crohn’s Disease</a>". <i>Practical Gastroenterology.</i> <b>47</b> (6): 20-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauro2024-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mauro2024_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauro2024_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauroScalviniBorgettoFugazzola2024" class="citation journal cs1">Mauro, A; Scalvini, D; Borgetto, S; Fugazzola, P; Mazza, S; Perretti, I; Gallotti, A; Pagani, A; Ansaloni, L; Anderloni, A (18 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10887189">"Malignant Acute Colonic Obstruction: Multidisciplinary Approach for Endoscopic Management"</a>. <i>Cancers</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 821. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcancers16040821">10.3390/cancers16040821</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10887189">10887189</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38398212">38398212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancers&rft.atitle=Malignant+Acute+Colonic+Obstruction%3A+Multidisciplinary+Approach+for+Endoscopic+Management.&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=821&rft.date=2024-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10887189%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38398212&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fcancers16040821&rft.aulast=Mauro&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Scalvini%2C+D&rft.au=Borgetto%2C+S&rft.au=Fugazzola%2C+P&rft.au=Mazza%2C+S&rft.au=Perretti%2C+I&rft.au=Gallotti%2C+A&rft.au=Pagani%2C+A&rft.au=Ansaloni%2C+L&rft.au=Anderloni%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10887189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2022-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2022_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2022_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2022_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2022_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2022_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2022_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2022_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangCamilleriLebwohlWang2022" class="citation book cs1">Wang TC, Camilleri M, Lebwohl B, Wang KK, Lok AS, Wu GD, Sandborn WJ (31 May 2022). <i>Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology, 3 Volume Set</i>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1299, 1420, 2445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-60016-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-60016-9"><bdi>978-1-119-60016-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yamada%27s+Textbook+of+Gastroenterology%2C+3+Volume+Set&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=1299%2C+1420%2C+2445&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-119-60016-9&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=TC&rft.au=Camilleri%2C+M&rft.au=Lebwohl%2C+B&rft.au=Wang%2C+KK&rft.au=Lok%2C+AS&rft.au=Wu%2C+GD&rft.au=Sandborn%2C+WJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karanikas2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karanikas2012_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaranikasTouzopoulosMitrakasZezos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Karanikas, M; Touzopoulos, P; Mitrakas, A; Zezos, P; Zarogoulidis, P; Machairiotis, N; Efremidou, E; Liratzopoulos, N; Polychronidis, A; Kouklakis, G (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3529574">"Benign post-radiation rectal stricture treated with endoscopic balloon dilation and intralesional triamcinolone injection"</a>. <i>Case Reports in Gastroenterology</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 583–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000343159">10.1159/000343159</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3529574">3529574</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23271987">23271987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Reports+in+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Benign+post-radiation+rectal+stricture+treated+with+endoscopic+balloon+dilation+and+intralesional+triamcinolone+injection.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=583-9&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3529574%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23271987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000343159&rft.aulast=Karanikas&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Touzopoulos%2C+P&rft.au=Mitrakas%2C+A&rft.au=Zezos%2C+P&rft.au=Zarogoulidis%2C+P&rft.au=Machairiotis%2C+N&rft.au=Efremidou%2C+E&rft.au=Liratzopoulos%2C+N&rft.au=Polychronidis%2C+A&rft.au=Kouklakis%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3529574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steele2020-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steele2020_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steele2020_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteeleMaykelWexner2020" class="citation book cs1">Steele SR, Maykel JA, Wexner SD (11 August 2020). <i>Clinical Decision Making in Colorectal Surgery</i> (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65941-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65941-1"><bdi>978-3-319-65941-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Decision+Making+in+Colorectal+Surgery&rft.place=Cham&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.isbn=978-3-319-65941-1&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Maykel%2C+JA&rft.au=Wexner%2C+SD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wan2015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wan2015_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanBruniDuftonO'Brien2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wan, D; Bruni, SG; Dufton, JA; O'Brien, P (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0846537115000121#sec4">"Differential Diagnosis of Colonic Strictures: Pictorial Review with Illustrations from Computed Tomography Colonography"</a>. <i>Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal</i>. <b>66</b> (3): 259–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.carj.2015.01.004">10.1016/j.carj.2015.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26105504">26105504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Association+of+Radiologists+Journal&rft.atitle=Differential+Diagnosis+of+Colonic+Strictures%3A+Pictorial+Review+with+Illustrations+from+Computed+Tomography+Colonography&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-271&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.carj.2015.01.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26105504&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Bruni%2C+SG&rft.au=Dufton%2C+JA&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0846537115000121%23sec4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choy2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Choy2011_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoyBissettDochertyParry2011" class="citation journal cs1">Choy, PY; Bissett, IP; Docherty, JG; Parry, BR; Merrie, A; Fitzgerald, A (7 September 2011). "Stapled versus handsewn methods for ileocolic anastomoses". <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i> (9): CD004320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004320.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD004320.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21901690">21901690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Stapled+versus+handsewn+methods+for+ileocolic+anastomoses.&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CD004320&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004320.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21901690&rft.aulast=Choy&rft.aufirst=PY&rft.au=Bissett%2C+IP&rft.au=Docherty%2C+JG&rft.au=Parry%2C+BR&rft.au=Merrie%2C+A&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kye2011-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kye2011_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyeKimLeeCho2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kye, BH; Kim, HJ; Lee, KM; Cho, HM (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229005">"Intractable rectal stricture caused by hot water enema"</a>. <i>Journal of the Korean Surgical Society</i>. <b>81</b> (5): 350–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4174%2Fjkss.2011.81.5.350">10.4174/jkss.2011.81.5.350</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229005">3229005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22148129">22148129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Korean+Surgical+Society&rft.atitle=Intractable+rectal+stricture+caused+by+hot+water+enema.&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=350-4&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3229005%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22148129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4174%2Fjkss.2011.81.5.350&rft.aulast=Kye&rft.aufirst=BH&rft.au=Kim%2C+HJ&rft.au=Lee%2C+KM&rft.au=Cho%2C+HM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3229005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cappell1993-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cappell1993_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappellSimon1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cappell, MS; Simon, T (January 1993). "Fulminant acute colitis following a self-administered hydrofluoric acid enema". <i>The American Journal of Gastroenterology</i>. <b>88</b> (1): 122–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8420252">8420252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Fulminant+acute+colitis+following+a+self-administered+hydrofluoric+acid+enema.&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-6&rft.date=1993-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8420252&rft.aulast=Cappell&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Simon%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2007_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, PJ (May 2007). "Suppositories in anal disorders: a review". <i>European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 165–70. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17970232">17970232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+for+Medical+and+Pharmacological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Suppositories+in+anal+disorders%3A+a+review.&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=165-70&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17970232&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zbar2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zbar2012_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zbar2012_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zbar2012_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZbarWexner2012" class="citation book cs1">Zbar, AP; Wexner, SD, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-84882-756-1"><i>Coloproctology</i></a>. London: Springer. pp. 21, 171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84882-756-1">10.1007/978-1-84882-756-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-2543-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-2543-3"><bdi>978-1-4471-2543-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coloproctology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21%2C+171&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-84882-756-1&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-2543-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-1-84882-756-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoorney2014" class="citation book cs1">Goorney, BJ (2014). "Anorectal Sexually Transmitted Infections". In Brown, SR; Hartley, JE; Hill, J; Scott, N; Graham Williams, J (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-85729-889-8"><i>Contemporary Coloproctology</i></a>. London Heidelberg: Springer. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-85729-889-8">10.1007/978-0-85729-889-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-5856-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-5856-1"><bdi>978-1-4471-5856-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anorectal+Sexually+Transmitted+Infections&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Coloproctology&rft.place=London+Heidelberg&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-85729-889-8&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-5856-1&rft.aulast=Goorney&rft.aufirst=BJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-0-85729-889-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guy2016-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guy2016_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guy2016_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guy2016_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guy2016_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guy2016_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2016" class="citation book cs1">Guy, R (2016). "Constrictions of prolapse surgery". In George, B; Guy, R; Jones, O; Vogel, J (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118674680"><i>Colorectal surgery: clinical care and management</i></a>. Chichester, West Sussex, UK Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 167–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118674680">10.1002/9781118674680</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118674789" title="Special:BookSources/9781118674789"><bdi>9781118674789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constrictions+of+prolapse+surgery&rft.btitle=Colorectal+surgery%3A+clinical+care+and+management&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK+Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=167-169&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118674680&rft.isbn=9781118674789&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781118674680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chon2016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chon2016_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chon2016_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chon2016_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chon2016_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChonShinKimLee2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chon, HK; Shin, IS; Kim, SW; Lee, ST (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4945534">"High grade anorectal stricture complicating Crohn's disease: endoscopic treatment using insulated-tip knife"</a>. <i>Intestinal Research</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 285–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5217%2Fir.2016.14.3.285">10.5217/ir.2016.14.3.285</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4945534">4945534</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27433152">27433152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intestinal+Research&rft.atitle=High+grade+anorectal+stricture+complicating+Crohn%27s+disease%3A+endoscopic+treatment+using+insulated-tip+knife.&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-8&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4945534%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27433152&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5217%2Fir.2016.14.3.285&rft.aulast=Chon&rft.aufirst=HK&rft.au=Shin%2C+IS&rft.au=Kim%2C+SW&rft.au=Lee%2C+ST&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4945534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt_2020-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_2020_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathryn Schmidt, K; Adler, DG (MAY 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://practicalgastro.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Adler-May-2020.pdf">Low Lying Rectal Stents: How Low Can You Go?</a>". <i>Practical Gastroenterology.</i> <b>44</b> (5): 26-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itabashi1993-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Itabashi1993_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItabashiHamanoKameokaAsahina1993" class="citation journal cs1">Itabashi, M; Hamano, K; Kameoka, S; Asahina, K (May 1993). "Self-expanding stainless steel stent application in rectosigmoid stricture". <i>Diseases of the Colon and Rectum</i>. <b>36</b> (5): 508–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02050019">10.1007/BF02050019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8482172">8482172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diseases+of+the+Colon+and+Rectum&rft.atitle=Self-expanding+stainless+steel+stent+application+in+rectosigmoid+stricture.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=508-11&rft.date=1993-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02050019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8482172&rft.aulast=Itabashi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hamano%2C+K&rft.au=Kameoka%2C+S&rft.au=Asahina%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARectal+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template talk:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_disease" title="Esophageal disease">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">Esophagitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Candidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetiform_esophagitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetiform esophagitis">Herpetiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Rupture</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boerhaave_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Boerhaave syndrome">Boerhaave syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss_syndrome" title="Mallory–Weiss syndrome">Mallory–Weiss syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum" title="Zenker's diverticulum">Zenker's diverticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder" title="Esophageal motility disorder">Esophageal motility disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_esophagus" title="Nutcracker esophagus">Nutcracker esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achalasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achalasia">Achalasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_junction_outflow_obstruction" title="Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction">Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm" title="Diffuse esophageal spasm">Diffuse esophageal spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stricture" title="Esophageal stricture">Esophageal stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_inlet_patch" title="Esophageal inlet patch">Inlet patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaesophagus" title="Megaesophagus">Megaesophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_intramural_pseudodiverticulosis" title="Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis">Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_esophageal_necrosis" title="Acute esophageal necrosis">Acute esophageal necrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_disease" title="Stomach disease">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">Gastritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrophic_gastritis" title="Atrophic gastritis">Atrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trier%27s_disease" title="Ménétrier's disease">Ménétrier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (gastric) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushing_ulcer" title="Cushing ulcer">Cushing ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieulafoy%27s_lesion" title="Dieulafoy's lesion">Dieulafoy's lesion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">Dyspepsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia" title="Functional dyspepsia">Functional dyspepsia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">Pyloric stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achlorhydria" title="Achlorhydria">Achlorhydria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">Gastroparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroptosis" title="Gastroptosis">Gastroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertensive_gastropathy" title="Portal hypertensive gastropathy">Portal hypertensive gastropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_antral_vascular_ectasia" title="Gastric antral vascular ectasia">Gastric antral vascular ectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_dumping_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric dumping syndrome">Gastric dumping syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_volvulus" title="Gastric volvulus">Gastric volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_bumper_syndrome" title="Buried bumper syndrome">Buried bumper syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">Gastrinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zollinger%E2%80%93Ellison_syndrome" title="Zollinger–Ellison syndrome">Zollinger–Ellison syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Enteropathy" title="Enteropathy">Enteropathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">Enteritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenitis" title="Duodenitis">Duodenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunitis" title="Jejunitis">Jejunitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileitis" title="Ileitis">Ileitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (duodenal) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curling%27s_ulcer" title="Curling's ulcer">Curling's ulcer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">Malabsorption</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_sprue" title="Tropical sprue">Tropical sprue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_loop_syndrome" title="Blind loop syndrome">Blind loop syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestinal_bacterial_overgrowth" title="Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth">Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease" title="Whipple's disease">Whipple's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_bowel_syndrome" title="Short bowel syndrome">Short bowel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">Steatorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milroy_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Milroy disease">Milroy disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_malabsorption" title="Bile acid malabsorption">Bile acid malabsorption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">Appendix</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Colon</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">Colitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">Ischemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopic_colitis" title="Microscopic colitis">Microscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenous_colitis" title="Collagenous colitis">Collagenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_colitis" title="Lymphocytic colitis">Lymphocytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">Dysentery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_colonic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional colonic disease">Functional colonic disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">IBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal pseudoobstruction">Intestinal pseudoobstruction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ogilvie_syndrome" title="Ogilvie syndrome">Ogilvie syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacolon" title="Megacolon">Megacolon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxic_megacolon" title="Toxic megacolon">Toxic megacolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">Diverticulitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diverticulosis" title="Diverticulosis">Diverticulosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Segmental_colitis_associated_with_diverticulosis" title="Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis">SCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large and/or small</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterocolitis" title="Enterocolitis">Enterocolitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterocolitis" title="Gastroenterocolitis">Gastroenterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">IBD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_angina" title="Abdominal angina">Abdominal angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">Mesenteric ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiodysplasia" title="Angiodysplasia">Angiodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Bowel obstruction</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intussusception_(medical_disorder)" title="Intussusception (medical disorder)">Intussusception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volvulus" title="Volvulus">Volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_impaction" title="Fecal impaction">Fecal impaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_constipation" title="Functional constipation">Functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diarrhea">Infectious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">Intestinal adhesions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">Proctitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_proctitis" title="Radiation proctitis">Radiation proctitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia fugax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_prolapse" title="Rectal prolapse">Rectal prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anismus" title="Anismus">Anismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_rectal_ulcer_syndrome" title="Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome">Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rectal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_fissure" title="Anal fissure">Anal fissure</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anal_fistula" title="Anal fistula">Anal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal abscess">Anal abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_dysplasia" title="Anal dysplasia">Anal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">Pruritus ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_stricture" title="Anal stricture">Anal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">GI bleeding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_stool" title="Blood in stool">Blood in stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Upper gastrointestinal bleeding">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">Hematemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">Melena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Lower gastrointestinal bleeding">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematochezia" title="Hematochezia">Hematochezia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Viral hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary biliary cirrhosis">PBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty liver">Fatty liver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_dysfunction%E2%80%93associated_steatotic_liver_disease" title="Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease">MASLD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease" title="Hepatic veno-occlusive disease">Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutmeg liver">Nutmeg liver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">Liver failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_liver_failure" title="Acute liver failure">Acute liver failure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_abscess" title="Liver abscess">Liver abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_liver_abscess" title="Pyogenic liver abscess">Pyogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess" title="Amoebic liver abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome" title="Hepatorenal syndrome">Hepatorenal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peliosis_hepatis" title="Peliosis hepatis">Peliosis hepatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">Hemochromatosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_disease" title="Gallbladder disease">Gallbladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">Gallstone / Cholelithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterolosis_of_gallbladder" title="Cholesterolosis of gallbladder">Cholesterolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenomyomatosis" title="Adenomyomatosis">Adenomyomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcholecystectomy_syndrome" title="Postcholecystectomy syndrome">Postcholecystectomy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_gallbladder" title="Porcelain gallbladder">Porcelain gallbladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile duct</a>/ <br /> Other <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholangitis">Cholangitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Primary sclerosing cholangitis">Primary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Secondary sclerosing cholangitis">Secondary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_cholangitis" title="Ascending cholangitis">Ascending</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholestasis" title="Cholestasis">Cholestasis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_fistula" title="Biliary fistula">Biliary fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemobilia" title="Haemobilia">Haemobilia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choledocholithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Choledocholithiasis">Choledocholithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_dyskinesia" title="Biliary dyskinesia">Biliary dyskinesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi_dysfunction" title="Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction">Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">Pancreatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis" title="Acute pancreatitis">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_pancreatitis" title="Hereditary pancreatitis">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_abscess" title="Pancreatic abscess">Pancreatic abscess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_pseudocyst" title="Pancreatic pseudocyst">Pancreatic pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_pancreatic_insufficiency" title="Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency">Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_fistula" title="Pancreatic fistula">Pancreatic fistula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hernia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Diaphragmatic hernia">Diaphragmatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Congenital diaphragmatic hernia">Congenital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiatus_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus hernia">Hiatus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">Inguinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect inguinal hernia">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct inguinal hernia">Direct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_hernia" title="Umbilical hernia">Umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia" title="Femoral hernia">Femoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_hernia" title="Obturator hernia">Obturator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spigelian_hernia" title="Spigelian hernia">Spigelian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar hernia">Lumbar</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petit%27s_hernia" title="Petit's hernia">Petit's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grynfeltt%E2%80%93Lesshaft_hernia" title="Grynfeltt–Lesshaft hernia">Grynfeltt–Lesshaft</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Undefined location</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incisional_hernia" title="Incisional hernia">Incisional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_hernia" title="Internal hernia">Internal hernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%27s_hernia" title="Richter's hernia">Richter's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal disease">Peritoneal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">Peritonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_bacterial_peritonitis" title="Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis">Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoperitoneum" title="Hemoperitoneum">Hemoperitoneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoperitoneum" title="Pneumoperitoneum">Pneumoperitoneum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&oldid=1251965959">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&oldid=1251965959</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colorectal_surgery" title="Category:Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rectal_diseases" title="Category:Rectal diseases">Rectal diseases</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 October 2024, at 02:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rectal_stricture&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-wfcwr","wgBackendResponseTime":133,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.485","walltime":"0.613","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2851,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":91909,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":850,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":100921,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 509.589 1 -total"," 39.54% 201.468 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.16% 118.031 1 Template:Digestive_system_diseases"," 21.29% 108.495 5 Template:Navbox"," 21.09% 107.465 6 Template:Cite_book"," 14.41% 73.446 2 Template:Short_description"," 13.80% 70.340 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 11.92% 60.724 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.20% 57.088 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.82% 39.849 4 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.266","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6262588,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-z4vnm","timestamp":"20241122162951","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rectal stricture","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rectal_stricture","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131191565","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131191565","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2024-10-08T09:18:55Z","dateModified":"2024-10-19T02:09:26Z"}</script> </body> </html>